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DEFENCE 0 UNIVERSITY DOTTAWA ~ ECOL1 DBS GRADUES DEFENCE 0"F CANADA 1763-1371 A STUDY OF BRITISH STRATEGY by J. Mackay Hitsman Thesis presented to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Ottawa as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy x*s Ottawa, Canada, 1964 ^ LIBRAKitS ^ "6/.'Si't, y oi O*' UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA - SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UMI Number: DC53624 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI® UMI Microform DC53624 Copyright 2011 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 UNIVERSITE ^OTTAWA - ECOLE DES GRADUES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis was prepared under the supervision of Professor Alfred Rowland Vanasse, Head of the History Department of the University of Ottawa, who was most helpfuLJ The writer is indebted to Dr. W. Kaye Lamb, Dominion archivist, and many members of his staff at the Public Archives of Canada, where the bulk of the research was done. Staff members of the Public Record Office, London England and the National Archives, Washington, United States of America, very kindly answered questions by mail and advised what additional material should be obtained on microfilm. Mr- Charles H. Stewart, Librarian of the Department of National Defence, made available several collections of printed documents. Corporal D. S. Kefselring, R.C.E., drew the sketch map which appears as Appendix 2. UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA - SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE ^OTTAWA ~ feCOLE PES.GRADUES CURRICULUM STUDIORUM J. Mackay Hitsman was born on April 19, 19-17 in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. He received the degree of Bachelor of Arts (Honours) in History from Queen's University at Kingston in 1939. He received the Master of Arts degree in History from Queen's University in 1940. The title of his thesis was Canadian Naval Policy. He became a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society in i960. UNIVERSITE D-OTTAWA ~ ECOLE DES GRADUES TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter page INTRODUCTION ............ , , . vii I. - AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY YE VRS 1 II. - PEACEFUL DECADE 41 III. - DEFENCE PLAN DEVELOPMENT 57 IV. - THE WAR OF 1812 105 V.- DEFENDED FRONTIER .. 155 VI. - BORDER PROBLEMS l83 VII. - TROUBLED SIGHTEEN-SIXTIE^ . 233 CONCLUSION ......,.,...., 305 BIBLIOGRAPHY 312 Appendices 3. ABSTRACT . 329 UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D-OTTAWA ~ ECOLE DES GRADUES ABBREVIATIONS used in footnotes: Adm. - Admiralty Papers 0. - British Military Records CO. - Colonial Office Papers E. - Executive Council Minutes Gr. - Governor General's Papers N.A. - National Archives, Washington, USA P.A.C. - Public Archives of Canada, Ottawa P.R.O. - Public Record Office, London \7.0. - War Office Papers UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA -- ECOLE DES GRADUES INTRODUCTION How the British conquered Canada is an essential introduction to this study of their subsequent strategy for defending it against any possible aggressor; that is, until November 11, 1871, when the last infantry battalion of regular troops vacated Quebec City. , Q^uite appropriately this battalion belonged to the 60th (The King's Royal Rifle Corps), which had been raised during the Seven Years' War for service in North America and had fought on the Plains of Abraham. ] As early as 1664, conquest of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, which was renamed New York, had given the subjects of King Charles II control over the whole Atlantic Coast from Virginia to the region known both as Nova Scotia and Acadia. Here, however, sovereignty was disputed with the French King Louis XIV, whose subjects were maintaining several isolated settlements. They were separated from the 2500 French colonists in the New France of the lower 3t. Lawrence Valley by miles of wooded wilderness and by a low range of mountains, which were crossed only by occasional couriers during the winter months. New France had become a royal colons?