TORTURE the WOMEN! Die Inszenierung Von Weiblichkeit Im Horrorfilm Master-Thesis

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TORTURE the WOMEN! Die Inszenierung Von Weiblichkeit Im Horrorfilm Master-Thesis TORTURE THE WOMEN! Die Inszenierung von Weiblichkeit im Horrorfilm Master-Thesis Thema: »Torture the Women! Die Inszenierung von Weiblichkeit im Horrorfilm« Fachhochschule Potsdam / University of Applied Science Lisa Knüver Masterarbeit im Fachbereich Design Barfusstraße 19 13349 Berlin Betreuende Professorinnen: Matr.nr.: 9865 Prof. Jutta Simson, Fachbereich Design 3. Semester Master Prof. Anne Quirynen, Fachbereich Europäische Medienwissenschaft Fachhochschule Potsdam Wintersemester 2015/16 Lektorat: Ines Berwing © Lisa Knüver @ FH Potsdam »There is nothing spontaneous, nothing natural about human desires. Our desires are artificial. We have to be taught to desire. Cinema is the ultimate pervert art: it doesn’t give you what you desire; it tells you how to desire.« Slavoj Žižek Inhalt 1 Einleitung 10 Der Horrorfilm 11 Die Filmgeschichte des Horrors 12 Der Genre-Begriff 14 Populäre Theorien zur Mediengewalt 15 Teenage Angst 16 That Obscure Object of Desire: Die Rolle der Frau im Horrorfilm 19 Der männliche Blick 19 Woman vs woman 21 Der Male Gaze in DAS FENSTER ZUM HOF 22 Der Female Spectator in DAS SCHWEIGEN DER LÄMMER 23 Monströse Weiblichkeit 24 Monströse Frauen und die Symbolische Ordnung 26 Die Femme Castratrice in TEETH 27 The Law of the Mother in PRESERVATION 28 Übernatürliche Weiblichkeit im Supernatural Horrorfilm 29 Rape-Revenge 31 Kritik und Kontroverse 31 Weibliche Objektifizierung und Rape Culture 32 Tranformation: Der Female Avenger 34 Weiblichkeit als Maskerade 35 Maskerade extrem: Die Femme Fatale in MS 45 36 Vergewaltigung als Grauzone in STRAW DOGS 38 Slasher 39 Wound Culture in HANNIBAL 41 Remake 43 6 2 Filmanalysen 46 CARRIE 47 Coming of Age in the Face of Terror (1967) 48 Look what you made me do (2013) 60 I SPIT ON YOUR GRAVE 73 The Punishment that fits the crime (1978) 74 What‘s a pretty little thing like you doing all alone out here? (2010) 83 THE TEXAS CHAINSAW MASSACRE 93 My Familiy has always been in meat (1974) 94 I just want to go home (2003) 105 Fazit 115 3 Praktischer Teil: When the Woman looks 118 Konzept 118 Gestaltung 119 Fonts 119 Anhang Literatur- und Quellenverzeichnis 126 Eidesstattliche Erklärung 136 7 1 Einleitung Das Rezept für einen erfolgreichen Film war für Alfred Hitchcock einfach: Torture the Women! Etwas pragmatischer sah es Jean Luc Godard, seine Formel lautete: Alles, was ein Film braucht, ist eine Pistole und ein Mäd- chen. Was aus diesen beiden Statements jedoch deutlich wird, ist dass die Frau im Film eine besondere Rolle einnimmt. Diese Arbeit widmet sich den verschiedenen Inszenierungsformen von Weiblichkeit im Horrorfilm und beschäftigt sich vor allem mit der Frage, wie sich die Darstellung von Weiblichkeit in diesem speziellen Genre wan- delt. Anhand ausgesuchter Filmbeispiele soll beispielhaft gezeigt werden, wel- che filmischen Archetypen von Frauen im Horrorfilm existieren und wie dies interpretiert werden kann. Der erste Teil der Arbeit schafft einen theoretischen Rahmen und stellt die relevantesten Konstruktionsweisen von Frauen und Weiblichkeitsentwür- fen