OTTER TRAWL EXPLORATIONS IN PHILIPPINE WATERS

RESEARCH REPORT 25 FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ABSTRACT A trawl fishery of considerable magnitude has developed in the Philippines since liberation from the Japanese in 1945. At the inception of the Philippine Fishery Program of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, the trawl fishery was using a Japanese beam trawl (utase) and was, for the most part, confined to Manila Bay. Realizing that the supply of fish badly needed by the Philippine public could be augmented by trawling, the program inaugurated exploratory fishing voyages to likely grounds and demonstrated the otter trawl in important fishing centers. Twenty-four areas were surveyed, and a number of drags sufficient to demonstrate the possibilities were made in each. The results are tabulated and described, along with the composition of the catch and catch by depth. OTTER TRAWL EXPLORATIONS IN PHILIPPINE WATERS

By HERBERT E. WARFEL and PORFIRIO R. MANACOP, Aquatic Biologists

OF

RESEARCH REPORT 25 Fish and Wildlife Service, Albert M. Day, Director United States Department of the Interior, Oscar L. Chapman, Secretary

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1950

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, United States Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price 50 cents CONTENTS Page The Philippine trawl fishery...... 2 History of trawling in the Philippines...... 5 Exploratory otter trawl Fishing...... 5 Results of explorations...... 7 Production by depth of water...... 33 Production by area...... 36 Comparison of the otter trawl and the beam trawl...... 40 Composition of the catch...... 41 Summary ...... 45 Literature cited...... 49

11 OTTER TRAWL EXPLORATION IN PHILIPPINE WATERS

The Philippine Fishery Program The vessels being used in 1946 of the United States Fish and Wild- for ground fishing were, for the life Service,' upon its establishment most part, converted small war- in the Philippines attempted, craft, tugs, and a few sampans left among many other things, to as- from the Japanese occupation. sist in the production of fish in any They fished the Japanese beam way legally possible. High pri- trawl, or utase. One company was ority was given to expansion of fishing an otter trawl on one vessel, fishing effort to new grounds, exten- but not with great success. Several sion of existing grounds, and im- Filipino fishermen had had experi- provement of the efficiency of exist- ence aboard Japanese otter trawl- ing practices. One phase of this ers, and others, in one way or activity involved exploration for another, were interested in that new fishing grounds for a trawler gear primarily because it promised fleet that had come into existence a more effective effort and seemed after the Second World War, en- more adaptable than the beam couragement for the development trawl. of this fleet, and improvement of its The Philippine Fishery Program efficiency. attempted exploratory fishing pri- Although tropical demersal fish marily to ascertain the feasibility (bottom fish) grounds generally of fishing in areas other than Ma- are not highly productive, the de- nila Bay, although it, too, was ex- mand for fresh fish in the Philip- plored. Certain biological factors pines was so great that it was pos- were studied. Demonstrations of sible to exploit such low-producing the gear and its use were conducted areas with profit. When the pro- in various places where interest gram began functioning, almost all and possibilities seemed to warrant. ground fishing was being carried From September 1947 to July 1949, out in the immediate vicinity of exploratory and demonstration Manila, with but few vessels going voyages of two vessels were a regu- "outside" to the Samar Sea. lar part of the work of the rehabil-

1 Part of the Philippine Rehabilitation Pro- itation mission. gram, authorized by the Philippine Rehabilita- The purpose of this report is to tion Act of 1946, title 50 App., U. S. Code, sec. 1789. describe the exploratory work and

I assay its results, and so far as pos- THE PHILIPPINE TRAWL sible to furnish a basis for the re- FISHERY search that must be carried out to The reported catch of the Philip- effect the management of the fish- pine trawl fishery in 1948 was ing grounds and the conservation 12,269,546 kilograms, or approxi- of the resource. mately 27,000,000 pounds. Com- The data involved in this report with and their compilation are the prod- parison of prewar landings those of 1948 indicates the extent ucts of many staff members of the Philippine Fishery Program. The to which this segment of the fish- ing industry has been rehabilitated experimental fishing was carried out (table 1). under the directive of Hugh W. Ter- These figures, however, must be hune, administrator of the program. viewed with caution for several rea- Biologists aboard the two explora- sons. First, there is a tendency to tory vessels who submitted the orig- underestimate landings, since vessel inal data and narrative reports were operators pay sales taxes based on Donald E. Kauffman, Agustin F. the value of their catch. Second, Unal i, A ugusto A. Canonizado, many landings are made at ports Carlos Francisco, Pelagio Cabrera, where there are no fishery officers, and Rollie Sarmiento. The illus- hence are unreported. Finally, tration of a Philippine otter trawler many standards of measure are was prepared by Silas Duran. The used, varying from a shallow tray Philippine Bureau of Fisheries as- in Manila to baskets, gasoline cans, sisted, both through its field offices and other containers in the Prov- and its central office, in every way inces; therefore, estimates of weight special thanks are due possible, and are not only difficult but unreliable. Dr. D. V. Villadolid, director. The The trawl fishery then, in 1948, manuscript was reviewed critically can be estimated to have landed by Leroy F. Christey, deputy ad- from 25 to 30 million pounds, worth ministrator, Philippine Fishery approximately 12 million dollars. Program, who made many sugges- The reported catch of this fleet in tions for its improvement. 1948, according to the figures avail-

Table 1.--Landings of fish by commercial trawlers in the Philippines

Species 1940 1946 1947 1948 I - Kilogramsx Kilograms Kilograms Kilograms Croakers..._...... __.... 189,902 758, 667 954, 777 528, 939 C revalles _ __....-- __-- .... _--- ...- 59,861 448, 191 ...... --- ..-..... 1,05.3,039 Cutlass fish...... 3, 460 369, 774 197, 721 G runts . . .--_-. .--_ _ ...... _ _ 2, 300 - - _-_.. __ _ 292, 209 Lizard fish.--_-_ --- - 1,211,224 564, 507 809, 844 1, 373, 043 M ojarras .------.. -----...... 15, 197 286, 536 1,102,854 606.090 N em ipterids .-- --- ..------1, 805, 1564 461,805 1,231,287 1, 166, 322 Shrimp --- . . .--- .------785,818 281, 055 1,913,907 996,015 S q u id s .- .. . ..------_------307,668 337. 713 Slipm ouths------_ ------... .. 2, 844, 191 1,794,867 3, 232, 497 4, 988, 865 M iscellaneous-..-.--.-- .-- _---_-. 159, 137 298, 707 69, 828 235, 590 Total------7, 076, 246 4, 894, 335 9, 992, 436 12, 269, 546

2 able to the Philippine Bureau of next, a small sampan type, 40 to Fisheries, constituted about 35 per- 65 feet long, of 10 to 30 gross tons; cent of the landings of all registered and largest, a boat 65 to 85 feet fishing vessels (gross tonnage of 3 long, of 30 to 80 gross tons. Power tons or over). is, for the most part, supplied by In 1949, as the result of better Diesel engines, ranging from sal- reporting, more interest, and the in- vaged Japanese semidiesels of 50 creased fleet, 185 trawlers, including to 75 horsepower, to a popular beam trawls and otter trawls, were American high-speed engine of 225 registered in the Bureau of Fish- horsepower. The latter transmits eries (table 2), compared with 122 power through reducing gears in 1948. There were probably 50 or usually made from automobile or 60 more operating that were unre- airplane parts. Copsiderable ex- corded. The table also indicates the perimentation was necessary before relatively rapid expansion that oc- the proper combination of engine, curred following World War II. gears, and propellers for the avail- The otter-trawl fleet now operat- able hulls could be determined. ing in Philippine waters is a Adaptation of such a variety of heterogeneous collection of vessels, craft to trawling has naturally led ranging prom new craft built for to a wide variety of rigs for han- this purpose to small boats con- dling the gear. Most craft did not verted from war salvage. Some of have proper masts and booms; the new boats were fashioned after therefore, several unusual devices the Japanese beam trawler (fig. 1), were developed for hauling the net, a few of which-left from prewar stowing the doors, and dumping days-are still being fished; others the catch. Some vessels brail the were patterned after units in the catch directly from the net when United States inshore fleet. it is brought alongside, while In general, there are three types others use a frame-and-lever device of craft engaged in otter trawling: for lifting the net over the stern The smallest, a motor launch 30 to (fig. 1). Almost all gear is stern- 40 feet long, of 5 to 10 gross tons; set.

Table 2.-Registered trawling vessels in the Philippines

Number of otter-trawl boats Number of beam-trawl (utase) boats Place of operation 1946 1947 1948 1949 1 1941 1946 1947 1948 1949'1

Manila...... 1 3 14 22 71 82 97 51 93 Lingayen ..-...---....--..-...... 3 15 4 2 -. Ragay .. -... --.- ... ---. ---...--- 4 ... .. 2 8 1 Legasps-i ------1 Southwest Samar.------2 2 E stancia ....-.. ..-..----- ..- .....- 1 2 6 2 4 Iloilo ------3 10 15 2 14 19 Negros...-..---.---....-...... - 5 9 6 4 10 7

Iligan------i ------i Northern capiz --..----..------I-.-i - i """-"~---"" -_ _ _ _*I T otal...... I 5 28 501 130 85 116 94 135

1As of July. 3 BRAILING FRAAIE(FOLDED)

-~ T - FRAME

------

TRAILING FRAME IN PLACE WET PLATFORM

QU/DE ROPE FbRTSIDE ROLLER TOW ROPE OL

F/ISH /OL D HATCH T-CRAM LOCKER NACN

) _ SLEEPING I PL OT QUARTERS HOIJSE ALLE '

FORWARD B/TTS TOWIE-AFT/TTS STARBOARD ROLLER T- FRAME

Figure 1.-Deck plan of a typical Philippine otter trawler (diagrammatic).

The gear also is widely variable, (1- to 11%2-inch), but the cut and and since the trawling industry is hang are typical of nets used in interested in both fish and shrimp, the west-coast trawler fleets of the most operators are experimenting United States. In some cases, the with their gear in an effort to get utase (Japanese) gear was simply a combination that will take both provided with wings and otherwise products efficiently. The most ef- reinforced for otter trawling. Such fective gear is a shrimp-type net a rig is called a "mestizo." The stout enough to hold fair quantities mesh and twine sizes are shown in of fish. The mesh is usually small the table on the following page.

4 Part Mesh Twine Modified Pacific net: W ing ------_ ----- _- 2%- to 3-inch______9- to 12-thread. T op - _ _- ---. _- _----- 2-inch .____- . . . ._ 12- to 15-thread. Bottom ..--- .--- - 15-thread. B ag ------.------.-- 12 - to 1 -inch---.-_------15- to 21-thread. Mestizo net: W ing ___. .______2 - to 3-inch------. 12- to 15-thread. Top ------. -__ -. . .__ 1;-inch------. 9-thread. Bottom ...... __.... 2- to 4-inch -- .------.---- Do. B ag _ . .______1- to 13-inch------6- to 9-thread.

As in any new fishery, experimen- After World War I, the Japanese tation is still in progress, and oper- began fishing with a small beam ators are adopting designs of nets trawl called the utase, although they supplied by manufacturers abroad. had used a modification of this gear There is, therefore, a trawl fishery as early as 1900 in the Philippines of modest proportions in the Phil- (Umali, 1932). The first of these ippines which probably will become craft were sail-driven, but in the an established part of the fishing 1920's power was used, and the nets industry. While it is in many re- were made larger. In 1940, the spects crude and experimental, it is Philippine Bureau of Fisheries had filling a real need and will continue experimented with the otter trawl to operate as long as the grounds for a short time, and during World produce. New hulls are being built, War II, the Japanese used otter worn-out engines are being replaced trawls and paranzella trawls in the with accepted marine types from islands. the United States and Great Brit- After the liberation of the Phil- ain, and the gear is becoming more ippines, trawling was resumed by standardized as operators learn Filipino fishermen. The first post- more of the basic construction of war operators used the utase, but in gear used elsewhere. 1947 one operator rigged an otter trawl which fished in Manila Bay, HISTORY OF TRAWLING IN THE Ragay Gulf, and Visayan waters. PHILIPPINES As this gear became known and its Exploitation of ground fishes is a advantages recognized, o t h e r s comparatively recent development adopted it, so that by 1948 new ves- in the Philippine Islands. So far sels were being built exclusively for as is known, the first attempt at fishing with the otter trawl. otter trawling was made about 1909 when an English steam trawler was EXPLORATORY OTTER TRAWL brought to the islands to explore FISHING likely grounds from Manila to the The main purpose of the explora- Visayas. Production was not tory otter-trawl fishing was to de- enough to sustain the operation, and termine whether the grounds were after 9 months it was discontinued. fishable and whether fish were pres-

5 ent in paying quantities. There beam and a 7-foot draft. The main was no intention of statistically engine was a 135-horsepower evaluating the grounds, and no at- Diesel, with one auxiliary of 8 tempt was made to account for each horsepower. A drag winch with species in its basic proportions. drums on both port and starboard Since, in the Philippines, almost sides was immediately aft of the any edible fish is currently in de- deckhouse. She carried a crew of mand, the fundamental objective six fishermen. The junior author of the program was to determine was master of this vessel. whether paying quantities of the Both vessels used stern-set gear larger (or higher priced) fish could and towed the net from A-frames be shown to be present in a particu- after the manner of draggers in lar locality in order to establish a northwestern United States. The fishery and bring more fish into gear, which was standard Ameri- markets. can, was of coarse mesh and durable Two vessels were used for this construction. The main features purpose-the Theodore N. Gill and of the two principal types of nets the David Starr Jordan. used were as follows: The Theodore N. Gill was a con- verted United States Navy mine Part Mesh Twine Eastern-type net: sweeper, 97 feet long, with 23-foot Wings ------4/ 2-inch. 42-thread. beam and 11-foot draft. The main Body------_-_do-_-_ Do. -do -- - engine was a 400-horsepower Intermediate - Do. Diesel, and she carried two auxili- Cod end------do__-- 96-thread. aries, generating 25 horsepower Western-type net: Wings------4Y-inch 27-thread. each. The afterdeck was clear Body------d---- Do. when trawling, except for a double- Intermediate.- - do- - 60-thread. drum winch with horizontal gypsy Cod end--__-_2%-inch 96-thread. heads. She had mechanical refrig- cod end of eration and modern navigation The after part of the the eastern-type net was lined with aids. She carried a crew of 16 of- 3 ficers and men, and her general 1 /8-inch, 9-thread webbing in order operation was departmentalized to sample the smaller species. The like that of any commercial vessel. footrope was 105 feet long and the The vessel was commanded in- headrope 84 feet on some nets of itially by Fred Ziesenhenne, who this type, while others were 120 feet was succeeded by Richard H. on the headrope, with the footrope Nielson. longer in proportion. The western The David Starr Jordan was a type measured 98 feet on the foot- combination fishing vessel, of a rope and 72 feet on the headrope. type common in the marine fisheries The eastern type, when compared of the Pacific Northwest, which was to the western type on the David brought to the Philippines. She Starr Jordan, not only proved easier was 54 feet long, with a 13.6-foot to drag, but also took 206 pounds

6 average per hour in 20 hours of each had other assignments of fishing, while the eastern type took equal importance. Nor could either 100 pounds average in 6 hours. vessel spend as much time as neces- These trials took place in Lingayan sary to collect greatly needed data Gulf, where production is not high. or adequate samples for population The exploratory vessels made 48 analysis. voyages and set their nets 228 times. On the other hand, exploration Of these sets 157 were successful, by the vessels was of immense value and 71 failed owing to underwater in several ways, chief among which obstructions. Descriptions of these were the opening up of new efforts are summarized in table 3. grounds, the reopening of grounds During exploratory operations, that fishermen had avoided because the nets were often equipped with of war debris believed to be pres- snag lines to prevent tearing when ent, and the elimination of the ne- obstacles were encountered, chafing cesssity for trips by the industry to gear was attached, and some of the unexplored grounds that proved to nets were specially reinforced for be unproductive. In other words, fishing on rough coral grounds. the risks taken by the program ves- New grounds were sounded with an sels were those that would, in all echo sounder, the bottom often ex- likelihood, have proved costly and amined with a snap grab sampler, discouraging to private industry. and on one occasion (in Leyte Gulf), wire drags were made with RESULTS OF EXPLORATIONS the cable suspended between the two vessels. Except for these precau- Area 1.-Lingayen Gulf (fig. 3 tions, the operations were as nearly in pocket), on the western coast of similar to American and European Luzon, is about 570 square miles in trawling as it was possible to make area. It is estimated that about two- them. thirds of the area, the southern and The areas fished are listed in eastern parts, is possibly trawlable. table 3 and figure 2. These areas The western side, along Cabalitian were first determined from exami- and Hundred Islands and extending nations of navigation and hydro- north to Santiago Island, is lined graphic charts. Decisions to fish with reefs, and the central and them were made after inquiry by northern entrances are also studded program staff members, who con- with coral. The head end of the sulted interested people in nearby gulf is shallow, sandy, and free fishing ports. Other areas were from danger, except for one or two tried after requests for such work wrecks along San Fabian shore. On had been made of the program the eastern side a long sandy bar or of the Philippine Bureau of extends from Santo Tomas to with- Fisheries. in a few miles west of Damortis. Neither vessel could be used in This bar affords fairly safe anchor- this work for all of its time, since age for fishing boats and other small

