Tropospheric Delay Estimation

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Tropospheric Delay Estimation On Ground-Based GPS Tropospheric Delay Estimation eingereicht von Dipl.-Ing. Torben Schüler Vollständiger Abdruck der an der Fakultät für Bauingenieur- und Vermessungs- wesen der Universität der Bundeswehr München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Ingenieurwissenschaften (Dr.-Ing.) eingereichten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. B. Eissfeller 1. Berichterstatter: Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. G. W. Hein 2. Berichterstatter: Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. G. Seeber Die Dissertation wurde am 18. Oktober 2000 bei der Universität der Bundeswehr München, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, D-85577 Neubiberg eingereicht. Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 1. Februar 2001 2 On Ground-Based GPS Tropospheric Delay Estimation Abstract NAVSTAR GPS has become an important aid in navigation and precise space geodesy. Permanent tracking networks like the global IGS net of the International GPS Service for Geodynamics and regional densifications like the German Reference Frame GREF have become very valuable for many scientific applications. For parameter estimation in large- scale networks, two major error sources have to be reduced, namely the orbit error of the GPS space vehicles and the propagation delay in the troposphere. In 1992, the IGS started to produce precise GPS orbits which became a standard product of high precision that virtually eliminated orbit uncertainties from the list of significant contributors to the overall error budget. The remaining problem is that of modeling wet delays with high precision. All conventional models have to fail in this task due to the impossibility of modeling wet delays solely from surface measurements like temperature and relative humidity. Actually, the non-hydrostatic component of the tropospheric propagation delay is highly influenced by the distribution of water vapor in the lower troposphere which cannot be sufficiently predicted with sole help of surface measurements. A work-around is to include atmospheric parameters as additional unknowns in the analysis of GPS data from permanent monitor stations that turns out to improve the quality of position estimates. Moreover, knowledge of zenith wet delays allows to obtain a highly interesting value for climatology and meteorology: integrated or precipitable water vapor being important for the energy balance of the atmosphere and holds share of more than 60% of the natural greenhouse effect. GPS can thereby contribute to the improvement of climate models and weather forecasting. This work outlines the application of ground-based GPS to climate research and meteorology without omitting the fact that precise GPS positioning can also highly benefit from using numerical weather models for tropospheric delay determination for applications where GPS troposphere estimation is not possible, for example kinematic and rapid static surveys. In this sense, the technique of GPS-derived tropospheric delays is seen as mutually improving both disciplines, precise positioning as well as meteorology and climatology. Chapters 1 to 4 constitute the theoretical part of this study with first introducing the reader to the importance of water vapor and tropospheric delays (Chapter 1) and outlining the principles of GPS data processing (Chapter 2) with special emphasis on tropospheric delay modeling (Chapter 3). Furthermore, a brief introduction to numerical weather models and extraction methods for needed data is given (Chapter 4) and approaches to combine both data sets - tropospheric delays from numerical weather fields and GPS delays - are described. Chapters 5 to 7 describe several experiments to validate and assess the quality of numerical weather model data (Chapter 5), GPS-derived troposphere propagation delays (Chapter 6) and combined solutions (Chapter 7). Finally, a summary of the application of ground-based GNSS for tropospheric delay estimation is given (Chapter 8). On Ground-Based GPS Tropospheric Delay Estimation 3 Zusammenfassung NAVSTAR GPS ist inzwischen zu einer wichtigen Hilfe für die Navigation und präzise geodätische Raumverfahren herangewachsen. Permanente Netzwerke wie das IGS Netz des Internationalen GPS Service für Geodynamik und regionale Verdichtung wie beispielsweise das Deutsche Referenznetz DREF haben sich für viele wissenschaftliche Aufgaben als ausgesprochen wertvoll erwiesen. Zwei wesentliche Fehlerquellen müssen zum Zwecke genauer Parameterschätzung in großen Netzen jedoch reduziert werden: die Orbitfehler der GPS-Satelliten und die Laufzeitverzögerungen in der Troposphäre. 