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The Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Monitor is not an official document and has been reproduced without formal editing. Opinions expressed in it do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). Mention of the names of firms and commercial products does not imply an endorsement by UNIDO. Copyrighted material reproduced in these pages may be quoted only with permission of the journals concerned. Other material may be quoted or reproduced without further permission. Due acknowledgement is requested.

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i ! C r s | s n u c í , HEUS MD OTHER ETERIS 1 Finland 13 CHIPO I m 1 HASH technique 1} US fin licenses eystm to International C aen for Genetic Finnish conpeny 13 Engineering and Biotechnology t France 13 UH and other organ i rat i ooa * news 2 Panel set up to raview proposals 13 Obsolete policies hanper davelopuaut of Public BAD funding for biotechnology IS Asian linstock 2 France boosts AIDS research funding 14 ’Benign neglect* stunts growth of vegetable industry 2 Cenns Deuocrstic Republic 14 liogaa peasants bright hops for fuel- starved Asia 3 COR researchers produce ADS aooo- Asia naads technologies to convert cloaal antibodies 14 fan residues into cheap energy 4 ■angary 14 Regulatory issues 5 ■angary sad Japan sign ngreenent Rev OS biotechnology regulations in for lysine plant 14 first trial 3 The nan OS drug export Ian 3 India is General Centre for Advsnrsnent of Biotechnology lb Indis considers establishing AlDo •ionedical grants for international study 3 institute 17 Donation for drug research 3 Raw research centre established 17 Bettelle offers nulti-cliant bio- egnipmut study 3 Japan 17 Top scientists predict future drug advance 4 Hew stody on biotechnology scale-up 0 Japanese biotechnology budget Gene hanks for preservation of plants 4 increases IS per cent; up for Inaction over species loss decried at fourth straight year 17 IMS nesting 0 ■epstitis B vaccine IB Biotechnology fine report lasses 8 Japanese link on biochip RAO IB Prognosis on biotechnology sales B Japan plans to sequence bunan genone IB World Resources Institute sees Bioelectronics 18 positive role for biotaciwology Laser besas to cut BRA selectively IB in the third world 9 Monocloosls detect plant viruses IB The International Scientific Canittae Coaaetic* conpeny tu uaaufacture drugs IB for Biotechnology (COBI0IECH) 9 Scientists seek crops to help feed Sweden 19 the world’s hungry 9 The effect of AIDS on Europe 10 Proposal to develop Swedish Clinical resistance 11 biotechnology 19 Genes fron 10,000 Rordic plants preserved B. 0D0HTRT HEWS...... 12 for future generations 19 Australia 12 Uganda IT tr-MA Monitoriag Comities subaite report 12 Uganda sets to stsu epidemic 19 U Pai»od Einadoa in Report an intarnstii 1 werkshop 12 Programs continues on pro tain engineering ¿ 0 12 Row biotechnology contra 20 Covorms nt stadias ADS vaccine research. Ron tiesas culture plant in Revs Scotia 12 programe 20 Shell expends genetic angioeaiisg 12 activity 20 (►varsity news 20 Banish tsupaay boys into OS fin 12 mitad States of Auer ice 21 EEC 12 RSF prone tos cam work in Ihn reports on the inpact of bio­ biotechnology 21 technology within the EEC 12 'Ice-ninwa' field trial 21 EOS ERA cansartion posts first 19S7 EPA given first dots on bieengiaoered bie-invee masts 13 bacteria 21 Coa yule damns tret ion plan 21 Poderel Bsesbltc of Cqtusqt 13 FBA panel urges sales of anti-AIM drug 21 Biologicsl ameres programe sot up 21 Ge m study cells for laws 13 Synergen and Du Pont sign egresmnr 22 - 11 -

i ! C h w tH»ion of Switt Socialitt 1« pub Lie« 22 tmnl 33 CattU foMr 22 Modified encyne coaamicates directly vith necal electrodes 33 C. BESEARCB...... 22 D. AFPL1CATI0VS 34 >MMrdi on twiasn T O M 22 Fharnsceocical and nedical applications 34 litoqitiu crovilink DM Co fight caacor 22 Hev cell technology techaiqoe 34 Ckaotktnn miitmct 22 Bevel glycoproteiaase 34 Coafattri graphics nati ia Coating for Alpha-tbalasaaania screeaiag test 34 carcinogcneity 23 Better treatneat for thalassaenia? 34 Rcaearch links cancer and horuooa receptor 23 Too conpaaies collaborate to study Caacer rrsoraal hornoaoa 24 nervous systen 33 Toning aatibodies into cacalyata 24 Lilly geta approval for growth boraoae 33 Cctaa clones nap oaaync 24 Sonitoao develops eaotonin Hab 3b CTO in clinical Crialo 24 Hew DM probes 3b Coae link fourd for Cne aajor nanCal Q-fever antigen available 3b disorders 23 BTD Isaachas gene-probe test 3b Cana synchoaia aids aCady of cytochrana 26 Toooor necrosis factor as obesity­ Rascalar dyatropky 24 curbing agent Jb Blood vessel prnce-'a leads co a Caacer drug deal J7 partnerskip 27 Treatncat for septic shock 37 ferrying drags across the Hood-Praia Crouch factors night speed hesliag 37 barrier 27 Merck brings roconbiaaat hepatitis a Scieacists oacaaaeueer a parasice 27 vaccine to narfcat 37 ■esea -cfc iaca dental cavicy vaccina 27 Drag noaitor 37 ■ansa ganons project 2B Mew iaaslia process 37 Three asv reports oa AIDS 26 lanuasa starts Gncsf trials 3« Colon not Cons the AIM vins 25 Biogen licenses 1VB 38 AIDS drag approved, vaccine tested 29 Froaisiag sebisophrenia drag developed 38 leccnbiaant backbone fragneat of KfLV-IIl fanatically engineered protein A vins triggers i n ns systen 29 available 38 AOk antibodies foend ia plasas 29 Cone-spliced factor nil products 38 Joint RAD angiogenesis venture 38 tesesrefa on aniosl traes 29 Hunan aad aniosl homooes agreenent 39 Blood protein agreenent 39 Sane therapy cores nice of shivering by Bacterial antigen kit 39 restoring aye1in sequence 29 Treatment for sickle cell aaaeaia 39 Cena therapy restores noose fertility 29 Products that detect arthritis aad caacer 39 Natal-binding protein stodied 30 Bright asrket outlook seen for Felina 6IM viras identified 30 usoodooal antibodies as diagnostic iasgiag agents 39 fa««»«* on slant senes 30 AIDS; neither prevention nor cure 40 The search for an AIDS therapy 40 Breakthroogb in genetic eagraae-isg AIDS drug trials start ia Europe 41 of cotton JO AIDS therapy gets FDA approval« 42 A gsaa to break down a herbicide cloaed 30 Two new AIDS virus detectioa kits 42 Bice resesrch 30 Variant AIDS kit to French narksc 42 ■e.-bieide-’resietaac coMsrcial tobacco 30 Belgian« soccsad ia herbicide nsistaace 30 Livestock applications 42 Fina ngenerated via sonstic aabryogenesis 31 Aaiasl vaccines 42 Marker foand for gone traasfjr Vaccine against equine colic 42 ts noaocats 31 New African swine fever test *2 Mrole nanocot plant with altered genes Monoclonal dipstick for folias virus 42 grown 31 Bsw grovth-prsaotiag agent being tested 43 Research on bacterial «anos 32 Agricultural asslicatisos 43 FcadaJt of Bg-rssietance gene Pilot plant co produce aaaatodos 43 identified 32 Plant growth regulators slow co asks iapact 43 Bnossrch instrunca tation 32 Insect resistance co pesticides is growing probles 43 Bow silver stein kit 32 Microbes to tackle plant diseaee 44 Optical probos for bieaolaculs detection 32 Deliberate release proposal 46 Brosss conjugated antibodies offered 32 Bow grass breeding technique 46 Tenisolagisal testing and dreg screening with the aid of SCN 32 Pood production and processing 46 lerspsrcss nanbranss 32 FTI1 ia fesuaetation process control 32 Milk cencaacrscioa by osnosis *• Digital iaaging aids ebronsssns Custonising lipasss for industrial analysis 33 pftttMing *• - iii -

