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F E B . 20 . 21 . 22 FEB . 20 . 21 . 22 Complete Syllabus 20% Guaranteed Score 72 Hours Non Stop Win a trip to Revision Improvement Doubt Solving NASA REGISTER FREE https://vdnt.in/reviseindia Experience LIVE Online Classes Master One Course Across Concept At COURSES Subject & Grade A Time Study From Home Starting at just ₹11 Use VMICRO & Get 90% OFF* BUY NOW https://vdnt.in/VMICRO11 *Coupon code can only be used once per user Study Material Downloaded from Vedantu FREE LIVE ONLINE MASTER CLASSES FREE Webinars by Expert Teachers About Vedantu Vedantu is India’s largest LIVE online teaching platform with best teachers from across the country. Vedantu offers Live Interactive Classes for JEE, NEET, KVPY, NTSE, Olympiads, CBSE, ICSE, IGCSE, IB & State Boards for Students Studying in 6-12th Grades and Droppers. Register for FREE Awesome Master Teachers Anand Prakash Pulkit Jain Vamsi Krishna B.Tech, IIT Roorkee B.Tech, IIT Roorkee B.Tech, IIT Bombay Co-Founder, Vedantu Co-Founder, Vedantu Co-Founder, Vedantu My mentor is approachable and guides me My son loves the sessions and I can in my future aspirations as well. already see the change. Student - Ayushi Parent - Sreelatha 95% Students of Regular 10,04,600+ 9,49,900+ 95% Tuitions on Vedantu scored Hours of LIVE Learning Happy Students Top Results above 90% in exams! FREE MASTER CLASS SERIES For Grades 6-12th targeting JEE, CBSE, ICSE & much more Register for FREE Free 60 Minutes Live Interactive classes everyday Learn from the Master Teachers - India’s best Limited Seats! HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS 2. THERMODYNAMICS The energy that is transferred from one system to another by force moving its point of application in its own direction It is the study of interelations between heat and other forms is called work. of energy dx Thermodynamic System : A collection of large number of molecules of matter (solid, liquid or gas) which are so arranged that these posses certain values of pressure, System volume and temperature forms a thermodynamic system. Fs = P s A • The parameters pressure, volume, temperature, internal energy etc which determine the state or condition of system are called thermodynamic state variables. In thermodynamics we deal with the thermodynamic systems Work done by the system F dx as a whole and study the interaction of heat & energy during the change of one thermodynamic state to another. Ps Adx 2.1 Thermal Equilibrium Ps dV The term ‘equilibrium’ in thermodynamics implies the state Where P Pressure of system on the piston. This work done when all the macroscopic variables characterising the s by system is positive if the system expands & it is negative system (P, V, T, mass etc) do not change with time. if the system contracts. • Two systems when in contact with each other come to • Work and Heat are path functions whereas internal energy thermal equilibrium when their temperatures become same. is a state function. • Based on this is zeroth law of thermodynamics. According • Heat & work are two different terms through they might to zeroth law, when the thermodynamics systems A and B look same. are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third thermodynamic system C, then the systems A and B are in 2.3 Important Thermodynamics Terms thermal equilibrium with each other also. State Variables : P, V, T, moles 2.2 Heat, Work and Internal Energy They can be extensive or intestive. Internal Energy is the energy possessed by any system Equation of State : The equation which connects the due to its molecular K.E. and molecular P.E. Here K.E & P.E pressure (P), the volume (V) and absolute temperature (T) of a gas is called the equation of state. are with respect to centre of mass frame. This internal energy depends entirely on state and hence it is a state PV = constant (Boyle’s Law) variable. For 1 real gases internal energy is only by virtue V of its molecular motion. = constant (Charle’s Law) T nf RT Units for ideal gases where PV = NRT 3 Thermodynamic Process : A thermodynamic process is n = number of moles said to take place when some changes occur in the state of f = Degree of fredom a thermodynamic system, i.e., the thermodynamic parameters of the system change with some important time. R = Universal Gas Constant Types of these thermodynamic process are Isothermal, T = Temperature in Kelvin Adiabatic, Isobaric and Isocboric Internal Energy can be change either by giving heat energy Quasi Static Process : A thermodynamic process which is or by performing some work. infinitely slow is called as quasi-static process. Heat Energy is the energy transformed to