7 Table 3.-Summary of exploratory otter-trawl operations by the Theodore N. Gill and the David S. Jordan in the Philippines, 1947-49

Approximate Number of c Catch position drags 4

Area surveyed (number Date Nature of bottom Remarks and locality)

06 nu- o

Square Fath- miles oms irs. Lbs. Lb8. 1. Lingayen Gulf------Feb.-Apr. 1949 (D. S. 16*15' N. 120*10' E. 570 25 Mud and sand; scat- 43 5 48 94 4, 045 149 Old trawling area; S. and E. Jordan). tered coral heads coasts more productive; on western coast. slipmouths, lizard fish abun- dant; pomadasids, nemip- terids common; 7 trawlers in operation July 1949. 2. West of Bataan..----- Oct. 1947; Oct. 1948 (T. 14*40' N. 120*20' E. 150 25 Sand and mud; nu- 5 5 10 4 105 25 New area; no commercial N. Gill) merous coral heads. possibility, owing to num- erous underwater snags and obstructions. 3. Manila Bay ap- Oct.-Nov. 1947 (T. N. 14*20'N. 120*30' E. 200 35 Sand and mud; few 10 2 12 11 1, 111 97 New area; goatfishes abun- proaches. Gill). scattered coral dant; lizard fish, nemip- heads. terids, snappers fairly com- mon; 1 to 2 trawlers operate casually in Limbones Cove and NW. of Hornos Point during NE. monsoon. 4. Manila Bay-____.---- Sept. and Nov. 1947 14*34' N.1120*42' E. 520 Mud and sand; few 8 15 7 507 74 Oldest and most heavily ( T. N. Gill). reefs on southeast- fished trawling area; slip- ern side. mouths, cutlass fish abun- dant, but smaller than those of Lingayen Gulf: 50 to 70 trawlers in operation July 1949. 5. Tayabas Bay------Nov. 1948 (T. N. Gill)-- 13*30' N. 121*38' E. 35 Generally muddy; ex- 4 7 3 384 131 New area; lizard fish predom- tensive coral reef on inant species, slipmouths northern side. fairly common; can sustain 1 or 2 small trawlers. 6. Mangarin Bay_..-..-- Sept. 1948 (36-foot 12*21' N. 121*6' E. Mud and sand; scat- 3 4, 400 89 New area; slipmouths num- trawler). tered reefs on north erous; pomadasids fairly and southeast sides. common; 1 small trawler in combination with handling suited to the area. 7. Ragay Gulf-..---..- Nov. 1948 (T. N. Gill).. 13*27' N. 122*30' E. 90 Mud and gray sand; 1 5 5 706 146 Existing area; slipmouths, coral heads near nemipterids, lizard fish island. abundant; crabs fairly abun- dant; less than 1/7 of the area trawlable; rest deep, with rough bottom; 3 to 4 traw- lers in operation July 1949. 8. Burias Pass...... Nov. 1948 T. N. Gill).. 12*55' N. 123*20' E. 200 Muddy; east side 2 323 176 New area; sting rays predom- fringed with coral inant, forming 95% of haul; reefs. needs further commercial exploration. 9. Alabat Sound includ- July 1948 (T. N. Gill)... 14*00' N. 122*00' E. 185 Muddy; fringing reefs 3-.--- 2 331 158 New area; slipmouths, mo- ing Lopez Bay. on north and south- jarra abundant; raponids, east sides. croakers fairly common; can possibly be operated by same trawlers as Lamon Bay during NE. monsoon. 10. Lamon Bay....-...... July 1948 (T. N. Gill)...l14017' N.11220 0' E. 800 Mud; numerous shoal 2 120 300 New, fairly extensive area; reefs on northern goatfishes, croakers fairly and southern sides. abundant; 1 to 2 medium trawlers can possibly be sustained, needs further commerical exploration. 11. San Miguel Bay--.-..IJuly 1948 (T. N. Gill)-.113 50' N.1133*14' E. 200 7 Generally soft mud; 5 3, 125 636 Existing area; slipmouths few sandy spots. abundant; sawfish, guitar - fish common; shrimps, squids fairly common; high- est poundage per hour of fishing; can sustain 3 to 4 small trawlers; none pres- ently operating. 12. Camarines Sound...-. July 1948 (T. N. Gill)... 14018' N.1123040' E. 1,800 Mud and sand exten- 605 131 New area; sting rays pre- sive; submerged ex- dominant; squid, goatfishes tensive shoal reefs. fairly common; during off season in San Miguel Bay, the trawlers can operate same here. 13. Sisiran Bay...... July 1948 (T. N. Gill)... 13055' N. 123*40' E. 20 5 Muddy; numerous 482 482 New area; croakers predomi- shoals and reefs nant; the raponids, squids, around islets. shrimps fairly represented; good for 1 small trawler; Iin operation July 1949. 14. Tabaco Bay-...... June 1948 (T. N. Gill).- 13021' N. 124012' E. 50 40 Black volcanic ash; 4 1 27 27 New area; no commercial pos- probably large sub- sibility; catch very poor; merged rocks. water very deep; many rocks on bottom. 15. Samar Sea------.. Aug. 1949 (T. N. Gill).- 11050' N. 124042' E. 300 15 Mediufn soft mud 10 916 92 Existing area; good fishing and sand. NE. monsoon; shrimps, turbots, pomadasids nu- merous; 4 to 6 commercial trawlers in operation July 1949. 16. Carigara Bay...... Aug. 1949 (T. N. Gill)... 11028' N. 124030' E. 200 Hard to medium soft 2 1 390 390 Old area; good fishing SW. mud and sand. monsoon; slipmouths, lizard fish abundant; no com- mercial trawlers operating; can possibly sustain 3 to 4. 17. San Pedro Bay..-.-.-- Aug. 1949 (T. N. Gill)..- 11*10' N. 125008' E. 110 Mud and sand; 2 1 148 148 New area; rays numerous; scattered shoal reefs. raponids fairly common; bottom generally rough; can possibly sustain 1 small trawler. 18. Leyte Gulf-..-.--.--.-Aug. 1949 (T. N. Gill 10045' N. 125020' E. 1,020 Mud and sand; 13 305 61 New area; rough bottom filled and D. S. Jordan). scattered coral with war junk; needs heads. ,further exploration of com- mercial possibility; survey very limited. Table 3.-Summary of exploratory otter-trawl operations by the Theodore N. Gill and the David S. Jordan in the Philippines, 1947-49--Continued

Approximate Number of [ Catch position drags .,

Area surveyed (number Date Nature of bottom Remarks and locality) ,o

a o 'ao c " -~ -$ - I-G

19. W. Visayan Sea..-...Sept. 1948 (T. N. Gill).. 15*15' N. 123*15' E. 250 15 Mud; numerous de- 2 1 3 2 1, 2301 615 Existing area; slipmouths, tached submerged pomadasids abundant; nemi- reefs. pterids, goatfish common; 5 to 10 trawlers in opera- tion; fish generally bigger than those of Manila Bay, Samar Sea, Ragay Gulf; second highest poundage per hour. 20. Guimaras Strait.... Aug. and Dec. 1948, 100151 N.1122*45' E.1 800 10 Generally muddy. 22 27 24 112,5081 520 Existing area; slipmouths, Jan. 1949 (T. N. Gill), sandy shoals along pomadasids predominant; central part. drepanids, sting rays com- mon; crabs fairly common; third highest poundage per hour, but best quality of fish; 20 to 25 trawlers in operation July 1949. 21. Panay Gulf-___...... Jan. and Aug. 1948, 10012' N.1122*42' E.1 200 18 Muddy; northern side 6 4 10 7,4 3,077 397 New area: hairtails, goatfish, (T. N. Gill). fringed with coral croakers abundant; promis- reefs. ingarea for deeper trawling to 35 fathoms; good for 3 to 5 medium trawlers. 22. Panguil Bay-.-.---- July 1948 (Miss Min- 80 5' N. 123045' E. 145 20 Generally medium to 3 1 4 220 New commercial area; slip- danao). soft mud. mouths, turbots, gizzard shads common; shrimps fairly represented; good for 1 small trawler. 23. Sibuguey Bay.-...... Oct. 1949( T. N. Gill).. 7040' N. 122040' E. 600 18 Mud and sand; de- 17 10 27 17 1,882 110 New trawling area; slip- tached reefs on mouths, sawfish, rays abun- southern and east- dant; good for 2 to 3 small ern sides. trawlers. 24. Off Taganak Island - - Sept. 1949 (T. N. Gill). 60 4' N. 118012' E. 2,000 20 Hard mud and sand; 2 1 3 2 84 42 Most extensive new trawling numerous shoal area; needs further explora- reefs. ation to determine relative productivity on year-round basis. --. i- All areas.....-...... 11,3801------...... 157 71 228 220 43, 031 .... II, 380~ 157 71 228 220 43,031 FORMOSA

Nu t aiMil

o, LEGEND

b AREAS BEING ISHED BY COMME CIA -- TRAWLER (1949). AREAS OF 100 FMS. OR LESS IN DEPT. ->GROUNDS POSSIBLY SUITALE FOR OTTER TRAWL FISHING.

SURVEYED AREAS

--- - r . REEFAREAS-

Boan TgH. oT6

------e

1 2

..0..- ,-

5 15n a - - - - -. 8

Pa n 1y 1

:.s20 21 --

L-. S AE - --- S

23 -- s- M INED NAO

I IN

: -i-ll------4

Figure 2.-Exploratory otter-trawl operations in the Philippines, 1947-49 11 craft. Port Sual on the southwest- tours along the southeastern coast ern end also furnishes good anchor- on March 29, 1949, when the catch age. Dagupan River, a tributary, per hour in 3 hours of trawling was is fairly navigable by boats with a 440 pounds. Most of this catch con- draft up to 7 feet, and during the sisted of large-sized slipmouths, southwest monsoon most trawlers lizard fish, poinadasids, and nemip- enter it in order to tie up near terids. Dagupan City, about 2 miles from The better catches in the gulf the mouth. were along the southern part be- The bottom of the gulf is gener- Table 4.-Catch of marketable fish in Lingayen ally composed of hard mud and Gulf, area 1 sand, except those portions along the catch of market- the 15- to 20-fathom lines on able fish Fish- eastern coast, where the bottom is Month ing time Rate usually soft mud. Amount per The prevailing wind for the hour greater part of the year is south- Minutes Pounds Pounds February 1949-_. _- 90 250 166 east; however, during the northeast Do 80 115 86 Do------80 150 107 monsoon, both land and sea breezes Do------180 95 31 D o------180 18 6 become regular and blow freshly Do------90 75 50 Do------60 200 200 with clear atmosphere, interrupted Do------120 100 50 Do------180 500 166 by strong north and northeast gales. Do------180 28 9 Do------170 940 332 In June, the wind blows from the Do ------180 330 110 D o------150 490 196 southeast, with squalls off Mount 120 290 145 Do ------Do -- 180 150 50 Santo Tomas and San Isidro. Pro------180 125 41 Do------50 90 108 longed gales from 3 to 15 days occur Do------60 60 60 Do ------from July to October, accompanied 60 180 180 by torrents of rain. According to Total------2, 290 4, 186 105 March 1949______60 60 60 old fishermen, the worst season is D o ------180 180 60 D o ------150 255 102 between the middle of September D o ------150 310 124 D o ------150 585 234 and the end of October, when fre- D o ------180 800 266 Do ------180 645 215 quent typhoons pass through the Do ------150 870 348 Do ------180 185 61 area. D o ------180 280 93 Do ------180 90 30 The gulf was surveyed by the Do ------60 310 310 D o ------180 1,320 440 David Starr Jordan from February Do ------180 900 300 Do ------180 540 180 16 to April 6, 1949. Of the 43 nor- Do ------180 960 320 Do ------180 350 116 mal drags, the average marketable Do ------180 730 243 catch was 149 pounds per hour Total------2, 880 9.370 195 (table 4). The best average was April 1949______120 55 25 Do ------90 260 104 made in March with 195 pounds per D o ------60 34 34 Do ------60 20 20 hour, and the poorest in April, with Do ------60 14 14 Do -- - 90 106 42 61 pounds per hour out of six drags. ------Total______480 489 61 The largest single drag was made Grand total--__ 5, 650 14,045 149 between the 18- and 19-fathom con-

12 tween the 17- and 21-fathom con- outbreak of World War II. Seven tours, where the average per hour trawlers are now operating (De- of marketable fish was from 200 to cember 1949), and a good market 264 pounds. Along the eastern and for fish is available in inland areas western part, the average catch per surrounding the gulf. hour varied from 45 to 102 pounds. Area 2-This is a narrow strip Apparently, the better hauls were of coastal shelf west of Bataan Pen- made within the areas affected by insula (fig. 4), lying between the Dagupan and Agno Rivers. Sampaloc Point on the north and This is not unusual, and Riley Luzon Point on the south, and (1937) has pointed out the influ- covering about 150 square nautical ence of the Mississippi River upon miles. The average depth is about the shrimp fisheries of the Gulf 25 fathoms, and the bottom con- of Mexico. Experimental fishery sists of scattered coral heads and surveys in similar tropical regions, green mud mixed with gray sand. such as the Gulf of Paria in the During October 1947 and Octo- Caribbean area (Whiteleather and ber 1948, the Theodore N. Gill made Brown, 1945), also corroborates the 10 drags in this locality. Of these, effect of river discharge on the pro- five were complete (one in October ductivity of adjacent areas. 1947 and four in October 1948) The presence of jellyfish, par- with an average of 25 pounds of ticularly in the shallow areas, is a marketable fish per hour (table 5). serious problem for trawlers at Area 3-The Manild Bay ap- some seasons. Between the 10- and proaches (fig. 5) cover about 200 15-fathom contours along the square miles, with an average depth southern and eastern shore of the of 35 fathoms. The area is trawl- gulf, drags were made during Feb- able during the northeast. monsoon, ruary, averaging 10 to 26 pounds but it is not suitable for the opera- of marketable fish per hour; but tion of small vessels during the these hauls were mixed with from 500 to 1,000 pounds of jellyfish southwest monsoon, when it is di- (Cassiopes sp.). Similar incidents rectly exposed. have been noted by commercial Table 5.-Catch of marketable fish off Bataan trawlers in San Miguel, Tabaco, Peninsula, area 2 and Sorsogon Bays during the Catch of market- southwest monsoon (June to Oc- able fish Fish- tober). These areas become more Month ing time Rate productive upon the disappearance Amount per hour of the jellyfish. It is believed that Lingayen Gulf Minutes Pounds Pounds October 1947------60 78 78 can sustain at least 15 to 20 medium October 1948------14 10 43 Do------60 7 7 trawlers without endangering the Do------60 5 5 Do------555 5 present stocks. This was the num- Total------249 105 25 ber operating in that area at the

13 31 IS 33 1 LEGEND

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Nine tows were made west and nel of Corregidor averaged 191 northwest of Corregidor Island pounds per hour. This catch in- with only one foul drag (table 6). cluded one 110-pound Dasyatis The average catch per hour was k'uhlii, twelve 5-pound gray snap- 97 pounds of marketable fish. The pers, and a few crevalles. poorest catch, made in October Area 4-Manila Bay (fig. 6 in 1947, averaged 83 pounds; and the pocket) has an area of about 520 best, made in November 1947, was square miles with an average depth a single haul of 240 pounds. of 15 fathoms. The bottom is gener- The catch consisted of goatfish, ally flat and muddy. Since it is well one 80-pound ray (Da8yatis imbri- protected from the two prevailing catus), and a large number of cut- monsoons, dragging can be carried lass fish. In October 1948, two nor- on throughout the year. The bay mal drags made in the north chan- is also close to the largest market in

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Figure 5.-Otter-trawl exploration in Manila Bay approaches.