Patt Patt Salmonella detection 46 Biouese: International Directory of Iaprovcd cheese ripening proceaa Coupantes. Products. Processes 6 4tftlopt4 67 Equipment S2 The Ceae-Splicing Wars: Inflections on Energy a»J tatirnnatntal application« 47 the Recombinant DMA Controversy S2 Biotechnology: Strategies tor Life aJ Batwral cleaatra 47 Cenetic Eagineering hewn lists nolecular Bactaria engineered to degrade organic ailliooaires 3J poilataat 47 Microbial database >1 Haaca w u < traataaat 47 TtEIBAM offers preview of akS research M A batter fungus to raaoat heavy aatala 47 Hewlett-Packard*a anaerobic library tor Microbes melt Japan*a snow 47 automated microbial identification Microbial oast* robber digester 47 system S3 Electronic networks for biotechnology S3 Industrial microbiology 47 Computer-aided nolecular design and enzyme engineering proceedings S4 Me» industrial enzymes 67 Cenetic codes dictionary 34 Fructose fron cellalose 61 Mew database for AIDS research 3a Comsunicate quickly with colleagues Indoetrisl eeai— ant 4i all ever the world 54 Probleus of information nanagement Swedish company to deralop aev bioaeasors 41 in agriculture 54 Mew litaratore anaouaraaant: laproaed tissue culture results with CCM *• C. HEETIMCS...... 56 Feruaatatiou plant 4P I. BEPEIRED ARTICLES...... 39 E. PATERS AM» IMTELLECIUAL PEOPEEXT ISSUES 49 Seeds of struggle: the geopolitics of PEC studies reform of biotechnology genetic resources 59 patent law 49 Final acttleneat of patent rights for The fourth resource bU ADS diagnostic test 49 Ceruplasm and genetic vulnerability bl Bybritech now sues Abbott laboratories 49 Controversy erupts bl Applied Biosystems, University Pstents A new interzational arrangement M and Biosearch settle differences 49 European Patent Office to revoke Beyond the groen re olution: Biogen's Interferon patent SO new approaches for tuird world Collaborative Besaarch receives agriculture os clooed-reunin patent SO Inventor of all-year edible oyster Productivity reconsiderad seeks reversal of Patent Office Beyond the Creen Revolución 6b turn-down SO kediscovering tradicional sgriculture bB Toward approprisce biotechnology 70 F. BIO-IMPDBMATICS SO Bssesrcb for sustainable agricultura 72 Mew journal on molecular simulation debuts SO Motes 73 European biotechnology equipment market Co reach 12.5 billion by 1993 SO Third world and biotechnology 7S Biotechnology directory with weekly npdatea S' BiotecI oology, food and hanger 75 BCC foresees increased protein drug Potential impacts of biotechnology sales in US by 1990 SI on developing countries «6 Biotechnology: The University-Industrial Policy and strategy options for Complex SI developing countries 76 Biotechnology research is US federal 1. Access, privatisation, dependency 76 agencies 52 2. E6D priority setting in biotechnology 77 US biotechnology regulations 32 3. Proprietisetioo of biotechnology 77 Scrip Healthcare Biocachnology Company 4. Displacement of third world products 77 Profiles 52 5. Biotechnology and the poor 77 Free AS1M publications catalogue 6. information systems on biotechnology 77 available 32 Challenges and fallacies 77 - 1 -

A. POLICY, BS» AHO OTHER EVIUTS Algeria nitrogen fixation Argentina trypan«one* OU IDO tew« China agricultural planta and hepatitis B vaccine Cuba genetic tranaformation of Grsminaceae International C«Btrt for genetic Engineering and Egypt plant cell culture and propagation biotechnology Nigeria hepatitis B vaccine, plant pathogens and malaria chemotherapy The initial progress in atarting up the Venezuela Chagas disease, nalaria. schistosomiasis. International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Leishmaniasis, and nitrogen fiaation Biotechnology (ICCEB) was presented to the press at a gene engineering, plant cell and pollen recent UlilDO Fonaa. a nonthly TV feature, by three key propogation. figures who were instrumental in creating it * Ambassador 1.1. Taylhardat, Permanent Representative of Regarding funds for the Centre itself, latest Venesnela to the OB Organizations in Ccneva and Chairman figures presented to the Preparatory Coamittee indicated •f the ICCEB Preparatory Committee; Aaanda Chakrabarty, sufficient resources for the interim three-year Professor of Microbiology and Immunology at the orograssse. Fuads were nade available through a University of Illinois and Chairman of the ICCEB Panel tlQ nillioe contribution of the Government of Italy, of Scientific Advisers; and Erishnaswsmy Vcnkataranan, with an additional Lire 10 billion lappr. 17 million) Senior Technical Adviser in the UHIDO Oeaprtment for provided by the Research Area of Trieste. The Industrial Promotion, Consultations and Technology. Government of India had contributed in kind to the value of 117 million and made a convertible contribution ot OMIDO is assisting the ICCEB member countries in around 1300,000. Contributions had also been received establishing tha Centre and is currently implementing from Argentina and Panama; China, Euwait, Venezuela ana the interim programme. After ratification of the Yugoslavia bad indicated forthcoming contrzhwtzons. statutes by a minimum of 24 countries, it should function as an autonomous intergovernmental The purpose ot the Centre was twofold - training organisation. To date, 13 of 39 States have ratified: and industrial promotion. Developing countries had to Algeria, Bhutan, Bulgaria, Cuba, Egypt, Hungary, India, have people who knew how to apply genetic engineering Iraq, Euwait. Panama, Sanegal, Venezuela and Tugoslavia. technology to manufacture products that would be unique to their own countries and using the resources of those In this start-up period, the Director, countries. At the same tine, it was necessary to Irwin C. Gunsalue. *rofessor of Biochemistry at the sensitise developing countries' industries to the need University of Illinois, was responsible to the ICCEB to produce genetically engineered products and compete Preparatory Coamittee, on which all member countries in world markets. This would require a nucleus nl were represented. Once the centre was legally people capable and experienced in the methodology and established, tha Comsittee would be replaced by a Board applications