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Residencias De La Familia Real Y De La Elite En Aguateca, Guatemala

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Residencias De La Familia Real Y De La Elite En Aguateca, Guatemala Residencias de la Familia Real y de la Elite en Aguateca, Guatemala TAKESHI INOMATA Department of Anthropology, Yale University DANIELA TRIADAN Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education ERICK PONCIANO Universidad de San Carlos RICHARD E. TERRY Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Brigham Young University HARRIET F. BEAUBIEN Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education ESTELA PINTO Universidad de San Carlos SHANNON COYSTON Department of Anthropology, McMaster University El Proyecto Arqueológico Aguateca ha estado reali- la Calzada que conecta a ambos complejos (Figs. 2 zando investigaciones arqueológicas en el sitio de y 3). El área a lo largo de la Calzada fue una zona resi- Aguateca desde 1996. El trabajo de campo se ha en- dencial densamente occupada por la élite. focado hacia excavaciones extensivas de estructuras El primer trabajo profesional en Aguateca fue reali- quemadas en el epicentro del sitio, con el fin de exa- zado por Graham (1967), quien realizó un mapa de la minar la organización de grupos domésticos, activi- parte central del sitio y registró la mayoría de las es- dades cotidianas, producciones especializadas, y pa- telas y altares. En la decada de los años 80, Stephen trones de abandono. Este artículo presenta los Houston preparó un mapa con brújula de una área resultados preliminares de la temporada de 1998. más extensa, y reconstruyó la historia dinástica de Aguateca y de su capital gemela, Dos Pilas (Houston 1987, 1993; Houston y Mathews 1985). TRABAJOS ANTERIORES Tomando como base estos trabajos pioneros, el Proyecto Arqueológico Regional Petexbatún llevó a Aguateca está localizado en la Región de Petexba- cabo un estudio más sistemático en Aguateca desde tún en el suroeste del Departamento de El Petén, Gua- 1990 hasta 1994 bajo la dirección de Arthur Demarest, temala (Fig. 1). Otros centros mayas, como Dos Pilas, Juan Antonio Valdés, y Stephen Houston. Takeshi Ino- Arroyo de Piedra, Tamarindito y Punta de Chimino, mata desempeñó el cargo del supervisor en este sitio se encuentran también en esta región. Aguateca ocu- durante las temporadas de 1990 a 1993 (Demarest y pa un terreno naturalmente defendible encima de la Houston 1989, 1990; Demarest et al. 1991, 1992, 1995; escarpa o acantilado de Petexbatún. Una profunda Valdés et al. 1993). El objetivo principal del Proyecto grieta, que atraviesa el sitio, contribuye a hacer aún Petexbatún fue examinar el problema del colapso de mayores sus capacidades defensivas. El epicentro del la sociedad maya clásica con un énfasis especial en el sitio incluye el Grupo Palacio, que fue probablemente estudio de los impactos de la guerra en la sociedad el complejo residencial de la familia real, la Plaza Prin- (Demarest 1997). Bajo este diseño general del proyec- cipal donde se encuentran monumentos esculpidos y to, las investigaciones en Aguateca se enfocaron en el 24 MAYAB Figura 1. Mapa de la Región de Petexbatún con la ubicación de Aguateca. sistema de murallas defensivas y el proceso de aban- atacado por enemigos, y su parte central fue quema- dono del sitio (Demarest et al. 1997; Inomata 1995, da. Los residentes del epicentro probablemente hu- 1997). Las operaciones en el campo incluyeron la pre- yeron o fueron capturados, dejando allí la mayoría de paración de un mapa topográfico detallado y exacto sus posesiones. Después de este acontecimiento, el de todo el centro, pozos de sondeo en varias partes centro de Aguateca parece haber sido abandonado del centro, excavaciones extensivas en el epicentro, y casi completamente. reconocimiento en las periferias. Los numerosos artefactos encontrados en las es- Los resultados de estas investigaciones sugieren tructuras tan rápidamente abandonadas proporcionan que Aguateca fue ocupado principalmente durante el una información extraordinaria para estudiar la orga- período Clásico Tardío. Las murallas fueron construi- nización de grupos domésticos y sus actividades coti- das a finales de la ocupación clásica, y la mayoría pa- dianas. Como parte del Proyecto Petexbatún, Inomata recen haber servido como medios defensivos (Dema- y sus colegas excavaron cuatro edificios quemados, rest et al. 1997). Esto implica que la guerra en la las Estructuras M7-35, M8-10, M8-11, y M8-17 (Inoma- sociedad maya se intensificó significativamente en la ta 1995; Inomata y Stiver 1998). Las Estructuras M7-35 parte posterior del siglo VIII (Demarest 1997). Las ex- y M8-10 fueron probablemente residencias de la élite, cavaciones en la parte central de Aguateca revelaron mientras que la Estructura M8-17 parece haber sido un numerosos objetos completos y reconstruibles dentro oratorio. La interpretación de la Estructura M8-11 es y alrededor de estructuras. Además, todos los edificios más difícil, ya que sólo una pequeña parte de la mis- excavados mostraron restos de incendio (Inomata ma fue excavada. Una posibilidad es que dicha es- 1995, 1997). Estos datos sugieren que Aguateca fue tructura sirviera como una casa comunal. TAKESHI INOMATA, DANIELA TRIADAN, ERICK PONCIANO, Y OTROS 25 Figura 2. Mapa general de Aguateca. En el rectángulo se muestra la Fig. 3. 