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Otter Trawl Explorations in Philippine Waters

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Otter Trawl Explorations in Philippine Waters OTTER TRAWL EXPLORATIONS IN PHILIPPINE WATERS RESEARCH REPORT 25 FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ABSTRACT A trawl fishery of considerable magnitude has developed in the Philippines since liberation from the Japanese in 1945. At the inception of the Philippine Fishery Program of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, the trawl fishery was using a Japanese beam trawl (utase) and was, for the most part, confined to Manila Bay. Realizing that the supply of fish badly needed by the Philippine public could be augmented by trawling, the program inaugurated exploratory fishing voyages to likely grounds and demonstrated the otter trawl in important fishing centers. Twenty-four areas were surveyed, and a number of drags sufficient to demonstrate the possibilities were made in each. The results are tabulated and described, along with the composition of the catch and catch by depth. OTTER TRAWL EXPLORATIONS IN PHILIPPINE WATERS By HERBERT E. WARFEL and PORFIRIO R. MANACOP, Aquatic Biologists OF RESEARCH REPORT 25 Fish and Wildlife Service, Albert M. Day, Director United States Department of the Interior, Oscar L. Chapman, Secretary UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1950 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, United States Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price 50 cents CONTENTS Page The Philippine trawl fishery................................... 2 History of trawling in the Philippines........................... 5 Exploratory otter trawl Fishing................................. 5 Results of explorations....................................... 7 Production by depth of water................................. 33 Production by area.......................................... 36 Comparison of the otter trawl and the beam trawl.................. 40 Composition of the catch..................................... 41 Summary ................................................. 45 Literature cited............................................. 49 11 OTTER TRAWL EXPLORATION IN PHILIPPINE WATERS The Philippine Fishery Program The vessels being used in 1946 of the United States Fish and Wild- for ground fishing were, for the life Service,' upon its establishment most part, converted small war- in the Philippines attempted, craft, tugs, and a few sampans left among many other things, to as- from the Japanese occupation. sist in the production of fish in any They fished the Japanese beam way legally possible. High pri- trawl, or utase. One company was ority was given to expansion of fishing an otter trawl on one vessel, fishing effort to new grounds, exten- but not with great success. Several sion of existing grounds, and im- Filipino fishermen had had experi- provement of the efficiency of exist- ence aboard Japanese otter trawl- ing practices. One phase of this ers, and others, in one way or activity involved exploration for another, were interested in that new fishing grounds for a trawler gear primarily because it promised fleet that had come into existence a more effective effort and seemed after the Second World War, en- more adaptable than the beam couragement for the development trawl. of this fleet, and improvement of its The Philippine Fishery Program efficiency. attempted exploratory fishing pri- Although tropical demersal fish marily to ascertain the feasibility (bottom fish) grounds generally of fishing in areas other than Ma- are not highly productive, the de- nila Bay, although it, too, was ex- mand for fresh fish in the Philip- plored. Certain biological factors pines was so great that it was pos- were studied. Demonstrations of sible to exploit such low-producing the gear and its use were conducted areas with profit. When the pro- in various places where interest gram began functioning, almost all and possibilities seemed to warrant. ground fishing was being carried From September 1947 to July 1949, out in the immediate vicinity of exploratory and demonstration Manila, with but few vessels going voyages of two vessels were a regu- "outside" to the Samar Sea. lar part of the work of the rehabil- 1 Part of the Philippine Rehabilitation Pro- itation mission. gram, authorized by the Philippine Rehabilita- The purpose of this report is to tion Act of 1946, title 50 App., U. S. Code, sec. 1789. describe the exploratory work and I assay its results, and so far as pos- THE PHILIPPINE TRAWL sible to furnish a basis for the re- FISHERY search that must be carried out to The reported catch of the Philip- effect the management of the fish- pine trawl fishery in 1948 was ing grounds and the conservation 12,269,546 kilograms, or approxi- of the resource. mately 27,000,000 pounds. Com- The data involved in this report with and their compilation are the prod- parison of prewar landings those of 1948 indicates the extent ucts of many staff members of the Philippine Fishery Program. The to which this segment of the fish- ing industry