or from the system • In quasi static process, system undergoes change so slowly, because of the difference in temperatures by conduction, that at every instant, system is in equilibrium, both thermal convection or radiation. and mechanical, with the surroundings. HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS • Quasi-static process is an idealised processed. We generally 2.5.1 Isothermal Process assume all the processes to be quasistatic unless stated. Description : A thermodynamic process in which Indicator P-V, Diagram : A graph between pressure and temperature remains constant volume of a gas under thermodynamic operation is called P-V. diagram. Condition : The walls of the container must be perfectly conducting to allow free exchange of heat between gas P and its surroundings. The process of compression or expansion should be slow a so as the provide time for exchange of heat. b These both conditions are perfectly ideal. c d v Equation of State : T = Constant or Pv = Constant Indicator Diagram : a Isobaric b Isothermal P P c Adiabatic d Isochoric • Area under P – V diagram gives us work done by a gas. st v 2.4 1 Law of Thermodynamics T Let Q = Heat supplied to the system by the surroundings W = Work done by the system on the surroundings P Slope of PV at any point. U = Change in internal energy of the system. V First law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither U = 0 (Temperature remains constant) be created nor be destroyed. It can be only transformed v2 from the form to another. W = Pg dV Mathematically : Q = U + Q v2 Sign Conventions : v2 nRT dV • When heat is supplied to the system, then Q is positive = VV [Using PV = nRT) and when heat is withdrawn from the system, Q is v2 negative. v • When a gas expands, work done by the gas is positive & nRTl n 2 = v when a gas contracts then w is negative 1 • U is positive, when temperature rises and U is negative, First Law of Thermodynamics when temperature falls. Q = U + W Remember here we always take work done by the system. In chemistry, work done on the system is considered. Hence v2 st nRTl n there is some different look of 1 law of Thermodynamics in Q = v1 chemistry. Q + W = U Remarks : All the heat supplied is used entirely to do work against external sorroundings. It heat is supplied then the where Q, U have same meanings but W stands for work gas expands & if heat is withdrawn then the gas contracts. done on the system Practical Examples : 2.5 Application of the First of Law of Thermodynamics Melting of ice at 0°C Here we see how 1st Law of Thermodynamics is applied to Boiling of H O at 100°C various thermodynamic processes. 2 HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS 2.5.2 Adiabatic Process cons tan t 1 1 Description : When there is not heat exchange with = r 1 r 1 1 r V2 V1 surroundings Conditions : The walls of the container must be perfectly Also we know non-conducting in order to prevent any exchange of heat r r between the gas and its surroundings. PV1 1 PV 2 2 constant The process of compression or expansion should be rapid 1 PVPVr r so there is no time for the exchange of heat. 2 2 1 1 r 1 r 1 1 r V2 V1 These conditions are again ideal condition and are hard to obtain PVPV nR T T Equation of State : W = 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 r r 1 Pvr = constant First Law of Thermodynamics or TVr –1 = constat Q = UT + W r or PT1 r cons tan t Substituting the values Indicator Diagram We get Q = 0 Q = 0 is as expected P Remarks : It gas expands adiabatically then its temp decreases & vice vers a isotherm Practical Example • Propagation of sound waves in the form of compression & v rarefaction • Sudden bursting of a cycle tube. rp 2.5.3 Isochoric Process Slope of adiabatic curve V Description : Volume remains constant • As shown in graph adiabatic curve is steeper than Condition : A gas being heated or cooled inside a rigid isothermal curve. container. nf RDT nR T2 T 1 PVPV2 2 1 1 P U Equation of State : V = constant or = constant 2 r 1 r 1 T Work Done by Gas : If a gas adiabatically expands from V1 P P P to V2 V2 dV W = r V1 V v T T V2 dV cons tan t = Vr V1 nf R T U = r 2 PV cons tan t cons tan t p n R T2 T 1 r = V r 1 r 1 V2 V PVPV nR T = cons tan t 2 2 1 1 1 r U = V1 r 1 r 1 HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS Work First Law of Thermodynamics W = O as gas does not expands Q = U + W First Law of thermodynamics nf R T Q = nR T Q = U + W 2 nf R T Q = ...(7) fR 2 Q = RT ...(10) 2 Remarks : Since we have studied earlier, that when heat is Remarks : Similar to C , we can define molar heat capacity supplied to any process.
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