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Was There a Second Species of Native Fody Foudia Sp. in the Granitic Seychelles? – with Additional Evidence for the Mid- 19Th Century Introduction of F

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Was There a Second Species of Native Fody Foudia Sp. in the Granitic Seychelles? – with Additional Evidence for the Mid- 19Th Century Introduction of F Duchemin’s ‘Linnet’: Was there a second species of native fody Foudia sp. in the Granitic Seychelles? – with additional evidence for the mid- 19th century introduction of F. madagascariensis Anthony S. Cheke1 & Gérard Rocamora2 coloration rouge, et l’absence de bec et de pattes 1139 Hurst Street, Oxford OX4 1HE, United Kingdom noires chez ces espèces. E-mail: [email protected] L’hypothèse que le Foudi de Madagascar 2Box 1059, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles (F. madagascariensis) ait déjà été présent aux E-mail: [email protected] Seychelles en 1768, évoquée par Gerlach & Gerlach (1994), puis reprise par Gerlach (1995) et Skerrett et al. (2001), est discutée à la lumière des documents Abstract et récits historiques existants. Nous pensons que la présence d’un tel ravageur de cultures céréalières, The identity of a red-headed passerine observed qui plus est aussi visible dans son plumage nuptial on Mahé in 1768 by members of the Marion- pour les mâles aurait du être abondamment notée Dufresne expedition is discussed. Ruling out the pendant le restant du 18ème siècle s’il avait déjà été presence of Cardinal or Madagascar Fody (Foudia présent aux Seychelles à cette époque ; or seule la madagascariensis) on historical grounds, we présence de ‘bengalis’ - très probablement le Foudi conclude that a second species of endemic fody may des Seychelles (Foudia sechellarum), consommateur well have existed prior to the settlement of humans de grains mais principalement insectivore et seul in Seychelles, and become extinct shortly after, a avoir été dénommé ‘mangeur de riz’ par les probably due to predation by ship rats (Rattus rattus) Seychellois est notée par Malavois en 1789. Dans ce that arrived with the human settlers. contexte, la présence de ‘cardinaux’ aux Seychelles Key words: 18th-century, Seychelles, Foudia, mentionnée par Froberville (1848) nous parait extinction, Marion-Dufresne douteuse, s’agissant qu’un écrivain mauricien basé à Paris et n’ayant jamais visité les Seychelles, dont Résumé détaillé les descriptions fauniques de l’île Rodrigues dans la même publication contiennent de nombreuses Cet article traite de l’identité d’un passereau à tête inexactitudes (Cheke & Hume, 2008). rouge observé à Mahé le 13 septembre 1768 par L’hypothèse selon laquelle le Foudi de l’un des membres de l’expédition Marion-Dufresne et Madagascar aurait pu coloniser les Seychelles par décrit comme suit : «J’ay aussi trouvé un oiseau qui ses propres moyens est hautement improbable a le plumage du corps et les ailes comme le linot, vu qu’elle n’est naturellement présente dans couleur brun et caffé, la teste [=tête] et la gorge aucune des îles entre Madagascar et l’archipel des rouge cramoisy, le bec et les pattes noires». Cette Seychelles (groupes d’Aldabra, Farquhar/Providence description rappelle les premières observations et des Amirantes). Par ailleurs, Nicoll (1908) se rapportées par les premiers explorateurs de l’Ile réfère au Foudi de Madagascar comme une espèce Maurice et de La Réunion décrivant un foudi considérée comme introduite par les Seychellois. endémique à dominante rouge (respectivement F. Nous concluons, comme Gaymer et al. (1969), que rubra et F. delloni) sur chacune de ces îles. Lionnet le Foudi de Madagascar (ou Foudi cardinal) fut (1980, 1984a) conclut à une énigme, évoquant la probablement introduit vers 1860. ressemblance avec un Foudi de Madagascar (dont Compte tenu de ces différents éléments le mâle rouge vif est aussi appelé ‘Cardinal’), espèce historiques, nous pensons qu’il est extrêmement rapportée de façon formelle pour la première fois improbable que le Foudi de Madagascar ait déjà été aux Seychelles par Newton (1867), mais reconnue présent aux Seychelles en 1768. Nous en concluons comme d’introduction récente. L’hypothèse d’un qu’une deuxième espèce de Foudi endémique non migrateur égaré comme le Roselin cramoisi décrite pourrait bien avoir existé avant l’arrivée des (Carpodacus erythrinus) ou le Pipit à gorge rousse humains aux Seychelles, et avoir disparu peu après (Anthus cervinus) nous parait très improbable au vu en raison de la prédation exercée par les rats noirs des différences dans l’étendue ou l’intensité de la (Rattus rattus), arrivés avec les premiers colons. Cheke, A. S., & Rocamora, G. 2014. Duchemin’s ‘Linnet’: Was there a second species of native fody Foudia sp. in the Granitic Seychelles? – with additional evidence for the mid-19th century introduction of F. madagascariensis. Malagasy Nature, 8: 73-79. 