- a year earlier and placed under the administration of the Ministere de la Marine. French Army regulars, or Troupes de Terre of the UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA - SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA - ECOLE DES GRADUES INTRODUCTION viii Ministere de la Guerre, were soon posted there temporarily to put an end to the menace posed by the Iroquois Indians of the Five Nations. When this had been accomplished, the Troupes de Terre were withdrawn and garrison duty was left to small independent companies recruited for permanent service in New France. Subsequently these companies became known as Troupes de la Marine. French explorers and fur traders began pushing farther into the heart of the continent, via the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes. By portaging their canoes or bateaux around rapids and waterfalls, and by carrying them short distances overland, it was possible to reach other rivers leading to the Gulf of Mexico. Soon France claimed sovereignty over the entire Ohio and Mississippi Valleys by reason of prior discovery. This was disputed by the American colonists who had been handicapped in their efforts to expand westward by the Appalachian Mountains. This barrier, which limited easy settlement to the comparatively narrow coastal plain and forced the venturesome to travel westward on foot, with supplies on their backs or pack-horses, v;as broken only by two narrow corridors. Both of these were in the colony or province of New York. They ran north and west respectively UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA ~ SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA ~ ECOLE DES GRADUES INTRODUCTION ix from Albany, the furthest point to v/hich ocean-going sailing ships could ascend the Hudson River. Travellers to the north could portage from the upper Hudson successively to Lakes George and Champlain. The last named emptied into the Richelieu River, which entered the St. Lawrence River at the Seigniory of Sorel, about 45 miles below Montreal. West from Albany was a canoe and portage route along the Mohawk River, Wood Creek, Lake Oneida and Oswego River to the eastern end of Lake Ontario. This, however, was in the territory of the Five Nations, who insisted on acting as "middlemen" for the prosperous fur trade. Their renewed attacks on New France proved too much for the Marquis de Denonville to combat, without help from France. He suggested retaliation against the American colonists who were supplying the Iroquois with muskets and ajmnunition, and this seemed feasible following the outbreak of war in Europe in 1689. The Governor of New France was authorized to lead an expedition along the Lake Champlain- Lake George-Hudson River route to Albany; after capturing it he was to continue down river against the port of New York, which would be attacked at the same time by a French fleet. Yet French resources were not to be sufficient for a new Governor, the elderly Comte de Frontenac, to make such an attempt which, if successful, would have separated UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA ~ SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA - ECOLE DES GRADUES INTRODUCTION X New England from the rest of the American Colonies. The best he could do was to send strong raiding parties against the more exposed settlements of New York and New England during the winter of I69O. Tactically these hit-and-run raids were excellent examples of la petite guerre, or guerrilla warfare, but the resulting massacre of defenceless women and children at Schenectady, Salmon Falls and Casco Bay aroused the people of New York and the separate New England colonies to demand action. Since the only redcoated regulars in North America were ineffectual garrison companies in New York, and the Royal Navy was busy contesting control of the English Channel v/ith a France that was trying to restore King James II to his throne, the dis-united American colonists had to act on their own. The courses open to this makeshift coalition, as well as to its enemy in New France, were governed by realization of what the great American naval historian, Rear-Admiral A.T. Mahan, would one day summarize in the following words: 1. W. J. Eccles, Frontenac: The Courtier Governor, Toronto, McClelland & Stewart Limited, 1959, pp. 200-202." UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA ~ ECOLE DES GRADUES INTRODUCTION xi T.he strength of Canada against attack by land lay in its remoteness, in the wilderness to be traversed before it was reached, and in the strength of the line of the St. Lawrence, with the fortified posts of Montreal and Quebec on its northern bank. The wilderness, it is true, interposed its passive resistance to attacks from Canada as well as to attacks upon it; but when it had been traversed, there were to the southward no such strong natural positions confronting the assailant. Attacks from the south fell upon the front, or at best upon the flank, of the line of the St. Lawrence. Attacks from Canada took New York and its dependencies in the rear.2 The principal American effort was to be the capture of Quebec by a makeshift fleet and army commanded by colonial-born Sir William Phips, who had already and easily captured Port Royal on the Bay of Fundy. Phips successfully navigated the St. Lawrence River but, after Frontenac refused to surrender Quebec, the New Englanders proved incapable of conducting a successful siege.
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