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Analysis of Bat Call Recordings and Criteria for the Evaluation of Acoustic Identification of Species

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Analysis of Bat Call Recordings and Criteria for the Evaluation of Acoustic Identification of Species Analysis of Bat Call Recordings and Criteria for the Evaluation of Acoustic Identification of Species Part 1 – Genera Nyctalus, Eptesicus, Vespertilio, Pipistrellus (nyctaloid and pipistrelloid Species), Barbastelle, Long-eared Bats and Horseshoe Bats in Bavaria Qw3e Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt 2020 1 Bat protection in Bavaria Analysis of Bat Call Recordings and Criteria for the Evaluation of Acoustic Identification of Species Part 1 – Genera Nyctalus, Eptesicus, Vespertilio, Pipistrellus (nyctaloid and pipistrelloid Species), Barbastelle, Long-eared Bats and Horseshoe Bats in Bavaria Translation: David Lee Impressum Bestimmung von Fledermausrufaufnahmen und Kriterien für die Wertung von akustischen Artnachweisen Teil 1 – Gattungen Nyctalus, Eptesicus, Vespertilio, Pipistrellus (nyctaloide und pipistrelloide Arten), Mopsfledermaus, Langohr- fledermäuse und Hufeisennasen Bayerns Herausgeber: Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt (LfU) Bürgermeister-Ulrich-Straße 160 86179 Augsburg Tel.: 0821 9071-0 E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.lfu.bayern.de/ Konzept/Text: Ulrich Marckmann NycNoc GmbH, Himmelreichstr. 8, D-96052 Bamberg Burkard Pfeiffer Koordinationsstelle für Fledermausschutz in Nordbayern, Institut für Tierphysiologie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, D-91058 Erlangen Redaktion: Bernd-Ulrich Rudolph, LfU, Referat 55 Titelbild Sonagramm eines Sozialrufes (Trillers) der Rauhautfledermaus und von Ortungsrufen einer hoch rufenden Zwergfledermaus Stand: Juni 2020 Diese Publikation wird kostenlos im Rahmen der Öffentlichkeitsarbeit der Bayerischen Staatsregierung herausgegeben. Jede entgeltliche Weitergabe ist untersagt. Sie darf weder von den Parteien noch von Wahlwerbern oder Wahlhelfern im Zeitraum von fünf Monaten vor einer Wahl zum Zweck der Wahlwerbung verwendet werden. Dies gilt für Landtags-, Bundestags-, Kommunal- und Europawahlen. Missbräuchlich ist während dieser Zeit insbesondere die Verteilung auf Wahlveranstaltungen, an Informationsständen der Parteien sowie das Einlegen, Aufdrucken und Aufkleben parteipolitischer Informationen oder Werbemittel. Untersagt ist gleichfalls die Weitergabe an Dritte zum Zweck der Wahlwerbung. Auch ohne zeitlichen Bezug zu einer bevorstehenden Wahl darf die Publikation nicht in einer Weise verwendet werden, die als Parteinahme der Staatsregierung zugunsten einzelner politischer Gruppen verstanden werden könnte. Den Parteien ist es gestattet, die Publikation zur Unterrichtung ihrer eigenen Mitglieder zu verwenden. Das Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Alle Rechte sind vorbehalten. Die publizistische Verwertung der Veröffentlichung – auch von Teilen – wird jedoch ausdrücklich begrüßt. Bitte nehmen Sie Kontakt mit dem Herausgeber auf, der Sie – wenn möglich – mit digitalen Daten der Inhalte und bei der Beschaffung der Wiedergaberechte unterstützt. Diese Publikation wurde mit großer Sorgfalt zusammengestellt. Eine Gewähr für die Richtigkeit und Vollständigkeit kann dennoch nicht übernommen werden. Für die Inhalte fremder Internetangebote sind wir nicht verantwortlich. BAYERN | DIREKT ist Ihr direkter Draht zur Bayerischen Staatsregierung. Unter Tel. 0 89 12 22 20 oder per E-Mail unter [email protected] erhalten Sie Informationsmaterial und Broschüren, Auskunft zu aktuellen Themen und Internetquellen sowie Hinweise zu Behörden, zuständigen Stellen und Ansprechpartnern bei der Bayerischen Staatsregierung Contents Table of Contents Foreword 7 1 Basics 8 1.1 Computer-aided call analysis 8 1.1.1 Presentation of calls 8 1.2 Overview of bat calls 12 1.2.1 Call types and variability of location calls 12 1.2.2 Catching sounds 15 1.2.3 Social noises 16 1.3 Measurement of bat calls 18 1.4 Application of criteria 23 1.4.1 Explanation of terms 23 1.4.2 Difficulty levels and depth of determination 24 1.4.3 Treatment of results from automatic species identification programs 26 1.4.4 Requirements for the application of the vocal determination criteria 26 1.4.5 Procedure in practice 28 2 Identification Criteria for Species and Groups 29 2.1 The Noctule - Nyctalus noctula 30 2.1.1 Overview 30 2.1.2 Location calls 30 2.1.3 Social calls 32 2.1.4 Distinctive call types 33 2.1.5 Criteria for verification of species 33 2.2 Leisler’s bat - Nyctalus leisleri 34 2.2.1 Overview 34 2.2.2 Location calls 34 2.2.3 Social calls 36 2.2.4 Distinctive call types 37 2.2.5 Criteria for verification of species 37 2.3 The Parti-coloured bat - Vespertilio murinus 38 2.3.1 Overview 38 Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt 2020 3 Contents 2.3.2 Location calls 38 2.3.3 Social calls 40 2.3.4 Distinctive calls 40 2.3.5 Criteria for verification of species 40 2.4 The Serotine - Eptesicus serotinus 41 2.4.1 Overview 41 2.4.2 Location calls 41 2.4.3 Social calls 43 2.4.4 Distinctive calls 44 