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Hagræn Hugsun Á Átjándu Öld. Hugmyndafræði Magnúsar

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Hagræn Hugsun Á Átjándu Öld. Hugmyndafræði Magnúsar Hugvísindasvið Hagræn hugsun á átjándu öld Hugmyndafræði Magnúsar Ketilssonar sýslumanns Ritgerð til B.A.-prófs Jón Torfi Arason Janúar 2018 Háskóli Íslands Hugvísindasvið Sagnfræði Hagræn hugsun á átjándu öld Hugmyndafræði Magnúsar Ketilssonar sýslumanns Ritgerð til B.A.-prófs Jón Torfi Arason Kt.: 150482-4109 Leiðbeinandi: Hrefna Róbertsdóttir Janúar 2018 1 Ágrip Efnissvið þessarar rannsóknar er hugmyndaheimur 18. aldar fræðimannsins Magnúsar Ketilssonar (1732-1803), eins og hann birtist í erlendum bókakosti hans og álitsgerð um viðreisn Íslands, sem hann sendi Landsnefndinni fyrri árið 1771. Magnús átti eitt stærsta einkabókasafn á Íslandi á 18. öld, og stærsti hluti safnsins var erlend rit. Efnislega spannaði safn Magnúsar svo að segja allt fræðasvið evrópsku upplýsingarinnar og margir af þeim höfundum sem þar birtust eru enn í dag ​ ​ viðfangsefni fræðimanna um allan heim. Þar má nefna: Adam Smith, Montesquieu, Voltaire, René Descartes, Immanuel Kant, Leibniz og Isaac Newton. Í álitsgerð Magnúsar má víða finna dæmi um skýr hugmyndafræðileg áhrif sem rekja má til bókasafns hans, en þar vísar hann oft í erlenda höfunda máli sínu til stuðnings. Einn helsti áhrifavaldur hans var þýski hagfræðingurinn J.H.G. von Justi, enda var hagfræði, eða hagræn hugsun, sérstaklega áberandi í hugmyndafræði Magnúsar. Í henni birtist sú framfaratrú að að hægt sé að knýja manninn til breytinga, en til þess verði hann að sjá hag sinn í því sjálfur. Til að maðurinn sjái hag sinn í að breyta samfélagi sínu til hins betra, verði að koma til nytsamleg menntun. Vísindin eru eitt af verkfærum hins menntaða og upplýsta manns sem notfærir sér svo öll möguleg tæki til að ná heildarmarkmiðinu, sem samkvæmt stefnuyfirlýsingu Magnúsar, er einfaldlega gleði og hamingja. 2 I. Inngangur Bls. 1. Afmörkun - - - - - - - - 4 2. Dánarbúsuppskriftin - - - - - - 5 3. Álitsgerðin - - - - - - - 6 4. Magnús Ketilsson fræðimaður - - - - 7 II. Baksvið - - - - - - - - - 10 1. Sögulegt baksvið - - - - - - 10 2. Fyrri rannsóknir - - - - - - - 11 III. Bókasafn um 18. aldar fræði - - - - - 13 1. Bókaseign á Íslandi - - - - - - 13 2. Efnisflokkun og alfræðilegur veruleiki - - - 14 3. Náttúruvísindi - - - - - - - 15 4. Bókmenntir - - - - - - - 20 5. Heimspeki - - - - - - - 21 6. Guðfræði - - - - - - - - 22 7. Sagnfræði - - - - - - - 23 8. Hagræn rit - - - - - - - 24 9. Tímarit - - - - - - - 25 10. Lögspeki - - - - - - - 26 11. Umræður - - - - - - - 26 IV. Hugmyndafræði álitsgerðarinnar - - - - 29 1. Bókasafnið í álitsgerðinni - - - - - 29 2. Menntastofnun í Viðey - - - - - - 31 3. Jarðir í sjálfsábúð - - - - - - 33 4. Hagfræðingurinn Magnús Ketilsson - - - - 35 5. Skynsemisávarpið - - - - - - 38 6. Hagræn heildarhugsun - - - - - 41 VI. Niðurstöður - - - - - - - - 43 VII. Viðauki 1 Bókaskrá Magnúsar Ketilssonar - - - - - - 45 VIII. Viðauki 2 Efnisflokkaðir titlar - - - - - - - 56 IX. Viðauki 3 Höfundalisti - - - - - - - - - 71 X. Heimildaskrá - - - - - - - 72 3 I. Inngangur 1. Afmörkun Í þessari ritgerð er ætlunin að skyggnast inn í hugmyndaheim Magnúsar Ketilssonar, reyna að