of genetic engineering technology. of Governors. The Panel of Scientific Advisers would also continue to advise the Board, the Director and the The Centre wss not in the business of making money Heads of Components. A Forum of Scientists would be by selling products, but rather its business was convened to aid further elaboration of a five-year training people and doing research and development. If programs of co-operation in research with member certain unique products resulted from the BAD, then countries. the patents for chose products would be licensed to the member countries to exploit in ways they deemed suitable. The Trieste component, headed by Professor Arturo Palaschi, is actively recruiting support staff Formal training at the two components would begin and the first 900 sq. n building will be in operation in 1987 with short-term (three to eight week) courses, this sumssr. Additional facilities would be ready by workshops and conferences. Hhere appropriate, training mid-1989. Trieste in the start-up phase would comprise would also begin in noorICGEB institutions. three resesreb groups: on DBA replication, virology, and biomass conversion and upgrading. The prograame in Hew Delhi would support agriculture, and human^aad aa.nal health. The etfort to Triases would also work with the Centre’s obtain high-yield plant varieties wow'd include affiliated bodies in their areas of special interest; cytoplasmic male sterility studies, potential homicide and pesticide resistance and plant protein quality Algeria vaccines, diagnostics, monoclonal antibodies investigations of sswranthua. an important crop in and enzyme engineering developing countries. Hitrogsn fixation, a Argentina vaccines, diagnostics, monoclonal critical problem throughout the world, would emphasize antibodies, cellulose waste end enzyme studies of alow-growing Rhizobium strains associated engineering with legumes grown in developing countries. Bulgaria vaccines, diagnostics, monoclonal antibodies and enzyns engineering The health fiald at Haw Delhi would focus on two Chile lignocellulose waste, netsl leaching and areas: malaria and hepatitis - with emphasis on food fermentai is vaccines critical to diverse problems of developing Cuba vaccines, diagnostics, cellulose waste sad countries. The malaria parasite provided an example of ensyme engineering several life-cycle stages with antigenic differences and Greece vaccines, diagnostics, monoclonal antibodies chus potentially interruptable by a series of vsccines. and enzyme engineering The antigenic variety among hepatitis viruses would Higeria vaccines, diagnostics, monoclonal antibodies require screening within the developing countries. and ensyme engineering Senegal vaccines and diagnostics In Trieste a parallel progress of industrial Venezuela vsccines, monocloos1 antibodies and applications of biotechnology would investigac* typical diagnostics viral diseases in developing countries. Human papilloma Yugoslavia monoclonal antibodies virus (a sin case of gsnitsl cancer death in warn especially in Africa) and rotaviruses (representing a New Delhi, headed by Professor K.E. Tewari, had an fsily of ENA-based viruses, and a sin case of intent approsimataly 1,200 sq. n interim facility at the srtality in tropical arsas) vers tsrgstsd as important National Institute of Isuaology; additional specs was probl'is. The studies would combine call and slecular being made available is Jawsharlal Nehru University’s biolcgy sthodologies with slecular studies on s u m s biology building. In the early phases, the work was UN* repl test ion, and isunologicsl sad pharmacological planned to be organised in throe groups - covering plant approaches. biology, malaria and hepatitis. A microbiological approach - including Affiliated centres working with Hew Delhi worn; fsruaatation, biochemistry and genetics - would be taken to lignocellulose degradation - a poaaibl* new source of Samoa, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tonga and food, feedstocks and cheoical intermediates, do excess Viet ham. of lignocellulose feedstock* was leas than optimally used and occurred in many developing countries. Both Despite the production gains livestock pure cellulose and lignin by-products were scarce and contributed a shrinking share of the calories could be of enhanced use and economic value, it was that nakc up the diets of people. pointed out. Ideally, livestock products should provide et least A protein engineering group would orient the lu per cent of the calorie intake, but data, stodies of both che htasan health and the microbiological painatakingly compiled by the Fmu tor tl countries ot efforts. Asia sod the tacific shows that in the early 197us, livestock provides only o per cent ot tne calories. Trieste would also develop the industrial This baa now dropped to 9.0 par cant. application* of research result* cananating froa both the New Delhi and Trieste component* - including "Although not substantial, this decrease is on production of diagnostics, and new and traditional undesirable trend in the region," e Fill study notes. vaccines and drugs in small- and medium-scale industries "Ibe proportion of calories from animal products in of impo-tance to developing countries. noet of the developing countries is already low, in comparison with the developed csentries of the Other activities of ON IDO in the field of region." biotechnology are continuing. There will be a workshop on Protein Structure to Protein Engineering to be held A Japans sc, for example, draws 30 per cent of at Trieste froa 21 to 25 March INS, and another on calories from meat and other forme of livestock Molecular Biology of Photosynthesis to be held in products. This percentage falls to only 2 per cast far New Delhi in July or August 1MB. lbs other workshops on Indonesian. arc foreseen for 19BS, one in Cuba and another in Saudi Arabia. More information on these two workshops An appreciable inprnu»uast occurred in the will be supplied in later issues of the Monitor. availability of milk and milk pro ducts. It twee from 23 per cent to 26 par cant through bee production or DM and other organisation*' news import. Indians and Malaysians appeared to have substantially increased their intake ef milk. Obsolete policies ’ snsar development of Asion livestock Ibe production figures for milk are cbeertel - and misleading. It is true production increased by Asian governments are under pressure to streamline 3.A per cent. This outpaces the l.e per cent rate sec obsolete livestock policies as tbs sheer nunber of for the rest ot the world. However, sola’s shore ot people, rapidly changing dints and incense push the nilk production is miniscule. It produces only demand for neat, sulk and eggs ahead of limitad supplies. lb per cent ef the worle’s milk. "The