1992 begann der IGS mit der Produktion genauer GPS Bahnen und verschiedene Verbesserungen führten dazu, dass dieses Standardprodukt Orbit- Unsicherheiten in der praktischen Nutzung des GPS fast vollständig von der Liste der bedeutenden Fehlereinflüsse eliminiert hat. Es verbleibt das Problem, die feuchte Komponente der troposphärischen Laufzeitverzögerung mit hoher Genauigkeit zu modellieren. Alle konventionellen Modelle müssen in dieser Hinsicht zwangsläufig versagen, denn in der Tat wird die nicht-hydrostatische Komponente der troposphärischen Laufzeitverzögerung maßgeblich von der Verteilung des Wasserdampfes in der unteren Troposphäre beeinflusst, die nicht auf Grund der alleinigen Kenntnis von Oberflächen-Messungen wie Temperatur und relativer Luftfeuchtigkeit prädiziert werden kann. Aus diesem Grunde wird versucht, die feuchte Laufzeitverzögerung als zusätzliche Unbekannte in die Analyse der GPS-Daten von Permanentstationen aufzunehmen und die so erzielten Ergebnisse verbessern zweifelsohne die Qualität der Positionsbestimmung. Weiterhin erlaubt die Kenntnis der feuchten Laufzeit- verzögerung aber auch die Ableitung einer für Klimatologie und Meteorologie interessanten Größe, nämlich der des integrierten Wasserdampf-Gehaltes, die für den Energiehaushalt der Atmosphäre von großer Bedeutung und verursacht mehr als 60% des natürlichen Treibhaus- Effektes. GPS kann damit zur Verbesserung von Klima- und Wettervorhersage-Modellen beitragen. Diese Arbeit stellt die Anwendung des bodengestützten GPS für Klimaforschung und Meteorologie dar, ohne dabei die Tatsache zu vernachlässigen, dass die präzise GPS Positionierung ebenfalls stark von der Nutzung numerischer Wettermodelle zum Zwecke der Bestimmung des Troposphären-Fehlers profitieren kann, nämlich bei Anwendungen, welche die Mitschätzung dieses Fehlers nicht erlauben, beispielsweise im Bereich des kinematischen GPS. In diesem Sinne wird die Technik der GPS-basierten Bestimmung troposphärischer Laufzeitverzögerungen als für beide Disziplinen gewinnbringend betrachtet, für die präzise Positionsbestimmung genauso wie für Meteorologie und Klimatologie. Kapitel 1 bis 4 bilden den theoretischen Teil dieser Arbeit. Zunächst wird der Leser in die Thematik eingeführt (Kapitel 1) und anschließend werden die Grundlagen der GPS Daten- Prozessierung beschrieben (Kapitel 2), wobei besonderer Wert auf die Modellierung der troposphärischen Laufzeitverzögerung gelegt wird (Kapitel 3). Weiterhin wird eine kurze Einführung in numerische Wettermodelle sowie in die Methoden zur Extraktion der benötigten Daten gegeben (Kapitel 4) und Ansätze zur Kombination beider Datensätze - troposhärischer Verzögerungen aus numerischen Wetterfeldern und GPS Verzögerungen - werden beschrieben. Kapitel 5 bis 7 beschreiben verschiedene Experimente zur Validierung und Qualitätsabschätzung von numerischen Wettermodell-Daten (Kapitel 5), GPS-basierten troposphärischen Laufzeitver- zögerungen (Kapitel 6) und kombinierten Lösungen (Kapitel 7). Schließlich wird eine Zusammenfassung der Anwendung von GNSS für bodengestützte Bestimmung troposphärischer Parameter gegeben (Kapitel 8). 4 On Ground-Based GPS Tropospheric Delay Estimation Table of Contents 1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................37 1.1 Importance of Atmospheric Water Vapor for the Climate System ................................................37 1.1.1 Hydrological Cycle and Greenhouse Effect............................................................................37 1.1.2 Trends...................................................................................................................................38 1.2 The Role of Water Vapor in GPS Geodesy and Navigation ...........................................................38 1.2.1 NAVSTAR GPS ......................................................................................................................38 1.2.2 Tropospheric Delays and GPS ...............................................................................................39 1.3 Water Vapor Observing Systems...................................................................................................39 1.3.1 Description of Selected Sensors ............................................................................................39 1.3.2 Synopsis ................................................................................................................................43 1.4 Objectives and Structure of this Thesis.........................................................................................43 1.4.1 Objectives of this Thesis........................................................................................................43 1.4.2 Structure of this Thesis ........................................................................................................44 2. Principles of GPS Data Processing .................................................................................................47
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