74 Cheke & Rocamora: Was there a second species of native fody Foudia sp. in the Granitic Seychelles? Il pourrait alors s’agir d’une espèce forestière de although he did not participate himself. Lionnet foudi à tête rouge (de type F. omissa/rubra) comme (1980, 1984b) analysed the natural history content of celles existant ou ayant existé sur les autres îles the unpublished manuscripts and listed and identified de l’océan Indien (Maurice, La Réunion, Comores, the plants and animals observed. However, some Aldabra, Madagascar), impliquant la présence de remain enigmatic. deux espèces de foudis endémiques résultant de Amongst the enigmas is a bird described by the colonisations anciennes différentes (de la même unidentified ‘commander of the second detachment’ façon qu’il y eut deux espèces de Zostérops aux sent to explore Mahé by Jean Duchemin, captain Seychelles dont l’une s’est éteinte au cours du of the flute La Digue (Lionnet, 1980, 1984b). He 20ème siècle). L’existence d’une race à tête rouge reported that on 13 September: du Foudi des Seychelles (dont les mâles ont le front “I also found a bird which has the plumage et une bavette jaune en plumage nuptial) inféodée of the body and wings like a linnet, brown au groupe d’îles de Mahé nous parait improbable, and coffee coloured, the head and throat mais l’hypothèse d’un individu de cette espèce crimson red, the bill and the feet black” (our arborant un plumage aberrant ne peut toutefois être 1 totalement écartée compte tenu des variations de translation) . colorations observée chez les foudis en général. La This description evokes a red-plumaged fody prédation exercée par le rat noir, déjà introduits à Foudia sp., but the only known fody native to the Mahé en 1773, est la cause avérée ou présumée de Seychelles is the Seychelles Fody (F. sechellarum), l’extinction de nombreuses espèces de passereaux which has no red in the plumage (and only a tinge insulaires à travers le monde ; et plusieurs espèces of yellow on the forehead and throat). Hence, a red- de foudis endémiques sont connues pour y être plumaged bird on Mahé so early in the history of extrêmement vulnérables. Les Foudis des Seychelles human visitation to the island is puzzling. n’ont naturellement survécu que dans des îles non Lionnet (1980) left the issue open, stating that colonisées par le rat noir ; le Foudi de Maurice et “the bird resembling a linnet is an enigma; it le Foudi d’Aldabra (F. aldabrana) ont un succès can hardly have been the Seychelles Fody reproducteur et des densités considérablement Foudia sechellarum; one could identify it as the limités par sa prédation ; et le Foudi de La Réunion Madagascar Fody Foudia madagascariensis if ne fut jamais revu après l’invasion et l’expansion one didn’t know that this bird, so widespread des rats sur cette île. La confirmation de la présence in the Seychelles today, is of relatively recent ancienne d’une deuxième espèce non décrite de introduction” (our translation). Foudi des Seychelles demanderait cependant davantage d’éléments circonstanciels comme He made similar remarks in his later, fuller, paper d’autres descriptions supplémentaires concordantes (Lionnet, 1984b: 69-70, note 85). Although in fact the ou des dessins. Cependant, plusieurs espèces chronicle’s writer only compared the bird’s body and éteintes des Mascareignes n’avaient été rapportées wings to a linnet, we presume he chose that species qu’une seule fois ; mais alors que dans ce groupe because it has red on head and breast, though the d’îles la plupart des extinctions précoces ont pu être colour was clearly more striking in the bird on Mahé. confirmées par des fossiles (ce qui n’a pas encore The description has echoes in other Indian Ocean été le cas du Foudi de La Réunion), des gisements islands: the Mauritius Fody (F. rubra) was called a “a de fossiles d’oiseaux terrestres n’ont pas encore été little bird like a linnet” by Peter Mundy in 1638 (Cheke découverts aux Seychelles. & Hume, 2008), and in 1674 Dubois described the Mots clés : 18ème siècle, Seychelles, Foudia, Réunion Fody (F. delloni) in similar terms to the extinction, Marion-Dufresne expedition writer, apart from calling them moineaux (‘sparrows’): Introduction “These sparrows have plumage like those 2 The first extensive account of the native fauna and in Europe , except that the males, when flora of the granitic Seychelles is contained in the breeding, have the throat, head and top of reports of an expedition from Mauritius that explored the wings the colour of fire” (translation from several of the islands in 1768; it is generally known Cheke & Hume, 2008). as the ‘Marion-Dufresne’ expedition after its sponsor, Cheke & Rocamora: Was there a second species of native fody Foudia sp. in the Granitic Seychelles? 75 The identity of the “linnet” “was introduced, during the time rice was cultivated, by a man jealous of his brother, also a rice planter, to Three separate explanations can be proposed for the harm him” (our translation). Nicoll (1908), visiting in identity of the “linnet”, which are enumerated below. 1906, gave this fuller version of the story: Taxonomy and English names follow the handbook “The Madagascar weaver bird Foudia Birds of the Malagasy region by Safford & Hawkins madagascariensis has also, most (2013).
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