projects«' output of nest, milk and eggs would Delegates Co the FAD nesting observes that many not cans close to nesting the dsmsnd for these products countries hava not, ss yet, written sat comprehensive by 1990," esperte from 13 Asian and Pacific countries price policies for major livestock product*. This concluded at a recent nesting of the United Nations Food policy vscuuu persists despite widespread recognition of and Agriculture Organisation (PAO). They added: "By the need for price policy nechenieme in thasa cwmtrica. the year 2000, tb* supply-demand imbalances could be even worse, particularly in milk or neat." The experts also stressed that prices for agricultural and livestock products hove an impact on The PAO organised che week-long consultation in government efforts to alleviate poverty and reduce Bangkok. It sought to examine how price policies and nalnutritioo. Hence, price policy should not be ocher measures could help close the gap. it is s tough considered on s fragmented ad hoc basis, as far too nany job, delegates admittad. Although fertility rater have government* do today. (Source: Agricultural started to decline all over Asia, the region has a Information Development “Bulletin, massive population baa*. ’Benign neglect* stunts growth of vegetable industry Complicating t:s task is the grim fact that over 300 millien mwn, semen and children remain ill-fed, Despite an upswing in vegetable output in Asia and while the um’eniable progress achieved in livestock the Pacific, over 300 million men, wonen and children production over the past decade nssks wide disparities remain ill-fed. Hence, many goveranents sea vegetables in tbs industry. as a practical means to curb the ravage* of malnutrition. But bow to accomplish this still remain* Prior to the 1950s, nost Asian livestock were s big question mark. raised under a primitive scavenger system. It was adaguat* only for rubsisranea consumption. However, Why are many nsian farmers able to coax only nine production eurgri as modern technology began to flew tons or so of potatoes iron a hectare of lane? In in. Main feature* of today’s livestock scene, as notes contrast, nearby agricultural scnools often nerve*t up by the experta, were: to o5 tens from their experimental plot*. Total neat production for the 27 FAO Why do yield* in major vegetables, lisa cabbage, nenbar-couucria* in the region grew et very so widely? The Republic if Koras reaps 39 ton* of 5.B per cent over the last decade. It lost some cabbage-head* from * hectare, but Thailand ia bard put neme’.tern recently and dropped to 1.1 per cent. to raia* five tan*. The slowdown wo* most narked in tbs advanced countries. And why i* the production of root crops - *o vital for improving the diet* of the poor - locked into . Such growth permitted the region to be a net stagnation! exporter of aeat. These exporte are largely due to production gains in countries such a* These questions bother countrif• seeking to boost Australia, Rev Zealand or Thailand. Legging vegetable production. Despite recant bumper harvests in production forced 12 out of 2b cowstrie* to certain, over 300 million men, women end children in import er&r-lsrger shipment* of meat. The Asia remain ill-fed. Hence, many governments see importer* were Cook Islands, Laos, Malaysia, vegetable* a* a practical usaoa to curb the ravages ef Fiji, Pakistan, Papua New Cuines, Philippi**», malnutrition. - 3 -

To crack seat of the answers. tho week-long netting aaia aad Pacific countries lack appropriate at Cha FAO regional office ac lat|kak fowod. suong other vegetable breeding facilities at che national level. Che thioia, that: report added. Several international institutions like the International Crops Institute for Scai-arid Tropics . Vexetable production in Aaie and the Pacific to have beca developing proaislag varieties. oe the upiwmi. The atatistica are atill patchy, bet there ia enough data to show that “But their effective adoption to suit local output of «egetablea (urged fron 1*3 Billion agro-ecological condiciona is often weak. Introduced tone in 1975 to 19* nillion toaa laat year. varieties soon succuab to local pests and diseases. Thia ia alaoot half (il per cent) the world's There are hardly any varieties which could be claiwed to production. be resiataat." . The retioB trow a rich and bewildering »ariety To break out of sluggish production, the experts of vegetables. They range fraai the rnaann called for urgent support to develop new varieties egg-plaat to apicy chilliea aad protein-rich adapted to tropical taaperatures with built-in eiag beaaa. resistance to disease. Arid upland fan* needed drought-tolerant varieties. ■at the overall ataciatica alao aaak the fact that ia aiae canatrica, population grouch oetatripped There is also need to produce, on aa urgent basis, vegetable prodectioa. The laggiag aiae were haagladeah, quality seeds of high yielding cultivar*. ■hetea, Borne, Deaocratic Kaapwchea, Fiji, ladoaeaia, Malaysia. Papea I n Cuiaea aad Thailand. There are, however, success stories that relieve this otherwise bleak situation. “la theaa aiae cooatriee, per capita production - aad aoat prebably availability - of vegetahlea declined Panera ia Sri Laaka aad the Philippines, tor betweea 1979 aad 19(5,“ the expert* said. exaaple, scored breakthroughs ia producing potatoes wnaer rice-based systeas. Thais successfully produces . Country »redactjoe differs widely, la 19**, the baby con. Chinese aad ladina horticulturists have ■epwillc of ¿arcs raised 22*.k kgs of vegatablas advanced technology for hybrid saea production. far every peraoa. gat (hataa could grow oaly 7.i kga. "A tech a ical corporative arraagsaent for sharing experiences of the countries would constitute a giant Chiae accooatad for 32 per ceat of the regioa'a step forward," FAO said. ISource: Agricultural oetpat by producing over 100 aillioa toaa, both frpa Information Davelopnant Bulletin. March 1917) large faraa aad hoaaehoId plots. India (*3 aillioa teas) aad Japaa (1* aillioa toaa) cast secoad sad Bio«** presents bright hop* for fuel-starved Asia third. Mongolia aad the People's Deaocratic t*public of Lao* appeared to have cha fastest expandiag vegetable Until the first oil crisis in 1973, the idea of prodectioa. alternative energy sources seeaed to aaay people aore a subject for leisurely intellectual Busing. It was . Averase yields of aost vegetables are far below stiaulatiag sad interesting but not really so relevant. potaatial. Japan aad New Zealand, for exsaple, practical and necessary. harvest 30 to *0 tons of toaatoes per hectare, ■at the average yield of coaaco faraa elsewhere Today, the so-called oon-coaveatioaal sources of ia oaly 15 tons. Australia harvested 27 tons of energy, especially renewable ones, are getting to be caaliflaasr per baccara to ay arad with