The Poetry of Charlotte Mew. Jimmy Dean Bishop Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
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Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1968 Ascent Into Nothingness: the Poetry of Charlotte Mew. Jimmy Dean Bishop Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Bishop, Jimmy Dean, "Ascent Into Nothingness: the Poetry of Charlotte Mew." (1968). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 1469. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/1469 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 69-4452 BISHOP, Jimmy Dean, 1933- ASCENT INTO NOTHINGNESS: THE POETRY OF CHARLOTTE MEW. Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Ph.D„ 1968 Language and Literature, modern University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ASCENT INTO NOTHINGNESS: THE POETRY OF CHARLOTTE MEW A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of English by Jimmy Dean Bishop B.A., East Texas State University, 1954 M.A., East Texas State University, 1958 August, 1968 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to the members of my graduate committee: to Professor Donald E. Stanford for his guidance during the years that saw this study gradually taking shape; to Professors John H. Wildman and Darwin H. Shrell for their criticism of my manuscript. It is with especial gratitude that I acknowledge the sympa thetic guidance and assistance given by Professor Annette McCormick, director, during the course of the preparation of this study. Also, I must recognize an indebtedness to Professor H. Maxwell Quertermous of Nicholls State College for introducing me to the poetry of Charlotte Mew. Without his encouragement, this work might never have been realized. Jimmy D. Bishop August, 1968 ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION ............................... 1 II. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: THE GEORGIAN LITERARY SCENE AND CHARLOTTE MEW ........ 15 III. CHARLOTTE MEW: A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH . 63 IV. POETRY: A VIEW OF THE V O I D ...............103 V. POETRY: A SEARCH FOR F U L F I LLMENT........... 137_ VI. POETRY: THE LOSS OF P A R A D I S E ............. 180 VII. POETRY: ASCENT INTO NOTHINGNESS ........... 207 CONCLUSIONS ......................................... 232 A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................... 242 VITA ..................................................252 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT The poetry of Charlotte Mew has never been accorded the critical acclaim it deserves because of a biased atti tude taken toward Georgian poetry. Admittedly, Georgianism is not one of the great periods of poetry. Nonetheless, it marks a turning point in the development of British poetry. Rebelling against the flaccid poetry of the fin de siecle and the Edwardian period, the Georgian poets sought to revitalize poetry. They recognized that this art form had reached an impasse, and they feared that its demise was imminent. With the introduction of realistic verse about 1910, however, a new surge of poetic activity erupted, and for several years poetry became a vital force in British letters. Eventually, though, the Georgians turned away from the realities of their world; they re treated to an idyllic Arcadia, where they sought sanctuary in a world filled with moonlight and larks. As this ten dency toward escapism mushroomed during the postwar years, these poets called down upon the Georgian poetic the scorn and condemnation of rival coteries. Unfortunately, from a critical standpoint, time has tended to condemn all poets of those years as Georgian. Modern critics continue to attribute the faults of a few iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. to all. They have indiscriminately accepted the critical vituperation hurled at the Georgians,.and few scholars have undertaken a re-examination of the period in an effort to see the poets in relation to the temper of the age. Be cause of this situation, Charlotte Mew remains unknown today. Yet, when placed into historical perspective, the quality of Mew's poetry is remarkable, not when it is com- __ pared stylistically with the poetry of her more original contemporaries, like Yeats, Eliot, or Pound, but when its content and style are viewed in relation to the spiritually anemic verse of the Edwardians and Neo-Georgians, and in large part the Georgians. While she was no prophet, her work is symptomatic of the new vitality that was to under mine the decadence of Neo-Georgianism. Unlike her Georgian compatriots, Mew expressed the agonies of living in a world where the simple security of the old orthodox assumptions was no longer tenable. Cogni zant of the absence of this security, she envisioned the cosmos as the Void, that immense empty space which nullifies all human activity. In large measure, Mew's poems are alle gorical presentations, or symbolic expressions, of her emo tional responses to the phenomenal world and to her aware ness of the Void. Her poems are a record of her efforts to escape the sterility and meaninglessness imposed by the Void. At times, she seeks to find meaning in life through human relationships, to create her own reality, but at v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. every turn, her endeavors are thwarted. At times, she turns to nature and to spiritual aspirations. Her efforts, how ever, are fruitless. Seemingly, she comes to regard death as a benevolent force that will bring an end to her rest less spirit. By embracing Nothingness ecstatically, she expects to transcend the phenomenal world and thereby at tain stillness. Her work thus stemming from a cultural tradition which no longer sustains the poet, Mew probes her own ex periences. She brings cosmic order down from abstraction to personal sensibility, creating a kind of poetry at the antipode of intellectualism. It is a poetry that speaks not to society but to the individual experience. It is a poetry that has its meaning not in the content of its ex pression but in the tension of the dramatic relations of its personae. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The experience of each age requires a new confession, and the world seems always waiting for its poet. Emerson With the appearance of The Farmer's Bride C1916), Charlotte Mew left the quiet of her Bloomsbury house to take an active part in the swelling chorus of Georgian writers. Outside a circle of poets associated with Harold Monro’s Poetry Bookshop, she was not well known. Although she had published short stories, essays, and poems in va rious journals, she was still an unknown quantity. Brought by Alida Klemantaski Clater Mrs. Harold Monro) into the whirl of poetic activity of the Poetry Bookshop, Mew, by her manner, reflected her self-deprecatory nature. She had never sought public acclaim; in fact, even now with the en couragement and backing of Monro and the Bookshop, she was reluctant to be subjected to the scrutiny of the public eye.l But her personality was such that although "shy and sometimes silent, in congenial company she was the very best of talkers. Like some other melancholy natures, she could keep a table convulsed with laughter, her wit being as sharp as were her powers of observation,"2 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 Unfortunately for Charlotte Mew and her literary patrons, this slim volume of poems caused little stir in the poetry circles about London; it was scarcely even no ticed by the reviewers. Furthermore, it sold badly. Only 500 copies were printed, but to the Poetry Bookshop this was a big edition since first editions seldom ran over 250 copies.3 Nevertheless, Monro and Klemantaski still felt their faith in Mew's work was justified, a faith which only intensified Mew's disappointment over the failure of The Farmer's Bride to elicit critical acclaim. Not long after the publication appeared, she wrote Harold Monro expressing her disappointment: "I did think that one or two more or less influencial people who have used all sorts of adjectives about the F . B . would have put some in print, but there it is. ."4 Undoubtedly, in the heat of their enthusiasm, Klemantaski and Monro failed to take into account that the tastes of the British reading public, which was eager for war poetry or else the escapist doggerel characteristic of many of the Georgian poets, were not yet developed suffi ciently to appreciate the intense personal anguish that pervades Mew's poetry. Although The Farmer's Bride was neither a critical nor a financial success, it, along with previously published poems, drew about Mew a small group of enthusiastic ad mirers. Sydney Cockerell called her "a poet of rare quality"^ and soon became one of her chief benefactors. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3 Siegfried Sassoon sought her company and almost immediately turned patron; he prodded friends and editors alike in search of new markets for her poems.6 Words of admiration came from Poet Laureate Robert Bridges,7 from Hugh Walpole,8 from Sara Teasdale,^ from V.