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Proquest Dissertations UNIVERSITY OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND Caribbean Small Island State Security And United States Hegemony in the Caribbean Region By Roger Baird A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Arts, In partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Degree of Masters of Arts in Island Studies CHARLOTTETOWN, PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND May 2011 ©Roger Baird 2011 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 OttawaONK1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre r6f6rence ISBN: 978-0-494-82236-4 Our file Notra r6f6rence ISBN: 978-0-494-82236-4 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extra its substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1*1 Canada SIGNATURE PAGE REMOVED 3 Acknowledgements Completing a thesis is a challenge. Thanking all those who contributed to my journey is an even greater one. I am grateful to everyone, too numerous to mention individually, who had a role in my thesis. There are a few people, however, that I must thank personally. I would probably still be pondering over the direction of my thesis if I would not have found my way back to Dr. Barry Bartmann's office. Not only has he been my supervisor and mentor, but ever the consummate gentleman. Dr. Bartmann's intellect and inspiration have been a source of sound guidance, learning and support to me for many years. Dr. Henry Srebrnik and Dr. Paul Sutton, my internal and external thesis committee members, to whom I am deeply indebted for their direction, assistance, time and good nature. Scott Burke, who's unwavering, friendship, encouragement, time, incredible command of the English language and comments on endless drafts have been pivotal in my thesis journey. The Faculty of Arts, especially Dean Richard Kurial, and everyone involved with the Master of Arts in Island Studies for your professionalism, collegiality, and support. University of Prince Edward Island Robertson Library staff, for their assistance and resourcefulness over the years in assisting me find even the rarest of books. Colleagues and friends who believed in me, thank you for being there for me. Thank you to my entire family for your love, and support. Above all, I thank my wife, Crystal, who has stood by me and encouraged me constantly. 4 Abstract The emergence of Caribbean small island states (SIS) through the 'demonstration effect' has resulted in even some of the smallest Caribbean islands achieving sovereignty. Past conventional security threats, such as the 1983 coup and intervention in Grenada, have resulted in the US Commonwealth Caribbean relations being interpreted in the context of US hegemony. Such an interpretation has been pejoratively interpreted as being negative, and therefore having a negative impact on Commonwealth Caribbean SIS. However, increasing recognition of unconventional security threats in the Caribbean (such as drug trafficking, illegal immigration, money laundering and gun smuggling) have led to the direct and indirect involvement of the United States (US) in the region's security agenda through increased regional cooperation. Despite negative connotations of US hegemony in the Commonwealth Caribbean, the US role in Commonwealth Caribbean SIS security can be considered that of a mentor state. This thesis will argue pejorative negative interpretations of US hegemony, in the context of the 1983 US invasion of Grenada, to assert that non-conventional threats are the predominant security threat to Commonwealth Caribbean SIS. Table of Contents List of Tables 9 List of Maps 10 Chapter 1 The Emergence of Small Island Developing States 11 The Need for the Study 30 Hypothesis 32 Methodology Used to Determine Findings 32 Descriptions of Proposed Chapters in Thesis 34 Chapter 2 Small Island States and the Commonwealth Caribbean 36 History of Small States in the International Community 38 The Congress of Europe 38 The Hague Conferences - Departure from the Great Power System 40 WWI and the Paris Peace Conference 42 The League of Nations 44 The Montevideo Convention and the Concept of Statehood 48 Small States in the Inter-War Years 49 From the League of Nations to the UN - The Question of Small state Viability 50 Small State Size 55 United Nations Resolutions 1514 and 1541 and the Emergence of Very Small States 56 UN Report on Small States 60 The Demonstration Effect 63 Further Recognition of Islands 64 The Vulnerability of Small Island States 65 Conventional Security Concerns: 67 Falklands 67 Grenada 68 6 Microstate Vulnerability Literature - Mid 1980's 71 Microstate Conventional Security threats in the 1990's 76 Non-Conventional Security Threats in the 1990's 77 The Issue of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Vulnerability 80 Literature Review Summary/Conclusion 87 Chapter 3 - The Role of the US in the Commonwealth Caribbean 89 The US in the Commonwealth Caribbean and Latin America 90 US Foreign Policy in the Americas and the Caribbean 95 Venezuela and Guyana - The U.S. Relationship and Olney Declaration (1895) 97 Guatemala and Belize - US Relationship 98 Monarchism versus Republicanism and the Organization of American States (OAS) 101 The Falkland Islands War 103 Grenada 105 The Shift in US Foreign Policy and the New Right 109 International Response to the Invasion 110 US Hegemony versus US Power Asymmetry 111 US Caribbean Power Asymmetry 113 The Commonwealth Caribbean and Closer Ties to the United States 114 Secondary Roles in the Caribbean 120 The Impact of the US Invasion of Grenada on Small Island State Concerns 122 Chapter 4 - Small Island State Security and Non-Conventional Security Threats 123 Non- Conventional Security Threats: 127 Drugs 127 Gun Running/ Arms Trafficking 130 Money Laundering 133 Illegal Migration/Undocumented Migration 135 The Impact of Non-Conventional Security Threats 137 Current Atmosphere of Non-Conventional Security Threats in the Commonwealth Caribbean 138 The Bahamas 139 Saint Lucia 141 The Environment as a Non-conventional Security Threat 143 Chapter 5 - Commonwealth Caribbean Regional and International Cooperation and Integration 149 Commonwealth Caribbean Regional Cooperation 150 CARIFTA 152 CARICOM 152 The Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) 154 Regional Security System 156 Organization of American States 159 U.S. Cooperation and Role in Commonwealth Caribbean 162 U.S. Intelligence and Detection Contributions to Caribbean Security 166 US Third Border Initiative 169 U.S. Role/Contribution to the Political Economy of Caribbean Small Island States 170 Migration Aid and Bureaucracy (MIRAB) 170 People considerations affecting citizenship, residence and employment rights (P); Resource management (R); Overseas engagement and ultra-national recognition (O); Finance (F) and Transportation (T) (PROFIT) 171 Small Island Tourist Economies (SITE'S) 172 8 The Impact of U.S./Caribbean Cooperation 173 Chapter 6 - Conclusions 174 Bibliography 183 9 List of Tables Table 1: List of Sovereign Small Island States in the International System 14 Table 2: List of Commonwealth Caribbean Small Island States 27 Table 3: South Pacific Small Island States 28 Table 4: Indian Ocean Small Island States 28 Table 5: The Commonwealth Caribbean versus Latin America 91 Table 6: OAS Member States 94 Table 7: Economic/ Development Assistance to Selected CARICOM States and to The Eastern Caribbean (millions of dollars). 116 Table 8: U.S. Security Assistance in the CARICOM Region (millions of dollars) 117 Table 9: U.S. Foreign Assistance to the Caribbean, 2002-2007 (U.S. $ millions) 119 Table 10: Drug Seizures in Commonwealth SIS 2007 - 2010 129 Table 11: Commonwealth Caribbean Transnational Security Concerns 138 Table 12: Eastern Caribbean Environmental Disasters from 1970 - 2002 144 Table 13: OAS Countries and Year of Signature/Entry to the Rio Treaty 160 Table 14: U.S. Bilateral Counterdrug Agreements as of August 1997 163 Table 15: Commonwealth Caribbean radar capability in 1994 167 Table 16: Commonwealth Caribbean radar capability in 1995 167
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