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ARCHAEOLOGY of KASHMIR 1586 AD - C

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ARCHAEOLOGY of KASHMIR 1586 AD - C ARCHAEOLOGY OF KASHMIR 1586 AD - c. 1900 AD THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF doctor of $i)tlosiopi)|' IN HISTORY 'By NAZAKAT HUSSAIN Under the Supervision of PROF. S.P. GUPTA CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2001 •"^ ^^^ T575A /V^V" 0 / Jl"- 2003 t^. i - DEDICATED TO MY GRAIVD MOTHER WHO DID NOT LIVE LONG TO SEE THE FRUIT OF MY HARD WORK CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY ^ , . I External : (057 1) 400146 Telephone | j_^^^^^^, ,_ 3^, ^^^ 3,9 DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH—202002 (UP.). INDIA CHAIRMAN a COORDINATOR CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis, "Archaeology of Kashmir: 1586 AD_c.1900 AD" submitted by Mr.Nazakat Hussain for the award of Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History, is based on the result of Research work carried out by him under my guidance and supervision. This is the original work of the candidate. In my opinion this work is worthy for submission for award of Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. V (Prof. S.P.Gupta) Supervisor ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All praises to "The creator of all creations" the most merciful and benevolent who gave me the valiancy to complete the work in hand I would like to express my gratitude to my parents, whose affection inspiration and timely encouragement enabled me to complete this work successfully This work would not have seen the light of the day had there not been the able guidance of (late) Prof. Jamal Mohd. Siddiqui Initially, he was appointed my supervisor 1 can never forget his affectionate ways of academic guidance he piovided me all along till he bieathed his last on 26''" Feb 2000 1 pray to Almighty that his soul may rest in peace eternally 1 am deeply beholden to Prof. S. P. Gupta Chairman, Deptt of History, for his liberal guidance, persuasion, sustained interest, untiring help and incessant encouragement during the penod as he has been a source of inspiration for me thioughout my endeavours 1 greatly rejoice to express emphatically, with profound sence of gratitude and highest veneration, my sincere thanks to Syed Husam Haider, the Senior Curator Archeology Section, Deptt of History, AMU for his constant and painstaking guidance sustained interest relentless efforts and incessant encouragement during the entire course of investigation and fmalization of this project I should express my gratitude to Dr. S. L. H. Moini for his help and keen interest throughout the course of my project 1 am also thankful to Prof. (Mrs.) Mansura Haider, Dr. R. K. Trivedi, Prof. I. A. Zilli, Nadeem Rizvi, Prof. Shreen Moosvi and other staff members for their important guidance whenever needed The Director SAR Jammu and Incharge of S P S Museum, Srinagar, and their staff and security personnels staying at various monuments (due to the chaos and confusion prevailing in Jammu and Kashmir) deserve my thanks for helping me in one way or other I am also thankful to the staff members of the Research Library of History Department and Archeology Section AMU Aligarh for their constant help and cooperation 1 am highly indebted to my colleagues and friends. Mr Tahir Ajaz, Mr Imtiaz Shahid, Mr Javaid Khan, Dr Muzammil Hussain, Dr A R Manas. Mr Amit Gour and all othei for their joyous company and moral support My special thanks go to Ml Bashir Ahmed and Mr Zahid Tikka for their company during my field survey in Kashmir region Lastly I owe my deep sense of gratitude to Mr Mohd Shahid. Mr Naved Alam and Mr Naimuddin Khan for their haid work in computer typing and Xerox the present project In spite of my best efforts the present work cannot be absolved of the minor mistakes which could have crept m inadvertently I crave for indulgence of the readers to apologize for such faults (Nazakat Hussain) Abbreviations AMU - y\ligarh Muslim Uni\ersit> ASI - Archaeological Sur\c\ of India lA - Indian Archaeolog\ MS - Manuscript MSS - Manuscripts RL - Research Librar) SPS - Sri Paratap Singh Museum SV - Samvat Vikrmi CONTENTS Page No Acknowledgement Chapter-I a) Introduction 1-6 b) Historical Background 7-37 Chapter- II Religious monuments : - a) Mosques 38-54 b) Shrines (Ziarat) 55-75 c) Temples 76-81 Chapter- III Royal Buildings : - a) Forts 82-90 b) Gardens 91-110 c) Palaces 111-117 Chapter- IV Buildings of public utilities : - a) Sarais (inn) 118-127 b) Canals 128-136 c) Bridges 137-142- Chapter- V Numismatics 143-180 Chapter- VI Epigraphy 181-196 Chapter- VII Miscellaneous 197-204 Bibliography 205-214 Plans and plates Plans Plan 1 Mosque