eight tana aore conventional aad their use is spreading. The us* ia Iadia. of biogas is on* alternative energy idea iriiich is getting increasing attention in the Asia-Pacific “There is aapls scop* for iaprovieg yields," the region. The technology involves the use of aaiaal waste report of the FAO nesting noted. "Thar* are wide gaps for the producción of nethaae gas (through anaerobic batweea the yield of faraars' field* aad tbooa iron (oxygen-leas) tsracatatioa. experiaaatal plots of aatioasl rasaarch institutions. Aaiaal waste, ciialy ia the fora or cowduag cake, . Coan»tioo|>statisties_also_dis£l*Ttba_sjne has vean usad as fuel particularly by villagers ia India wide disparity. Koreans sad Mongolians aad Pakistan. However using vase* ic this fora is apparently coaaaa 225 kgs aad 210 kgs sack per consider*« wasteful as it burns valuable fertiliser year. Tbs lowest war* the (butanes* (• kgs) aad which could h*vo been used in fara production. ■angled*shia (1* kgs). Worldwide, the uac of livestock droppings as fuel "An senes 1 esnsmptioa of 125 kgs vegetables par is estiaatad to lower annual grain production by soaa parson is recomaaded," tho FAO nesting report noted. 20 aillioa coos, enough food to aiaiaelly nourish "Of che 2b countries, for which data was available, oaly 100 aillion peopl*. five net tho recanssadad levels of prodoctioa/coasanptioa." Thaso war* the Deaocratic ■iogas proaise* to aecC the daasad for both fuel People's Republic of Korea, tho Republic of Korea, end fertiliser. Tb* astraction uf aechan* gas iron Mongolia, Maw Zoalaad aad Japan. aaiaal waste* laavss a by-product - o thick slurry which can bs spread in the field* s* fertiliser. . An overall "benixn uaalact" blsahat stunts growth of tho vegetable sector, laeut the aajor extracting biegas froa Cha wastes does not lessen techaoliglcal constraint* identified by the the qualities of cha rasidua* as s good fertiliser. The experts ware lack of rasaarch, reflactsd ia cha slurry contain* tho basic iagrsdiants of escura1 liaitod noaboT of iaproved varieties; fertiliser, it aerate* tb* «oil, retard* tb* aoitcura iasufficiant supply of quality seed; high evaporation in dry weather, sustains life of vital incidence of posts, diseases and used*. aicro-orgsnisa* and buffers tha soil's acidity lavsl. Overburdened aad poorly-trained extension workers essentially a process if recycling waste, the fail tv 'aasunicat* technology to vegetable growers. bioga* technology siso asea* the safe disposal of vasts Post-harvest lot-as are also high. which can prsvaac the spread of disease* cao control pollution. It can help muíais* the destruction of "Raocarcb is tho backbone for all future forest* by oftariag an alternativo to woud as fuol. iaprovcasnt ia vagatabla crops," PaO said, "luc the funds an* personnel assigned to ragetable rasaarch are a Despite its great potential tor agricultural tbits fraceis* of these assigned co other fields." world rural areas, bioga* still has vary liaitsa - * -

application. The pioncara in this field an the two UNESCO also established in 1983 the Information countries with the world's largest populations - China Network on Mew and Renewable Energy Resources and and India. Technologies in Asia and the Pacific. UMEBTAP is a network designed to facilitate infornation exchange on India began work in thia field in the 193Us new and renewable sources of energy among although op to now the nunber of biogas digesters has noo-Coanonwealth countries in the Asia-Pacific region. not reached 100,000. This despite estinatcs by the Indian Manning Coanission that then are enough wastes It was set up in line with the goal or UNtSU/'e to operate 19 Billion faaily-sixa units in the country Energy Infornation Programme to establish a uorluwiae and 509,000 coaauaity plants. Installation of these network of institutions which will share ana use energy units will naan a 4* per cent drop in alactricty use, infornation particularly on new ana renawsole sources of IS per cent drop in the use of coal, and a saving of energy. 79 per cent of the firewood. IMMEsXaP, which when tully aevalopca is expected to In China, on the other hand, then are already nore serve lb countries, is complemented by the 19-nation than seven Billion biogas digeatera serving about Conoumwealch Regional Renewable Energy Resources 35 nillion people. The Chinese intend to increase the Infornation System (CRRERIS). (Source: Agricultural nunber of digesters 10 tines. Infornation Development Bulletin. March 1987) Member countries of the Association of South Cast Asia needs technologies to convert fern residues Asian Rations (ASSAM) have biogaa facilities in one form into cheap energy or another. The nanbsr countries an Brunei Darusaalan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapon and Asia has abundant supplies of fan residues, but Thailand. It is estinatcd that in the ASEAR countries lacks appropriate technologies to convert then into biogaa potential of livestock sad poultry wastes is low-coat energy to neat the fuel needs of peopla in the equivalent to 32,053 nillion barrels of oil. rural areas. In 1911, biogaa production in Singapore was about Efforts to devalop residue energy conversion (REC) 32.000 cubic natna a day. Thailand, by that tine, had technologies have ao far reached only the experimental installed non than *00 units aostly in the central and or pilot testing stags, according to a report issued by nwrthen parts of the country. Biogaa was nsinly the United Rations Econaaic and Social Co n iasion for linited to Thai nral villages and waa used primarily Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). The alow progress rasu ts for cooking and lighting. A few wen used for fron insufficient co-ordination between private and irrigation and electricity generation. public sectors, it noted. The Philippines' Maya Ferns pioneered in the The report said that in the uaia-Pacific region adoption of biogaa technology on an industrial scale, nost research in REC technologies have received little naking it Asia's largest biogaa establishment. Fourteen support from the private sector, which views invastnent 000-cubic-foot digesters and eight 120-cubic-fooc in than to be "risky and lass attractive", wn cue ocner digesters have been installed using dung fron band, "wnen private enterprises have developed suen 15.000 pigs. One 12B~cubic-foot digester alone can techno logic there has bean little input iron toe operate a Ab*horse power generator or 3* kilowatts research institutions," it added. capacity for four hours per day. Ihe report concaina the findings and There are problems however which prevent bir.gae recommendations of a four day nesting held last November f m being the overnight success which sane proponents organixed by ESCAP with financial support of tbs United erected