2.4.5 Criteria for verification of species 44 2.5 The Northern Bat - Eptesicus nilssonii 45 2.5.1 Overview 45 2.5.2 Location calls 45 2.5.3 Social calls 47 2.5.4 Distinctive calls 48 2.5.5 Criteria for verification of species 48 2.6 Savi’s pipistrelle bat - Hypsugo savii 49 2.6.1 Overview 49 2.6.2 Location calls 49 2.6.3 Social calls 51 2.6.4 Distinctive call types 52 2.6.5 Criteria for verification of species 52 2.7 Kuhl’s and Nathusius’ pipistrelles - Pipistrellus kuhlii and P. nathusii 53 2.7.1 Overview 53 2.7.2 Location calls 53 2.7.3 Social calls 56 2.7.4 Distinctive call types 58 2.7.5 Criteria for verification of species 58 2.8 The Common pipistrelle - Pipistrellus pipistrellus 59 2.8.1 Overview 59 2.8.2 Location calls 59 4 Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt 2020 Contents 2.8.3 Social calls 61 2.8.4 Distinctive call types 62 2.8.5 Criteria for verification of species 62 2.9 The Soprano pipistrelle - Pipistrellus pygmaeus 63 2.9.1 Overview 63 2.9.2 Location calls 63 2.9.3 Social calls 65 2.9.4 Distinctive call types 66 2.9.5 Criteria for verification of species 66 2.10 The Brown and the Grey Long-eared Bat - Plecotus auritus and P. austriacus 67 2.10.1 Overview 67 2.10.2 Location calls 67 2.10.3 Social calls 69 2.10.4 Distinctive call types 70 2.10.5 Criteria for verification of species 70 2.11 The Barbastelle- Barbastella barbastellus 71 2.11.1 Overview 71 2.11.2 Location calls 71 2.11.3 Social calls 73 2.11.4 Distinctive call types 74 2.11.5 Criteria for verification of species 74 2.12 The Greater Horseshoe Bat - Rhinolophus ferrumequinum 75 2.12.1 Overview 75 2.12.2 Location calls 75 2.12.3 Social calls 75 2.12.4 Distinctive call types 76 2.12.5 Criteria for verification of species 76 2.13 The Lesser Horseshoe Bat - Rhinolophus hipposideros 77 2.13.1 Overview 77 2.13.2 Location calls 77 2.13.3 Social calls 78 Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt 2020 5 Contents 2.13.4 Distinctive call types 78 2.13.5 Criteria for verification of species 78 3 Final remarks 79 4 Literature 79 5 Appendix 81 6 Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt 2020 Forword Foreword New techniques for recording and evaluating ultrasound calls from bats have led to a boom in this method of detection in the past ten years. Automation of analysis and evaluation lead to the possibility of surveys of the bat fauna such as long-term acoustic recording and the monitoring of difficult to reach locations (e.g. nacelles of wind turbines). The resulting abundance of new data and the temptation of automated evaluation make it imperative to set up criteria for how such acoustic evidence of bats should be professionally evaluated and thus assessed in terms of nature conservation. Bats, like other mammals, have different repertoires of vocalizations that vary depending on behavioural or environmental factors. The quality of a recorded call also depends on physical and atmospheric conditions, and there are also large overlaps in the call repertoire between species. It follows that not all calls of the different Bat species are easy to identify and in many cases even impossible. This guide is intended to help all users dealing with acoustic evidence to critically check their own measurements or submitted recordings. Characteristic call types of the species are presented, which can be reliably identified on the basis of objectively measurable criteria. If these prerequisites are met, an acoustic proof of species can be regarded as secured. It is not the intention of this guide to provide methodological information for evaluating acoustic examinations or for assessing the activities of the bats at the location of the recordings. See, for example, the detailed publication by Runkel & Gerdes (2016). This guide is the continuation of the "Criteria for the Evaluation of Species Based on Sound Recordings ” (Hammer et al. 2009). In contrast to the previous version, it does not contain any special criteria for dealing with automatically generated species determinations, e.g. with the programs batIdent (ecoObs, Nuremberg) or batScope (Swiss Federal Research Centre for Forest, snow and landscape, WSL). Since their susceptibility to errors is high, automatically generated species diagnoses must always be checked. This also applies to automatic identification results of species that are recognized relatively reliably by automatic analysis. The accuracy of these should be checked at least on a random basis. Compared to the previous "criteria for the evaluation of species evidence based on sound recordings" (Hammer et al. 2009), this new version not only describes characteristic calls but also the different types of calls of the species, described as comprehensively as possible. If species use different call types, these are dealt with and presented separately in the species chapters in order to make it easier to compare across genera. As far as characteristic social calls are known, these are also described. In order to provide a complete overview of the call repertoire of the species, frequent but undetermined social calls are shown in the appendix.
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