North American Studbook for Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata) 10th Edition - 2018 Japanese Macaque Studbook MACACA FUSCATA Tenth Edition Studbook Compiled by: Tom Ness Minnesota Zoological Gardens 13000 Zoo Blvd. Apple Valley, MN55124-8199, USA Telephone: 1 (952) 431-9391 Fax: 1 (952) 997-4838 Email: [email protected] Data current as of 15 October 2018 Page 2 of 73 Studbook for Japanese Macaques ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like acknowledge the work that Scott Carter and Michelle Seldon at the Detroit Zoological Society did to complete the first edition of the North American studbook and Ken Kawata at Belle Isle Zoo for communicating with the Japanese institutions and translating documents to identify founder animals for the first North American edition. I would also like to thank Janet Berger-Cohn for putting together the bibliography for the first edition of this studbook (and included in this edition of the studbook). I would like to thank all staff at all the zoos included in the studbook for responding to information requests and for providing information and assistance in clearing up inconsistencies in the data for this studbook. Page 3 of 73 Studbook for Japanese Macaques North American Studbook For JAPANESE MACAQUE (Macaca fuscata) TABLE OF CONTENTS: Population Summary………………………………………… 5 Natural History & Population Demography………………. 5 All Known Living Animals by Institution…………………… 19 Institution List………………………………………………… 35 Bibliography………………………………………………….. 46 Page 4 of 73 Studbook for Japanese Macaques INTRODUCTION Population Summary The North American population was on a slow decline in the early two-thousands as older animals left the population, but increased reproduction and addition of new holders has resulted in the population increasing again. Although there are still a significant portion of aging animals in the population that will impact the growth of the population in the coming years. New Japanese macaque holders have been added in the last few years All animals in the AZA managed population are known Macaca fuscata fuscata subspecies. There are animals of known subspecific hybrids at Zoo Sauvage in Quebec. Other Japanese macaques outside of AZA have not been researched to determine subspecies status. Globally the population is very demographically robust but a full international studbook update has not been completed since 2015. The subspecific status and genetics of the global population are far less known with only a 14.0% known pedigree. Inbreeding is also high within individual troops globally as animals are not frequently moved between troops due to difficulty of introducing new breeding animals into resident troops. However, as the inbreeding is generally within troops and animals infrequently move between zoos, the overall relatedness of all animals could be relatively low. The last AZA masterplan for Japanese macaques was published in 2016. The managed population had a genetic diversity of 96.56% with 98% of the pedigree known after assumptions, however 100 year GD is estimated to be 89% which could have negative impacts on the health of the population. Overall the N.American regional and global populations are in good demographic shape and new founder animals are still available from Japan. Natural History Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata ssp., are medium-sized monkeys found only on islands of the Japanese archipelago. Also known as red-faced monkey, snow monkey, Japanese snow monkey and Japanese monkey, M. fuscata occupies a range which extends to the most northern latitude (41º30´N, 141ºE) of any nonhuman primate (Wolfheim, 1983) and its robust body build and short tail are no doubt adaptations to cold climatic conditions. The species has been the focus of primatological study for more than 60 years, and much is known about is natural history and behavior. Page 5 of 73 Studbook for Japanese Macaques There are two recognized subspecies: M.f.fuscata found on three of the four largest islands of Japan (Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku) as well as some of the smaller islands, and M.f.yakui is found only on the small island of Yakushima (Napier and Napier, 1967; Wolfheim, 1983). It has been suggested that the ancestral population of present-day M. fuscata reached the Japanese islands by a land bridge between Japan and the mainland at Korea during the middle to late Pleistocene (Iwamoto and Hasegawa, 1972, cited in Eudey, 1980; Delson, 1980). Occupying a range of habitats from subtropical lowland forest to snowy subalpine forest, Japanese macaques are mostly terrestrial. Trees are used for sleeping and for travel, especially in winter when snow is deep and the crust of the snow will not support the monkeys’ weight. Like all primates, macaques neither store food nor