im Horrorfilm vor. Im zweiten Teil werden drei Klassiker des Genres mit ihren Neuverfilmun- gen verglichen und analysiert. Dabei habe ich mich für die Filme carrie (1976, Brian De Palma / 2013, Kimberly Peirce), i spit on your grave (1978, Meir Zarchi / 2010, Steven R. Monroe) und the texas chainsaw massacre (1974, Tobe Hooper / 2003, Marcus Nispel) entschieden. Diese Filme sind nicht nur Paradebeispiele ihrer Subgenres, sondern stehen exem- plarisch für ihre Konstruktion unterschiedlicher weiblicher Rollentypen. Ziel ist es, hinter die Fassade der populären Verbindung von Sexualität und Gewalt im Horrorfilm zu blicken und die Frage zu stellen, was diese Filme so reizvoll macht und was dies über unsere Gesellschaft aussagt. Dabei soll es auch zentral um die Frage gehen, was Frauen an diesen Filmen schätzen und wie es um die weibliche Schaulust im Horrorfilm bestellt ist. Der dritte Teil stellt die praktische und gestalterische Arbeit vor. Der Ka- talog When the Woman looks versucht sich dem Thema – und ganz kon- kret der theoretischen Arbeit – anders, nämlich rein bildlich zu nähern. Er funktioniert quasi als Alternative zur Theorie und kann auch als bildliches Remake verstanden werden. 10 Der Horrorfilm »All images that display the violation of an attractive body are, to a certain degree, pornographic. But images of the repulsive can also allure. Everyone knows that what slows down highway traffic going past a horrendous car crash is not only curiosity.« Susan Sontag Der Mensch ist seit jeher vom Leid und Tod anderer fasziniert. Von den Gladiatorenkämpfen des römischen Kaiserreichs, über die ersten christ- lichen Märtyrer des 2. Jahrhunderts, den Hexenverbrennungen und öff- entlichen Hinrichtungen im Mittelalter, bis zu den Enthauptungsvideos des Islamischen Staates. Wir leben in einer Welt, die von Gewalt geprägt ist. Man könnte also meinen, es gäbe heute genug realen Schrecken über- all auf der Welt, um die Lust am fiktiven Horror verpuffen zu lassen. Doch der Horrorfilm floriert und ist eines der beständigsten und ältesten Film-Genres seit es das Kino gibt. (vgl. Stiglegger, 2010) Die interessante Frage lautet daher: Wer schaut sich diese Filme an und warum? Für viele Menschen steht der Horrorfilm für ein wertloses Kulturgut, dem keinerlei Beachtung geschenkt werden sollte. Kritiker sehen in ihm Futter für Verrückte, eine potentielle Gefährdung für jugendliche Zuschauer und daraus resultierend eine Gefahr für die Gesellschaft als Ganzes. Der Film- soziologe Rainer Winter warnt indes vor einer reduktionistischen Betrach- tungsweise und elitärer Abwertung dieser Filme, denn »[d]ie Problematik dieser Konzeption ist ihre Unterkomplexität.« (Winter, 1995, S. 127, 132) Blickt man hinter das Offensichtliche der Filme, hinter das Blut, die Schreie und die Gewalt, zeigt sich der Horrorfilm als semiotische Ressource und Reflexionsraum. (vgl. ebd.) »The horror film is society‘s collective nightmare, staging the return of all that our civilisation represses and opres- ses.« Robin Wood Was der Horrorfilm leisten kann, ist mediale Archivarbeit: er speichert, selektiert und materialisiert kollektive Ängste und Katastrophen. (vgl. Meteling, 2006) Das Mantra lautet also totale Offenlegung: Alles Unter- drückte, Ungesagte und Unsagbare kommt an die Oberfläche. Was der Horrorfilm sein kann, ist somit einAkt der Demaskierung (Bronfen, 2012). 