of Akhun Mullah Shah Plan 2 Pathar Masjid Plan -> Jamia Masjid Plan 4 Rani Masjid Plan 5 Mosque at Nowshcra (Rajouri) Plan 6 Mosque at Changis Plan 7 Mosque of Shah Hamdan Plan 8 General plan of Sarai Plan 9 Nowshera Sarai Plan 10 Changis Sarai Plan 11 Nadpur Sarai Plan 12 Rajouri Sarai Plan 13 Sarai at Drahali Mode Plan 14 Sarai at Saj Plan 15 Hirpur Sari Plan 16 Thannamandi Sarai Plan 17 General plan of Temples Plan 18 Hanuman temple Plan 19 Temple at Smadhi of Gulab Singh Plan 20 Temple at Rambagh Plan 21 Temple at Rajouri Plan ii Temple at Thannamandi Plan 23 General plan of gardens Plan 24 Shalimar garden Plan 25 Nishat Bagh Plan 26 Vernag spring Plan 27 Chashma-i-Shahi Plan 28 Achchabal garden Plan 29 Wooden pile of a Kadal (photo: Reclus,Universal Geograph}' Vol.VlIl- India f. p. 87) Plan 30 T\pe of Jhula bridge: 0\'er Kishanganga river at Ramgpur Kashmir (photo: Ne\'e, Kashmir f. p 12) Plan 31 Jhula bridge o\er Chinab river (photo: forester,Marches f. p 95) Plan 32 Jhula bridge o\cr Jhelum ri\cr at Uri Kashmir in 1840 (photo: Hugel,Travels f. p 175) Plan 33 Jhula bridge o\'er Jhelum ri\er at Dopatta- Kashmir in 1847 (photo: Taylor, Political diaries- Vol. VI- 1847-9 f. p. 104) Plan 34 General plan of Ziarats (Shrines) Plates pi. 1 Jamia Masjid Srinagar: one of the four colonnades pi. 2 Mehrab of Jamia Masjid Srinagar. pi. 3 Southern gate of Jamia Masjid srinagar. pi. 4 Wooden pillar with stone plinth of Jamia Masjid Srinagar pi. 5 Akhun Mulla Shah Mosque Srinagar pi. 6 Shah Hamdan Mosque. Srinagar pi. 7 Hazaratbal Mosque Srinagar pi. 8 Mosque at Chingus pi. 9 Rani Masjid Nowshera pi. 10 Pathar Masjid Srinagar pi. 11 Ziarat of Hamza Makhdumi pi. 12 Gate of Z/V7/'(7/ of llamza Makhdumi pi. 13 Pari Mahal Zabanwan. Srinagar pi. 14 Temple at Smadhi of Maharaja Gulab Singh pi. 15 Hanuman temple. Srinagar pi. 16 Temple at Rajouri pi. 17 Temple at Rambagh. Srinagar pi. 18 LInguin of Rambagh Temple pi. 19 Mosque at Nowshera pi. 20 Rani Mahal. Nowshera pi. 21 Facade of Rani Mahal pi. 22 Nowshera sarai pi. 23 Main entrance of Nowshera sarai pi. 24 A well (tank) at Nowshera sarai pi. 25 Decorated kiosk of the gate of Nowshera sari pi. 26 hiscription on Hanuman temple. Srinagar pi. 27 Inscription on Monolith lying in Amir Hamza Shrine pi. 28 Inscription on Jamia Masjid. Srinagar pi. 29 Hariparbat fort. Srinagar pi. 30 Kathi Darwaza of Hariparbat fort pi. 31 Southern wall of (ruined) Rajouri sarai pi. 32 One of the entrances of Chingas sarai pi. 33 Old Hazaratbal mosque pi. 34 Sarai at Darhali mode. District Rajouri pi. 35 Nishat Bagh pi. 36 Diwau-i-Khas of Nishat Bagh pi. 37 Monolithic octagonal sofa with waterfall of Nishat Bagh pi. 38 Water chute (chadder ) of Nishat Bagh pi. 39 One of the fountains of Nishat Bagh pi. 40 Vernag garden. District Anantnag pi. 41 Achhabal garden. District Anantnag pi. 42 Di\\an-i-khas of Shalimar garden pi. 43 Summerhouse cascade of Shalimar garden pi. 44 Shrine of Ghulam Shah. Shahdara. District Rajouri pi. 45 Char chinar pi. 46 Chillagah of Shah Hamadan. District Srinagar pi. 47 A \iew of a houseboat pi. 48 A bridge at Pehalgam pi. 49 A spacemen of latticework of 19th centur>' present in SPS Museum. Srinagar pi. 50 Furniture handling with Latticework, present in SPS Museum. Srinaaar CHAPTER-1 a) Introduction b) Historical Background Introduction Kashmir is well known for its amazing natural beauty. Its natural beauty is the creation of its geography, which played a vital role in determining the course of its history. The archeological remains and monuments of Kashmir ha\e extensively added to its natural beauty as well as its historical perspective. Kashmir has strikingly preserved its cultural continuity and identity throughout the ages, which may further be testified by its well preser\'ed monuments. Annexation of Kashmir by the Mughals under Akbar in 1586 A.D. is the starting point of the present project. The Mughal Emperors ruled over Kashmir for about one hundred and sixt\' six years through their governors and subedars. All the Emperors from Akbar to Aurangzeb and down to later Mughals tried to keep their hold over Kashmir firml}-. After the decline of Mughal empire. Afghans (1752-1819 A.D.). Sikhs (1819-46 A.D.) and finally the Dogra Rajputs (1846-1947 A.D.) held their swa\- over Kashmir. During the period under study, a large number of monuments, especially during the Mughal period have been constructed. Palaces, forts, canals, sarais. bridges, wells, mosques, tombs, shrines and royal gardens etc were constructed during this period. The project aims at a detailed and comparative stud}' of these monuments right from the Mughal Annexation of Kashmir by Akbar in 1586 A.D. down to the modern period c 1900 A.D.
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