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Complete Issue _____________________________________________________________ Volume 31 March 2017 Number 1 _____________________________________________________________ Founding Editor John Miles Foley () Editor Managing Editor John Zemke Katy Chenoweth Associate Editor Editorial Assistants Sean Gurd Lauren Anderson Elise Broaddus IT Manager Christopher Dobbs Mark Jarvis Emily Horn Evelyn Yamoah Please direct inquiries to: Center for Studies in Oral Tradition University of Missouri 21 Parker Hall Columbia, MO 65211 USA +573.882.9720 (ph) +573.884.0291 (fax) [email protected] E-ISSN: 1542-4308 Each contribution copyright © 2017 by its author. All rights reserved. The editors and the publisher assume no responsibility for statements of fact or opinion by the authors. Oral Tradition (http://journal.oraltradition.org) seeks to provide a comparative and interdisciplinary focus for studies in oral tradition and related fields by publishing research and scholarship on the creation, transmission, and interpretation of all forms of oral traditional expression. In addition to essays treating certifiably oral traditions, OT presents investigations of the relationships between oral and written traditions, as well as brief accounts of important fieldwork, and occasional transcriptions and translations of oral texts. In addition, issues will include the annual Albert Lord and Milman Parry Lecture on Oral Tradition. Submissions should follow the list-of-reference format (http:// journal.oraltradition.org/files/misc/oral_tradition_formatting_guide.pdf) and may be sent via e-mail ([email protected]); all quotations of primary materials must be made in the original language(s) with following English translations. If appropriate, please describe any supporting materials that could be used to illustrate the article, such as photographs, audio recordings, or video recordings. Oral Tradition publishes such materials online in an eCompanion designed to supplement the texts of articles. Most contributions will be reviewed by at least one specialist reader and one generalist reader before a final decision is reached. Oral Tradition appears twice per year, in March and October. The current issue and all back issues from 1986 onward are available open-access and free-of-charge at http:// journal.oraltradition.org. EDITORIAL BOARD Mark C. Amodio Robert Culley () Vassar College McGill University Old and Middle English Biblical Studies Patricia Arant Thomas DuBois Brown University University of Wisconsin Russian Scandinavian Samuel Armistead () Casey Dué University of California/Davis University of Houston Hispanic, Comparative Ancient Greek Richard Bauman Joseph J. Duggan Indiana University Univ. of Cal./Berkeley Folklore, Theory French, Spanish, Comparative Dan Ben-Amos Alan Dundes () University of Pennsylvania Univ. of Cal./Berkeley Folklore Folklore Mark Bender Mark W. Edwards () Ohio State University Stanford University Chinese Ancient Greek Mary Ellen Brown David Elmer Indiana University Harvard University Folklore, Balladry South Slavic, Ancient Greek Jonathan Burgess Larry Evers University of Toronto University of Arizona Ancient Greek American Indian Literature Chogjin Ruth Finnegan Chinese Academy Open University of Social Sciences African, South Pacific Mongolian, Chinese Joxerra Garzía Bridget Connelly University of the Basque Country University of Cal./Berkeley Basque Arabic Andrew Gerstle Robert P. Creed University of London Univ. of Mass./Amherst Japanese Theater, Old English, Comparative Performance Literature Terry Gunnell Françoise Létoublon University of Iceland Université Stendahl Old Norse, Drama Ancient Greek Thomas Hale Victor Mair Penn. State University University of Pennsylvania African Chinese Lee Haring Peter Middleton Brooklyn College, CUNY University of Southampton African Contemporary Poetry Performance Joseph Harris Harvard University Nada Milošević-Djordjević Old Norse University of Belgrade South Slavic Lauri Harvilahti Finnish Literature Society Stephen Mitchell Russian, Finnish, Altai Harvard University Scandinavian Holly Hearon Christian Theological Seminary Gregory Nagy New Testament Harvard University Ancient Greek, Sanskrit, Lauri Honko () Comparative Turku University Comparative Epic Joseph Falaky Nagy Univ. of Cal./Los Angeles Dell Hymes () Old Irish University of Virginia Native American, Linguistics Susan Niditch Amherst College Bonnie Irwin Hebrew Bible Eastern Illinois University Comparative Medieval Arabic Walter J. Ong () St. Louis University Martin Jaffee Hermeneutics of orality and Hebrew Bible literacy Univ. of Washington Tom Pettitt Minna Skafte Jensen University of Southern Denmark Odense University Folklore, early Literature Ancient Greek, Latin Shelly Fenno Quinn Werner Kelber Ohio State