Large Photodetector
Developments
in Europe
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay France Photodetectors - Requirements
UHCR (Ultra High energy cosmic ray)
Pierre Auger Observatory (Argentina)
Very high dynamic range Low after pulse rate
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay
Photodetectors - Requirements
Antares Deep underwater neutrino telescopes [Dumand (Hawaï)] Baikal Lake (Russia) ANTARES (France) NESTOR (Greece) NEMO (Italy) AMANDA / Ice Cube (South Pole)
Large area with maximum efficiency
Good SER (Single electron response)
in charge and time
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay
Photodetectors - Requirements
Nucleon decay and neutrino detectors
KamiokaNDE SNO (Canada) Super KamiokaNDE MiniBooNE (USA) KamLAND
(Japon) Borexino (Italie)
Large area with maximum efficiency
Good SER (Single electron response) in charge and time
Super Kamiokande Low noise
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay
First remark
Nearly all the present experiments make use of :
A standard design of PMT Vacuum glass bulb Bialcali photocathode Dynode multiplier
Hamamatsu
… with an interesting exception …
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay
Baikal neutrino experiment First developments (1983)
Philips XP 2600 Dumand project & Baikal
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay
Baikal neutrino experiment Quasar 370 First developments (1983)
Philips XP 2600 Dumand project & Baikal
Then in Russia
Baikal experiment Quasar 300 ; Quasar 350
Quasar 370
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay
Baikal neutrino experiment Quasar 370 Glass bulb Photocathode (SbKCs)
Acceleration PE (25 kV) Scintillator (YSO)
Conventional PMT (UGON)
Characteristics
Large area
Good SER (Gain 1st stage : 25)
Good TTS : 2.5 ns (FWHM)
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay
Hybrid Photomultiplier (HPMT)
Baikal NT 200 Completed 1998 192 HPMT installed. R&D on scintillators : ScBO-Ce ; YAP ; LSO
Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea VLVvT Workshop Oct. 2003 A. Bersani on behalf NEMO-ANTARES Group
4 PMTs
Bulb shape and focalisation (Simulations)
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay
VLVvT Workshop (2003) Other Ideas (for localization)
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay
VLVvT Workshop (2003) Other Ideas (for localization) A. Bersani on behalf NEMO-ANTARES Group
Replace a PMT
by several small PMTs
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay
VLVvT Workshop (2003) Other Ideas (for localization) A. Bersani on behalf NEMO-ANTARES Group
Replace a PMT Introduce an optical system (an array of Winston’s cones)
R
by several Light collection efficiency ? small PMTs
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay
Second remark
All ideas on photodetection designs are certainly interesting
But…
…if a mass production is foreseen
Constraints from industry
must be considered from the begining
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay
Hybrid Photon Detector (HPD)
Silicon PIN diode (2 mm diameter)
Focussing electrodes (Total HV : - 15 kV)
Phocathode (18 mm usefull) Photonis-DEP
Excellent photon resolution (Very good SER)
Low gain : 3500 @ 15 kV (needs low noise electronics)
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay
Hybrid Photon Detector (HPD) Localization (Multi-pixel) Proximity focussed Electrostatically focussed
Photonis-DEP Photonis-DEP
CMS @ CERN 72 mm diameter
HCAL (Hadronic calorimeter) RICH (19 or 75 pixels) LHCB @ CERN
(4T field)
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay
HPD for the LHCB RICH G. Aglieri Rivella on behalf RICH LHCB Collaboration IEEE 2004 NS, Roma 80 mm Vacuum tube Quartz window S20 photocathode Cross-focusing electron optics 120 mm
Hybrid pixel detector (16x16 mm2) 32×32 pixel silicon detector fully encapsulated in the vacuum tube
Analog and digital chain readout on chip e Silicon detector CMOS readout chip Front-end/readout chip bump-bonded onto the silicon detector 62.5 μm
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay
HPD Team @ CERN HA. Braem, E. Chesi, C. Joram, J.Séguinot, P. Weilhammer Started in 1997 (T. Ypsilantis)
Photocathode HPD 5-inch (Design for LHCb Rich)
Focussing Photocath. : Bialcali or Rb2Te electrodes HV : - 20 kV
PIN : 2048 pixels of 1x1 mm2 Pad Silicon
Electronics Slow ASIC VA chip, 2 µs Encapsulated in the vacuum
HPD 10-inch (TOM HPD) Design for the CLUE Telescope (La Palma)
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay
HPD Team @ CERN C. Joram for the C2GT Team, RICH 2004, Mexico , Nov 2004
C2GT Project (in the Golf of Taranto)
Detection in a sphere of 432 mm Photodetector 380 mm
5 Silicon sensors (12 x 13.2 mm2) in a grounded field cage
PIN Signal at 20 kV: 5·103 e, G = 1 2 Cd = 35 pF/cm , ENF ~ 1
APD 2-3 ·105 e, G ~ 50
2 Cd = 300 - 1500 pF/cm , ENF = 2 - 5 “Artistic view” of the half-scale prototype
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay
Third remark
With silicon devices
and particularly with PIN diodes
the signal is very weak
And …
Electronics must be considered from the begining
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay
Summary PMT
Photocathode
Medium SER and TTS (depend of size)
HV 2 or 3 kV
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay
Summary PMT HPMT
Photocathode Photocathode
Scint
PMT
Medium Good SER and TTS SER and TTS (depend of size) (depend of scint)
HV HV 2 or 3 kV 20 to 30 kV
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay
Summary PMT HPMT HPD
Photocathode Photocathode Photocathode
Scint PIN
PMT Electronics
Very good SER
Medium Good SER and TTS SER and TTS TTS ? (depend of size) (depend of scint) (depend of FEE)
HV HV HV (negative) 2 or 3 kV 20 to 30 kV 15 to 30 kV
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay
Summary PMT HPMT HPD HAPD
Photocathode Photocathode Photocathode Photocathode
Scint PIN APD
PMT Electronics Electronics
Very good Expected ? SER
Medium Good Very good TTS ? SER and TTS SER and TTS SER and TTS (depend of size) (depend of scint) (depend of FEE) (depend of FEE)
HV HV HV (negative) HV (negative) 2 or 3 kV 20 to 30 kV 15 to 30 kV 10 kV or more ?
