126 6 8 12 11 14 16 22 26 28 34 38 40 44 50 52 54 58 60 64 68 70 72 74 78 80 82 88 92 108 110 114 115 116 120 124 126 134 146 148 150 152 154 156 160 168 170 174 178 190 192 196 200 204 208 216 220 224 228 230 232 244 246 258 258 The globe as common ground – From anThropocene To anThropocieTy! by Kent Martinussen greenland belongs To all greenlanders – all ground is common ground by MiniK rosing crediTs map oF greenland map oF The world FuTure norTh 2050 interview: lawrence c. smiTh infographic: hisTorical Timeline organizing introduction by MiniK rosing why is Transparency greenland necessary? an interview with anders meilvang and anne meTTe chrisTiansen common knowledge a conversation with michael hardT independenT From whom? by boris brorMan jensen how i meT The presidenT oF inaTsisarTuT by boris brorMan jensen human righTs by peter sutton infographic: greenland and alcohol infographic: demographic greenland inner landscapes by aMalia lynge pedersen dk–gl relaTions an interview with kirsTen ThisTed arcTico an interview with rolF Tamnes selF governance – auTonomy and originaliTy: who are The greenlanders? an interview with Jens dahl infographic: economy and The greenlandic shark as an exporT connecTing introduction by MiniK rosing language poliTics interview: ivalu søvndahl peTersen infographic: greenlandic language so close —so Far aparT interview: asii chemniTz narup sisimiuT seen From Facebook by frida foberg and Mie dinesen (aarch) greenland moTher cloud by Matthew jull and leena cho From cold war To arcTic baTTle? interview: klavs a. holm project: greenland connecTing migraTing introduction by MiniK rosing poinTs oF view by susan carruth infographic: occupaTion in greenland infographic: migraTion in greenland human perFormance, comForT and saFeTy in The cold by øystein nordruM wiggen and hilde færeviK aT The edge oF The world interview: børge ousland infographic: Tourism some recenT sTraTa oF sermersuaq: liFe on The world’s second largesT ice sheeT by Mason white project: greenland migraTing culTivaTing introduction by MiniK rosing The power oF imaginaTion by MiniK rosing why socieTies collapse by jared diaMond green(peace)land — To greenpeace on greenland by conditions organized by naTure, envisioning greenland: conTesTed naTureculTures in The making by carina ren exhibiTing greenland by david winfield norMan greenland as The avanT-garde oF posT-carbon and posT-growTh economies? by julia Martin infographic: growTh in greenland Fragile gianT, discussing greenland’s land value by alice labadini & barbara elisabeth ascher, illustrated by franz walter infographic: Farming project: greenland culTivaTing inhabiTing introduction by MiniK rosing organizing hope an interview with simon simonsen, asii chemniTz narup and hermann berThelsen armelle caron maps oF nuuk, sisimiuT and iTToqqorToormiiT by tina harrington, siv bøttcher, boris brorMan jensen and MiniK rosing liFe aT The edge oF The world by MiniK rosing infographic: archiTecTural Timeline land adminisTraTion in greenland by thoMas riis block p – The greenlandic selF-image by MiniK rosing housing For healTh, healThabiTaT, ausTralia by paul phoures The aesTheTics oF necessiTy by joar nango an indeFiniTe dynamic landscape by boris brorMan jensen, alexandra b. Madirazza and sanne y. søndergaard (aarch) infographic: greenlandic seasons project: greenland inhabiTing postscript move on! an interview with olaFur eliasson colophon abouT This publicaTion editorial Some Recent Strata of Sermersuaq: Life on the World’s Second Largest Ice Sheet by mason white of lateral office
On September 15th, 2011, the and fjords. As Greenland Sermersuaq: Expedition under Gino Watkins Times Comprehensive Atlas of the experienced a dramatic and Exploration Age (1800s) (1930-31); and British Oxford World released its 13th edition rapid social transformation On June 3rd, 1888, Fridtjof University Expedition under (2011) with a map of Greenland from scattered hunting and Nansen embarked on an J. G. S. Sugden and P. G. Mott representing a loss of 15% gathering settlements to an exploration that would become (1938). ice cover as compared to the urbanizing post-industrial the first successful crossing 10th edition (1999). This claim economy in the 20th century, of the Greenland ice sheet. launched a public debate led the ice sheet remained a Previous penetrations of the by noted glaciologists about mysterious and extreme Greenland interior, by Adolf the status of the contemporary territory. As the Earth’s Erik Nordenskiöld