University Rice University Japanese Biblical Studies Burton Raffel Dennis Tedlock Univ. of Southwestern SUNY/Buffalo Louisiana Native American Translation J. Barre Toelken Karl Reichl Utah State University Universität Bonn Folklore, Native American Turkic, Old and Middle English Ronald J. Turner John Roberts Univ. of Missouri/Columbia Ohio State University Storytelling African-American Andrew Wiget Joel Sherzer University of New Mexico University of Texas/Austin Native American Native American, Anthropology Paulu Zedda Joseph Sobol Università di Cagliari East Tennessee State University Sardinian Storytelling Timothy Tangherlini University of California-Los Angeles Scandinavian Studies This page is intentionally left blank. Contents Editor’s Column ..............................................................................................1 Gregory Nagy Diachronic Homer and a Cretan Odyssey ......................................................3 Jonathan Burgess The Tale of Meleager in the Iliad ..................................................................51 Emily West The Transformation of Cyavana: A Case Study in Narrative Evolution .......77 Venla Sykäri Beginning from the End: Strategies of Composition in Lyrical Improvisation with End Rhyme ........123 Gloria Goodwin Raheja “Hear the Tale of the Famine Year”: Famine Policy, Oral Traditions, and the Recalcitrant Voice of the Colonized in Nineteenth-Century India ...................................155 About the Authors ........................................................................................199 This page is intentionally left blank. Editor’s Column With this issue Oral Tradition offers a miscellany of essays that explore Homerica, Sanskrit epic, parallelism in improvisatory versification, and some of the social consequences of colonial ethnography manifest in man’s inhumanity to man. Composed in sabbatical mode along the banks of the Ganges river, Rishikesh, Uttarkhand, India, this note’s brevity is its sole virtue, unlike the multiple merits of the essays it introduces. In 2013, Gregory Nagy delivered the the 27th Lord and Parry Lecture, “Diachronic Homer and a Cretan Odyssey,” delighting his audience with a magisterial lesson that adumbrated the Homeric tradition’s awareness of its chronological evolution, especially in the mirror of the “lying tales” of Odysseus, that reveal the existence of a “Cretan Odyssey.” Next up, Jonathan Burgess offers a revised and expanded version of the 29th Lord and Parry Lecture, “The Tale of Meleager in the Iliad,” that explores the Meleager tale of Book 9 in the Iliad pointing up the significance of its narratological construction in traditionality and the epic’s characteristic capacity for accommodating narratives drawn from other sources. Working in the Sanskrit branch of Indo- European epic, Emily West proposes a set of diagnostic tools for assessing the degree of relatedness between parallel narratives that are developed through comparative analysis of salient variants in the “Tale of Cyavana” and identifies principles of narrative evolution. We now shift to a study of contemporary poetic traditions. From interviews with practitioners of Finnish “freestyle” rap, Mallorcan singers of gloses, and Cretan mandinadhes, Venla Sykari characterizes certain principles of end rhyme verse improvisation in her essay “Beginning from the End: Strategies of Composition in Lyrical Improvisation with End Rhyme.” In their reflections on poetic techniques of improvisatory compositions, the performers of these poetic forms identify the end point of a structural unit of composition as the apposite location for “strong” arguments. The author underscores how this constitutes a “reversal” of patterns of semantic parallelism. Finally, with the essay, “‘Hear the Tale of the Famine Year’: Famine Policy, Oral Traditions, and the Recalcitrant Voice of the Colonized in Nineteenth-Century India,” Gloria Goodwin Raheja analyzes eleven Hindi and Punjabi famine songs recorded in British colonial administration documents. She contrasts the illusory vox populi consent to British famine policy articulated in some apparently “compliant” songs with other dissenting voices in songs of censure and lamentation that the same authorities intentionally misrepresented to reinforce the illusion of popular approval of British famine relief policies. This issue of Oral Tradition appears in virtual space thanks to the combined efforts of the staff of the Center for Studies in Oral Tradition—Mark Jarvis, Hannah Lenon, Lauren Anderson, Elise Broaddus, Katy Chenoweth, Chris Dobbs (to whom we wish every success in his new endeavors), Emily Horn, and Associate Editor Professor Sean Gurd. In addition, special recognition and kudos are due our anonymous
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