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay
Large photodetectors in Europe PMT HPMT HPD HAPD
Photocathode Photocathode Photocathode Photocathode
Scint PIN APD
PMT
Companies Quasar (Russia) R&D ETL HPD CERN Discussions PHOTONIS R&D VLVvT + R&D More ? Labs R&D PHOTONIS PHOTONIS (Characterization) (+ IPNO) DEP
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay
Concluding remarks
Most of the photodetectors follows a standard design
Some R&D are (or will be) performed on HPD (Hybrid Photon Detector)
The design (particularly HPD) must include Micro-electronics (Asic)
Collaboration with industry is mandatory Mass production and cost are key parameters
The best is generally not the cheapest … But … Do we really need the best ?
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay
Vacuum photon Pixel-HPD description detector Anode
Main features:
Close collaboration with industry
Quartz window with thin S20 pK Cross-focussing optics (tetrode structure): •De-magnification by ~5 •Active diameter 75mm ⇒ 484 tubes for overall RICH system •20 kV operating voltage (~5000 e– [eq. Si]) 32×32 pixel sensor array (500μm×500μm Schematic view each) Encapsulated binary electronics readout chip
http://www.cern.ch/ ~gys/LHCb/PixelHPDs.htm
LHCC Comprehensive RRevieweview for LHCb RICH – HPD Status - 31 January 2005 - CERN
HPD flow chart: anode part
Detector chip (Canberra - B)
Bump-bonding (VTT - FIN) Assembly probing
Readout chip (IBM - F) Packaging (HCM - F)
Wafer probing
Brazing (DEP - NL) and Ceramic carrier gold-plating (CERN) (Kyocera - JP)
Visual inspection and plating control
LHCC Comprehensive RRevieweview for LHCb RICH – HPD Status - 31 January 2005 - CERN
HPD flow chart: HPD tube part (DEP)
Tube body Photo-cathode deposition HPD cabling assembly and vacuum sealing and potting
Vacuum bake-out @ 300°C
Anode incoming Anode testing QE measurement Final HPD inspection and anode testing testing and testing
LHCC Comprehensive RRevieweview for LHCb RICH – HPD Status - 31 January 2005 - CERN
Completed HPD tube
LHCC Comprehensive RRevieweview for LHCb RICH – HPD Status - 31 January 2005 - CERN
Photodétecteurs Grande surface Quelques résultats
PMV adc1 Entries 3911510 Mean 205.7 1200 RMS 95.16 3
count SER et Temps 1000 2 SER XP 1806, 8 pouces, type ANTARES 800 2 10000 XP1806 SN816 600 P/V = 3 1 8000 delay=0us 400 1 delay=30us 6000 200
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 4000 charge (ADC) Température
TDC tdc1 Entries 3911510 counting rate (cps) 2000 Mean 662.2 3000 RMS 235.2
count 0 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 2500 temperature
2000 Temps
1500 (Limite:2 ns)
1000
500 «Bursts»
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 time (TDC) 1bin TDC=48.3ps
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay pouthas @ipno.in2p3.fr Photodétecteurs Grande surface Quelques résultats
diff12
40
35 Post impulsions
30 (Mesures à l’oscilloscope numérique)
25 XP 1806, 8 pouces, type ANTARES 20
15
10 ) 2.2 2 5 1922V 1.8 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 2322V difference entre le pic 1 et le pic 2 (ns) 1.6 Distribution en temps 1.4 max_af 1.2 220 taux d’afterpulse (% 200 1 180 0.8 160 140 0.6 120 100 0.4 80 60 0.2 40 0 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 temps apres MP (us) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 amplitude (mV) Distribution en amplitude Taux de comptage différentiel
Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay pouthas @ipno.in2p3.fr