in 1883 and ice sheet, which ultimately largest island, it is its interior Robert Peary in 1886, never led to a retraction by the that has served as a venue went further than 160 km publisher. Subsequently, a for urban and architectural eastward from Disko Bay before revised map of Greenland experiments that parallel turning back. Nansen's would with a scientifically corrected the collective anxieties and be a one-way journey from the portrayal of ice cover was made ambitions of the remote and scarcely populated eastern openly available. Although the inaccessible. This frozen coast towards Disko Bay. The primarily used as evidence interior island, or indlandsis, journey took seventy-eight for climate change debates, has become a laboratory for days; with the crossing itself this error did make public man-made techno-objects taking only forty-nine days the mysterious and shifting and architectural assemblies while the other twenty-nine nature of Greenland’s massive driven by militaristic, scientific were spent drifting off course ice sheet. At 1,710,000 square and now touristic interests. trying to reach the shore. kilometers, or 80% of the total Below its “cold desert” surface, Throughout the 1800s most of landmass of Greenland, it is the Sermersuaq possesses an Greenland was explored and Earth’s second largest ice mass enviable 110,000-year-old mapped. These early journeys after the Antarctic ice sheet. recording of Earth’s history. remained essential to the Throughout recent history the However, it is its most recent remote and resistant character massive ice body has been the strata that is of interest of Sermersuaq. Exploration venue for the collective psyche, here. From exploration and took a more advanced turn with oscillating between fear and research to military monitoring the German Alfred Wegener desire of survival within remote and tourism, encampment Expedition from 1929 to 1931, in and extreme geography— and outpost activities have which the first wintering on the expeditions, military radar generated an alternative interior of the ice sheet took stations, weather data towers, history of Greenland, with the place at the station “Eismitte.” and ice core drilling stations, ice sheet as its muse. Numerous expeditions followed among others. that sought to quantify, With thicknesses Following is a brief summary measure and take stock of between two to three of tendencies in Sermersuaq’s the ice, with the University of kilometers, Sermersuaq, as the modern occupation. Michigan Greenland Expeditions ice sheet is known, is a slow- under William Herbert Hobbs flowing super-lake contained (1926-31) and R. L. Belknap (1932- MI by steep alpine mountains 33); the British Arctic Air Route gra tING 128 6 8 12 11 14 16 22 26 28 34 38 40 44 50 52 54 58 60 64 68 70 72 74 78 80 82 88 92 108 110 114 115 116 120 124 126 134 146 148 150 152 154 156 160 168 170 174 178 190 192 196 200 204 208 216 220 224 228 230 232 244 246 258 258 The globe as common ground – From anThropocene To anThropocieTy! by Kent Martinussen greenland belongs To all greenlanders – all ground is common ground by MiniK rosing crediTs map oF greenland map oF The world FuTure norTh 2050 interview: lawrence c. smiTh infographic: hisTorical Timeline organizing introduction by MiniK rosing why is Transparency greenland necessary? an interview with anders meilvang and anne meTTe chrisTiansen common knowledge a conversation with michael hardT independenT From whom? by boris brorMan jensen how i meT The presidenT oF inaTsisarTuT by boris brorMan jensen human righTs by peter sutton infographic: greenland and alcohol infographic: demographic greenland inner landscapes by aMalia lynge pedersen dk–gl relaTions an interview with kirsTen ThisTed arcTico an interview with rolF Tamnes selF governance – auTonomy and originaliTy: who are The greenlanders? an interview with Jens dahl infographic: economy and The greenlandic shark as an exporT connecTing introduction by MiniK rosing language poliTics interview: ivalu søvndahl peTersen infographic: greenlandic language so close —so Far aparT interview: asii chemniTz narup sisimiuT seen From Facebook by frida foberg and Mie dinesen (aarch) greenland moTher cloud by Matthew jull and leena cho From cold war To arcTic baTTle? interview: klavs a. holm project: greenland connecTing migraTing introduction by MiniK rosing poinTs oF view by susan carruth infographic: occupaTion in greenland infographic: migraTion in greenland human perFormance, comForT and