Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041 A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd A member of the Reed Elsevier plc group First published 2000 © Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd 2000 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1P 0LP. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Avian medicine 1.Avian medicine I. Tully, Thomas N. II. Lawton, Martin P. C. III. Dorrestein, Gerry M. 636.5'089 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Avian medicine/edited by Thomas N. Tully, Jnr., Martin Lawton, Gerry M. Dorrestein. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0 7506 3598 3 1. Avian medicine. I. Tully, Thomas N. II. Lawton, Martin P. C. III. Dorrestein, G. M. SF994.A93 2000 636.5'089–dc21 00–036020 ISBN 0 7506 3598 3 Composition by Genesis Typesetting, Laser Quay, Rochester, Kent Printed and bound by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall Acknowledgements The completion of an international text is a We are also grateful to our colleagues in our substantial achievement. Only a cohesive practices who supported us during this team can accomplish what one person can- endeavour. Drs. Mark Mitchell and J. Jill not. We the editors want to first thank the Heatley at LSU, Drs. Lynne Stoakes, Stephen authors, without whom there would be no Divers and Julie Austin in the UK and Dr. Avian Medicine handbook. The idea of an Marein van der Hage in Utrecht were all instru- international text to call upon the expertise mental in the completion of this text. The edi- of a global avian community was encour- tors would also like to thank Marion Jowett for aged by our publisher. Wanting this expertise her belief in this project from the beginning. and having them commit to this project Of course this work could never have come with their busy schedules were two different to fruition without the constant nurturing, matters. Fortunately, we were able to secure commitment and work of our publisher, But- their commitment and feel the veterinary terworth-Heinemann. There are a few special community as a whole will benefit from this people we would like to thank for their help work. and efforts, Mary Seager, Senior Commission- There was a large support staff which was ing Editor, for being the captain and running an invaluable asset in formatting the original this ship, and Angela Davies, Medical Desk manuscript. Joseph A. Smith, whose hard Editor, and Caroline Savage, Editorial Assis- work and dedication will serve him well in his tant, for making the impossible task of putting chosen profession, veterinary medicine, led the original manuscript into a publishable text this support staff team. Others who made possible. significant contributions to this project Finally, a heartfelt thank you to our wives, included Harry M. Cowgill, photographer; Susie Tully, Lynne Stoakes and Marein van der Michael L. Broussard, graphic artist; Sam Hage and families who helped us survive the Moran and the staff at the Greater Baton ups and downs of editing a multi-author Rouge Zoo and Joshua R. Pinkston. medical text. Foreword ‘The night when I came home I was much troubled to hear that my poor Canary Bird, that I have kept these three or four years, is dead’ Samuel Pepys (1665) Of all animals, those in the Class Aves – the In 1903, Arthur G. Butler produced his Hints birds – have most fascinated the human race. on Cage-Birds (British and Foreign) and in the Their almost ubiquitous distribution, the Preface declared that ‘Aviculturists in the tendency of many species to live in villages, present century ought to do better work than towns and cities and the ease with which their predecessors....’. Butler went on to say some can be tamed or trained: these and other ‘Now that men who have laboured and features have led to birds occupying a very suffered are recording the results of their special place in the lives and traditions of work..., their successors may confidently look various cultures. for brighter and more prosperous times, start- Interest in the biology and health of birds is ing where the pioneers left off they may not new. Two thousand years ago, Pliny, continue to add to the sum of knowledge, Aristotle and others studied birds, taught and may hope eventually to bring the science others and published their observations. In of birdkeeping to something approaching the 17th century European anatomists carried perfection’. out painstaking dissections of many species Nearly a hundred years later, it cannot be and were able to produce scholarly descrip- claimed that the ‘science of birdkeeping’ has tions that have, in a number of cases, with- yet approached perfection, but