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Deterioration of Water Bodies of Kashmir with Special Reference To e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:02/Issue:09/September-2020 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com DYING WULAR: A PROGENY TO PRESERVE Zubair Ahmad Naik*1, Rahul Dabra*2 *1 Assistant Manager (Planning), Environmental Science, Rudrabhishek Enterprises Limited, India. *2Deputy Manager (Planning), Environmental Science, Rudrabhishek Enterprises Limited, India. ABSTRACT Wular lake is one the largest fresh water lakes in South Asia. The lake is the gets water from the Jhelum river system having watershed of the whole valley. However with the greedy nature and the destruction in the name of development the water body is getting deteriorated. Wular Lake has been the victim of the ill planning practices within, around the Wular as well as within the catchment of the lake. Once known for the quality water and the aquatic life, has become reservoir of the pollution which comes in different forms through the water coming into Wular. The lake is shrinking at an alarming rate besides the water quality getting deteriorated on daily basis. Preservation of this lake the major issue and challenge is the preservation of the fragility valley of Kashmir. Keywords: Watershed, Deteriorated, Greedy, Catchment, Shrinking, Preservation, Fragility. I. INTRODUCTION God has bestowed the valley of Kashmir with numerous sizeable fresh water bodies in the form of lakes and rivers. Some of these water bodies have been recognized both at national and international levels e.g. Wular is considered as Ramsar site. All of these lotic and lentic hydro systems have supported the people of Kashmir through ages by supplying the means of sustenance refreshment and comfort. Unfortunately since the beginning of 20th century a dramatic expansion occurred in the size of population, bringing with it the diversification of economic activities, urbanization, industrialization, and finally deterioration and degradation of water bodies. The water bodies of Kashmir mostly since 1950 have experienced loss of their spatial extents, change in land use/land cover, loss of open water, fluxes in marshy areas, increase of built up on the banks and marshes, increase in agriculture, horticulture etc. on the marshes, reclaimed/in filled land, levees, meander bends, etc. Loss of water quality, increase in the PH value, and loss of ecological productivity, loss of scenic beauty and overall shape and size of Wular Lake is no exception to this. II. STUDY AREA Wular Lake, the largest freshwater lake in India, is located 34 km northwest of Srinagar at an altitude of 1580 mts. between 34°16′N and 34°25′N latitudes and 74°29′E and 74°40′E longitudes (NWA 2010). It has elliptical shape with a surface area of 112.77 km2, maximum length 16 km and maximum width 9.6 km (NWA 2010). It is a shallow lake with a maximum depth of 5m and water temperature range from 2°C to 29.5°C during the year. The degraded direct catchment area around the entire Jhelum Basin contributes to heavy load of silt into Wular, decreasing lake width and depth. The lake provides livelihoods to a population of 10,964 households in 31 villages along the shoreline (Anonymous 2007). Owing to the importance of the wetland to the biodiversity and socio economic values, the Wular Lake was designated as a Wetland of International Importance under Ramsar Convention in 1990. The deepest part of this Lake is at Watlab towards the hill called Baba Shakur Din in the North-West (14 meters). The Wular lake of Kashmir changes its character after few miles of its course. It plays a significant role in the hydrographic system of www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [96] e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:02/Issue:09/September-2020 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com the Kashmir; it regulates the water regime of the region. The beauty of Wular Lake is beyond description of words. OBJECTIVES To analyze the land use /land cover of Wular catchment from 1911 to 2007. To identify factors responsible for shrinkage and changing water quality of Wular Lake To suggest measures for the conservation of water bodies Wular lake. III. WULAR LAKE: AN OVER VIEW Wular Lake is located in North Kashmir’s Bandipora district about 65 kilometers from Srinagar, the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir. It has an altitude of 1585 meters above sea level. Ranging from 340 15’ to 34025’N and 74030’ to 74040’E. It has an average depth of six 6 meters and has an elliptical shape. Its maximum length is 16 kilometers and breadth is 8 kilometers. In Kalhan’s Rajtarangni (one of the oldest chronicles of Kashmir) the dimensions of the lake during a normal year has been recorded as 12 miles x 6 miles (72 square miles or 189 