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Notes on the Breeding Biology And Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 70: 221-224, 1997 Notes on the breeding biology and population density of the Tucuman mountain-finch (Poospiza baeri; Aves: Emberizidae) in Argentina, with description of nest and eggs Notas sobre la biologfa reproductiva y densidad de poblaciones de la monterita serrana (Poospiza baeri; Aves: Emberizidae) en Argentina, con descripci6n del nido y puesta SALVADOR J. PERIS Departamento de Biologia Animal-Zoologia, Facultad de Biologfa, Universidad de Salamanca, 37071 Salamanca, Espafia. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Line transect census work carried along ravines of the Aconquija mountain (NW Argentina) among 1989 to 1993, gave a breeding density of the Tucuman mountain-finch between 0.02-0.03 birds per km. Highest post-breeding density (0.25 birds/km) was found between 2,600-3, I 00 m.a.s.l. Breeding of the species occurs from December to March with observed fledglings in April. Two nest and eggs found near El lnfiernillo mountain-pass (Tucuman) are described. According to measurements taken on museum specimens, mean wing lenght and red breast patch is statistically significant larger in males than in females. Key words: Tucuman Mountain-Finch, Breeding, Population. RESUMEN Censos basados en transectos y llevados a cabo entre 1989-1993, en barrancales de la Sierra del Aconquija (NO Argentina) ofrecen una densidad poblacional de 0,02-0,03 individuos de Monterita Serrana por km2 Una mayor densidad post- reproductiva de 0,25 aves/km fue encontrada entre 2.600-3.100 rn.s.n.rn .. La reproducci6n tiene lugar entre diciernbre a marzo, observandose aves j6venes en abril. Se describen dos nidos de la especie encontrados cerea del puerto de montafia dellnfiernillo (Tucuman). Basados en medidas tomadas sobre especimenes de museo, la longitud media del ala y la mancha rojiza del pecho es estadisticamente significativo mayor en Ios individuos rnachos. Palabras clave: Monterita Serrana, Reproducci6n, Poblaciones. INTRODUCTION there is an urgent need for know the dis- tributional status and ecological require- The Tucuman Mountain-finch (Poospiza ments of the bird (Collar et. al 1992). The baeri, Oustalet 1904), is considered a full species is restricted to a very small area species of the genus Compsospiza (e.g., and habitat in north western Argentina Meyer de Schauensee 1966, Narosky & and very little is known about its ecolo- Yzurieta 1987, Navas & Bo 1991, Nores gy, including estimate of total popula- 1991 ), or treated as a subspecies of Poos- tion, because of lack of studies probably piza garleppi (Bond 1951, Ridgely & Tu- due to inaccessibility of its habitat. The dor 1989, Fjeldsa, 1992, Fje1dsa & Krab- aim of this paper is to present new infor- be 1990). In any case, the Tucuman mation on the biology of this rare spe- Mountain-finch is globally considered a cies, obtained in the course of a more ge- vulnerable/rare threatened species and neral study of the avifauna of the area. (Received 15 December 1995; accepted 26 December 1996; managed by Guillermo Riveros) 222 PER IS MATERIAL AND METHODS son (December-March) and between censu- ses, time was spent looking for nests of sie- Field work was carried out in the Aconqui- rra-finches (Phrygilus spp.) and during the- ja-Calchaqui mountain area, composed of se searches we found two nests of the two parallel Andean ranges between 27° Tucuman Mountain-finch. 20'S-65° 48' W to 26° 43' S-65° 45' W in In addition to our field observations, we Tucuman province (NW Argentina). The examined a total of 24 museum specimens east slope of the range above 2.200 m.a.s.l. ( 14 in the Museum Miguel Lillo of San Mi- is covered by a large and relatively uniform guel de Tucuman and 10 at the American open grassland, the dominant genus being Museum of Natural History of New York). Festuca and Stipa (Gramineae). The land- Based on these specimens, differences be- scape is only broken by steep, bushy ravi- tween sexes were analyzed according to nes and some small woodland patches of wing length (flattened wing; Svensson Mountain Alder (Alnus acuminata) and 1992), length of bill and extension of the "Queiioa" trees (Polylepis australis). In the orange-tawny breast-band. western part of the range, the habitat is an arid prepuna montane scrub with big cacti (Echinopsis paroaria) and, at a lower alti- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION tudes, "Algarrobo" trees (Prosopis spp.). For a more detailed description of the gen- Population and movements eral area see Meyer & Weyrauch (1966), Vervoorst (1982) and Peris & Alabarce The species has only been observed along (1991 ). Previous bird data for the region the humid eastern slope of the range. In the have been published by Olrog ( 1949) and breeding