11 Horror lebt vom Spektakel, von unserer Lust am Schauen. Doch bevor die Schaulust mit dem Medium Film ihren Höhepunkt gefunden hat, gab es bereits einen Ort, der zeigte, was sonst verborgen blieb, und aufführte, was in der realen Welt niemand erfahren oder sehen wollte. Die Geburtsstunde des modernen Horrorfilms ist das PariserThéatre du Grand Guignol, das von 1897 bis 1962 Morde, Vergewaltigungen, Geistererscheinungen oder Folter auf der großen Bühne zeigte. (vgl. Meteling, 2006) Bereits damals wusste man, wie wichtig die Auseinandersetzung und Reflexion mit aktuel- len Themen für Menschen ist. Die Filmgeschichte des Horrors »Der Horrorfilm als Teil der Populärkultur trägt in einem nicht zu unterschätzenden Maße zur sozialen Konstruk- tion der Angst unserer Gesellschaft bei.« Rainer Winter Der amerikanische Filmprofessor Andrew Tudor hat in seiner Analyse Monsters and Mad Scientists: Cultural History of the Horror Movie (1989) acht Klassifizierungen von Bedrohungs-Szenarien in Horrorfilmen nachge- wiesen. (vgl. Tudor, 1989) Anhand dieser Klassifizierung kann man auch heute noch Rückschlüsse auf die kollektiven Ängste unserer Gesellschaft ziehen. Zu Beginn der Popularität von Horrorfilmen war nach Tudor dassearch and destroy Muster sehr beliebt. Zusammengefasst bedeutet das, dass zu- nächst ein Monster auftritt und eine stabile Situation bedroht oder umkehrt. Das Monster wird im Verlauf des Films gesucht, bekämpft und unschädlich gemacht. Die Ordnung ist wieder hergestellt. (vgl. Winter, 1995) Zu den ersten Horrorfilmen dieser Machart zählen die Stummfilm-Klassiker das cabinet des dr. caligari (Robert Wiene, 1919) oder nosferatu – eine symphonie des grauens (Friedrich Murnau, 1922). Die Zeit von 1930- 1950 zeichnet sich durch viele Verfilmungen von englischen Schauerro- manen aus, in denen Vampire (dracula, 1931), Monster (frankenstein, 1931) oder Halbwesen (the wolf man, 1941) die Hauptrolle spielen. (vgl. Meteling, 2006) In den 50er Jahren schlugen die Filme vor dem Hinter- grund des Kalten Krieges einen Pfad in Richtung Science Fiction ein. Fil- me wie das ding aus einer anderen welt (The Thing from another Wor- ld, 1951), die dämonischen (Invasion of the Body Snatchers, 1956) oder godzilla (1945), zeigen die Bedrohung von Außen und reflektieren damit 12 die weltweite Furcht vor dem Atomzeitalter. (vgl. Duncan et al. 2008) Wenn die Differenz zwischen Leben und Tod, dem Menschlichen und dem Fremden, dem Weltlichen und dem Übernatürlichen deutlich zu un- terscheiden sind, spricht Tudor von dem Idealtyp des secure horror. Hier kann die Bedrohung erklärt werden, sie wirkt beherrschbar. (vgl. Winter, 1995) Alfred Hitchcock‘s psycho und peeping tom (Augen der Angst, bei- de 1960) läuten die Ära der Psychopathen ein. Der secure horror wandelt sich zum paranoid horror. Die eigentliche Bedrohung geht hier von der Psy- che aus, der Horror kommt von innen, nicht mehr von außen. Das Bewusste steht dem Unbewussten gegenüber; normale Sexualität trifft auf Perversion; Gesundheit auf Wahnsinn. Dieses offene Narrativ ist für den Rezipienten weitaus angsteinflößender, weil sich keine kollektive
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