893657 0 - 51 - 2 15 Table 6.-Catch of marketable fish in Manila Table 7.-Catch of marketable fish in Manila Bay approaches, area 3 Bay, area 4

Catch of market- Catch of market- able fish able fish Fish- Fish- Month ing Month ing time Rate time Rate Amount per Amount per hour hour

Minutes Pounds Pounds Minutes Pounds Pounds October 1947------60 150 150 September 1947-....._ 60 38 38 Do------90 27 18 Do------60 78 78 November 1947-...... 50 20 24 Do------60 20 20 Do------..---.. 60 30 30 Do------60 80 80 Do------.------60 130 130 Do------80 33 24 Do. -- - . . . 60 190 190 Do------60 167 167 D o------..--...-.... 60 15 15 Do.------60 30 30 Do ------..- 60 84 84 Do------31 113 198 Do------63 173 163 Total..... ---..... 350 469 80 Total------624 871 83 Grand total..-... 410 507 74 November 1947------60 240 240 Grand total.---.. 684 1,111 97 tral Luzon and Marinduque, is a fairly open area covering about 350 the nation and to facilities for square miles. The north end of the handling the catch and servicing bay consists of a narrow strip of the boats and gear. shelf, with an average depth of 25 Of the 14 drags made in this area, fathoms, which extends southeast- only half were successful because ward to Calaylayan Bay. The shelf of underwater obstructions. The between Marinduque and Tayabas normal drags, made in September mainland is approximately 200 and November 1947, had an average square miles of apparently smooth, catch of 74 pounds of marketable muddy and sandy ground, with an fish per hour. These consisted of average depth of 40 fathoms. slipmouths, cutlass fish, medium- This area sized snappers, and some shrimp is exposed to the south- west monsoon and and squids. Trawlers operating in is fishable only during the bay and using a fine-meshed net the northeast monsoon. The markets of Lucena, average between 5 and 10 pounds Quezon, and the of shrimp per hour. interior towns of Tayabas and Ba- tangas are within easy reach. Manila Bay is the oldest and most Explored in November 1948, only heavily fished trawling ground in three out of seven drags were suc- the Philippines. Before the war, cessful, because of underwater ob- between 40 and 50 Japanese trawl- structions. The average catch per ers were operating in this area, and hour was 131 pounds of marketable at present about the same number fish. One fair drag, made on No- of more efficient trawlers (60 per- vember 17, 1948, between the 21- and cent of them otter trawlers) are in 23-fathom contours, yielded 231 use. pounds per hour and consisted of Area 5-Tayabas Bay (fig. 7 in lizard fish, slipmouths, and a few pocket), located between south-cen- fair-sized pomadasids.

16 Table 8.-Catch of marketable fish in depth of 90 fathoms. Only about Tayabas Bay, area 5 one-seventh of the area is workable. Catch of market- The middle of the gulf is a basin able fish Fish- with depths ranging from 200 to 300 Month ing time Rate fathoms. The coastal area, up to 20 Amount per hour fathoms, is of medium soft mud mixed with gray sand. The gulf Minutes Pounds Pounds November 1948 55 35 38 can be trawled in 1oth monsoons by D o ...... 60 231 231 Do...... 60 118 118 shifting to the leeward. Total...... 175 384 131 -I-I Table 9.-Catch of marketable fish in Mangarin Bay, Before the war, one Japanese area 6 trawler is reported to have operated I (1 .th r k t ta ci p mar e - able fish in this area, and possibly one or two Fish- Month ing medium trawlers could now operate time Rate Amount per with profit in the bay. hour Area 6-Mangarin Bay, located Minutes Pounds Pounds in southwestern Mindoro, consists September 1948__ 120 200 100 Dota-..--__-..__-.- 120 150 75 of an outer and inner sound. The D o ------30 50 100 shallow, flat inner sound is 2 fath- Total------270 400 89 oms deep, and the bottom is gener- I I ally of soft mud. This ground was Four successful exploratory explored with a commercial vessel drags were made in November at the owner's request. Facilities for 1948, with an average catch per ice and marketing are not readily hour of 146 pounds (table 10). available. There was one fouled drag, because Between September 11 and 14, of an underwater snag, but no gear 1948, the average catch per hour in was lost. The maximum drag, this area was 89 pounds of market- made on the 23-fathom contour, able fish. This consisted of crabs, yielded 286 pounds of marketable slipmouths, and pomadasids. In fish per hour. each haul, about twice the weight of The catch in this area consisted edible fish was taken in holothu- of large slipmouths, lizard fish, and rians, starfish, and pennatulids. goatfish. An insignificant amount The shrimp take was insignificant, of shrimp was taken, but commer- although a fine-meshed commercial cial trawlers ordinarily catch quan- net was used. Lately, according to tities of these fair-sized crus- reports, better catches have been ta ceans. made in the open Bay of Mangarin This area can possibly sustain and in Pandarochan Bay. three to five medium trawlers. At Area 7-Ragay Gulf (fig. 7 in present, three or four locally owned pocket), located off southwestern trawlers are active. Luzon, has an approximate area of In 1948, about 15 to 20 medium 700 square miles, with an average trawlers from Manila shifted their

17 - -227 620 84 .... -

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SUCCESSFUL DRAG 2 96

POOR DRAG 70 4 -wa SNAG ~.'' 00 89~3 ' " ~ .~ 200 33 SCALE '38 25'

NAUTICAL MILES Su "' - 6 6

______

Figure 8.-Otter-trawl exploration in Burias Pass.

18 operations to this area. After 6 fathoms. The bottom is generally months of intensive trawling op- of mud mixed with sand. eration, the area became unprofit- able, and the fleet returned to Table 11.-Catch of marketable fish in Burias Pass, area 8 Manila, or shifted to the Visayan Islands. Catch of market- able fish Fish-______Month ing Table 10.-Catch of marketable fish in Ragay time Rate Gulf, area 7 Amount per hour Catch of market- able fish Minutes Pounds Pounds Fish- November 1948.------60 25 25 Month ing Do------50 298 358 time Rate Amount per Total------110 323 176 hour

Minutes Pounds Pounds Iondagua, Tayabas, November 1948.------80 291 218 has a good Do------60 286 286 Do------90 106 70 wharf and anchorage, which is be- Do------60 23 23 ing rebuilt by a railroad company. Total------290 706 146 There are both rail and road con- nections to Manila and Batangas, Area 8-This area includes Bu- two regular outlets for fresh fish. rias Pass, which forms the south- Ice can be supplied from a 5-ton ice- east entrance to Ragay Gulf plant in Calawag, about 3 miles by (fig. 8). railway from Hondagua, and from Two drags were made between Manila through regular shipments the 34- and 40-fathom line, 3 miles by rail. Fresh water and Diesel oil northwest of Pantao Bay, on No- are available locally. vember 22, 1948. The average Three exploratory drags were catch per hour was 176 pounds, made on July 19, 1948, by the Theo- with the second drag yielding 358 dore N. Gill, with an average catch pounds per hour. The catch in- per hour of 158 pounds. This con- cluded one 285-pound ray and was, sisted of fairly large slipmouths, therefore, of poor market value, mojarras, croakers, and grunts. since rays rank third or fourth in This catch can be considered as an class in the local market. The re- indication of a moderately produc- mainder of the catch consisted of tive area. There is no information catfish and crevalles. about dragging activity in this area Area 9-Alabat Sound and Lopez before the war, but at the time of Bay (fig. 9) are located between our investigation local facilities eastern Tayabas Province and Ala- were available for one or two me- bat Island. The sound runs north- dium trawlers, using H-ondagua as west to southeast and is about 185 home port. square miles in area, with an aver- Area 1O--Lamon Bay (fig. 9), age depth of 45 fathoms. Lopez located between Dinahican Point Bay has an average depth of 22 on the northwest and Jesus Point

19 > 39 ,' BalesinI 45

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37 LEGEND 3 37 36

34,u 31 RAG SUCCESSFUL D 36~ 29 9 POOR DRAG 10 3 2 AREA 29.. 25 . SNAG 28 22 2 6

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- U. - 7 21 2 22 'Q ) ~N~4 (r,4..17 20 Figure 9.-Otter-trawl exploration in Lamon Bay and Alabat Sound. on the southeast, has an approxi- moderately productive area, simi- mate area of about 800 square lar to the adjacent area 9. miles. The average depth is about While more intensive exploration 38 fathoms, and the bottom is is necessary, indications are that muddy, but with numerous coral three to five medium trawlers can spots on the northern and south- operate in the bay, alternating with eastern boundaries. The bay is Alabat Sound, provided areas free generally sheltered from the south- from snags can be discovered in west monsoon and is partly pro- Lamon. Hondagua can be utilized tected by the Polillo Island group for home port. during the northeast monsoon. Area 11-San Miguel Bay (fig. Fair anchorage for inter-island 10 in pocket), an area of about 250 steamers and fishing boats is avail- square miles, has an average depth able in Port Lampon on the north- of approximately 6 fathoms. It is west coast. There has been no com- exposed during the northeast mon- mercial dragging in this area. soon, and during the southwest season jellyfish are abundant and Table 12.-Catch of marketable fish in Alabat interfere with dragging. This is Sound including Lopez Bay, area 9 the only ground in the Philippines Catch of market- i here trawling is regulated through able fish Fish- the Philippine Bureau of Fisheries. Month ing time Rate It is closed to dragging from June Amount per hour 1 to October 31 each year, during which period fishing with other Minutes Pounds Pounds July 1948....------9 22 146 gear is allowed. Do...... 60 185 185 Do..------.--... 57 124 130 Five exploratory drags were

T otal-...... 126 331 158 made during July 1948 with an average catch per hour of 636 On July 19 and 20, 1948, two pounds-the highest figure for the spot drags were made by the Theo- entire otter-trawling exploration. dore N. Gill, one in fairly deep Market value of this catch was, however, only fair, since it con- water and the other in shallow sisted principally of small slip- water, but neither drag was com- mouths, one 480-pound sawfish pleted. The catch of marketable (Pristis microdon), one 180-pound fish in the first drag was about 185 cow-nosed ray (Rhynchobatus djid- pounds per hour. The second drag, densis), and juvenile stages of bot- made between the 32- and 35-fath- tom species such as croakers, cre- oni lines, yielded, notwithstanding valles, lizard fish, leather-jackets, a badly torn net, about 120 pounds and gizzard shad. of fair-sized fish in 20 minutes. Despite the coarse-meshed nets The hauls consisted of goatfish, used, 66 shrimp were taken per croakers, small snappers, and slip- hour, averaging 25 to 30 to the mouths. These drags indicate a pound. A sizable shrimp fishery

21 exists in this bay, employing fish- was fouled by an underwater ob- traps, scissor nets, and shrimp haul struction. The average catch per seines. This shrimp fishery, al- hour was 131 pounds (table 14). though important to the people of One drag, which produced 460 the area, has not been systematically pounds per hour, was made at 25 exploited. Four or five trawlers fathoms, a few miles north of probably could be maintained with- Quinalasag and Laniit Islands. out endangering these resources. Market value of this haul was low The closed season now in effect, and consisted chiefly of two sting although unproven as an effective rays-one 300 - p o u n d Dasyatis conservation measure, seems to af- bleekeri and one 125-pound Da y- ford the beginning of a proper sys- atis uarnak. Other sand- and reef- tem of management. The conflict inhabiting species, such as goatfish between native fishing-gear inter- and nemipterids, were poorly rep- ests and power-operated boats is resented in the hauls. Because of minimized by the closed season. the composition of the catch, it is Table 13.-Catch of marketable fish in San doubtful whether a commercial Miguel Bay, area 11 trawl fishery could operate profit- a bly in this area. Catch of market- able fish Fish- Month ing Table 14.-Catch of marketable fish in time Rate Camarines Sound, area 12 Amount per hour Catch of market- able fish Minutes Pounds Pounds Fish- July 1948------59 217 220 Month ing Do-.------57 1,016 1,070 time Rate Do------59 412 419 Amount per Do---.------60 914 914 hour Do------60 566 566 Total--..----.---- 295 3,125 636 Minutes Pounds Pounds July 1948------62 474 460 Do------60 57 57 Area 12-Camarines Sound (fig. Do------60 11 11 Do------59 47 48 10 in pocket, and fig. 11), lies be- Do------37 16 26 tween Calagua Island on the north Total------. 278 605 131 and Catanduanes Island on the south. It covers an area of about Area 13-Sisiran Bay (fig. 11), 1,800 square miles within the north of Caramoan Peninsula, cov- 100-fathom line. As shown on ers about 15 square miles and has an geodetic charts, the area is gener- average depth of 5 fathoms. The ally coralline and sandy, with an bottom is generally muddy. Fairly average depth of 30 fathoms. It is well sheltered from both monsoons, directly exposed to the northeast the bay is an 8- to 10-hour run from monsoon, and the current is rela- Tabaco Port, where ice and land- tively strong. transportation facilities are avail- The Theodore N. Gill surveyed able. this area on July 9 and 10, 1948. One successful drag made by Of the six drags made, only one the Theodore N. Gill on July 9, 22 31 S 32 LEGEND

iiCo 3 32 27 32 SUCCESSFUL 31 33 DRAG 30 + POOR DRAG 29 31 /.,. 32 2 8 15, %.s + SNAG C. 28 ,,31, 28 ;1 30 2s 27,-,fats 29 29 31 SCALE 1n, S 26 '31 28 27 '.18 NAUTICAL MILES 29 26 24 26 0 2 3 4 C S brt Co C. 21 7 28 2 I - 27 ne S 29 28 27 26 26 29 b k 28 28 28 27 o s 25 21 23 27 27 28 29 A'* C 25? braC* 2 26 25 26 2e 28 26 't3 26 ' S 25 262 29 26 26 24 /n" S 26 2 27 Cro Ard 26 2,4r 25 24 26 24 26 w 12'C428 18' 22 24 26 25 25 N 26 - 271 'IS' '6 11 I 25226 24 -C. 26 25 .ASArC 21 23 A 3yS 20 23 ' b sA C 21 X ' ' 12 Co 1 21 ,i 1 - 24 23 26 --- 24 AREA 12 21 22 21 9 28 , '2 N 0 '. 1 '.C 23 19 1141 NiG 1 S o 1- 19S " ' '920 , - 21 C. 21 C 1 ,OAC, 19 2e*C.12I 9

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23 1948, yielded 482 pounds of market- square miles, it has an average depth able fish. This consisted of croak- of 15 fathoms. The sea is lined by ers, one 80-pound ray, and a large a string of small islands, the Caina- number of juvenile slipmouths, hauan and Darani groups. It is en- mojarras, and grunts. The shrimp riched by the Gandara and Santa population seemed negligible, as Margarita Rivers from Samar only 2 pounds of medium shrimp mainland. were taken in an hour of fishing. The sea is completely sheltered A small otter trawler began oper- during the northeast monsoon, when ations after this survey. The area it is reportedly most productive, possibly could sustain one or two and it is exposed to the southwest small otter trawlers, with Tabaco, monsoon. Albay, as home port. The Theodore N. Gill surveyed Area 14.-Tabaco Bay (fig. 12), this area in August 1949 and con- lying between southeastern Luzon ducted a successful demonstration and San Miguel and Cagraray of the otter trawl operation near Islands, has an average depth of 40 Catbalogan, Samar. From the six fathoms. The shores on both sides complete drags made, the average are steep, and the bottom, generally catch per hour was 92 pounds of of fine black volcanic ash and mud, marketable fish (table 15). The is almost flat. A good wharf and highest yield, 248 pounds in one fresh water are available. hour, was obtained on the 20-fathom Most of the five trial drags made contour. It consisted of cutlass fish, by the Theodore N. Gill were fouled turbots, nemipterids, lizard fish, by underwater snags. One complete crevalles, a 11 d a n insignificant of drag yielded about 27 pounds amount of shrimp. marketable fish per hour, including a few small slipmouths, mojarras, Table 15.-Catch of marketable fish in Samar nemipterids, one or two medium- Sea, area 15 turbots, and a large number of sized catch of market- able fish deep-sea forms, such as stargazers, Fish -______trumpet fish, and puffers. Jellyfish Month ing time Rate Amount per often choked the bag. Two other hour test drags were made in adjacent .1 - . . Poliqui Bay with equally poor re- Minutes Pounds Pounds August 1949_ - -. 60 36 36 Do...... ---- 120 132 66 sults. D o - - - - - 60 248 248 Do-- - - - 120 98 49 This area should not be consid- Do-- - - - 120 73 36. 5 ered for commercial dragging. Do-- - - - 120 329.5 164. 7 Area 15.-Samar Sea (fig. 13) is Total ---- _. 600 916 92 a narrow strip of water along the southwestern part of Samar Island, Shrimp are usually taken in fair extending from Tinambacan Point quantities by commercial trawlers. on the north to Buad Island on the One local trawler and four from south. Covering an area of 150 Manila are reported to be operating

24 450

$e 332 2132eLEGEND

27 282 . .,17 3 SUCCESSFUL DRAG

22 x ' x 5+%ISO POOR DRAG

- 23 30 1 7 27; 2 .3sE u 16+ S N A G 8 30 30 ,', 4

gang e .. '.u . 11 ... 20

x 34 2, . 25 SCALE .1 2 S5 317 ,30 u 3 ' s 73' S \lt M.. I 1423 37 113 . NAUTICAL MILES 363 . I N1765 4' 46 04I ! } 4 22_Q,u , ___

24 -J 4 3 - 378 23 3411_ 13 16-61 4542 M 22 -9 24 2 2 - - 4I 273 4 1 S3y- r 48 ,.- 42a 67 72 30 37 3 1 10 10230 x 102 3333135 S2 ' O55 161 211 20~ 3' 5N 84

A, 34 43 32s 2D n 1 2733 10x4 2 - 40 46 3 10 M$I aI A. 1 2I 6 2 '1 21 3 2 7 x6 j 3,\2 4 4 4l . \ .x6L 1I .(TT ~ 6.- - 23 25 U EL I 32 " >s « w .J S ,1MIC 426