hibernate, so must forage daily even under the most adverse weather conditions. Subsisting on a wild diet of grasses, leaves, buds and bark, Japanese macaques are reliant on broadleaf and mixed coniferous forest for survival. Different types of trees are not only used differently as food sources in different seasons, but are also used differently for sleeping in different seasons, with coniferous trees used in autumn when deciduous trees are dropping leaves, and bare deciduous trees used in winter when coniferous trees accumulate snow loads(Richard, 1985). Japanese macaques live in multi-male, multi-female troops, numbering as many as 300 individuals in naturally occurring, unprovisioned troops, while group sizes of provisioned populations may be as high as 1200 individuals (J. Yamagiwa, personal communication). Like most other macaques, M.fuscata groups are typified by male emigration and strong matrilineal ties. They have a despotic hierarchy, where aggression is focused downward in the hierarchy. Japanese macaques are seasonal breeders (in human care and free-ranging populations); mating season occurs in September-January and births primarily take place in April-July, although successful births have been documented (in this studbook) in every month of the year (Table 1). First birth normally occurs around age four or five for females and while they are reproductively capable earlier, males are considered to be adult at age eight (Pavelka et al, 1991). Interbirth intervals is two years in provisioned populations (Fedigan, 1991) and studbook data show that interbirth intervals of two years is also most common in zoos, although females can successfully reproduce in consecutive years. Page 6 of 73 Studbook for Japanese Macaques Table 1. Percentage of births by month recorded in this studbook. The data shows that most births occur between April and July, but that births have been recorded in all months of the year. Gestation is 170-180 days (Nowak, 1991). Macaques predominantly have a single offspring (99.36% of time in the studbook, n=1873), but twins (n=11) and one set of triplets (n=1) have been documented in human care. On average, since 2000 16% of females in reproductive age classes have reproduced. This number is low, but these species has no difficulty in higher reproductive output, so this number is likely due to management and contraception. Studbook data shows median age for a female’s first birth is 5.9 years and a median age of 9.8 years for all births. Eighty-five percent of first births occur by age nine; if a female has not produce an offspring by age ten the likelihood of her producing offspring is low. Forty-four percent of all births occur in females between five and nine years of age and 73% are produced by females between five and fourteen years of age (n=1710, Table 2). In North America & Europe the oldest a female successfully produced her first offspring is 21 years of age but there is one record of a 31 year old female in Asia successfully rearing an offspring. Only 13% of all births occur after the age of fifteen. Only 3.9% of all dams (n=597) were first time dams after the age of 15 and there are only seven births from three dams after the age of 25, with the oldest birth at 39 years of age (five in Tokyo, two in Roma). Page 7 of 73 Studbook for Japanese Macaques Table 2. These graphs show the percentage of first births and percentage of all births by reproductive females in each age class in this studbook. Although the data shows females at age classes of 0- and 1-2 as giving birth, these are very likely dam reporting errors. The data shows that over 11% of all births are from females in the 6 year age class and that the offspring produced gradually declines after 6 years of age. Species longevity1 (usually referred to as life span1) in the wild is said to be 30 – 35 yrs (Nowak, 1991). Maximum observed longevity in human care is currently 38.4 years for males and 39.7 years for females. Median life expectancy2 for the all animals in the studbook database from 1990-2015 is 16.4 years for males (n=767) and 19.8 years for females (n=925)3. In EAZA accredited zoos median life expectancy is 17.1 for males (n=369) and 22.0 for females (n=399). In AZA accredited zoos from 1997-2017 median life expectancy is 18.7 years for males (n=115) and 23.8 years for females (n=203). Data was insufficient to analyze for other associations. Page 8 of 73 Studbook for Japanese Macaques The global living population in human care as recorded in this edition is a relatively stable with a health age pyramid (Table 3). The North American population peaked in the mid 1980s and was in decline for a long time with some recent growth. With increased B virus awareness, interest in exhibiting all macaque species greatly declined in the early 1990s and as such holding capacity also decreased.