season the Tucuman mountain- Handford (1983). finch appears above 2.500 m. Breeding Bird censuses work was carried out in birds have a very low density of 0.02 indi- the study area in order to sample seasonal viduals per square-km of prospected bushy bird distribution and populations. Methodo- ravine and they are more abundant up abo- logy used was line transect counts with ve 2.800 m (0.03 individuals per square sampling units of 20 minutes (Hirvinen & km). In the post-breeding season (late Mar- Vaisanen 1977, Telleria 1978), which rep- ch to April) with ravines and grassland resent about 700-1000 m covered and were pooled together, it was possible to detect an made to divide small sample sections, who- increase to 0.25 birds per square km be- se habitats could be measured. tween 2.600-3.100 m.a.s.I. (Peris & Alabar- All the passerine birds observed at 25 m ce 1991) due to dispersal of fledglings and from the observer were counted (a main adults. Near winter (May-June), several in- belt 50 m wide), and also those observed dividuals were observed on river side scrub more than 25 from the observer as a sup- and willows (Salix spp.) bordering the Tafi plementary belt. All the surveys were made and Blanquito rivers, at about 0.5 and 2 by the same observer and the data have not kms from the town of Taff del Valle. been transformed. Since the validity of the People in this village reported the presence method under Andean conditions is not of this species in bushes of private gardens known, there may be some inherent bias; during July and August, and they stated for example it is more useful in determi- that the species was more abundant during ning the number of birds with small territo- winters with heavy snowfall. According to ries than those with large ones and as no preliminary census data (Peris, unpub.), the data exists on species detectabilities, some Tucuman Mountain-Finch has a relative precautions are needed in order to explain abundance of only 0.1% of all the bird spe- the densities found here. A total of 220 km cies present in the area (birds of prey ex- (about 1.100 ha) were covered from March cluded) and together with the Plain-capped 1989 to February 1993. Censuses were Ground-tyrant (Muscisaxicola alpina) made throughout the year except in winter could be, at the present time, one of the (July-September). During the breeding sea- least common passerine species in the re- BREEDING OF TUCUMAN MOUNTAIN-FINCH 223 gion, although Hand ford ( 1983) reported earlier than the reported main breeding sea- both species as frequent. At the present son of January-March (Collar et al. 1992). time, we cannot confirm the low estimate In our study area, one fledgling with a pale of 180-200 total individuals given by Nores red breast patch, was seen in early April. in 1985 (in Collar et al. 1992) and in fact, Until now the species' nest and eggs the species has new reports from Calilegua were unknown, however I discovered two National Park and the "La Quesera" stream nests. (Yala valley), both localities in Jujuy prov- The first nest was found on the 22nd ince, the Sierra del Manchao (Catamarca) January 1993, had three warm eggs and it and the high grasslands of the Sierra de Ve- was protected by a thick Stipa spp. grass in lasco in La Rioja province (Chebez 1994, a gully at 2.500 m.a.s.l., near the road in Wege & Long 1995). All these observations the "Infiernillo" mountain pass. The eggs are far away from the Infiernillo report and were clear white and sparsely spotted and could indicate a larger breeding range for speckled with darker purplish-brown and the species than the reported elsewhere. A olive-brown. These markings were concen- last survey conducted in apropiate habitat trated at or around the larger end. The in Cachi and Cachiadentro as well as in the shape was typical of emberizine birds. Egg "Valle Encantado" (Salta province) during measurements were 20.7 x 15.6 mm., 20.9 the 1995 breeding season ended unsuccess- x 15.7 mm and 21.1 x 15.8 mm. The eggs ful to find the bird. were not put in water in order to test how Possible threats to the species could many days they had been incubated. Five come from new agricultural practices in days later, the eggs were all completely de- part of its original habitat. During colonial stroyed. Probably unusuall cold weather at times, the Taff slope supported overgrazing this time of the season, with snow and and fire in order to create new pastures, but heavy rain, could be responsible for the recent dramatic changes have occurred in loss, although we cannot discard predation. the area with the introduction of new crops The second nest was found on 4 Feb- such as Seed-potatoes (Solanum tubero- ruary 1993 near "Muiioz" peak (26° 41'S- sum) since 1986 and strawberries (Fragaria 650 45'W, 3150 masl).
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