26 MAYAB Figura 3. Mapa del epicentro de Aguateca con la ubicación de las Estructuras M7-22, M7-34 y M8-8. TAKESHI INOMATA, DANIELA TRIADAN, ERICK PONCIANO, Y OTROS 27 PROYECTO ARQUEOLÓGICO AGUATECA de la Estructura M8-8. Además, expusimos la Estruc- tura M7-34 completamente, y excavamos las porcio- Desde 1996, el Proyecto Arqueológico Aguateca ha nes central y este de la Estructura M7-22. En todos sido dirigido por Inomata, Triadan, y Ponciano, ha- estos edificios se notaron claras evidencias de incen- biendo sido diseñado a partir de los resultados del dio. Los resultados de las temporadas de 1996 y 1997 Proyecto Petexbatún (Inomata y Triadan 1998; Inoma- están en el proceso de publicación (Inomata y Triadan ta et al. 1996, 1997). Para aprovechar la situación par- 1998). Por lo tanto, el enfoque principal del presente ticular de este centro, el trabajo de campo ha enfati- artículo son los resultados de la temporada de 1998, zado las excavaciones extensivas de estructuras aunque también se discuten los datos de la Estructura quemadas. Los objetivos principales del proyecto han M8-8, que fueron obtenidos en 1997, y que están en sido los siguientes: relación con los de 1998. La metodología seguida en las excavaciones de es- 1) Estudiar cómo se organizaron los grupos domés- tructuras quemadas con numerosos artefactos ha sido ticos y cómo se realizaron las actividades cotidianas. intensiva y cuidadosa. Se estableció un sistema de Los ricos conjuntos de artefactos que se encuentran cuadrícula de 2 x 2 m para cada estructura excavada y en las estructuras quemadas de Aguateca proporcionan fue cernida toda la tierra presente, excepto algunas información excelente sobre qué actividades fueron lle- partes de la bóveda colapsada de la Estructura M7-22. vadas a cabo y cómo fueron usados los espacios dentro Con la excepción de la Estructura M7-22, la acumula- y alrededor de los edificios. Los resultados de este aná- ción de tierra y piedras colapsadas encima del piso fue lisis nos ayudarán a entender la organización del grupo generalmente delgada, midiendo de 10 a 30 cm. Sin doméstico que ocupó cada residencia, así como la di- embargo, en todas las operaciones, diferenciamos tres ferencia en poder, riqueza, y prestigio entre ellos. niveles: humus, piedras colapsadas y artefactos loca- 2) Examinar la naturaleza de la producción artística y lizados directamente encima del piso. Dentro de cada artesanal de la élite. En varias ocasiones se ha indicado nivel natural y en la cuadrícula de 2 x 2 m, se subdivi- que trabajos de arte, artesanía, y escritura fueron activi- dieron lotes según rasgos arquitectónicos, capas me- dades importantes para la élite maya (Coe 1977, Coe y nores, niveles arbitrarios, o cuadrículas de 1 x 1 m. La Kerr 1997; Fash 1989, 1991; Reents-Budet 1994; Stuart mayoría de artefactos en el nivel de piso fueron ubi- 1987). Las excavaciones de las Estructuras M7-35 y M8- cados por medio de teodolito, medidor de rayos láser 10 de Aguateca por el Proyecto Petexbatún revelaron y recolector de datos informático. Dichos datos, fueron claros indicios de producciones artísticas y artesanales. diariamente trasladados a una computadora central. Se pretende examinar si otros grupos domésticos nobles Los mapas de distribución de artefactos fueron repro- desempeñaron estas tareas y cómo estos trabajos espe- ducidos inmediatamente con programas de CAD. cializados se articularon con actividades domésticas. Asimismo se llevaron a cabo análisis de residuos 3) Analizar los patrones de abandono en el epicen- químicos de suelo para complementar los datos sobre tro de Aguateca. A través de las excavaciones de un áreas de actividad. En las excavaciones de la Estruc- número mayor de estructuras, examinamos si exis- tura M8-13 y la parte norte de la Estructura M8-8, que ten diferentes patrones de abandono en el epicentro. fueron realizadas en 1996 y 1997, Inomata examinó Este tipo de información facilitará un mejor entendi- niveles de fosfato con el método de «ring test» desa- miento de la situación social, económica y política en rrollado por Eidt (1973, 1977). Durante la temporada el momento del abandono, así como sus causas. de 1998, Terry aplicó, en el análisis de muestras de suelo de las Estructuras M7-22, M7-34 y M8-8, un mé- Durante la temporada de 1996, excavamos las capas todo más sofisticado que mide las cantidades de fos- abajo del piso en la Estructura M8-10, y expusimos fato extraible y otros elementos. los pisos de ocupación en la parte oeste de la Estruc- tura M8-13. En el año siguiente, se realizó la excava- ción del nivel de piso de la Estructura M8-13 y del EXCAVACIONES área al frente de la misma. Además, colocamos pozos que llegaron hasta la roca madre dentro este edificio.
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