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"-I " ,: - ---- . '2 . r . --- -I. 3 -4 s 7 ' SS

T" S. IS7 iio 51 32 4 _ -- - 3 - t , 2 2" 1 - 62 -- ar 8 %

13073 30 s SS

Figure 12.-Otter-trawl exploration in Tabaco Bay. 25 7 41. Gandar AREA 15 s . a 1.1 . -eas dmaud

w 'cap ai ' W :: I. Yari 1 5,. y50 sod Libu 21 4 a1d bcalU5p 17 ,, g 12 39 -- 4 36$diaca1 6 to Nino I --g52 a Urqy VamoaRIs. 446 44 33 i 13 c~ 55s 24\ s ampairs oass 59 yM 4 - .I9 10 43 35 ilCanahaa 4

50 4 51 I4 12 *43 574 Canahauan I3 7"- 1 3 '6M 39Tipa4a~t 18 ; ,ol 3 14 s * 17 I4 Bra I A, 337 .arb %S 2 - 0 77 27 .r .% 50 30 N# 24 x6 - 4AL 42 38 33 24 2 , 6 o 57 46 .y 27D-aTnao aa 3a O 50 Y'6 D 9 433 37 D 3243ana2 26 a1.D 4,4 2 -T~ta, a/ M a a 41 'h S Paraa..zI 3 6 eal ...- - ajabal 42 414c 4 45 )6 p

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DabunI CaJubiaa -r 24 'ra t5 30 - - - -Jasu « 4 52 .C n r5 26ch.V 'U26t,/ 0 I A28} PYa I 32 M rt. ~sd Te 2 Al . ' 29 30 27 1 1'fi ' % I C ARI ' GA IR AB A Y "'e -1 e2 ~ ~ .'2'5 26 -ia t2 ' #'k'

-Santa.Crus -Itt

LEG END 61

SUCCESSFUL DRAG

II,:,UI+ POOR DRAG

msm~eeeeSNAG

SCALE

NAUTICAL MILES 0 5 10 t0 wmmr--_ IE= -1 .I

Figure 13.-Otter-trawl exploration in Samar Sea and Carigara Bay. 26

1 in this area. Before the war, there yielded 148 pounds of marketable were from six to eight trawlers op- fish per hour, but this included a erating in the sea most of the time. ray weighing 120 pounds. Shrimp Area 16-Carigara Bay (fig. 13), and squid were poorly represented. on the northeastern coast of Leyte Area 18-Leyte Gulf (fig. 14) Province, has an approximate area covers an area of approximately of 200 square miles, with an average 1,000 square -miles, with an average depth of 25 fathoms. The bottom depth of 38 fathoms. The bottom is generally of mud and sand. It is generally muddy with indications is trawlable during the southwest of coral growths on the 15-fathom monsoon, but it is exposed to the contour along the northwestern northeast monsoon. coast. The gulf was the first inva- The Theodore N. Gill made two sion point of the Allied liberating experimental drags in the bay. The forces in 1945, and as would be ex- first, between the 17- and 19-fath- pected, sunken wrecks from that om lines, was choked with about 500 operation are present. pounds of sea urchins and produced Surveyed by the Theodore N. Gill only 15 pounds of marketable fish. and the David Starr Jordan in Au- The second drag, between the 19- gust 1949, only 5 drags out of and 20-fathom contours, took about 18 made were successful. The aver- 390 pounds of marketable fish per age catch per hour was 61 pounds hour; but this consisted of one 300- of marketable fish. One drag pound sawfish, some lizard fish, yielded 127 pounds, but this in- grunts, and nemipterids. Shrimp cluded one 120-pound sting ray and and squids were negligible. The 7 pounds of snapper. These drags shallow areas between the 10- and were made along the western side 15-fathom lines were not tried. of the gulf (table 16), and before Before the war, this area was operations, a 1-inch, 350-fathom fished by one or two Japanese snag line of manila rope was run trawlers from Cebu, but during the over the area. Even so, 13 drags survey no commercial trawlers were snagged and nets badly torn were reported. by oil drums, bamboos, and scrap Area 17-San Pedro Bay (fig. iron. 14), a small indentation on the Table 16.-Catch of marketable fish in Leyte northern end of Leyte Gulf, covers Gulf, area 18 an area of about 110 square miles, and has an average depth of 8 Catch of market- Fish- able fish fathoms. Month ing time Rate Two drags were made there by Amount per hour the Theodore N. Gill. In the first, Minutes Pounds Pounds the net was badly torn on the wings, August 149 - 60 36 36 60 15 15 and the bag was choked with an as- )o- 60 60 60 I)o-- 60 67 67 sortment of army pails and junk Do 60 127 127 of all sorts. The second drag Total_ 300 305 61

27 Liram 9

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m.N9 343033

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r- cp, 2 50 34 a-3 39 47 50 ]2 3w 37 50 f 6 TI; 57 J 8' 27 -''35 5, K 5 r 55 r3 5 50 Daaita - 3 8 20 7'' J 3 0 366 65 -12 33 " 50 JPS9 to 5 (chart 4423) 39, 59, 54 55 50 60 61 32 3 39, 5 6 55 59 - Gui~ia d ? 8 71 s 8 69 449 I 3 36 52 3 '20 ,O 57 62 L3 - Ta 8 33 '32 53 70 59 LE Y 597 5 tn 58 T E 65 G (7 L - I7 - 58 70 'F 1 --. a R '1 31 39 64 54 Osi 3 3 14 N Etf1 5 19 , 50 61 S0 65 62 . 3 61 66' 20 52 59 -7 55 3 4 65 - 23 . 38 e 64 --- U Y69f i 5 2120 1 cc 32 2 61 r ayIj 49-apt5~ 64 53 1 39 79 55V

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SCALE

MAUTICAL MILES 0 b so Es

28 Figure 14.-Otter-trawl exploration in San Pedro Bay and Leyte Gulf. Composition of the catch in this one-half pound) per hour of fish- area is similar to those of areas 3, ing. 8, and 12, and seems to be charac- teristic of open coastal areas where Table 17.-Catch of marketable fish in western Visayan Sea, area 19 the muddy, sandy bottoms are in- terspersed with rock and coral Catch of market- able fish heads. Indications from this lim- Fish- ______Month ing ited survey are that the gulf is time Rate Amount per fairly productive of bottom species, hour but it is doubtful that it would be Minutes Pounds Pounds profitable for trawling because of September 1948------60 730 730 Do------60 500 500 the underwater hazards. No trawl- Total------120 1,230 615 ers were seen during the survey, but one or two Japanese trawlers Before the war, two or three Jap- are said to have operated in the anese trawlers are said to have op- eastern part before the war. erated occasionally in this area, Area 19-The western Visayan especially during the southwest Sea (fig. 15 in pocket), covers about monsoon. At present, from 5 to 10 250 square miles of trawlable area trawlers operate from Pilar Bay in along the northeastern coast of the northern part of Capiz, Sicogon Panay Island and includes Sapian Bay, around Pan de Azucar and and Pilar Bays. It has an average Tagubanhan and Igbon Islands. depth of 15 fathoms, and the bottom Area 20-Guimaras Strait (fig. is generally of mud and sand and is 15 in pocket), has an approximate studded with detached submerged area of 800 square miles with an av- reefs. erage depth of 10 fathoms. The In September 1948, the Theodore bottom is generally muddy, and the N. Gill made three drags in this strait is characterized by shallow area (table 17). Two were excep- sandy shoals along the south and tionally good, but in the course of west of Pandan Point, its narrowest the other the bag and cod end were part (about 6 miles wide). The badly torn by coral. The second tidal current is fairly strong-about highest rate of catch per hour in the 2 knots per hour during flood. The entire survey was produced in this area is partly exposed to the north- area. east monsoon, but is sheltered dur- The two complete drags, made ing the southwest monsoon. between the 17- and 20-fathom con- Out of 27 drags made by the The- tours, averaged 615 pounds of mar- odore N. Gill at various times dur- ketable fish per hour. This con- sisted of large slipmouths, pomad- ing 1948 and 1949, all but 5 were asids, nemipterids, goatfish, and complete (table 18) ; but no gear croakers. Shrimp, considering the was lost. The average catch per size of the net mesh, were also fairly hour for January, August, and De- represented-10 to 14 pieces (about cember together was 520 pounds.

29 This area ranks third in pounds per A more recent survey, conducted hour in the survey. The highest by a member of the Philippine monthly average, in December 1948, Fishery Program, estimates the was 615 pounds an hour. This in- present number to be approxi- cluded 65 percent pomadasids, slip- mately 102. During the survey, mouths, drepanids, and snappers. 15 more otter trawlers were ob- Rays and shrimp were also repre- served under construction at Cadiz, sented in fair quantity. Negros. Otter-trawl demonstrations, con- Table 18.-Catch of marketable fish in ducted by the Theodore N. Gill, Guimaras Strait, area 20 hastened the development of the Catch of market- otter-trawl industry in Negros and able fish Fish- ______Panay. The employment of many Month ing time Rate fishery trainees 2 by private-boat Amount per hour owners in Negros and Iloilo further stimulated this development in Minutes Pounds Pounds January 1940..._...... 60 602 602 Guimaras Strait and the Visayan D o ------60 084 984 D o ------60 379 379 Sea. D o ------60 343 343 D o ------60 712 712 Area 21-Panay Gulf (fig. 15 in D o ------77 375 292 D o ------82 1,190 87S pocket), west of Negros is actually D o ------90 662 441 D o ------60 394 394 the southern extension of Guimaras D o ------90 961 640 D o ------87 505 348 Strait. It covers an area of about Total_ -_ - _ - 786 7, 107 542 200 square miles, and only the August 1948______60 255 255 northern and eastern sides are D o ------60 219 219 D o ------60 47 47 trawlable, with a depth from 10 D o ------60 175 175 D o ------60 1,246 1.246 to 35 fathoms. The southern side D o ------60 380 380 along the Negros coast is steep, and Total______360 2,322 387 the western half has a depth of December 1948_____-_- 60 285 285 D o ------60 175 175 from 122 to 1,500 fathoms. The D o ------60 1, 803 1,803 D o ------60 15 15 bottom is generally muddy, and the D o ------60 800 800 northern side along Guimaras Is- Total______300 3,078 615 land is studded with shoal reefs. Grand total_ __ 1,446 12, .508 520 This area is partly exposed to the southwest, but it is somewhat shel- Before the war, 8 to 12 Japanese tered from the northeast monsoon trawlers operated in the strait with One of the best average yields of home ports in Iloilo or Bacolod. the survey was obtained in this This area has had the greatest de- gulf-397 pounds per hour during velopment of the otter-trawl fish- January and August 1948 (table ery during the past 2 or 3 years. 19). The higher average catch, 545 According to August 1949 records 2 Philippine fishery students trained in the of the Philippine Bureau of Fish- United States under the authority of the Phil- eries, the number of trawlers has in- ippine Rehabilitation Act of 1946, pursuant to in-service training grants awarded by the Di- creased from 6 in 1947 to 57 in 1949. rector of the Fish and wildlife Service.

30 pounds, was made during August, Half of the six drags made were and the lower, 239 pounds, was successful, averaging 39 pounds of made during January. Between marketable fish per hour (table 20). 3 the 31- and 33-fathom contours, in A 1 /8-inch mesh trawl net was used, August, the largest single drag was and the catch consisted of slip- made-1,850 pounds of marketable mouths, gizzard shad, young snap- fish per hour. This consisted of pers, and fair amounts of shrimp cutlass fish, croakers, and goatfish. and swimming crabs. Juvenile The gulf is the only area surveyed stages of commercial bottom species where the catch of slipmouths, were also fairly represented. lizard fish, and mojarras was insig- Shrimp, according to fishtrap op- nificant. erators, are taken in quantities in May and June. Table 19.-Catch of marketable fsh In eastern Panay Gulf, area 21 Table 20.-Catch of marketable fish In Pangull Bay, area 22 Catch of market- able fsh Catch of market- Fish- able fish Month ing Fish- time Rate Month ing Amount per time Rate hour Amount per hour Minute Pounds Pound. January 1948------120 84 422 Minute Pounds Pounds Do..------105 51 29 July 1948.------60 30 30 D------180 110 37 Total------225 896 239 Do------100 80 0 August 1948------60 118 118 Total------340 220 39 Do. .. ..------60 73 73 Do------60 140 140 Do------60 1.80 1,80 Total------240 2,181 545 Choking of the bag by jellyfish Grand total----...465 3.077 397 caused the other drags to be unsuc- cessful. The bay can sustain one Four drags were unsuccessful, small trawler. owing to underwater snags and Area 23-Sibuguey Bay (fig. 16) covers an area of 600 square miles fouling of the gear, but no gear was with an average depth of 25 fath- lost. Before the war, some of the oms. The bottom is generally mud- Japanese trawlers previously men- dy with scattered coral heads and tioned operated in this area. fringing reefs, especially along the Area 22-Panguil Bay, a shallow eastern and western coasts. Ice and bay almost enclosed by a narrow fuel facilities are available in Zam- channel near Port Misamis, has an boanga City, 5 or 6 hours from the area of about 50 square miles and fishing ground. a depth of 1 fathoms. It was ex- Of the 27 drags made by the The- plored in July 1948 in connection odore N. Gill in October 1949, 10 with a demonstration of otter were unsuccessful owing to under- trawling on a commercial vessel water snags, fouling, or choking from Iligan, Lanao. with mud. The average catch per

31

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SCALE

UAU. NA. M S 9Ca, 33, 777 47 3 o1 p "

)0

Fgn 2rR ep I 1

Figure 16.-Otter-trawl exploration in Sibuguey Bay.

32 hour was 110 pounds of marketable ground, with an average depth of fish, including sawfish, sting ray, 20 fathoms. The bottom is gen- slipmouths, and a fair quantity of erally of hard mud and sand, dotted crevalles, goatfish, turbots, and with numerous detached shoal reefs. grunts. It is accessible to the Borneo main- Large hauls were made along the land and is directly exposed to the 15-fathom line, which averaged 478 northeast monsoon. pounds per hour, and at the 14- In September 1949, the Theodore fathom contour, which averaged N. Gill and the David Starr Jor- 420 pounds. The major items of dan made explorations. Of three these hauls, however, were one 350- drags made, only one was success- pound sawfish (Pristis microdon) ful, averaging 42 pounds of good- and one 300-pound ray (Dasyatie sized bottom fish per hour. This uarnak). consisted of catfish, turbots, slip- This is a new trawling area which mouths, and croakers. could probably sustain 2 to 5 me- A more extensive survey should dium trawlers. During the Japa- be made of this wide area, as it nese occupation, 1 or 2 Japanese equals half the known existing com- trawlers operated there at infre- mercial trawling grounds in the quent intervals. Philippines.

Table 21.-Catch of marketable fish In Sbuguey ay, area 23 PRODUCTION BY DEPTH OF WATER Catch of market- able fish Fish- Month ing Among the aims of the explora- time Rate Amount per tory fishing was the extension of hour known fishing grounds. This could Minutes Pounds Pounds take two forms-extension into un- October 1949------60 38 38 Do------60 35 35 fished areas and extension into Do------60 19 19 Do------_60 40 40 deeper water. Several attempts Do------60 13 13 Do------60 100 100 were made in deeper waters in the Do------60 478 478 Do-- ....--- ..-...- 60 360 360 course of the surveys, and the re- Do------60 420 420 Do------60 16 16 Do------60 7 7 sults, compared with fishing at Do.------60 136 136 Do------60 99 99 other depths, are shown in table 22. Do------60 22 22 Do------60 33 33 The greatest weight of fish per Do------60 5 55 Do------60 5 5 hour was taken at depths between Total------1020 1,882 111 6 and 10 fathoms. The catch at these levels on all grounds was Area 24-South of Taganak Is- nearly 350 pounds per hour. Drags land, this area is a small spot on made between 11 and 15 fathoms the extensive northern shelf of Bor- averaged 240 pounds per hour, and neo, covering about 2,000 square the 16- to 20-fathom grounds pro- miles of apparently trawlable duced approximately 190 pounds.