saFeTy in The cold by øystein nordruM wiggen and hilde færeviK aT The edge oF The world interview: børge ousland infographic: Tourism some recenT sTraTa oF sermersuaq: liFe on The world’s second largesT ice sheeT by Mason white project: greenland migraTing culTivaTing introduction by MiniK rosing The power oF imaginaTion by MiniK rosing why socieTies collapse by jared diaMond green(peace)land — To greenpeace on greenland by conditions organized by naTure, envisioning greenland: conTesTed naTureculTures in The making by carina ren exhibiTing greenland by david winfield norMan greenland as The avanT-garde oF posT-carbon and posT-growTh economies? by julia Martin infographic: growTh in greenland Fragile gianT, discussing greenland’s land value by alice labadini & barbara elisabeth ascher, illustrated by franz walter infographic: Farming project: greenland culTivaTing inhabiTing introduction by MiniK rosing organizing hope an interview with simon simonsen, asii chemniTz narup and hermann berThelsen armelle caron maps oF nuuk, sisimiuT and iTToqqorToormiiT by tina harrington, siv bøttcher, boris brorMan jensen and MiniK rosing liFe aT The edge oF The world by MiniK rosing infographic: archiTecTural Timeline land adminisTraTion in greenland by thoMas riis block p – The greenlandic selF-image by MiniK rosing housing For healTh, healThabiTaT, ausTralia by paul phoures The aesTheTics oF necessiTy by joar nango an indeFiniTe dynamic landscape by boris brorMan jensen, alexandra b. Madirazza and sanne y. søndergaard (aarch) infographic: greenlandic seasons project: greenland inhabiTing postscript move on! an interview with olaFur eliasson colophon abouT This publicaTion editorial
Sermersuaq: Sermersuaq: Tourism Age Several overlapping though unpredictable and extreme Measurement / (1991-) distinct strata emerge on movement of the ground. Monitoring Age 1959-1966 (1930s-present) Greenland’s tourism is built this slow-flowing ice body, The idealized drawing was Camp Century on an extensive but sporadic which will be the focus here. undone only four years into Following World War II, tourism history. From 1869, Sermersuaq possesses a its occupation, as many of its 1,883 meters above sea level many military technological when the first “excursionists” thin anthropocene stratum trenches sheared and collapsed. inventions found their way into arrived on the island led by of exploration, militaristic Summit Camp has proven more 4 Arctic exploration, including artist William Bradford and polar staging, scientific staging, resilient, and demonstrated Camp Century was a nuclear powered research center as a set of trenches dug into the Greenland ice sheet. It was the weasels, snowcats and explorer Dr. Isaac Hayes, until and now tourism. These the learning curve from past occupied from 1959 to 1966 under the auspices of the Army projects. Summit is not holistic tractors. These technologies the late 1980s, Greenland hosted occupational typologies reveal Polar Research and Development Center. in addition to airplane and a small number of tourists each methods and techniques of nor megastructural. In fact, it is 1 5 helicopter innovations year through a small and largely encampment seeking to coexist an example of “soft” planning facilitated scientific advances in fragmented tourism industry. or resist the challenges of the and responsive structures. the Arctic. In addition, several In the early 1990s, faced with cold desert and its shifting, Summit Camp’s structures are bases were established such as concerns about economic icy ground. These three types on jack-able pilings, and are not 4 the US-initiated Thule Air Base sustainability, the Home Rule are represented by individual tethered to one another except Ice movement speed in 1951 and the 1960s Distant Government declared tourism case studies: DYE-3 (1955-90), by flexible wiring and cabling. 