it to be. Cultural resistance a sens tc- be a Nations Development Prograsss (UNDP). setback in India. The subcontinent has a large cactla population whose dung is node into foal cokes. Other Actended by energy experts fron 10 ESCAP countries, sources of non-conventiooal energy - such as rig and the nesting explored the use of agricultural wastes as hunsn wastes - present cultural barriers. low-cost energy sources to help reduce the region's dependency on oil inport and* at the sans tins, develop Rural Indonesians do not seen to find a need for its rural sector. biogas, as conventional forme of energy - like wood and keros «as - are cheap and readily available to nose of According to the report, the abundant agricultural than. residua supplias in rural Asia are converted, to a limited extent, into domestic fuel by law-incona Coat appears to be a nrjor factor in the households and industrial raw naterisls. Malaysians' lack of aathusiaan for biogas. The installation coot doss not naks biogaa appealing to China, said the report, produces some 15u nillion rural villagsrs. Many rural families, to when the cons of agricultural residues par annum, and loeis's biogas eochnology is expected to appeal, nay not be yearly output is 20 nillion coos of rice husk. aware of an energy crisis and thus of the need for an alternative fuel. To than, biogaa nay scan a solution "Agricultural rseiduss have long bean used in cha to a non-unistaut problan. rural areas ot hspal as fuel for cooking and hasting, sainal feed, nsnurs, ate.," said cna report, adding that UNESCO, together with other United Rations in Thailand a considerable snount ot then is either laic agencies, has workad to bring not only the energy unused or burnt away. problan to the attention of the world's population but also the presibis solutions to it. Through gasification, pyrolytic conversion, carbonisation, direct conbueciag, dansification and Through the Regional Office for Science and anaerobic fermentation asthode, the report pointed out Technology for Southeast Asia (R0STKA) and national that agricultural by-products could bo converted into coanieeione in participating countries, IMKSUO supports energy farms. grasps such as the Regional Hatwork for Development of Alternative Sources of Energy in Southeast Asia and the "Many of ths REC tachnologias bear s dirscc Pacific. This nsrwork ainn, among other things, to relevance to neat the energy nasds of the household, promote activities which will be relevant to local needs agriculture and other utility nasds of ths (region's) and which will find solutions to local problems. rural sector," it said. - 5 -

Of all REC tachologiee, tha report identified Thar« are circumstances when a company nay oe the gasification method of rice haak aa showing "a eligible to export an intermediate but not the final high potential for widescale application for product, as well as circumstances when a company is productive activities" and ia "coMercially viable eligible to export either but ahould prefer to in generating electricsty for rice Billing export the intermediate. But what stratgy should a operations". Thia technology alao offera company pursue if it wants to ship to an unlisted eonaiderahle acope for vater pupping systems and country! electrification of renote areaa and for direct theinal applicaton. The obvious strategies predate the drug export law: vigorouely pursue FDA approval of the product In Indoneaia. for estaaple, tha report noted for aarketing in the US, produce Che product abroad, that the energy generated fraa rice buak could aave or license the technology to a foreign producer. the equivalent of aa aach aa 221 nillion litrea of Rut there is now another option for some products: dieael fuel per year or. baaed on 1Mb dieael seek approval to export under the tropical disease pricea. nearly *5,650 Billion rupiahe. provisions of the aaw law. To praaotc their wider uae, it aaaerted that a drug or biological product that is to be used sore capital ahould be iaveated ia the reaearch and in the prevention or treatment of a tropical disease develnpannt of REC technologiea. "The extent to may be exported on more liberal terms chan other which the uae of REC technologiea can help unapproves products - and exports are not limited to contribute to the country'# energy supply,"lit aaid, tha 21 countries specified in Che law. These "needs to be eatinated and continuoualy reviewed and products may be exported to any country which FDA updated." finds that the product would be safe aas effective in tha prevention or treatment of a tropical Ia addition to eatabliahing data banka at both disease. Furthermore, a company need not be national and regional lavela, tha report euggeeted pursuiag US marketing approval to export a that Covemnanta ahould adopt "a definite policy" to tropical-disease product, though active pursuit of proBote the uae of agricultural reaiduea aa aourcee domestic approval ia required for other products. of energy for rural consumption. Because tropical diseases are not defined ia the law, FDA has considerable latitude in determining For wore inforaation, write to: Agriculture product eligibility. One option that is not Division, ESCAP Secretariat, United Hationa available is petitioning FDA to add the desired Building, Rajdasmam, Mok Avenue, Bangkok. country to tha approved list. (Extracted from Biotechnology. Vol. 5, March 1987) Baeulatory iaeuaa Ceneral Raw US biotechnology ratulationa in firat trial Biomedical grants for international study The US Departnent of Agriculture (USDA) and the Eaviroanental Frotection Agency (EPA) have received Several fellowship prograves for advanced their firat outdoor-releaae application fron a international study in the biomedical sciences are biotechnology coapany under the new guidelinea available from the Fogarty International Canter of co-ordinating federal regulation of biotechnology. the National Institutes of Health. US scientists Biotechnica International of Caabridge, Maaa-, may apply for support to conduct basic or clinical applied to USDA under tha Plant Past Act for a research at foreign institutions for up to one permit to conduct outdoor taata of a (train of year. Support it also available tor two- to 12-week Ehixobiia neliloti that waa genetically altered to exchange visits between the US and Hungary, Poland, sncreaae its ability to fix nitrogen on alfalfa. Romania, Yugoslavia, or the Soviet "nioo. The coapany also sent the EPA a preaaaufacture Applicants ars required to have a doctoral degree in notification of the proposed anvironmsntal release one of the behavioral, biomedical, or bealtn as required under the Toxic Substances Control Act. sciences and soma post-doctoral experience. Further The guidelines, published in the Federal Register on information is available