sq. Kms.) which during floods extends up to 273 sq. km (104 sq. miles or 13 miles x 8 miles). Kashmir’s celebrated king Zain-ul-Abadin is known to have been bewitched by the lily embroidered lake. On many clear moonlit nights in 1444, the noble king watched the still waves of Wular….. Slowly weave their lake-let magic in ancient aqua loops. To contemplate in natures lap the king got an artificial island made in the middle of the lake. It still remains and is locally called Zaina-Lank. People say that at noon, almost daily, tides occur in Wular which are usually accompanied by mild storms. The age of the lake is not known. It is generally believed that it was once capital of Kashmir named Sandimatnagar ruled by King Sundar Sena (2082-2041 B.C). As per chronicle Nilmat Purana and other texts the ancient name of the lake is “Mahapadmasar” derived from Neel Padma (giant foot). The name ‘Ullola’ from which the present name Wular (wul-gape or fissure created) seems to have been derived, is found in Jonaraja’s chronicle and can be interpreted as turbulent for the lake with high going waves and the sensation of crossing the lake during strong winds makes one readily agree to the appropriateness of the designation. IV. DETERIORATION OF WULAR LAKE The water quality of Wular has deteriorated drastically due to discharge of high levels of untreated sewage into the wetland. Wular Lake, due to its geomorphic setting becomes a recipient of entire wastewater of the basin. Despite a rapid increase in human population, there has been no up gradation of the civic infrastructure leading to an increasingly higher proportion of wastes being dumped into the water bodies. Presently none of the settlements have been provided with sewerage treatment facilities, resulting in discharge of wastewater directly in the water body leading to water quality deterioration. FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR DERERIORATION OF WULAR LAKE Wular Lake is seriously threatened due to exploitation of the lake resources and degradation of the lake catchments due to: POPULATION EXPLOSION With the increase in population, the thirst and consequent growing demand for land, food and fuel is increasing. For this more and more area of the lake is brought under cultivation which results in the reduction of its area. HUMAN SETTLEMENT Due to increase in population and associated activities in the catchment, the inhabitants of the peripheral area are encroaching upon the lake fringes. These settlements in and around the lake and associated activities along their shores have reached to alarming proportions which have their direct impact on the lake degradation. Encroachments result in converting vast catchment area into agricultural land. www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [97] e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:02/Issue:09/September-2020 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com SOIL EROSION Due to over exploitation of forests and overgrazing, the soils in the catchment are more prone to erosion. Moreover the farming practices in the catchment area have considerably increased causing heavy nutrient pollution load and silting into the lake waters. SILTATION This is the process which has adverse effect on the lake body. The sediment load brought by different rivers from different sides resulting siltation in the water body. The rivers Bohnar, Madhumati and Erin from the mountain ranges and the rivers Jhelum and the Ningal from the south bring hundreds of tons of silt into the lake every year. This rampant siltation has devastating effecting on the lake. This increase its water level and affects the houses and causes the area of the lake to shrink at a fast pace. BUNDS AND EMBANKMENTS In the 1950s bunds were constructed along this lake to prevent floods. Unfortunately, this affected the lake body as the sediment is dumped straight into the lake body, leading to the creation of many sand bars. SEWAGE The free flow of large quantity of pesticides, insecticides, fertilizers used in the catchment orchards and animal wastes and untreated sewage and sewerage (effluents from kitchen, bathrooms and laundry) finds their way into the lake due to river Jhelum passing through urbanized areas bringing along with heavy load of silt and hazardous hospital wastes including Srinagar city, Sonawari, Bandipora and its adjoining areas from Watlab to Ningli resulting into the deterioration of the lake. WEED INFESTATION Due to invasion of many weeds, the marshy and shallow zones of the lake are infested by silt and sediment while due to extra-ordinary increase in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium level the water quality of the lake is fast deteriorating and the physic-chemical composition of the lake water is also changing considerably.
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