2 200 ft/yr m 650 ft/yr 5 10 20 30 40 Early Warning Line, a system as one of four objectives in Camp Century (1959-66), and With continued anxiety 2/3 mile/yr of radar stations as a response a commercial development Summit Camp (1989-). These over the shifts of Sermersuaq, to threats during the Cold strategy. Since then Greenland cases are illustrated on these renewed attention has emerged War. The four Greenland DEW has enjoyed a steady increase pages to demonstrate their from the unpredictable nature 3 Line stations have continued in the number of tourists. approximate location on the of this dynamic ice body. For 1960-1990 a tradition of establishing Close to 30,000 people reached ice sheet, their relationship to example, scientists believe DYE-3 monitoring camps and stations Greenland on cruise ships in the ice sheet’s shifting surface, a melted Sermersuaq would on the otherwise uninhabited 2010—twice the number than and their systemic or formal result in a 7.2 meter rise of 5 3 2,600 meters above sea level ice sheet. In addition to radar in 2004—with an estimated organization. The encampment the global sea level. What is stations, a series of drilling 30,000 more coming by air. As formats that emerge parallel next for this massive body of 1960-1990 as DEW line station stations on the ice sheet Greenland strives to increase its the architectural and urban frozen water? As the agendas of 7 2 1971-1988 as GISP site have been assigned with the share of the adventure tourism ambitions of their time. The monitoring and tourism collide, DYE-3 was an ice core site and one of four Distant Early task of collecting ice core and extreme sports tourism DYE station’s heroic mega are there spatial hybrids that 1 Warning (DEW) line stations built in Greenland by US samples for analysis. Drilling market, the Sermersuaq ice structures are representative embrace both? There could To military. To DYE4 stations, together with DEW sheet will play a central role in of the large-scale technological also be other typologies of ice DYE2 Line stations, weather and hosting these new activities. architectures of the late 1950s infrastructure yet to emerge. climate analysis stations, and and early 1960s through such For example, the ice sheet’s 7 7 temporary research camps have provocations as those by status as an iceberg calving To system should be acknowledged generated a network of manned Buckminster Fuller or Archigram. Runway Ice movement speed and unmanned structures Camp Century, instead, and possibly even managed. 200 ft/yr 650 ft/yr engaged with and reliant on the preferred the hermetically The radical conditions of the ice 2/3 mile/yr
Greenland ice sheet. planned urban systems similar sheet challenge conventional m 5 10 20 30 40 to those found in Hilberseimer’s architectural tendencies, “The New City” of 1944. However, forcing a resilient, even pliant the 1989 establishment of architecture that maintains Summit Skiway Summit Camp eludes any easy a loose relationship with its
classification, but maintains an ground. As politics and military 3 2 American pragmatism through occupation soften, the future of Tent City 1989-present its infrastructural clustering of occupying Sermersuaq points 5 Summit Camp mini-sectors. Each typology also toward recreation and next- 1 presents a perceived critique level geo-science, demanding 7 3,216 meters above sea level of architecture’s relationship an architecture that moves, 4 to the exterior environment. responds and coexists with and 6 Summit Camp is a year-round research station on the apex of DYE-2 and DYE-3 had its lattice- within this extreme climate and the Greenland Ice Sheet. The population of the station is context. like piles that unexpectedly 4 typically five in wintertime, and has peaked at 55 in the and unevenly sunk in response summer. to footing settlement and 1 ice movement. In a 1988 Research / Image Credits: assessment, the DYE stations Mason White, Lola Sheppard, Ali Fard, Dorin Baul. All drawings courtesy of Lateral Office / Toronto, were estimated to move across Canada. the ice an astonishing 40 to 50
feet per year. Camp Century’s Ice movement speed impressive network of some 200 ft/yr 650 ft/yr 2/3 mile/yr twenty-five ice trenches m (thus its codename “Project 15 30 60 90 120 MI Iceworm”), also revealed the gra 1. Living Quarters | 2. Fuel Storage | 3. Cargo | 4. Generator | 5. Waste & Sewage | 6. Greenhouse | 7. Communication Camp Location Outlet Glacier tING 130 6 8 12 11 14 16 22 26 28 34 38 40 44 50 52 54 58 60 64 68 70 72 74 78 80 82 88 92 108 110 114 115 116 120 124 126 134 146 148 150 152 154 156 160 168 170 174 178 190 192 196 200 204 208 216 220 224 228 230 232 244 246 258 258 The globe as common ground – From anThropocene To anThropocieTy! by Kent Martinussen greenland belongs To all greenlanders – all ground is common ground by MiniK rosing crediTs map oF greenland map oF The world FuTure norTh 2050 interview: lawrence c. smiTh infographic: hisTorical Timeline organizing introduction by MiniK rosing why is Transparency greenland necessary? an interview with anders meilvang and anne meTTe chrisTiansen common