has been rehabilitated experimental fishing was carried out (table 1). under the directive of Hugh W. Ter- These figures, however, must be hune, administrator of the program. viewed with caution for several rea- Biologists aboard the two explora- sons. First, there is a tendency to tory vessels who submitted the orig- underestimate landings, since vessel inal data and narrative reports were operators pay sales taxes based on Donald E. Kauffman, Agustin F. the value of their catch. Second, Unal i, A ugusto A. Canonizado, many landings are made at ports Carlos Francisco, Pelagio Cabrera, where there are no fishery officers, and Rollie Sarmiento. The illus- hence are unreported. Finally, tration of a Philippine otter trawler many standards of measure are was prepared by Silas Duran. The used, varying from a shallow tray Philippine Bureau of Fisheries as- in Manila to baskets, gasoline cans, sisted, both through its field offices and other containers in the Prov- and its central office, in every way inces; therefore, estimates of weight special thanks are due possible, and are not only difficult but unreliable. Dr. D. V. Villadolid, director. The The trawl fishery then, in 1948, manuscript was reviewed critically can be estimated to have landed by Leroy F. Christey, deputy ad- from 25 to 30 million pounds, worth ministrator, Philippine Fishery approximately 12 million dollars. Program, who made many sugges- The reported catch of this fleet in tions for its improvement. 1948, according to the figures avail- Table 1.--Landings of fish by commercial trawlers in the Philippines Species 1940 1946 1947 1948 I - Kilogramsx Kilograms Kilograms Kilograms Croakers..._...............__.... 189,902 758, 667 954, 777 528, 939 C revalles _ __....-- __-- .... _--- ...- 59,861 448, 191 .......--- ..-..... 1,05.3,039 Cutlass fish..... ... .... .......... 3, 460 369, 774 197, 721 G runts . .--_-. .--_ _ ... ... _ _ 2, 300 - - _-_.. __ _ 292, 209 Lizard fish.--_-_ --- - 1,211,224 564, 507 809, 844 1, 373, 043 M ojarras .-------.. -----.... ... .. 15, 197 286, 536 1,102,854 606.090 N em ipterids .-- --- ..------------- 1, 805, 1564 461,805 1,231,287 1, 166, 322 Shrimp --- . .--- .------------- 785,818 281, 055 1,913,907 996,015 S q u id s .- .. ..------------ _------- 307,668 337. 713 Slipm ouths----------_ ------... .. 2, 844, 191 1,794,867 3, 232, 497 4, 988, 865 M iscellaneous-..-.--.-- .-- _---_-. 159, 137 298, 707 69, 828 235, 590 Total--------------------------------- 7, 076, 246 4, 894, 335 9, 992, 436 12, 269, 546 2 able to the Philippine Bureau of next, a small sampan type, 40 to Fisheries, constituted about 35 per- 65 feet long, of 10 to 30 gross tons; cent of the landings of all registered and largest, a boat 65 to 85 feet fishing vessels (gross tonnage of 3 long, of 30 to 80 gross tons. Power tons or over). is, for the most part, supplied by In 1949, as the result of better Diesel engines, ranging from sal- reporting, more interest, and the in- vaged Japanese semidiesels of 50 creased fleet, 185 trawlers, including to 75 horsepower, to a popular beam trawls and otter trawls, were American high-speed engine of 225 registered in the Bureau of Fish- horsepower. The latter transmits eries (table 2), compared with 122 power through reducing gears in 1948. There were probably 50 or usually made from automobile or 60 more operating that were unre- airplane parts. Copsiderable ex- corded. The table also indicates the perimentation was necessary before relatively rapid expansion that oc- the proper combination of engine, curred following World War II. gears, and propellers for the avail- The otter-trawl fleet now operat- able hulls could be determined. ing in Philippine waters is a Adaptation of such a variety of heterogeneous collection of vessels, craft to trawling has naturally led ranging prom new craft built for to a wide variety of rigs for han- this purpose to small boats con- dling the gear. Most craft did not verted from war salvage. Some of have proper masts and booms; the new boats were fashioned after therefore, several unusual devices the Japanese beam trawler (fig. 1), were developed for hauling the net, a few of which-left from prewar stowing the doors, and dumping days-are still being fished; others the catch. Some vessels brail the were patterned after units in the catch directly from the net when United States inshore fleet. it is brought alongside, while In general, there are three types others use a frame-and-lever device of craft engaged in otter trawling: for lifting the net over the stern The smallest, a motor launch 30 to (fig. 1). Almost all gear is stern- 40 feet long, of 5 to 10 gross tons; set. Table 2.-Registered trawling vessels in the Philippines Number of otter-trawl boats Number of beam-trawl (utase) boats Place of operation 1946 1947 1948 1949 1 1941 1946 1947 1948 1949'1 Manila............................ 1 3 14 22 71 82 97 51 93 Lingayen ..-...---....--..-....... 3 15 4 2 -. Ragay .. -... --.- ... ---. ---...--- 4 ... .. 2 8 1 Legasps-i - - - - - -- - - - -- 1 Southwest Samar.--------- 2 2 E stancia ....-.
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