33 Table 22.--Composition of catch in all areas combined, by depth of water

[Figures in parentheses indicate approximate fishing time)

0-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 6 61-65 66-70 71-75 All Species fathom fathoms fathoms fathoms thom faththothmsahoatoepths s fathoms fathoms fathoms fathoms fathoms2d563hsdaho (11 hrs.) hrs.) hrs.) hrs.) (22 hrs). (10 hrs.) (12 hrs.) (13 hrs.) (3hrs.) (1 hr.) hrs.) (1lhr.) (1 hr.) (1 hr.) (1 hr.) (22)

Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Barracudas (Sphyraenidae).------5 17 48 81 31 50 24 2 5 3 .------15 --...... 1 282 Cow-nosed rays (Rhinobatidae)....------...-...... ------...... ------81.203-.------.--.------.---.- .-----.--. 284 Crevalles (Carangidae)..------79 414 189 76 29 40 10 2-.------... ------...--.-- 849 Croakers(Sciaenidae)..-.-.------.-...... 23 398 267 117 18 1 455 ...... 55 3------...---..-671....-...-.-1, 337 Cutlass fish (Triehiuridae)..---...... -.. -19 6 127 471 142 7 885-.--...-..-.-..--.-...... -----. --..-..-.-.------...-...... 1, 657 Drepanids(Drepanidae).------476 292 68 10 4 1 5 .------.------.------..------856 Eagle rays (Myliobatidae)...------....-.- 100 . ------.------.------.------100 Gizzard shads (Dorosomidae)...... -- 45 77 102 9 2 ------.------.------235 Groupers (Serranidae).------7 183 55 13 7 2 2 2------..------..---...... ------...... -- -- 5271 Grunts (Theraponidae)----....-..--.----...... --340 100 25 18 17--..-..... ---.. --.... 2------.....------.-...-...... -.--- 502 Lactarids(Lactaridae)------20 83 171 10 6.. ...------.------290 Lizard fish (Synodontidae)...-----....---19 184 175 537 359 109 46 210 9 6-..-....------..-----..----. 1,654 Mackerels (Scombridae)------10 61 101 6 1 8 .------.------187 Mojarras (Gerridae).--.------8 98 88 23 32 29 25 15 2 ---- 1------.------321 Moonfish (Menidae). . ..------38 82 12 7 7 10.--- ...... ------.------.------156 Mullets (Mullidae)-...-----..-..---..-... 6 323 197 193 131 100 287 52 84 4 15 ------. ----- 1 1, 393 Nemipterids (Nemipteridae)----...--. ---- 8 55 100 793 254 79 54 157 4 6 1------...---- ..-.....------1, 511 Pomadasids (Pomadasidae).------82 463 2,069 809 116 50 21 28 ------.. 4 ------.-.------..-.--.---.-..... --..-. -3,642 Sawfshsh r sPrdista ...... -.--.---.---- 4205480105.6.1.0.----.-.-..-- ...---.-...------..-- --...-.--..--..------...---.--.-..--..--.-.----.-.. ---.1,,i15 Sharks (Galeidae).------23 83 51 47 5 16 5 2 . 3-.------..--.------... . 235 Slipmouths (Leiognathidae)....-.-.-..-..-1,020 3,634 2, 576 7, 210 888 219 63 151 32-....----.---..-_---...--... -. ---...-. - -10 15, 803 Snappers (Lutjanidae)-..----...--....-.... 5 161 814 338 14 133 36 146 22 3----...----3-...-.-..--...-.. 1, 675 Sting rays (Dasyatidae)-.------614 1,223 123 675.-..-.----..-.. 285 100------..--.----.- -3,020 Threadfins (Polynemidae).------7 109 187 2 11 37------.---.--...... -.--...... 353 Turbots(Psettodidae).------50 17 321 260 64 20 11 43 4 3 1.------.------794 Miscellaneous. . ..------229 262 2,830 475 86 67 49 16 12..-.... 1------'4,468 Total..---..--.---.------..--....---1,559 8,008 13,099 12,370 3,006 1,151 2,066 1,351 337 26 28 ...... 18 ....-..- 12 43,031 Average catch per hour.-.--...--.- _-- 141 349 242 190 136 115 172 103 112 26 18-....--. --- 18.------12-.....

1Includes 441 pounds of sea catfish (Ariidae), data by depth not available. Table 23.-Composition of catch in Guimaras Strait and vicinities, by depth of water

[Figures in parentheses indicate approximate fishing time

6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 All Species fathoms fathoms fathoms - fathoms fathoms depths (8 hrs.) (20 hrs.) (3 hrs fathoms (1 hr.) (1 hr.) (33 hrs.)

Pound. Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pound. Barracudas (Sphyraenidae)- ..------28 39....------.. . 15 82 Cow-nosed rays (R hinobatidae)...--.-- .-- .- ...- ..- ...... -.-..-...--..-..--....--..-...... -... .- Crevalles (Carangidae)--....---...-....---.-.....-.. 67 134 23 ..---... 8 35 267 Croakers (Seisenidae)....------240 190 127 ..--.... 3 475 1,035 Cutlass fish (Trichiuridae)------3 26------.----.. --.. 1 885 915 Drepanids (Drepanidae).------624 148...- ...------....-..... 772 Eagle rays (M yliobatidae)...... Gizzard shads (Dorosomidae).------73 8 . ..------.---.------... . 40 121 Groupers (Serranidae)---.------...... -- 38.------.------23 61 Grunts (Theraponidae). ..------244 5 - ...... ---.....------.... . 249 Lactarids (Lectaridase)------...8 5------.-.---.- 2 .15 Lizard fish (Synodontidae) ..------38 49 5...... -.------... .. 92 Mackerels (Soombridae)...------62 58 20.---.------140 Mojarras (Gerridae)...... ------3------66....-.---.------.------42 Moonfish (Menidae)-. ..------27 101------.---... -7 10 145 Mullets (Mullidae)...... ------235 135 100 .-..--.. 11 275 756 Nemipterids (Nemipteridae)..------36 13 167 --....-. 4 .---....- 20 Pomadasids (Pomadasidae)----..------637 1, 280 285 .....-... 13..------2,215 Sawfish (Pristidae)...... ------...------6------6 Sharks (Galeidae). . ..------6 72-...-..----...... ---4------8 Slipmouths (Leiognathidae)-...-...-----.-....----1, 551 2, 130 154 ...... 10--..-....--3,845 Snappers (Lutjanidae)e--..-.-..-..--...... -...... 101 785.------9 28 923 Sting rays (Dasyatidae). . ..------378 790------.------1, 168 Threadfins (Polynemidae). . ..------82 150-..---.- ...------... . 35 267 Turbots (Psettodidae). ..------30 122.- ..------152 Miscellaneous----..------179 1,713 251 .....-.. 81 25 2, 249 Total------4,657 7,992 1,171------149 1,846 15,815 Average catch per hour- ..------582 399 390------149 1,846.---..-

The 31- to 35-fathom regions pro- (table 23). The productivity of the duced 175 pounds, and all other 35-fathom depths of Guimaras depths produced less than 150 Strait seems to be atypical, as will pounds per hour. be seen by comparison with table Fishing in the vicinity of the 5- 24, where production in Lingayen fathom contour produced approxi- Gulf is analyzed by depths. mately 140 pounds per hour. At Beyond the 35-fathom contour, 0-5 fathoms, it is probable that the the catch was composed mainly of existing commercial fishery, using fish that are either worthless, such nets of smaller net size than the as trunkfish (Ostraciidae), trigger experimental nets, had reduced the fish (Balistidae), and puffers (Tet- population of fish. The results of raodontidae) ; or of inferior market the exploratory operations seem to grade, such as trumpet fish (Fis- indicate that the best fishing lies tularidae), stargazers (Uranoscop- between the 6- and 20-fathom con- idae), hornfish (Triacanthidae), tours, and that some grounds are flying gurnards (Dactylopteridae), productive as deep as 35 fathoms. frogfish (Ogocephalidae), and an- Almost all of the 35-fathom pro- tigonids (Antigonidae). The rela- duction came from Guimaras Strait tive abundance of these forms in in a single sample drag of an hour L i n g a y e n and off Corregidor and was composed primarily of (Manila Bay approaches) is shown croakers, cutlass fish, and mullet in table 25.

35 893657 0 - 51 - 4 Table 24.-Composition of catch in Lingayen Gulf. by depth of water

[Figures in parentheses indicate approximate fishing time]

31 35 10-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 - 36-40 41-45 All Species fathoms fathoms fathoms fathoms fathoms fathoms fathoms depths (12 hrs.) (54 hrs.) (20 hrs.) (3 hrs.) hr.) ((1 )

Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Barracudas (Sphyraenidae).------18 1.------.. .2 -...... 21 Cow-nosed rays (Rhinobatidae)------100------... ..------100 Crevalles (Carangidae)------30 127 29 4 -..-.-.. 7 ...-....- 197 Croakers (Sciaenidae).------7 43 12 1------63 Cutlass fish (Trichiuridae)------1 86 7------.--..-....-..-..-...... --.. 94 Drepanids (Drepanidae)...--...... 3 36 3 ...... 1 5 .. ... 48 Eagle rays (Myliobatidae)..------10------100 Gizzard shads (Dorosomidae).------2 16 2------.------20 Groupers(Serranidae)------11 73 38 ...... -. 2 2 -....-.. 126 G run ts (Theraponid ae)...... --. ---.-.. --.-... --.. -..... ----...... --... ---. --... --.. -..... -.---- Lactarids (Lactaridae).------28 204 25.------.------257 Lizard fish (Synodontidae)------45 639 161 8 7 173 2 1,035 Mackerels (Scombridae).------.--...... ------. ...- ..-...-- .-..-- .....-.--.------.---..-..-..-.--- Mojarras(Gerridae).------..----- 9 66 6 3 ------.... 4.-.. 88 Moonfish (Menidae) ..------.-.----...... ---..-..-...... --- . . Mullets (Mullidae)------... ---.--. .------32 .4 .36 Nemipterids (Nemipteridae)------49 577 85 21 48 136 4 920 Pomadasids (Pomadasidae)------63 817 8 3 20 28 ...... -.. 939 Saw fish (Pristidae)...- ...... -...... --....-.---.. ------...... --..------.. . --. --- -- Sharks (G aleidae)...... - -.-- -- - ....-- - .-- -- .------... -.---...------...-..--...... -.-.....--. ---- Slipmouths (Leiognathidee).------1,002 7, 146 504 4 38 143 5 8,842 Snappers (Lutjanidae).--.------12 243 14 21 8 136 ...... -.. 434 Sting rays (Dasyatidae). ...------13 150------100 263 Threadfins (Polynemidae)------4 58 1 1 2 ...... _...... 66 Turbots (Psettodidae).------21 255 29 4 10 38 ...---.-. 357 Miscellaneous------... -....-...... ------1 8 .-..--..-.-- ..-...--.-..-..... ----.. -.--.. --....-.. -.. -9 Total...... ------1,390 10,480 1,080 170 136 678 111 14,045 Average catch per hour.....-..--.--.--...-.. 115 192 62 56 48 90 111 ......

Table 25.-Nonmarketable species of fish taken japoUc ,s and Rhinobatuw formo- between 30 and 75 fathoms In Lingayen semis, neither of which had been Gulf and off Corregidor Island previously recorded from those

Frequency of occurrence waters. Both came from the deep- Species er waters. Off Cor- Lingayen regidor Gulf PRODUCTION BY AREA Hornflsh (Triacanthi- Abundant... Abundant. de). Stargazers (Uranoscopi- ...... do.... Do. The vessels fished a total of 218.3 dae). Trumpet fish (Fistulari- do.... _..... Do. hours and took 43,031 pounds of idea). Flying gurnards (Dactyl- ..... do.-...... _Common. marketable fish. The average catch opteridae). Frogfish (Ogocephalidae).. Common-.... Do. per hour for all areas was 151.3 Antigonids (Antigonidae). --.. do.- Triggerfsh(Balistidae).... Occasional.-. Occasional. pounds for successful drags. It Trunkfish (Ostraciidae)..-..- do....._...... Do. Filefish (Monacanthidae)..---...do...... should be kept in mind that some Porcupine fish (Diodon-.------Do. tidee. of the values are averages, while Puffers (Tetraodontidae).------Do. Monocentri. japonicusl._ Occasional_-- some are single observations. Rhinobatus formosensis I. -..... do...... Table 26 shows the catch per hour 'First record from the Philippines. and the composition of the catch for each of the areas explored and Incidental to the trawling work, described. Of the 24, the highest two new Philippine ichthyological production per hour was area 11, records were reported-Monocentris San Miguel Bay, which produced

36 636 pounds, and second highest was those of commercial operations is area 19, western Visayan Sea, indicated by information furnished where the average was 615 pounds by master fishermen and captains per hour. Next highest production of trawlers working in the better occurred as follows: Guimaras and relatively richer areas outside Strait (area 20), 520 pounds; Sisi- Manila Bay. These estimates are ran Bay (area 13), 482; Panay compilations from interviews made Gulf (area 21), 397; and Carigara at various times during explora- Bay (area 16), 390. Lowest pro- tions. It is of further significance duction occurred off the west shore that there was little indication of of Bataan Peninsula (area 2) and seasonal variation in the informa- in Tabaco Bay (area 14), where 25 tion furnished by these men. and 27 pounds per hour were pro- Tabulated evaluations of these duced. estimates follow: Catch per hour The results obtained by the sur- Area: topounds4 vey in San Miguel Bay, Sisiran Bay, Lingayen Gulf------100 to 150 and Carigara Bay are misleading Northern Capiz------200 to 250 inasmuch as they were heavily Southwestern Samar-- ___-200 to 300 Visayan Sea-____------300 to 350 weighted by the presence of large Guuaras Strait------300 to 400 rays. From a market standpoint Northern Visayan Sea--- 200 to 250 this is not significant, because such Ragay Gulf__--__----150 to200 fishes are saleable, although they do Catches made by otter trawl in not command as high a price as the the Philippines consist of a wide bony fishes. From the standpoint variety of fishes of small sizes, none of production assay such a factor of which can be considered abun- should be noted and kept in mind dant. That the Philippine waters for consideration in any manage- are comparable in over-all produc- ment plans. Thus, average produc- tion to other investigated tropical tion in these areas, minus the rays areas is apparent from the work and sharks, is, for San Miguel Bay, of several authors cited by White- 499 pounds per hour; Sisiran Bay, leather and Brown (1945). Ac- 402 pounds per hour; and Carigara cording to them, R. S. Wimpenny Bay, 90 pounds per hour. In most investigated commercial trawlers other areas, enough drags were sailing out of Alexandria in the made to cause this factor to level Mediterranean Sea and found that out. In a few areas, however, the ratio of good marketable fish to rays these vessels averaged 255 pounds was extremely low: 8 out of 148 per day per net, and that vessels in the same general area, working from pounds per hour in San Pedro Bay, 27 out of 161 pounds in Burias Pass, Port Said, averaged 108 pounds and 30 out of 131 pounds in Cama- per net per day. Harold Thomp- rines Sound. son, cited by the same authors, said That the experimental trawlers that a Japanese trawler, fishing on produced results comparable to the northwest plateau off Western

37 Table 26.-Composition of total catch by fishing areas (1947-49)

(Figures in parentheses indicate approximate fishing time]

Area 1, Area 2 Area 3, Area 4, Area 5 Area 6, Area 7, AeArea 8, Area 9, Area 10, Area 11, Area 12, Area 13, 1 anl ra4 Ae , Mna- Rgy Linga-Speciesyn- westra2 Manila Manila Tayaas Maa- Ragay Burias Aabat Lamon San Cama- Sisiran Gulf Bataan Bayap- Bay Bay r Gulf Pass Sound Bay u Sound Bay ( hr.) (5 hrs.) (4% hrs.) (1 hr.) (94 hrs.) (4 hrs.) (rhrs) (7 hrs.) (3 hrs.) (4Bhrs.) (5 hrs.) (2 hrs.) (2 hrs.)

Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Barracudas (Sphyraenidae)------21 1 52 13------30------4 -.------50-..------Cow-nosed rays (Rhinobatidae)------.-- 100------.------83------Crevalles (Carangldae)------197 21 68 11 7 ------51 15 2_--.-- 20_-----_------Croakers (Sciaenidae)-..-..-----..-.---- 63 23 45 24 18 52 2 27 12 29 7 219 Cutlass fish (Trichiuridae)------4------94- - 105 99- ----.------.-----....-- 311 Drepanids (Drepanidae).--..------48-.....------.------.--.---- -3----.... --.. 5--..--.-.---- ...--..-----.------28 ------Eagle rays (Myliobatidae)------100 ------.------Gizzard shades (Dorosomidae).-.------..-.... -20---. ------12- --.--. -12------23.------Groupers (Serranidae)------. 126 23 11 2 6 2 2- ..------7 Grunts (Theraponidae)------...... ------....- .-- ---.-.------.. 8 ------.. -9 ------18 1 4 ---.-- -1 6-1- Lactarids (Lactaridae)------.-.-.-..-.-----257--..---.. ------3-.....------..-- --.------. 4------11 Lizard fish (Synodontidae)------1,035 15 40 31 120 17 100 1 16 25 13 4 Mackerels (Scombridae)------6 16------2------. ------Mojarras (Gerridae).- ..-.----....-.... - 88---.------6 10 17 18 40 2 48 30------Moonfish (Menidae)------'----.----2------Mullets (Mullidae)------36------. -164 18 ------96 ---.--- 72 ------. 23 60 29 Nemipterids (Nemipteridae)------920 4 88 30 3- 8 69 4------17 3 Pomadasids (Pomadasidae)----.------939.------14 27 35 25 ---..------4------72.-....------Sawfish (Pristidae)--- ..------Sea catfish (Ariidae)------9 6 21.------17------26 16 Sharks (Galeidae)------.------4 16-.------.------7 15 5 ----- Slipmouths (Leiognathidae).-9...--.-..--.-8,842 23 67 109 96 173 192 5 58 50 1,875 8 Snappers (Lutjanidae)------434 1 136 51 13 5--..------52 7 ----- 4 18 Sting rays (Dasyatidae).------263-...... ---.. 190 .------268------40 80 Thread ns (Polynemida)- 66------.------Turbots (Psettodidac)------.-.-..-.. 357 2 7 9 24 2 21 2 1- - ....------1 3 Miscellaneous.------..-.---.-..--. 30 9 68 11 38 134 39 7 16 20 248 38 12 Total.....--..-.---..------.-.--- 14,045 105 1,111 507 384 400 706 323 331 120 3,125 605 482 Average catch per hour.--.----.------149 25 97 74 131 89 146 176 158 300 636 131 482 I I I I I I I I I I I Area 14, Area 15, Area 16, Area 17, Area 18 Area 19, Area 20,'Area 21Are Area 23, Area 24, 1 Species Tahaco Samar Carigara Pan Leyte sternGui Pansy Pa i Sibu- off All areas es Gulf Bay IslTaandk( hs Bay Bay Bay Pdo Gl a (1 hr.) (10 hrs.) (1 hr.) a (5 hrs.) hrs. ( trails) (73 hrs.) (5% hrs.) Isd(By

Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Barracudas (Sphyraenidae)------..-----...------.. 5 27 30 25 ---.--.-.. 24 ---- .... 282 Cow-nosed rays (Rhinobatidae)------1------284 Crevalles (Carangidae)------1 77 15 ------.. 7 6 201 60 ------70- 20 849 Croakers (Sciaenidae).------1------107 140 568------1,337 Cutlass fish (Trichiuridae)------150.--..-..--.------. -.- 28 3 238 910 .------161-- 1,657 Drepanids (Drepanidae)------7------.. 85- Eagle rays (Myliohatidae) ------10 Gizzard shads (Dorosomidae)-.-...... ------.-.---.---2---..----..------.----.-.....- -- .. 73 48 45------235 Groupers (Serranidae)------.---....----1------11 ------271 Grunts(Theraponidae)------..------29 18 8 12 11 238 2 83 502 Lactarids (Lactaridae)------.------15.------.-.... ------. 290 Lizard fish (Synodontidae)------. 2 76 18 ---.--- 14 20 51 21 --.-.. . 35------1,654 Mackerels (-combridae) -...... -..-...... ------..-... -4------.. ._------140.------.-.-...------.._ 187 Mojarras (Gerridae)-..- ...... --..-.------6------...... 4------438-..- .... - ----. -14 .321 Moonfish (Menidae)-.------..------.------105 40 8 156 Mullets (Muuaidae)------.. 4 37.---. ------.. 8 143 296 317 390.------1,393 ----364------1,511 Nemipterids (Nemipteridae)------4- ---.----..------189 22 9 Pomadasids (Pomadasidae)------..------...... ------.. 235 2,215 20 36------3,642 Sawksh (Prlstidae)------.------.------..------20 350 ----- Sea catfish (Ariidae)-... ------...... ____ --_-...... -.. --36 7--... -.. .----.... --.. ---12 148 60 --.. .. 67- - 16 441 1,156 Sharks(Galeidae)-.... ----... -_.... .-.---- .--..- _-_... ---...... 31----.---...--..--... -- 39 --- .. 78------.. ----. -40 -- --- 235 Slipmouths (Leiognathidae)------1 18 4 -..-- - 36 234 3,555 56 60 321- 20 15,803 Snappers (Lutjanidae).------2 1------.--.------17 45 830 48 --.--.- 11 ----..------1,675 Sting rays (Dasyatidae)..------30 1 140 120.------1,168------.-----300-----...--3,02 Threadfins (Polynemidae)----.---..------10--. ----.-....-----.-.--- 232 35.------..------353 Turbots(Psettodidae)------4 - 86 3 2----...... --152 23 83 12 794 Miscellaneous------6 234 14.------192 1,706-880 50 T7------4,027 Total------27 916 390 148 305 1,230 12,508 3,077 220 1,882 84 43,031 Average catch perhour------27 92 390 148 61 615 520 397 39 110 42 .-- ....

I Shrimp, squids. and other commercial invertebrates were not evaluated because quantities were insignificant.

'0 Australia in 1936, took fish at the trawler products of southern New rate of 448 pounds per hour. R. H. England and found them to average Fiedler, N. D. Jarvis, and M. J. 811 pounds per hour on the inshore Lobell, also quoted by these authors, grounds for 7 months, July through took fish at the rate of 43 pounds January. per hour while conducting explora- tory trawling off the coast of Peru COMPARISON OF THE OTTER with a net of 60-foot headrope. TRAWL AND THE BEAM In Ceylon, however, Amirthal- TRAWL ingam and de Zylva (1949) re- ported that a trawler operating on Throughout the exploratory op- Wadge Bank averaged between eration, question was continually 4,600 and 6,400 pounds per day. raised about the comparative effi- This rate, according to the same ciency of the otter trawl and the authors, compared favorably with beam trawl (utase) and their effect the catch on the fishing banks off upon the stocks of fish. Direct ob- the northern and western coasts of servations were impossible, because Scotland and Ireland, but was not as the Philippine Fishery Program great as on the banks around Bear (lid not operate a beam trawl. How- Island or Iceland. On the basis of ever, indirect data were secured a 12-hour fishing day, this is com- from landings at a Manila market parable to the best Philippine for a period of 6 months, December grounds. By contrast, Merriman 1948 through May 1949. These are and Warfel (1944) measured the summarized in tables 27 and 28.

Table 27.-Composition of catch by 44 commercial beam trawlers in Manila Bay' (1948-49)

Fish- Large Medium Slip- Miscel- Trash Month ing Shrimp Squids species species mouth laneous fish Total Rate per hour time (joya) (halo) (sap)- (samot) (jaco)

1948 Hrs. Kgma. Kgima. Kgrma. Kgms. Kgma. Kgms. Kgms. Kgm.s. Kgma. Lbs. December.------120 454 88 855 376 560 492 1,396 4,221 35. 17 77 1949 January------.-.----.-.--560 1,188 336 3, 756 3, 032 3, 548 2,408 4,310 18, 578 33. 17 73 February.-..-...--.--...336 670 176 2, 712 2, 154 2, 764 1,944 2,090 12, 510 37. 23 82 March------.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. -388 884 226 3,766 2,514 2,402 2,070 2.058 13,920 35.87 77 AprilL ...... ----... 352 756 220 3,016 1, 700 1, 716 1, 746 1, 160 10,314 29.30 64 May.....--...... ------428 1,088 274 4,290 2,233 1.920 2,602 1,639 14,046 32.81 71 Total..----.------2,184 5,040 1,320 18,395 12,009 12,910 11, 262 12,653 73, 589 33.69 75 Percent of catch------6.8 1.7 24.9 16.3 17.5 15.8 17 100 ...--......

I Actual catch data collected by Alejandro Erasga, fish checker, Philippine Bureau of Fisheries.

These data reveal that hour for pounds, whereas the beam trawl will hour, the otter trawl will take, from take an average of 75 pounds. This Manila Bay under conditions exist- difference, percentagewise, is con- ing at that time, an average of 99 siderable and becomes significant

40 Table 2$.-Composition of catch by 14 commercial otter trawlers in Manila Say '1945-491

Miscel- Fish- Large Medium Slip- lane- Trash Month ing Shrimp Squids species species mouth ous fish Total Rate per hour time (joya) (halo) (sap- (sam- (jaco) ot)

1948 Hrs. Kgma. Kgma.. Kgm. Kgma. Kgm.. Kgms. Kgma. Kgma. Kgm. Lbs. December.------7 4 8 48 64 116 12 88 340 48.57 106 1949 January.....-...... 115 208 60 820 428 732 756 924 3,928 34.15 75 February------95 176' 96 1,128 848 1,220 632 892 4,992 52.54 114 March--...... -.-.-.105 422 60 1,456 876 880 832 834 5,360 51.04 112 April-----..--..-----..-.---107 260 72 1,198 662 628 806 792 4,418 41.28 91 May. ..------102 300 68 1,646 852 564 682 660 4,772 46.78 102 Total..---...... -...-531 1,370 364 6,296 3,730 4,140 3.720 4.190 23,810 44.84 99 Percent of catch------5.75 1.53 26.45 15.67 17.38 15.63 17.59 100.00......

IActual catch data collected by Alejandro Erasga, fish checker. Philippine Bureau of Fisheries. when cost of operation and sale croakers, and sawfish, in that order. price are taken into consideration. The slipmouths were almost as The average sale price during the abundant as all other species com- period covered by the data, for all bined (table 26). In table 29, the species and sizes, was 25 cents per invertebrates of marketable value pound. The cost of operation, cal- are also listed. As in any bulk fish- culated from a heterogeneous mass ing effort, species that are out of o f d a t a collected incidentally their environment are taken as the throughout the Manila fleet, indi- gear is being set or hauled. Thus, cates that an otter trawler can be the list of fishes in table 29 shows operated for approximately $25 a1 mackerel and other forms which day less than the customary charges would not ordinarily be considered against a beam trawler. as demersal fish. - Thus, it would appear that the The catch by commercial trawlers otter trawl offers an economic ad- is listed in table 1. Comparison vantage and is more efficient than with the catch taken in exploratory the beam trawl. trawl operations, as listed in table 29, indicates that more carangoids COMPOSITION OF THE CATCH are taken by commercial vessels than by the exploratory boats. It is During the exploratory work, 98 possible that these fish were taken species of fish, distributed among by gear other than the trawl. Ille- more than 30 families, were cap- gal fishing with explosives has been tured by the trawl net (table 29). prevalent in the Philippines during Of these, slipmouths were the most the past several years, and by re- abundant, followed by pomadasids, porting fish so taken as having been string rays, snappers, cutlass fish, ctl ught by trawl, fishermen evade lizard fish, nemipterids, mullet, the scrutiny of inspectors. Other-

41 Table 29.-Marketable species taken by exploratory trawl operations in the Philippines (1947-491

English name Tagalog name Scientific name

Anchovies: Indian anchovy...... _ Dilis. .. ..------Stolephorus indices. Long-jawed anchovy...... do. . . ..------Stolephorus commerson. Barracudas: Barracuda...... Babayo. . . ..------Sphyraena forsteri. Banded barracuda._.._...... _ Asogon . ...------Sphyraena fello. Striped barracuda...... ------Torcillo. .. ..------Sphyraena obtusata. Brills: Brills ...... -.-. -----. -...... Dapa...... ------Bothus sp. Smooth-scaled brill.._...... Dapang bilog------.-.-.-.-.-.-. - Pseudorhombus arsius. Rough-scaled brill...... -.. do...... ------Pseudorhombus oligodon. Carangoid fishes: C avalla ...... Talakitok ...... Caranz melampygus. D o ------..- . . .. 6 0 ...... Caranz . .sezfascialus...... D o------D ulusan ...... Caranx kalla. D o------Babadlong...... Caranz crumenopthalmus. D o------do------Caranz armatus. D o------do ------Caranx malabaricus. Even-bellied crevalle...... Salay-salay lalake.- -.-..-... Caranz djedaba. Threadfish------Dam is lawin...... Alectis indca. Toothless eavalla______Banlog ...... Caranx speciosus. Yellow-striped crevalle...... Salay-salay batang...... Caranx leptolepis. Catfishes: Smooth-headed sea catfish...... K anduli...... Arius... leiotetocephalus. Green sea catfish...... ------.----- ..... A rius thalassinus. Manila sea catfish...... A rius manillensis. C roakers ...... Kbg-...... Sciaena russelli. Herrings: Big-eyed herring...... Dilat. . ...------Ilisha hoevenii. Fimbriated herring...... Tunsoy...------.S.ardinella fimbriata. Indian sardine .-....--.---. ..-....- ...-. Tamban.-..----..---..-...... -.Sardinella longiceps. Leather jackets: Yellow leather Jacket.-...... Talupok...... Scomberoides lysan. Scomberoides toleoparah. Leaf fish...... Platax orbicularis. Lactarid...... -...... Lactarius lactarius. Lizard fishes: Lizard fish ...... Kalaso.-...... Saurida tumbil. Batang.kalaso...... S&nodus ariegatus. Do...... -. .----...... Kalaso...... Saurida undosquamia. B------...... Trachinocephalus myops. Mojarras: Mojarras...... ------Hubad...... Pentaprion longimanus. Do.. --.-...... Lamas...... Gerres sp. Spotted mojarras...... ------Malakapas..-...... Gerres mlamentoss. M oonfish-...... - ...... C habita-.-.. --..-.-...... - ....Mene maculata. Mackerels: Short bodied mackerel...... Hasa-hasa.. ..------Rastrelliger hrfchysomus. Spanish mackerel.-...... Tanguingue.. . ..------Scomberomorus commerson. Striped mackerel....-..-...... -...... -. Alumahan... ..------Rastrelliger chrysozonus. Nemipterids: Nemipterid...... ------Bisugong bututan...... Nemipterus japonicus. Do...... B isugo ---...... Nemipterus.. .. marginatus. Ribbon-finned nemipterid.--.--.-.--..-- ...... -.--..--do ..--.--- ... ..-. Nemipterus teenlopterus. Porgies: Big-eyed porgy-..-..---- ..-...... - Malaking mata...... Monotaxis grandoculis. Com mon porgy....--.--....-..- ...- ....- Bitilla...... Lethrinus opercularis. R ed porgy ...... Majuana...... Argyrop spinifer. Pom fret...... Duhay...... Stromateus niger. Pomadasids: Banded pomadasid...... Sekoy .. ...------Pomadasys maculatus. Small-scaled pomadasid...... Bangok-ngok . ..------Pomadasy argyreus. Spotted pomadasid...... Agoot...... ------Pomadasys hasta. Rays: Blue spotted ray...... Dahunan ...... Dasyatis kuhlii. Cow-nosed ray ...... Palimanak...... Rhinoptera Javanica. E agle ray ..... -. -----...... -Dalimanok...... A etobatus narinari. M arbled sting ray...... Paging...... Dasyatis uarnak. R a y...... --- .-- ..--- .- .- .----- . Pagi.-...... - .....- . Dasyatias sephen. S tin g ray ...... -- ... d o..- -- -.-.- .. . ..--- .-- -. . . Dasyatis agulhensis. Do ...... - ---- ..--- ..-..-- ..-- ..-- ...- . -... - -. -. . .. . - - - - Dasyatis- - - - bleekeri.- - .- - - - .- - R unner..... -.. --. -.. -.. .. -...... -...... Salm on ...- .-.....---- .-- .- ...---- Elagatis bipinnulatus. Soles: O vate sole ...... Tambike. . ..------Solea humilis. Speckled sole...... Dapang sinelas. ..------Cynoglossus puncticeps. Synapturid sole----.------...... - .....--. .---.------Synaptura sp. Sharks: Black-finned gray shark...... Pating...... _..... Carchariasmenisorrah. Gray shark...... --...------.--...... Scoliodon walbeehmi. Hamm-rhead.shar------. ----- Hemigalus sp. Hammerhead shark_...... B inkingan ...... Sphyrna zygaena.

42 Table 29.-Marketable species taken by exploratory travel operation. in the Philippines (1947-49)--Continued

English name Tagalog name Scientific name

Sharks-Continued M ackerel shark------...----...-.- ..-Pating. . ..------Scoliodon intermedius. Sharp-nosed shark - ...... - ...... -... --....------...... Scoliodon palassorah. Spotted guitarfish ------...... Pating sodsod . ..------Rhynchobatus dfiddensis. Scads: Big-eyed scad...... --- .--.-- ...... Matang baka..------Selar crumenopthalmus. Round scad---...... Galonggong. . ..------Decapterus sp. Snappers: Brown striped snapper.....-..-..-.....- Dayang-dayang...... Lutjanus pitta. Flame-colored snapper...... Bambangin...... LuJanus fulvus. Hump backed red snapper--.--...-.-... M aya-maya...... LutJanus gibbus. Plain scaled snapper------..--.-. .-...... -d o-- ...... --.... --... -.. LutianusJolsni. Red snapper...... -- - .do...... Lutianus malabaricua. Silver spotted gray snapper...... A lso'...... Lutjanus argentimaculatu8. Shads: Gizzard shad-- -- . --.. --. -..-.- Kabasi..--.------Anodontoatoma chacunda. Long-finned gizzard shad...... Suwagan. . ..------Nemafalosue nasus. Scolopsids: Ribbon-finned scolopsid..--...-.-.-.---.- Tagisang lawin...... Scolopsi, taeninpteru8. Striped scolopsid...... Scolopsis bimaculatus. Spad fish ...... K itang--..-.---- ..- ...... - Scatophagus argus. Saw fish ...... T agan...... Prietis microdon. Slipmouths: Slipm ouths...... Sapsap ...... Leiognathus..... daura. D o---. ---- ...... ------...... -....--.------....--..--...... Leiognathus fasciatue. D o- - .---- .- ...... ----- ...... ------do------Leiognathus stercorarius. D o--- . ------.. . .. -- .. ..------.... -----do------Leiognathus ruconius. D o--...... -- ...... ------... -----do------Leiognathus splendens. D o ---- ...... ------do.------Leiognathus equulus. D o ... ------. -- .. --- ...... - -d o ------Leiognathus blochii. Do - ...... Leiognathus insidiator. Do --...... -- ...... -do ------Gazza minute. Do --...... Gazza leucicus. T urbots...... Kalankao.------... .. Psettodes erumei. Threadfish: Asiatic threadfin...... -...... -. Damis lawin ..------Alectis indica. Four-rayed threadfin--...... Mamali. . . ..------Eleutheronema tetredactgla. Small-mouthed threadfin...... Mamaleng baton. ..------Polynemus microstoma. Whitings: Banded whitings...- ..-...... -...... Asohos. . ..------Sillago maculate. Common whitings...... ---....-...... do . ....------Sillago aihama.