knowledge a conversation with michael hardT independenT From whom? by boris brorMan jensen how i meT The presidenT oF inaTsisarTuT by boris brorMan jensen human righTs by peter sutton infographic: greenland and alcohol infographic: demographic greenland inner landscapes by aMalia lynge pedersen dk–gl relaTions an interview with kirsTen ThisTed arcTico an interview with rolF Tamnes selF governance – auTonomy and originaliTy: who are The greenlanders? an interview with Jens dahl infographic: economy and The greenlandic shark as an exporT connecTing introduction by MiniK rosing language poliTics interview: ivalu søvndahl peTersen infographic: greenlandic language so close —so Far aparT interview: asii chemniTz narup sisimiuT seen From Facebook by frida foberg and Mie dinesen (aarch) greenland moTher cloud by Matthew jull and leena cho From cold war To arcTic baTTle? interview: klavs a. holm project: greenland connecTing migraTing introduction by MiniK rosing poinTs oF view by susan carruth infographic: occupaTion in greenland infographic: migraTion in greenland human perFormance, comForT and saFeTy in The cold by øystein nordruM wiggen and hilde færeviK aT The edge oF The world interview: børge ousland infographic: Tourism some recenT sTraTa oF sermersuaq: liFe on The world’s second largesT ice sheeT by Mason white project: greenland migraTing culTivaTing introduction by MiniK rosing The power oF imaginaTion by MiniK rosing why socieTies collapse by jared diaMond green(peace)land — To greenpeace on greenland by conditions organized by naTure, envisioning greenland: conTesTed naTureculTures in The making by carina ren exhibiTing greenland by david winfield norMan greenland as The avanT-garde oF posT-carbon and posT-growTh economies? by julia Martin infographic: growTh in greenland Fragile gianT, discussing greenland’s land value by alice labadini & barbara elisabeth ascher, illustrated by franz walter infographic: Farming project: greenland culTivaTing inhabiTing introduction by MiniK rosing organizing hope an interview with simon simonsen, asii chemniTz narup and hermann berThelsen armelle caron maps oF nuuk, sisimiuT and iTToqqorToormiiT by tina harrington, siv bøttcher, boris brorMan jensen and MiniK rosing liFe aT The edge oF The world by MiniK rosing infographic: archiTecTural Timeline land adminisTraTion in greenland by thoMas riis block p – The greenlandic selF-image by MiniK rosing housing For healTh, healThabiTaT, ausTralia by paul phoures The aesTheTics oF necessiTy by joar nango an indeFiniTe dynamic landscape by boris brorMan jensen, alexandra b. Madirazza and sanne y. søndergaard (aarch) infographic: greenlandic seasons project: greenland inhabiTing postscript move on! an interview with olaFur eliasson colophon abouT This publicaTion editorial
Hans Tausen (1975-76) 1,500
NEEM Camp (2009-present)
[ Station North ]
Qaanaaq Camp Century (1961-63)
[ North/South ]
2,500
[ Dronning Louise Land ]
NGRIP (1999-03) [ Thule ] North Site (1972)
[ EGS 1 ]
[ EGS 2 ] North Central (1972) 3,000
Upernavik Summit Camp (1989-present)
Renland [ Petermanns ] (1985) Eismitte Station Jarl-Jost Crete (1959-1967) (1930-31) (72-74, 84-85) Ittoqqortoormiit Qaarsut ETH/CU Camp Milcent [ EGIG 1959-1967 ] [ Scoreby Sound ] (1990-present) (1973) Centrale [ Paul Stern Land ] (1959-1967) Camp III Qeqertarsuaq (1977-78) Ilulissat pop. 4500 [ Watkins ] Aasiaat pop. 3000 Camp VI Kangaatsiaq (1950-51)
[ Greenland Crossing ] Sisimiut pop. 5500 [ L’atitude Crossing ] GRIP2 DYE-1 (1989-93) (1955-88) Kangaamiut DYE-2 (1955-90) DYE-4 Maniitsoq (1960-91) [ Standard ] pop. 2800 DYE-3 (1960-90) Kulusuk
Camp Century was a nuclear powered research center built by the Nuuk US Army Corps of Engineers. The camp was evacuated in 1966. Capital [ Nansen ] Movements in the ice sheet made the trenches difficult to pop. 18 000 airport maintain. major towns unmaned stations manned stations (camps) trails & routes
Paamiut [ Thule ] [ North/South ] 0 250 500
Ivittuut
Qaqortoq pop. 3300 Diagrammatic Cross Section of Greenland Nanortalik with relative location of station types DYE-2 station was constructed in 1955. The building was lifted as Summit Camp much as 8.2 meters on several occasions due to moving/rising ice 3000m and snow, until it was finally abandoned in 1990. DYE-3 2000m Camp Century 1000m
0m Underlying rock West East 250km “Big House” at Summit Station is the main building in the station MI and houses dining and recreational areas for the staff as well as kitchen and offices. gra tING