from*tha International 26 June 19(6, give tha two agencies overlapping ketesreb 6 Awards branch, Fogarty International authority to review proposed field tests of Center, NIH, bethteda, Md. 2UU92. (aostracted with non-pesticide agricultural ricro-organiems. permission from Chemical and Engineering haws. Officials in both agencies say they ars 2b January 19H7, p. 17. Copyright 19H7, American co-ordinating their reviews. (Extracted from Chemical Society) Chemical Week. IS February 1M7) Donation for drug research The new US drug export law The transfer of basic research into human The drug export bill signed by President Rssgan health-care products is the aim of s S7.S million in Deceaber 1986 creates a number of opportunities collaboration between Stanford University and for biotechnology coapaniss to increase their export SmithEline Beckman. SmithElina will contribute earnings. Catting tha asst out of these 95 aillion fot construction of Stanford's new Canter - opportunities, however, requires strategic planning. for Molecular and Cenecic Hadicins and 92.S aillion for research support. The canter - for which Although the new law contains sons ambiguities Stanford has raised 9B6.U million - is scheduled for it has reasdied the inequities iaposed for aost of completion late next year. It will house this ceatury upon US pharmaceutical manufacturers. departments of biochemistry, developmental biology, The law now permits the export of new drug and aolecular and call physiology and the Howard Hughes biological products intended for human or sniasl u«e Medical Institute unit. (Source: Chemical Week, to any of 21 davsloped countries ones the Food and 11 February 19b7) Drug Administration (FDA) has approved an export application. Tha statute also relaxes restrictions battalia offers aulti-cliaat bioaauionent study on exporting partially processed biologicsl products. In fact, one of the aost iaportant Coaplsasnting its aulci-client programme on decisions that biotechnology company sxacutivas need bioproducts, Battalia's Columbus uivieion is to make is whether to export finishod or partially offering s multi-clisnt study of tha opportunities processed products. Another significant issue is in supplying biosquipmsnt to biotschnology-ralatso what strategy to pursue if tha coapany wants to industries. Tha programme will axemens such areas export to on unlisted country. ae new products and technologies, market sisss and - 6 - growth rates and Cluing for market entry. Four main In the treatment of infectious eiseascs, most categories of product uill be covered: of the scientists polled reckon gene-spliced bioseparatioos equipment and consumablea; vaccines hold promise for use by 2UuU. Malaria instruments such as DMA sequcncers/aynthcsixers and vaccine is seen as a top priority tor the cniro peptide synthesizers; cell culture and other novel world. bioreactors; and traditional fermentation equipment. Companies may participate in the Products from biotechnology will also ttelp in pro grave for 130,000, with entry to a single the treatment and prevention ot cancer, accordlog to product accent costing $12,000. Details from: SB per cent of the scientists. The vast majority ot Senate Siebrasae, manager - operations, Batcelle the researchers feel that the risks of genetic Institute Ltd., 15 Hanover Square, London Ulg 9AJ or engineering have been greatly exaggerated and there on 0I-A93 0184. (Source: Biotechnology Sulletin. is no need for stricter regulation. Pol. b. Mo. 1, February 19871 (Source: European Chemical Mews. 30 March 19B7) Top scientists predict future drug advance Mew study on biotechnology scale-up The nost important health problems in the Biotech enters scale-up phase: developed uorld in the year 2000 will be those scanning from the aging population, typically Biotechnology is enteting the scale-up phase of cardiovascular disease and cancer. In the its development. Investments of the order of developing wot Id, infectious diseases and 55.1 billion will be required in the US alone, in malnutrition will remain the major killers. This is the view of Business Communications Co., the the view of over 200 leading medical researchers Norwalk, Connecticut-based market research firm. interviewed as part of a study comsiseioned by Bristol-Myers. Based on current development projects, a conservative estimate of average annual growth for The study points to AIDS, measles, polio, the US market is put at 9 per cant tor the remainder malaria and hepatitis as being the diseases nost of this century. Globally, biotechnology scale-up likely to be eliminated by 2000. as far as AIDS is projects will total fs.5 billion wring lvso-iyyO, concerned, the experts reckon that there will be 513.1 billion for 1991-1995 and S2U.1 billion in over 1 million sufferers of the disease in the US 199b-2UUU, according to the Bu; study, "Scale-up in alone by chat time. Six out of 10 researchers are biotechnology: a strategic analysis." optiaiatic that a safe and effective vaccine will be available by 2010. The industry hat yet to confront a nuaber ot critical questions, however, concerning potential Mew diagnostic techniques will become market size for its products, cost ot production increasingly inportant in the fight against cancer. plants and their size. Advances in cancer therapy will vary according Co the disease. Lung cancer will sec the highest Although nany observers suggest that _ netic degree of improvement, with smoking cessation engineering will be widely used for the proouctioo playiog a key role. Leukemia and noo-Hodgkin's of high-value products such as pharaaceuticals, BCC lymphoma will see the greatest advances. msintsins that gene-spliced drugs will be produc.- io aucb sms liar quantities than conventional In the field of cardiovascular disease, products nada by organic' synthesis and thus capital bleod-clot dissolving drugs and other techniques iovestnent on biotechnology projects may not be as will cliniaate nost coronary bypass operations by high ss assumed earlier. On the other hand, the and of the century although prevention will play biotechnology products should find wider application the nejor role. than conventional drugs. (Source: European Chemical Haws. 30 March 1987) The nost promising target for research in the central nervous system area is increasing the Cana banks for preservation of plants understanding of the brains’s molecular biology. The greatest advances are expected for the treatment Humsn civilisstion is inseparably related to of depression while modest iaprovenents are expected the world of plants. The present population in the trestamnt of Parkinsonism, epilepsy and explosion accompanied with rapid industrialisation tardive dyskinesia (a side effect of sod other processes have threatened our ecological antipsychotic drugs). stability, and affected plants in their quantity and variety. Scientists working in the central nervous system sres agree that aolecular antibody Uut of 2,5UU,uuu different plant species, some diagnostics and DMA probes will be widely used to are already lost and nearly 2U,UUU seed plants are detect conditions like Alsheiaer's disease at their threatened with extinction. Hith these fast earliest stages. Treatments which delay or prevent disappearing natural resources, their invaluable loss of brsin neurones during diseases like genetic variabilities will also be loot for ever, Alfheiner'e and Parkiaeonism will play an important which, in turn, nay put men's future in serious role by 2000. danger. Bone varieties of our staple crops like Projected biotechnology scale-up market (fa)