the advances stood the test of time and are still valid today. have been enormous. Over the past two A century later John Hunter, the great sur- decades our knowledge and understanding of geon, anatomist and champion of the veteri- bird diseases in particular has progressed nary profession, explored the links between extraordinarily and much of the credit for this structure and function in animals and is owed to the ‘pioneers’, amongst them the amongst many other great discoveries, descri- editors and many of the contributors of bed the air sac system and studied factors that this book, who have turned avian medicine influenced the healing of fractures in avian into a bona fide, state-of-the-art, scientific species. discipline. Medical care for birds is also not new. As It gives me particular pleasure in this long ago as 1486 advice on the diagnosis and Foreword to note and to commend the book’s treatment of falcons was given in the Boke of St international orientation. The Editors are from Albans written by Dame Juliana Berners – a three different countries and the authors of reminder of the key role in avian science chapters span even more. This spread reflects played by women, even 500 years ago! The the global importance of avian medicine, in popularity of the sport of falconry over the terms not only of treating individual sick succeeding three centuries ensured that pub- birds but also of promoting the health of wild lications on raptors continued to appear. (free-living) avian populations, particularly There was interest in other types of bird – see those that are under pressure for other rea- the quotation from Pepys at the beginning of sons. The part that the veterinary profession this Foreword – but it was only in the 19th can play in conservation is now widely century that serious attention began to be paid recognized and a Resolution at last year’s to the diseases of those kept in cage and (1999) meeting of the European Committee of aviary. the Association of Avian Veterinarians urged x Foreword international bodies and policy makers to treat birds. Those of us who care about – or for recognize that role and to incorporate veter- – the class Aves owe them a debt of gratitude inarians in their programmes. In my own for all they have done to promote a better work overseas I have witnessed the contribu- understanding of these animals and their tions that can be made by those with a sound requirements. This book will serve as a lasting knowledge of aviculture and pathology, medi- legacy of their work, and at the same time, cine and surgery. Thus, for example, the will encourage others to contribute to the survival and recovery of the Mauritius Kestrel challenging and exciting field of avian (Falco punctatus) owes much to the collabora- medicine. tion in the 1970s between veterinarians and biologists who, often unfunded, worked to Professor John E. Cooper save the species from extinction. This study DTVM, FRCPath, FIBiol, Dip ECAMS, FRCVS has been repeated on a number of occasions Consultant Veterinary Pathologist since then and augurs well for the future. Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust Tom Tully, Martin Lawton and Gerry Dor- (Jersey Zoo) restein are familiar names to all who keep or February 2000 Contributors Alan Abrey BVSc Patricia Macwhirter BVSc (Hons), MA, Consultant/Director, Zoological Collections, FACVSc Durban, South Africa Principal, Highbury Veterinary Clinic, Burwood, Victoria, Australia Janette Ackermann DVM, MS Chief, Veterinary Services, American Wildlife Foundation, Molalla, Oregon, USA Glenn H. Olsen DVM, MS, PhD Veterinary Medical Officer, US Department of Interior, US65 Patuxent Wildlife Research Brian H. Coles BVSc, FRCVS, Dipl ECAMS Center, Laurel, Maryland, USA 4 Dorfold Way, Upton, Chester, Cheshire, UK Patrick T. Redig DVM, PhD Gerry M. DorresteinDVM PhD Dipl Vet Associate Professor and Director, The Raptor Pathology Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Associate Professor in Avian, Exotic Animal Minnesota, USA and Wildlife Pathology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Ian Robinson BVSc, Cert. SAP, MRCVS Peter de Herdt DVM, DVSc RSPCA Norfolk Wildlife Hospital, Station Professor of Veterinary Medicine, University Road, East Winch, Kings Lynn, Norfolk, UK of Gent Director of Clinic for Poultry and Special Andrew Routh BVSc, MRCVS Animal Diseases, Merelbeke, Belgium RSPCA Norfolk Wildlife Hospital, Station Road, East Winch, Kings Lynn, Norfolk, UK Luc Devriese DVM Senior Researcher in Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Gent, Merelbeke, Belgium Stephanie Sanderson MA, VetMB, MRCVS RSPCA Norfolk Wildlife Hospital, Station Nigel H.