MARKETABLE INVERTEBRATES

Crabs: Swamp crab...... -...... -..-Alimango. . . ..------Scylla serrate. Swimming crab._.._ .... __ .... _...... _Alimasag . . ..------Neptunus pelagicus. Shrimps: Shrimp...... ------Hipon suage.. ..------Penaeus canaliculatus. Do...... ------Quakit. . . ..------Penaeus affnis. Do...... ------Hipon suage------.. ------Penaeus incisipea. Do...... ------Hipon puti ...------Penaeus indicus. Tiger shrimp...... ------Sugpo... ..------Penaeus monodon. Sea mantis...... ------Ulahipang dagat...------Squilla sp. Cephalopods: Cuttlefish...... ------Panos. . . ..------Sepia sp. Octopus...... ------Pugita. . . ..------Octopus sp. Squid...... ------Pusit...... ------Loligo sp. Shells: Red window-pane shell. ...------Kapis Pula...------Pecten sp. White window-pane shell-----.--.-.--Kapis puti... ..------Placuma placenta.

wise, there is a fair agreement be- in table 30 with the seven complete tween the composition of the catch drags made in Manila Bay by the as reported and the catch of the ex- exploratory otter trawl. The clas- ploratory vessels. sification of fishes in these tables The percentage values calculated conforms to standard market pro- from tables 27 and 28 are compared cedure in most of the Philippine

43 Islands. The species in each group- Table 30.-Comparative composition of catch by commercial and exploratory operations in ing are shown in table 31. Manila Bay (1946-49) It is notable that the composi- tions of commercial catches by otter Com- Ex- Cor- mer- plora- me- trawl and by beam trawl are essen- Commercial groups cial tory i otter otter teaw tially the same (table 30). The ex- trawl trawl (utase) 1 -i i ploratory gear, on the other hand, Per- Per- Per- cent cent cent due to the large meshes of the net, Shrimps (hipon)...... } 7.28 0.50 8.50 Squids (pusit)...... took more large fish, and less trash. Large species (joya).-....-.. 26.45 52.96 24.90 M edium fish (halo)...... _ 15.67 7.73 16. 30 Notable, however, is the greater Slipmouths(sapsap)...n.o..- 17.38 22.03 17.50 15.63 13.52 15.80 poundage of slipmouths taken by Trash fish (jaco)...... - 17.59 3.26 17.00 the exploratory gear. Total_...... 100.00 100.00 100.00

Table 31.-Species typically comprising the commercial groups of otter trawl catches in the Philippines

Commercial groups English name Tagalog name Scientific name

Shrimp (hipon)...... Grooved shrimp...... --. Hipon suage...... Penaeus canaliculatus. Do-- .. ---..-- ... .. - --... d o -- ..- ..- ..--...... Quakit... ..------Penaeus affinis. Do ..-..-.---...... - -- do------Hipon suage...... Penaeus incisipes. D o...... White shrimp-...... --- Hipon puti.. ..------Penaeus indices. Do------Tiger shrim p...... Sugpo ...... Penaeus monodon. Cephalopods (pusit C uttlefish...... Panos...... Sepia sp. and panos). D o .-.... .-...... Octopus. . ..------Pugita. ..------Octopus sp. D o--- .. -...- .-... Squid... ..------Pusit...------Loligo sp. Large-sized fishes Barracuda.. ..------Babayo....------Sphyraena forsteri. (joya).- Banded barracuda.....--.-.' A sogon ...... Sphyraena jello. 13o------.--... do -. -... -.... -. .. Torcillo...... Sphyraena obtusata. Do...... Cavalla....-.-...... - ...... Talakitok ...... Caranz melampygus. Do.------do .... .------.-.- -do-. ---. -- .--- ..- ... Caranz ser--fasciatus. Do------...... -.-. .do-. --. -...... Dulusan...... Caranz kalla. Do------Do------...... --- .do-...... ' .. .. Babadlong...... -.. Caranz crumenopthalmus. .--- .do. .-...... do------Caranz armatus.--- Do------D o-.. .- ...-- ... - - do -- - - - .. . . .-. --. - Caranx malabaricus.-do.. Do ...... Even-bellied crevalle...... Salay-salay lalake...... Caranz djedaba. Do ------Threadfish...... Damis lawin...... -... Alectis indica. Do ------Toothless cavalla...... B anlog ...... Caranz speciosus. Do ------Yellow-striped crevalle...... Salay-salay batang...... Caranx leptolepis. Do ------Plain croaker.-- ...... - A lakaak ...... Johnius aneus. Do ------Smooth-scaled croaker...... Kabang...... Sciaena dussumieri. Do ------Honeycombed grouper...... Lapu-lapung liglig .. Epinephelus merra. Do ------Marbled grouper...... G arupa--...... Epinephelus fuscoguttatus. Do ------Lactarid----...... Pellan ...... Lactarius lactarius. Do ------Short-bodied mackerel...... Hasa-hasa...... Rastrelliger brachysoma. D o ------Spanish mackerel...... - Tanguingue...... Scomberornorus commerson. D o -- - - - Striped mackerel.....--...._ Alumahan...... Rastrelliger chrysozonus. - - Pom fret.... -....-- ...... Stromateus niger. D o------Duhay...... - D o------Banded pomadasid...... Sekoy.---.---.-..-...... Pomadasys maculatus. Spotted pomadasid...... A goot..-..---.. .-.....--- Pomadasys hasta. D o------Round scad...... Galonggong...----.--.... Decapterus sp. D o------Big-eyed scad...... Matang baka...... Selar crumenopthalmus. D o------Hump-backed red snapper - Maya-maya...... Lutjanus gibbus. D o------Red snapper...-..---- ...- ... ------Lutjanus -do--malabaricus. D o------Spade fish...... K itang _...... Scatophagus argus. D o------T urbots-....-.-- ..-...... Kalankao...... Psettodes erumei. D o------Four-rayed threadfin. -.. Mam aliL.... __...._..... Eleutheronema tetradactylum. Small-mouthed threadfin -- Mamalang bato...... Polynemus microstoma. Medium-sized fishes G oatfish ...... -..-- ...... --- Saram ullete...... Upeneus sundaicus. (halo). Do------.- ...... -do. .. -- do------Upeneus ---moluccensis. Do------Yellow-striped goatfish...... ------Upeneus -do--sulphureus. Do------G runt -- -- ....- .--.---- Dukusan...... Therapon puta. Do------. ----.do ---- -.- - ...- ...- -doB...... - Therapon theraps. Do------Convex-lined theraponid_..... Bagasang ------Therapon jarbua. Do------Four-lined theraponid-...... Ba nsiL...... Pelates quadrilineatus. Do------M ojarras...... H ubad -- ... ..--- .- ....- Pentaprion longimanus. D o...... -- Spotted mojarras...... M alakapas__...... Gerres filamentosus.

44 Table 31.-Species typically comprising the commercial groups of otter trawl catches in the Philippines-Continued

Commercial groups English name Tagalog name Scientific name

Medium-sized fishes (halo)-Continued Do---...... --..---Nemipterid. ..------Bisugong buntalan -...... Nemipterus japonicus. Do--.--.-.-.--.------do------.. . . ------Bisugo. '_ Nemipterus taeniopterus. Do.------Small-scaled pomadasid.-....Bangok-ngok.------Pomadasys argyreus. Do.-.--....-...... Gizzard shad...------Kabasi------.. .. .Anodontostoma chacunda. Do ...------Ribbon-finned scalopsid....-._Tagisang lawin--....-.-.-- Scolopsis taeniopterus. Do---....-....-...Banded whiting..-...-...-...Asohos..-..--.-...--..--.Sillago maculate. Do.------Common whiting------. . .---- .. do ...------Sillago sihama. Do-...... -...--...Smooth-scaled brill------.Dapang bilog-.--.-...... -Pseudorhombus arsIus. Do.------Smooth-scaled seacatfish...-... Kand uli------Arius leiotetocephalus. Do.------Manila seacatfsh...... - --- ..- .do....------Arius thalassinus. Miscellany (samot).. Lizard fish. . ..------Kalaso------.------Saurida tumbil. Do .. ..------do . . ..------Batang kalaso------Synodus varegatus. Do..------Eagle ray--..--..-..-.-.-Paol. . ..------Aetobatus narinarn. Do...------Marbled sting ray----- .--. Paging. ...------Dasyatis uarnak. Do.------Sting ray...... ------. .do.. .------Dasyatis bleekeri. Do_-...--.-.....-Ovate soles. . ..------Tambike. ..------Solea humilis. Do_-.-...... -Black-finned shark------Pating-----...-----..-..-Carcharias menisorrah. Do------.--.. Gray shark. . . ..------do ..------Scoliodon walbehmif. Do...---..-.-.....Hammerhead shark.-...... Binkingan.-.-....-....--. Sphyrna zygaena. Do------...... Spotted guitar-fish----.---- -Pating sodsod.------Rhpchobatus djeddensis. Small fishes (sapsap). Slipmouths .. ..------Sapsap.-...... ----...Le:ognathus daura. Do------.. . do- .----- ...------do-----.------Lelognathus fasciatus. Do. . ..------do.- ...... ------do------Leiognathus tercoraris. Do------. ..-----do- ...... ------do .------Lelognathus ruconius. Do------.--.. ---- do------.-.------do .------Leiognathus splendens. Do------.----.-- do...... ------do. ...------Leiognathus equulus. Do--.. ..------do-. . . ..------. do... ..------Leiognathus blochii. Do. ....------.-----. do.-.------Dalupane.------Lelognathus Insidiator. Do. ..------do.------.-do...---- . ------Gazza minute. Do...... ------.-----do . ..------Miralya ..------Gazza leuciscus. Trash fish (jaco). Small and immature fishes and shrimps and other nonmarketable aquatic forms.

SUMMARY cessful drags, or 1,800 pounds per square mile. None of the areas can The Philippine trawl industry be considered extensive, and the consists of almost 200 vessels, many entire trawlable area approximates of which are craft converted from 4,500 square miles. The character- other uses. These range in size istics of those showing greatest from 5 to 80 gross tons; 27 percent promise are summarized in table 32. use otter trawls, the balance the There are 98 species, representing Japanese utase. Current produc- more than 30 families of fishes, tion, as nearly as can be estimated, taken in the trawls. Of these, sev- is about 27 million pounds per year. eral species of slipmouths predom- Twenty-four areas were surveyed inate, but no single species is suffi- by the exploratory vessels, Theo- ciently abundant to cause the fishery dore N. Gill and David Starr Jor- to be designated as a fishery for a dan, and production was measured particular form. The nets used in in terms of pounds per hour. Pro- the commercial trawls are of small duction ranged from 25 to 636 mesh, because shrimp and cephalo- pounds per hour, the highest occur- pods as well as fishes are taken for ring in San Miguel Bay. Average market. Greatest production comes production for the entire surveyed from water 6 to 20 fathoms deep. area is 151 pounds per hour for suc- Many of the forms are immature, in

45 Table 32.-The nature and extent of commercial trawling grounds in the Philippines (1949)

Approximate position A iat- Depth Kind of bottom Species caught and Locality L gof water remarks Lati- Longi- area tude tude

Sq. Fathoms Manila Bay------.. . . 14034' N. 120042' E. 520 1-30 Green mud, gray sand. Bataan coast (west 14*35' N. 120*39' E. 1-20 Green mud. Crabs abundant, 1-4 fath- side). oms. December-April shrimp numerous, 14-20 fathoms. Snappers fairly numerous along Cab- caben and Limay. Pampanga and Bula- 14*42' N. 120*45' E.. 1-5I-..do--...... Crabs numerous; Leio- can Bays (north gnathids (jaco) abun- side). dant and young of other commercial groups. Cavite coast (south 14*23' N. 120*48' E. - 5-22 Gray sand, mud, Nemipterids and goatfishes side). and reef spots. numerous; shrimps 14-17 fathoms. Species generally bigger than rest of the bay. Manila Bay approaches: North approach west 14040' N. 120020' E. 1102 15-30 Mud and sand...._- Nemipterids and Pria- of Bataan Peninsula. canthids and goatfish numerous. Good fishing during northeast mon- soon. South approach west 14010' N. 120035' E. 10-25 Gray sand and Nemipterids, goatfish, of Nasugbu, and mud. Lactarids numerous. Limbones Cove. Leiognathids abundant, 10-15 fathoms. Lingayen Gulf...... 16015' N. 120*10' E. 5701 up to 25 Soft mud, ground Species caught generally sand with coral larger than Manila Bay; spot, 27-54 fath- about three-fourths of oms. area suitable for trawl- 0 ing. Southern part (Pan- 16* R' N. 120010' E.. 1-10 Soft mud, gray Jellyfish abundant during gasinan Province). 10-18 sand. northeast monsoon. Slip- mouths and theraponids abundant. 20-25 Mud and sand..... Lizard fish, turbots nu- merous. Eastern part (La 16020' N. 120020' E.. 1-12 Soft mud and Red variety of jellyfish Union Province). sand. abundant during north- east monsoon. 15-25 Gray sand and Slipmouths, lizard fish mud. abundant. Turbots fairly numerous. 35-40 Gray sand and Snappers and turbots mud with scat- fairly numerous where tered rock native bubos are set. spots. Western part (NW 16020' N.1120004' E.| . 1-25 Rocky and corals, With fairly numerous Pangasinan). mud. spots of corals, rocks, not very suitable for 0 trawling. Ragay Gulf------113027' N.1122 30' E. 700 5-30 Mud and corals.--- About one-seventh of area suitable for trawling. Central and southern part deep and rocky. Northwest part Cama- 13*45' N.1122*40' E.I- 5-30 ---.-- ..- .--- ...... Species generally larger rines Sur and Ragay than Manila Bay. Good Gulf. fishing during northeast moonsoon. Slipmouths, nemipterids abundant, shrimp and lizard fish numerous. San Miguel Bay.-....-...13050' N.1133*14' E.I 200 1-15 Soft mud with Good dragging during north- few coral spots. east monsoon: closed to draggers (June-October) and plenty of jellyfish. Shrimps, croakers, po- madasids, catfish more abundant than in other dragging grounds.

46 Table 32.-The nature and extent of commercial trawling ground in the Philippines (1949)-Continued

Approximate position Locality Approx- Depth Kind of bottom Species caught and mate of water remarks Lati- Longi- area tude tude

Samar See: mi es Fathoms Southwest Samar-...... 11050' N. 124042' E. 300 up to 30 Soft mud...-...... Good fishing season north- east monsoon. Shrimp, brills, pomadasids numa erous. Preponderance of bigger, similar species, than in Manila Bay. Carigara Bay------.....11028' N. 124*30' E. 200 up to 30 Soft mud with Good fishing season south- spots of coral west monsoon. Bottom rocks. fish fairly numerous but not as productive as southwest Samar. Northeast of Biliran 11*40' N. 124*35' E. 270 up to 30 Gray mud and Larger species but fewer and Maripipi Islands. fine sand. than those taken in southwest Samar. Asid Gulf, south of 12*05' N.1123*30' E. 60 up to 10 Mud with spots Same as in southwest Milagros, Masbate. of reefs. Samar but slipmouths predominate. western visayas: I I Pilar Bay------... .11*35' N. 123*00' E. 140up to 30 Mud and fine Same as in southwest sand. Samar although slip- mouths and turbots are numerous. Concepcion Bay...... 11*25' N. 123012' E. 50 5up to 151 Mud...... d...i.n. Predominantly bigger slip- mouths. Gulmaras Strait: North of Guimaras 10050' N. 122050' E. 350 up to 15 Mud and fine Slipmouths, shrimp, poma- Island. sand. dasids abundant, and as a rule bigger than those of Manila Bay. South of Guimaras 100151 N. 122*45' E. 250 up tol10 Mud...... Same as Guimaras Strait, Island. with preponderance of bigger species. Port Misamis, Panguil 8 05' N. 125045' E. 40 up to 6 Mud and sand..... Gizzard shads, shrimps, Bay. mojarras are numerous. Sibuguey Bay--...... - 7040' N. 122040' E. 400 up to 30 Mud with scat- Trawled by the Japanese tered spots of during the occupation coral growth. (1942-44). Slipmouths numerous.