sjá hvert hann sótti sér innblástur og hvaðan þeir straumar bárust. Meginheimildir ritgerðarinnar eru má segja tvær. Annars vegar er bókasafn Magnúsar, eins og það birtist í uppskrift á dánarbúi hans frá árinu 1803 og hins vegar er viðamikil álitsgerð sem hann sendi Landsnefndinni fyrri árið 1771. Hvorugt þessara handrita hefur komið fyrir sjónir almennings og þeim ekki verið gefinn mikill gaumur og því frábært tækifæri að greina þau nánar. Í uppskrift á dánarbúi Magnúsar Ketilssonar, sem varðveitt er á Landsbókasafni, voru meðal eftirlátinna eiga hans skrifaðar upp og virtar til fjár alls 538 bækur.1 Þegar þetta bókasafn er skoðað nánar kemur í ljós að erlendir titlar í safninu voru ríflega 60% þeirra, eða alls 335. Höfundar erlendu bókanna í safni Magnúsar spanna svo að segja allt fræðasvið evrópskra 18. aldar fræða. Hlutverk Landsnefndarinnar fyrri var að gera könnun á landshögum og fá álit landsmanna á íslensku samfélagi, bæði samfélagslegum þáttum en einnig á atvinnulífi og efnahag landsmanna.2 Landsnefndinni bárust alls 183 bréf og álitsgerðir frá landsmönnum, en viðamesta einstaka greinargerðin sem barst nefndinni var álitsgerð Magnúsar Ketilssonar.3 Í álitsgerð sinni svarar Magnús öllum þeim spurningum sem nefndin lagði fyrir landsmenn, en kemur auk þess fram með ýmiskonar umbótatillögur á allsherjar sviði samfélagsins.4 Álitsgerð hans er á löngum köflum í einskonar ritgerðarformi og vísaði hann óspart í heimildir máli sínu til stuðnings. Þar má sjá nöfn eins og Frederik Christian Lütken, Johann Heinrich Gottlob von Justi, Jean-François Marmontel, Ludvig Holberg, Montesquieu, Immanuel Kant og René Descartes. Í þessari ritgerð er ætlunin að gera könnun á erlendum ritum úr safni Magnúsar Ketilssonar sýslumanns og bera þá strauma sem þar birtast saman við 1 Lbs-Hrd. JS 603 4to. Skipta Act eptir Magnús Ketilsson. ​ ​ 2 Jóhanna Þ. Guðmundsdóttir, „Landsnefndin fyrri og verkefni hennar“, bls. 77. 3 Jóhanna Þ. Guðmundsdóttir, „Skjalasafn Landsnefndarinnar fyrri“, bls. 125-127. 4 ÞÍ. Rtk. Landsnefndin fyrri. D3/2–12. Magnús Ketilsson: Dalasyssel. Lit. BB. 31/5 1771. ​ ​ 4 hugmyndir hans um viðreisn Íslands í álitsgerðinni sem hann sendi Landsnefndinni fyrri árið 1771. En hvað má segja um mann eins og Magnús út frá bókasafni hans einu saman? Þetta er auðvitað vandmeðfarið. Það hlýtur þó að vera verðmætt í umræðu um hugmyndastefnur eins og hér fer á eftir að geta fundið stefnunum stað í bókasafni viðfangsefnisins, dregið bók úr hillu, blásið af henni rykið og reynt að sjá hvort hún hafi verið lesin yfirleitt. 2. Dánarbúsuppskriftin Uppskriftin að dánarbúi Magnúsar Ketilssonar er varðveitt í litlu kveri á Landsbókasafni og hefur safnmarkið J.S. 603 4to og þar er bókasafnið á blaðsíðum 18-27. Listinn er þannig upp settur að bækur eru flokkaðar eftir stærð og svo taldar upp og virtar til fjár. Fyrst koma þannig bækur í folio, þá 4to, octavo og 12mo. Sjaldnast er vísað til bókatitla eða höfunda fullum fetum, heldur stytt og skammstafað. Fyrst kemur gjarnan hluti höfundarnafns og síðan tvö til þrjú skammstöfuð orð úr bókatitli eða efnisorð og loks er hver bók virt til fjár í sér dálki. Til að lýsa þeim aðferðum sem ég beitti við að greiða úr bókalistanum tek ég hér dæmi: 94. Schönn. Om Nord. Folk. Oprindelse 3 rd. Helstu hjálpartæki mín í ​ ​ þessu voru heimasíður Konunglega danska bókasafnsins www.rex.kb.dk og www.leitir.is landskerfi íslenskra bókasafna ásamt auðvitað leitarvélum Google. ​ ​ Skoðum aðeins dæmið hér að ofan. Ef ég slæ inn orðinu oprindelse í www.rex.kb.dk ​ ​ fást vel yfir 2.000 niðurstöður, þeim fækkaði svo niður 139 þegar ég takmarkaði leitina við bækur gefnar út fyrir árið 1803 (dánarár Magnúsar Ketilssonar). Ein af bókunum sem eftir stóðu var eftir Gerhard Schøning (1722-1780). Afhandling om de ​ norskes og endeel andre nørdiske folkes oprindelse: som indledning til den norske historie (Sorøe 1769). Bók með sama titli (en þó öllu lengri) má svo finna á ​ www.leitir.is en sú bók kom út í Kaupmannahöfn sama ár. Í þessu tilfelli er ég nokkuð viss í minni sök. Hér er ég kominn með samsvörun sem ég sætti mig fyllilega við, þetta er alveg ábyggilega sama bókin og í uppskriftinni, en þó er ómögulegt staðfesta hvaða útgáfu um ræðir. Hitt dæmið sem ég tek er öllu snúnara: 199. Nevtoni Philos. Nat. Tom. 2. Eftir ​ ​ nokkuð ráp á internetinu er ég þeirrar skoðunar að hér sé um að ræða grundvallarrit 5 Isaacs Newton, Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica sem fyrst kom út árið ​ ​ 1687. Aftur er ómögulegt að segja til um hvaða útgáfu ræðir. Til dæmis eru niðurstöður í www.rex.kb.dk sem tengjast franska rithöfundinum Voltaire (1694-1778) ​ ​ og aðrar með nafni þýska heimspekingsins Leibniz (1646-1716), en það er hins ​ ​ vegar ekkert sérstakt sem gefur til kynna nákvæmlega hvaða útgáfa er hér á ferðinni. Af þessum 335 erlendu titlum hef ég komist nokkuð vel á snoðir um það bil 170 bækur. Margar aðrar hef ég getað flokkað eftir ætluðu efni þeirra út frá skammstöfuðum titli þeirra í handritinu. Hér er dæmi um slíkt: 9. Homeri Op. Græc. ​ Lat. rotinn. Rit af þessum toga færi ég í flokkinn fornfræði án þess að greina nánar ​ ​ ​ hvert það er, enda tengist þau ekki beinlínis aðal áherslum þessarar ritgerðar. Svo eru ýmsir aðrir bókatitlar sem erfitt hefur reynst að greina úr, en gaman hefði verið að varpa betra ljósi á. Þannig er um marga þá titla sem ég hef flokkað í flokkinn málvísindi. Þetta eru meðal annars allir óskilgreindir titlar sem innihalda ​ ​ skammstöfunina Lex, en þeir eru alls 15 talsins. Oft má þó vel sjá af samhenginu og ​ ​ skammstöfununum sjálfum hvers eðlis ritin eru, eða á hvaða tungumálum. Dæmi rit af þessum toga eru: 15. Calep: Lex: lat og Monets Lexic: Franc: lat:. Ef við bætum ​ ​ ​ ​ þeim ritum sem ég flokkað á þennan hátt saman við skilgreinda titla og höfunda standa aðeins eftir um það bil 20 erlendir titlar sem teljast með öllu óskilgreindir. 3. Álitsgerðin Álitsgerð Magnúsar Ketilssonar til Landsnefndarinnar fyrri er varðveitt í skjalasafni Rentukammers á Þjóðskjalasafni Íslands. Handritið er í 4to stærð og 184 tölusettar síður sem saumað er í pergamentkápu. Uppskrifuð er álitsgerðin alls 56.500 orð að lengd. Kverið er allt með rithönd Magnúsar Ketilssonar sem er jöfn og falleg, en letrið þó oft smátt.5 Álitsgerðin er í þremur hlutum. Fyrsti hlutinn, Sandferdig Efterretning om ​ Dahle Syssel, er á fyrstu 24 síðum handritsins. Þetta er greinargerð um hagi og gæði ​ Dalasýslu þar sem Magnús fjallar í átta liðum um ástand sýslunnar. Annar hluti 5 ÞÍ. Rtk. Landsnefndin
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