Large Photodetector Developments in Europe Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay France Photodetectors - Requirements UHCR (Ultra High energy cosmic ray) Pierre Auger Observatory (Argentina) Very high dynamic range Low after pulse rate Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay Photodetectors - Requirements Antares Deep underwater neutrino telescopes [Dumand (Hawaï)] Baikal Lake (Russia) ANTARES (France) NESTOR (Greece) NEMO (Italy) AMANDA / Ice Cube (South Pole) Large area with maximum efficiency Good SER (Single electron response) in charge and time Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay Photodetectors - Requirements Nucleon decay and neutrino detectors KamiokaNDE SNO (Canada) Super KamiokaNDE MiniBooNE (USA) KamLAND (Japon) Borexino (Italie) Large area with maximum efficiency Good SER (Single electron response) in charge and time Super Kamiokande Low noise Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay First remark Nearly all the present experiments make use of : A standard design of PMT Vacuum glass bulb Bialcali photocathode Dynode multiplier Hamamatsu … with an interesting exception … Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay Baikal neutrino experiment First developments (1983) Philips XP 2600 Dumand project & Baikal Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay Baikal neutrino experiment Quasar 370 First developments (1983) Philips XP 2600 Dumand project & Baikal Then in Russia Baikal experiment Quasar 300 ; Quasar 350 Quasar 370 Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay Baikal neutrino experiment Quasar 370 Glass bulb Photocathode (SbKCs) Acceleration PE (25 kV) Scintillator (YSO) Conventional PMT (UGON) Characteristics Large area Good SER (Gain 1st stage : 25) Good TTS : 2.5 ns (FWHM) Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay Hybrid Photomultiplier (HPMT) Baikal NT 200 Completed 1998 192 HPMT installed. R&D on scintillators : ScBO-Ce ; YAP ; LSO Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea VLVvT Workshop Oct. 2003 A. Bersani on behalf NEMO-ANTARES Group 4 PMTs Bulb shape and focalisation (Simulations) Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay VLVvT Workshop (2003) Other Ideas (for localization) Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay VLVvT Workshop (2003) Other Ideas (for localization) A. Bersani on behalf NEMO-ANTARES Group Replace a PMT by several small PMTs Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay VLVvT Workshop (2003) Other Ideas (for localization) A. Bersani on behalf NEMO-ANTARES Group Replace a PMT Introduce an optical system (an array of Winston’s cones) R by several Light collection efficiency ? small PMTs Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay Second remark All ideas on photodetection designs are certainly interesting But… …if a mass production is foreseen Constraints from industry must be considered from the begining Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay Hybrid Photon Detector (HPD) Silicon PIN diode (2 mm diameter) Focussing electrodes (Total HV : - 15 kV) Phocathode (18 mm usefull) Photonis-DEP Excellent photon resolution (Very good SER) Low gain : 3500 @ 15 kV (needs low noise electronics) Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay Hybrid Photon Detector (HPD) Localization (Multi-pixel) Proximity focussed Electrostatically focussed Photonis-DEP Photonis-DEP CMS @ CERN 72 mm diameter HCAL (Hadronic calorimeter) RICH (19 or 75 pixels) LHCB @ CERN (4T field) Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay HPD for the LHCB RICH G. Aglieri Rivella on behalf RICH LHCB Collaboration IEEE 2004 NS, Roma 80 mm Vacuum tube Quartz window S20 photocathode Cross-focusing electron optics 120 mm Hybrid pixel detector (16x16 mm2) 32×32 pixel silicon detector fully encapsulated in the vacuum tube Analog and digital chain readout on chip e Silicon detector CMOS readout chip Front-end/readout chip bump-bonded onto the silicon detector 62.5 μm Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay HPD Team @ CERN HA. Braem, E. Chesi, C. Joram, J.Séguinot, P. Weilhammer Started in 1997 (T. Ypsilantis) Photocathode HPD 5-inch (Design for LHCb Rich) Focussing Photocath. : Bialcali or Rb2Te electrodes HV : - 20 kV PIN : 2048 pixels of 1x1 mm2 Pad Silicon Electronics Slow ASIC VA chip, 2 µs Encapsulated in the vacuum HPD 10-inch (TOM HPD) Design for the CLUE Telescope (La Palma) Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay HPD Team @ CERN C. Joram for the C2GT Team, RICH 2004, Mexico , Nov 2004 C2GT Project (in the Golf of Taranto) Detection in a sphere of 432 mm Photodetector 380 mm 5 Silicon sensors (12 x 13.2 mm2) in a grounded field cage PIN Signal at 20 kV: 5·103 e, G = 1 2 Cd = 35 pF/cm , ENF ~ 1 APD 2-3 ·105 e, G ~ 50 2 Cd = 300 - 1500 pF/cm , ENF = 2 - 5 “Artistic view” of the half-scale prototype Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay Third remark With silicon devices and particularly with PIN diodes the signal is very weak And … Electronics must be considered from the begining Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay Summary PMT Photocathode Medium SER and TTS (depend of size) HV 2 or 3 kV Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay Summary PMT HPMT Photocathode Photocathode Scint PMT Medium Good SER and TTS SER and TTS (depend of size) (depend of scint) HV HV 2 or 3 kV 20 to 30 kV Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay Summary PMT HPMT HPD Photocathode Photocathode Photocathode Scint PIN PMT Electronics Very good SER Medium Good SER and TTS SER and TTS TTS ? (depend of size) (depend of scint) (depend of FEE) HV HV HV (negative) 2 or 3 kV 20 to 30 kV 15 to 30 kV Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay Summary PMT HPMT HPD HAPD Photocathode Photocathode Photocathode Photocathode Scint PIN APD PMT Electronics Electronics Very good Expected ? SER Medium Good Very good TTS ? SER and TTS SER and TTS SER and TTS (depend of size) (depend of scint) (depend of FEE) (depend of FEE) HV HV HV (negative) HV (negative) 2 or 3 kV 20 to 30 kV 15 to 30 kV 10 kV or more ? Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay Large photodetectors in Europe PMT HPMT HPD HAPD Photocathode Photocathode Photocathode Photocathode Scint PIN APD PMT Companies Quasar (Russia) R&D ETL HPD CERN Discussions PHOTONIS R&D VLVvT + R&D More ? Labs R&D PHOTONIS PHOTONIS (Characterization) (+ IPNO) DEP Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay Concluding remarks Most of the photodetectors follows a standard design Some R&D are (or will be) performed on HPD (Hybrid Photon Detector) The design (particularly HPD) must include Micro-electronics (Asic) Collaboration with industry is mandatory Mass production and cost are key parameters The best is generally not the cheapest … But … Do we really need the best ? Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay Vacuum photon Pixel-HPD description detector Anode Main features: Close collaboration with industry Quartz window with thin S20 pK Cross-focussing optics (tetrode structure): •De-magnification by ~5 •Active diameter 75mm ⇒ 484 tubes for overall RICH system •20 kV operating voltage (~5000 e– [eq. Si]) 32×32 pixel sensor array (500μm×500μm Schematic view each) Encapsulated binary electronics readout chip http://www.cern.ch/ ~gys/LHCb/PixelHPDs.htm LHCC Comprehensive RRevieweview for LHCb RICH – HPD Status - 31 January 2005 - CERN HPD flow chart: anode part Detector chip (Canberra - B) Bump-bonding (VTT - FIN) Assembly probing Readout chip (IBM - F) Packaging (HCM - F) Wafer probing Brazing (DEP - NL) and Ceramic carrier gold-plating (CERN) (Kyocera - JP) Visual inspection and plating control LHCC Comprehensive RRevieweview for LHCb RICH – HPD Status - 31 January 2005 - CERN HPD flow chart: HPD tube part (DEP) Tube body Photo-cathode deposition HPD cabling assembly and vacuum sealing and potting Vacuum bake-out @ 300°C Anode incoming Anode testing QE measurement Final HPD inspection and anode testing testing and testing LHCC Comprehensive RRevieweview for LHCb RICH – HPD Status - 31 January 2005 - CERN Completed HPD tube LHCC Comprehensive RRevieweview for LHCb RICH – HPD Status - 31 January 2005 - CERN Photodétecteurs Grande surface Quelques résultats PMV adc1 Entries 3911510 Mean 205.7 1200 RMS 95.16 3 count SER et Temps 1000 2 SER XP 1806, 8 pouces, type ANTARES 800 2 XP1806 SN816 600 10000 P/V = 3 1 delay=0us 400 1 8000 delay=30us 200 6000 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 4000 charge (ADC) Température TDC tdc1 counting rate (cps) 2000 Entries 3911510 Mean 662.2 3000 RMS 235.2 count 0 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 2500 temperature 2000 Temps 1500 (Limite:2 ns) 1000 500 «Bursts» 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 time (TDC) 1bin TDC=48.3ps Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay pouthas @ipno.in2p3.fr Photodétecteurs Grande surface Quelques résultats diff12 40 35 Post impulsions 30 (Mesures à l’oscilloscope numérique) 25 XP 1806, 8 pouces, type ANTARES 20 15 10 ) 2.2 5 2 1922V 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 1.8 2322V difference entre le pic 1 et le pic 2 (ns) 1.6 Distribution en temps 1.4 max_af 220 taux d’afterpulse (% 1.2 200 1 180 160 0.8 140 0.6 120 100 0.4 80 60 0.2 40 0 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 temps apres MP (us) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 amplitude (mV) Distribution en amplitude Taux de comptage différentiel Joël Pouthas IPN Orsay pouthas @ipno.in2p3.fr .