Total dragging area.-. . 4, 2601 1-.-..| -..-----. ---.. -.... that they are below the size at which waters as a whole produce a wide they first spawn (table 33). There variety of fishes, but not a great is some indication that the size of abundance of any single species. some species is related to the depth The Philippine waters compare fa- of water from which they are taken. vorably with tropical waters else- The otter trawl takes about 25 per- s here, but only San Miguel Bay cent more poundage per hour than and the Visayan Sea and its con- the utase. fluent waters approach the temper- Compared with areas in other ate zone fishing grounds in produc- parts of the world, the Philippine tivity.

47 41

'able 33.-Size composition of more common fishes in trawl catches by subareas in Manila Say in relation to minimum size at sexual maturity

Minimum size at Subarea 1, av. depth Subarea 2, av. depth Subarea 3, av. depth Subarea 4, av. depth Subarea 5, av. depth seof maturity 6 fathoms (5 drags) 8 fathoms (3 drags) 12 fathoms (3 drags) 19 fathoms (3 drags) 33 fathoms (3 drags)

Ma- Ma- Ma- Ma- Ma- Range Mean Range Mean ture Range Mean ture Range Mean ture Range Mean ture Range Mean ture fish fish fish fish fish

Gerridae: mm. mm. mm. mm. Percent mm. mm. Percent mm. mm. Percent mm. mm. Percent mm. mm. Percent Gerres kapas.------160-169 165 75-90 86.9 0 60-85 78.3 0 160-168 164.8 100.00 160-168 164.0 100.00 160-168 164.0 100.00 G. punctatus------.90-99 95.------...-...--80-184 99.0 44.70------.-- -.------Puntaprion longimanus. 80-89 85--..-----.--.---- ..-- .-- .- ...--- ..-..--- ..----..---- .-- ..- 80-104 93.8 100.00 91-147 100.6 100.00 Leiognathidae: Gazza minute ..------100-109 105.------.-...... ------.------74-139 90.2 21.80 100-134 113.9 100.00.------.------Leiognathus equnlus_-...120-129 125 49-68 58. 5 0 60-100 62. 3 0 97-150 122. 3 78. 5 60-137 85. 4 9. 10-..--....-.---- - .---..- L.bindus.-....------.... -60-69 65 54-73 68.5 70.00.--.-----.---.-.--.- 53-88 73.1 89.00 93-105 98.8 100.00 65-105 101.1 100.00 L. splendens------70-79 75 35-53 44.0 0 48-65 52.5 0 54-89 74.9 33.40 80-100 87.9 100.00.-----..------.-..---- Mullidae: Upeneus sulphureus.-.--- 120-129 125---.---....-.---.....-.....----...-....-.75-150 101. 5 25.00 100-144 122.6 42. 10 95-125 119.6 40.00 U. sundaicus.------100-109 105.------.. -..------...... -----... _70-149 113.0 -....-....--67.00 ..- .------. - Nemipteridae: Nemipterus japonicus.-... 130-139 135--..--.-...--...--.--.95-190 120.3 63. 75 93-156 107. 1 5.00 106-145 127. 7 50.00-.. ..-.-...--..------N. marginatus-...-.-.-..---130-139 135--.-.....----.--.--.---.-..----..-----.----.------.------.-.------80-147 126.1 73.00 N. nematophorus------130-139 135-...-..----.----...-- .....--.-.--- .----- .- . ------.------.------80-169 126. 2 33. 40 N. taeniopterus.------140-149 145 62-104 83.9 0 90-185.------28.6 85-136 126.9 17.50 81-147 138.0 16.00------..---..- Pomadasidae: Pomadass argyreus------80-89 85 62-84 73.0 0 90-120 108.7 100.00 72-131 93.9 58.00--.---....--.---...-----.4------P. haste..-.---.- ...... -- 170--179 175 150-280 265. 0 80.00 167-330 204.0 80. 00 181-365 274. 5 100. 00 181-365 274. 5 100. 00 187-365 274. 5 100. 00 Scolopsis bimeculetu.,- 120-129 125 ------88-126 123.2 60.00 Psettodidae: Psettodes erumei..--.----..410-419 415 120-130 125.0 0 152-175 163.0 0 280-417 348.8 50.00 280-417 348. 8 50.00 280-417 348.8 50.00 Synodontidae: Saurida tumil.------160-169 165 70-105 87. 5 0 111-210 115. 5 38. 20 219-266 242.5 50.00 98-295 131. 55 24.30 116-317 204. 8 86.00 Trichiuridae: Trichiurus haumela-...... 370-389 375.----.-...-...--- ..------...------. .------379-546 446.9 100.00------

1 Data for subareas 1 and 2 were gathered by the junior author on board the commercial trawler Halili II, June 24-26, 1949, inclusive, and those of subareas 3, 4, and 5 were taken from the reports of Donald F. Kauffman on the Theodore N. Gill, Oct. 27-Nov. 25, 1947. All measurements were based on fork length, which covers the distance from the tip of the snout to the end of the median caudal rays. LITERATURE CITED

AMIRTHALINGAM, C., and E. R. A. DE ZYLVA. 1949. Commercial trawling in Ceylon Seas. Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 49-52. Fish and Wildlife Service, U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Washington, D. C. MERRIMAN, DANIEL, and HERBERT E. WARFEL. 1944. Studies of the marine resources of southern New England-II. A prelim- inary analysis of the Connecticut trawl fishery. Transactions of the Ninth North American Wildlife Conference, 1944, pp. 230-239. American Wildlife Institute, Washington, D. C. RILEY, GORDON A. 1937. The significance of the Mississippi River drainage for biological conditions in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Journ. of Marine Research, vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 60-74. UMALI, AGUSTIN F. 1932. The Japanese beam trawl used in Philippine waters. Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 48, pp. 389-410. WHITELEATHER, R. T., and HERBERT H. BlowN. 1945. An experimental fishery survey in Trinidad, Tobago, and British Guiana. Anglo-American Caribbean Comm., pp. 1-130. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.

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.4 S 9 * : 34s / kY:.:... . " 641 4 -t44- -1 9 oi.--- 6 . : e '. .. Y :.,. A, 4 .6 a at K 3 a 60= . '' e1 .1K 31 Cal s t N9 0a~ A3 N1 N31 ' ;64 Vit aNA - 4 2 aa at N .4 a S3 ts '7 . , :'r f a' I? Ato2 4 to -:2 3 9 i 6 N a a r \ :33 - Q 4193 a - :- a, ~e ~ ~as2y ~ aI{ NNod ~ 3115 GoFL(3)90t 24 s m -5 3 A N3IL -A 3 J, A 4 94 N OtatDMAN1LA N2 2 1 12 R 3 3 a10 I!13 1 10 2otx as Pt1asIt 10 1 r n l A 0/I IIN t LIS . tgo t 6 All I 14 /%5 1 F 14 7 G35..L1t-

-s s4 v's6 a: :a. S 20 I -.

33

1 - Sl U 3 - .-- - 51 - 16 is-1 (chat 44P) P s NC3

01 r n I6 - 1 1 1 A---'------sf a

69 227 7:r0 1 0 a23 2t - 24 N 19a ~a a1,l 7a N -- * -j Rot 4 AT EA L WE aiweckLW Sme neaWyAT- shot ae Bais-

1-' -- - o -oo, - --car. -

2 3 2 322 i a so2 5 2 - a12 74.1

f13...824, a16 :

ne 79 17,. n _ >i ,tt AREAa se 42 - -31- 24 ': v 4124"t9 PHILIPINE SEAND \lP 1" n'r ar 1 2ie 126 "2N 26 2 Cry ,r: y13, " r ::' :_ Lasii- 2. 2446 4 21Ni2 s 4 ANIL BAY n 41 'Bseor~sres . -

30247, 2Y4y k a

-. a 5 22

26 62 74it" I i 2 s 2434- " k, -

171 J 's 0 II i 1 S; ,e

2- 2 2-1- - ATILIEAN WER ISL ADS

22 Ig 21 i 7 p

q6 a ---Y-

Figure 6.-Ofter-trawl exploration in Manila Bay. 893657 0 - 50 (In pocket) No. 2

8 3365&THDcMS 8)W WATER -

i Nr_ , ------. - - I Aloneros 4..R 55,. S IOS

2 O4 . iii's i'' - --i 3t b '/y

... r;ar,'e :

2 "''ts 3 369 -_:" 2

BaY044 1p. Gran e S h' ;. J 2 8er *cu , 394:;7':: :;5 42 274:.j4 ;. Pa ballaa

1421^ \ 5 8581 28 ( 'At' 6*

38 25o 188V 223 40 25eS0 38 'a i 7 34" 1. i:2, f '3 "' " *> ,b* > AcaRe 2 2 13 254 58 ",2;-24 1o os o..a{ x' 3 500 5aa&Ad/27- 28 2 I a4 16.." C 7 . jaiC' .,kf pry .A,4 jj 76 72 63 44 14 ,4 " 5 ,4yy t1;M 1 122 SawMiN 3 2 3!2

'"7 ,k1 t 9

69 S t % 99M----- 1\9 fa4<5 H9 A -- c ab34862 57 M 8 3 3 B Y 0 I ..-B_ A S 6 U- 02 4 AI 24 A 92 i8 145 z ==' 4 2 4-- Ml 40 75 26 23 AREA 5 33 244 .;OARA72 .0 d224 f22 25 204 534 504 548 . 57 a General 164 3 Lu 185 97 44 36 2 2 * t u s g e . . . ~z Y0!3 4 3 3 l B S 2 1 32 27* 828)3/ 6252 * o0 \34 2S 40

LEGEND 88 - AREA233 23 36 38 SSFUL DRAG SUCCE 35 281 38 32 77 POOR DRAG 45 58 I I I I 11 1 1 1 I I I 1 43 232" w,,S 4t 41 33 '(J'3 SNAG 35 36 23 .. ' -2 l 49 7 * 59 89 Z

SCALE f15 36 35 3 4 6 6 - - 31 29 !_ _ r s 746 70 ~4 96~ NAUTICAL MILES 8 2. 7 lX 8 3- 58 - 26 320 2 04 C 5 10 '15l:'20 $ , "ie i 3 ~

7, s etea a 82 ,MompogI f %38 143 erd

27, 236 211 I 5! a i E , 20 6 . f M k

Fire 7.-Otter-trawl exploration in Tyabas Bay and Ragay Gulf. 893657 0 - 50 (In pocket) No. 3 I I . . . 30 1 20 :" 0. '2B 26 ,a 28 32 22 zl 22 ', 26 - - -- - 282 2- - 2 27 32 - 3 24-23- .- 26 26 30 6 24 .' "- 27 32 31 9 '.2 -2-- 24 225 23 'a 220 26 '6 27 -. 20 - - 29 27 32 2' . . - 23 2 '2 20 32 - - 22 23 23 -22 22 I S 2. 2S 6 -- 22' 2!

22 22 2 2 h 22 222' -21 > 30 20 M4 19 2 3 n.s AREA 12 3 21 - 30 -2 26 27 13 14 17 2'12 16'6 !F U 401 ' W -8 n 21 23 2 2 .1 - -- 22 Is 16 ".. 1 --a9 - _201 2S -a p9 I3 is 17y'e ,1 i 1 1 '8S f 3 224 -'a K Is ,. 6t ^ u I4 s 24. , 7 13 '10 _. x x 27 26 1 6 -W 12 7 - 8. 21 '~ 7A...~. '~4 2' o-" ~'1;... o t-e... * i6 17 171 26 26 23

is i Is I2 2 u23 27 Q.i aa yaal : sJ3 .1 24 ti It. 34 21 6.S' 9..' '30- S- is p -

\ 1 " 66 1 :I '266216.r«) N 4 ' 1i7 'S . "'6 "'' '2 66-.M6 *6 13 .%-436 12. '!'r"' &"'I 1,N8-S9...b. S2 W 0, 2 331z 112 2202 s K IS .4 K2 . 0 24 r 0 l .! 020 n 1 .a a2 '7 '3 N- '64 4 9, 16 12 1! ' - 2 2 a 1 j- - v 23 s - 17 23 Is 120142 6.5. -2Ma 131 20 12 s 2, 2 7 3 c. 2.40 4 rB_ S; r y a i '..0 Z x yI I S: esZ 9

'2 '3 .12' 12 7' 91. 7 h oz '2 i I I- J -. 177," 9 '2 - 9 7 6i -".. -' 2" .. o 1~~It N IS

4.2 '6 n le 1 16 1h, i 12 9 So, \ 94: r h3 ; 6s ". Cu 0 .24 24 2o3,' 14 & ' " is 9 2 a o ' '2 w. nr '2

S - *- ir r 2

10 10 10 8 uu 21

2 2 . -2 372 2 fN

IQ S ~,' 0 i - 32 2. -

\ \ d6'/ 6 /e t s5 42 :' i 6r 2 KJ 9- W O g

Pt -

e 60 4 63 52 3. 3 S

j 2122 241 s LEGEND

51 5 wt , 4 4 - 7 61 SUCCESSFUL DRAG

94', 4 1 3 . z5 E I- POOR DRAG r 8% 4> 61 54 7 4 6 77 T4517 A X7 ! >> 7 SNAG * 64 1 7 N AI I G U LsL B AtY432; 5 24 SCALE M4 6 - - - w. 24-u- _4 16__ ci 62 41 4 2 NAUTICAL. MI1L9 0i N 4 2 M 4t i. s9 K4 6

241 - S: '2 2441 4 44 4 W4 ,, S4 V 4 323 zt v - s 1; 3 2 2 -- 246 ' 4 9, Q4 ~ 3 x 3 21 4. 4 4 243 4 4 2 r34 24 2 3 3 3 31 x ~.,22i7 2 24 3

u 2; 22 ' 2A ' 2. 2 2. 2. A 21 33 _ I32 "; r 3222r,t7. I A R E A I & 2;

S 2 2 z - -

2 2 T g2

-- .2.2

3 - n- -- cab - 6 1n "2 caalawys.a.

s 22 .wry nrrea OQ

1'

Figure 10.-Otter-trawl exploration in San Miguel Bay and Carmarines Sound. 893657 0 - 50 (In pocket) No. 4 .r..... - - - r e; 77 .3 .3'L 1.a2!1A'3A to ' 16 ' " '4 S7 2 4n/ 12 : u , _ "q W A' , .44' a4Aa1 4.- 143 le

~ 64.

I1 '1 843E ,~ -~ ' - - - 0 y ~ u a aa - - 218 28Ii i laf 12"" A x 6

to S >~o >VISA'1(

3 62R 13 \3 9 .6

ofwiai 3+..I134 .2A91! ~ I ' -+.it 2 AREA 19 S3 63

f4 46 ar 2

3463 a T3eL 2 2:a'pGm.lfa~ 29 2. 2446. 5 a!,8 4 71 A 4k. 35 M arenI 62

3n1. 1 Srn A ""I rsx' .e' f.J443 esaao0u 3 234 1s.21!p:;It " r'46 41!I g65 )~i1a~.,. 3. # '..., 41 2} 3 5 A6 N3A

A i04 T M n 4 3 r 9l~ .I j

t c y Ina 3;h . x . L. 4 :1 2. 3 12 - - AYY-' a A N

L --. 8 -.-4 -a0 ______6 : . - as . -7 rfn 119r

4.- K I -.. r __.______

12 -**"**$ g 6_ s ady ~"'r : r.. 'S " ant .. i.. Iaa . aAREA 20 i9 y. - R n , - - ."1..4 ...... "?

. s e r: J-a s r igym?+4

.'a o -2 4-42 m

G______P 4' 7 1 upA 6S .I m rr".,: -- G-3

_-_ _ AG['c - _! 6 t -s .- P3-r______.._ S U C C E S SFU L D R

'- 11" :111111111191R1G11.1M POOR DRAG _ (NAG

SCALE .~$ 0'> 4944wfIta AREA 21 6 - NAUTtCAL MILES 10 VaVO

41 0 - 4% wam 433elr~s MArifth i Tajatee r - a -' 301 -V 92 12

25U b''.t '3, .4. I k' Iii

395 .I' .9.2j4. , , 9 r r S Os _. A~e / 76 a - / : t " b ,r b 'M t an 382 la 23 ~ q= 0 4,. '3 '0 'Al" e 144

!AIAIAAyIAAA3V~ 4 I ~Ib2h~- *'4"t\ / 5 23"0.-I,.6C, at ]6:3jn5a4 6317 a.J~

- "IR9laIj'

'a' uE ~~,.um l.t

,..a..--

Figure 15.-Otter-trawl exploration in western Visayan Sea, Guimaras Strait, and Panay Gulf. 893657 0 - 50 (In pocket) No. 5 s 4 s

6 t

e

6 t

n

s 4 s

6 t

e