Average 190*-1990 1991-1995 199*-2000 annual growth US uorld US Uorld US Uorld rau (X)

Biopharmaceuticals 1 410 5 950 2 1*9 9 155 3 330 14 00* 9 Speciality chemicals 410 1 750 *31 2 »93 971 4 143 # Agriculturv-rslatad/acher 1B0 BOO 275 1 231 42» 1 094 9 Tsui 2 000 S 500 ) 075 U 079 4 755 20 125 9

Sourset Business Csm iicatlonc company, Inc rice, wheat, uitt, etc., with high yielding, storing then in seeled hematic containers which liictit rtiiiciKt end better adaptability have been dried to a desired noisture content one cherecter* have been developed fran their wild naintained at the ucsired temperature by counterparts. The notorilly occuring pleat air-conditioning. species ia different perta of the world are genetic treaeeriea and naleaa the geraplaaaa or Pollen grains show different viability rhe genetic potential* of the plant* are preserved, periods. The group of families noted for the :he new varieties needed to feed the hungry nootha highest longevity of pollen grains consists of of the world will be far froa reality. Thus, Roaaseac, Priaulaceae etc. As in scads, so in establishment of gsnebsnhs for different crops pollen some inportaat environmental factors such and plants of economic, scientific, aesthetic as temperature, moistura and oxygen pressure and ecological valwe is of aore importance chan affect viability. Lowering of any of these ever. factors tends to iacraase longevity. The longest period of pollen storage recorded is 9 years at Objectives of ganebaaks: -20°C for apples. Besides, storage of pollens at an extreacly low tcaperatwre 1-1B0°C to A geaebaak or geraplasa bank (feroplasu is the -190K) and in liquid nitrogen to 'naure low son total of genes) is a scientific irritation for noisture content increases viability. However, the eaploitation and preservation of plant genetic pollen storage seen* to be a far less promising resonrees (PGR) collected from different parts ot nethod the* seed for long-term conservation ot the world. It is otherwise k son as Ceaecic genetic resources. Resonrees Centre or CSC. The potential valne of K k ia different geographical centres of the world was Tropical roots and tubers of different plant/ first expressed in the first decode of this centary like yaav, potato, sweet potato, sane aroids, etc., by a Rossi an scientist, k.I. Vavilov. After the ace staple foods and inportaat sources of calories. International biological Prograroe (IBP) 1PBA, a As they are ell perennials and grown as «anusIs ana glabel concern was raised. The anin objectives of maiataiAbd by vegetatively propagated clones, these centres are: (a) exploration and collection; long-tern storage of their vegetative parts (e.g. (b) evalnatioa and storage; (c) regeneration; and coma, tubers, scan cuttings, etc.) ia a significant (d) docaoeacation and atilisation. step toward* conservation ot genetic resources. A combination of different methods like lower Snrvey and exploration: tanperature, nodified atmosphere, ebonies1 applications, etc., have been employed to prolong Thera are three aaia categories of genetic their storage, reduce sprouting and maintain the resonrees: (i) wild and weed species; quality. (ii) primitive or traditional caltivars; and (lily advanced or bred caltivars, of which the However, like seed preservation, the plant print iva caltivars arc aore threatened with tissue culture technique has also proved to be a extinction than wild and weed species. Basically, promising one for long storage of KR. In this the nain approaches in the snrvey and exploration technique, the plantlet can be grown in controlled for genetic resoor'ts include the study of conditions from any tissue of the plant. In geographical distribution, location of danger spots general, maintaining KR by tissue cultura technique and search for primitive cultivars of plants based has the following advantages. on importance and degree of urgency. Based on these aspects, exploration for genetic resources has 1. The space required ia relatively small; already been started in sane countries for cereals like Triticm, Rordeon, Oryx*, Secale, Awoaa 2. Maintenance is relatively staple end cheep species; grain leg«** like Cicer, Leas, Phaseolus, Vigaa, ate., species; forage crops like Trifoliun, 3. Propagation potential or aultxplication Nedicago, Lotion, Fhalaris, Dactylis, etc; rats is high; vegetables like Cucanis, Raphaaua, Daucus, Solanun species, ate., son* epices end industrial crops *. Problem* ot genetic erosion of stocks including oil and fibre plants, nodieinal and which can be serious under field perfans plants. conditions are absent. Conservation and storage: Besides, cold storage of woody plant neterials hae also been suggested for long-tern conservation Genetic resources of plant* art collected of PGR. either as seeds, pollen grains, vegetatively propagating plant parts or as plant tissues. Documentation: Collection varies dapending on the nature of a crop and consequently the methods for conservation are Documentation is the most active function in specific. any CRC because infomatioo about the plant notarial rather than the material itsolf is necessary for it* As seeds era conpact and assy to handle, seed utility by tha user or other CRC*. Every item that collection and preservation ia s cannon nethod in goes into GBC, whether a seed collection, a living the conservation of KR. Besides, a large quantity plest or its parts, a dried herbarium or a of sand* r opr*senting thousands of genotypes of phtngraph, requires that soma records bo kept. plant papulation can bo stored st one place. The That record is documentation. K R of nany crop plant* are conserved by this process. During storage of genetic stock* of seeds In order to facilitate description end two aspects are considered: (i) long-term storage coamuaicstion, description of characters has boon to avoid coot expanses, complication* sad risk* coded s* scalar inforoetioa and denoted by sons involved ia growing plant* at frequent intervals, nuubara to indicate intensity ot expression. and (ii) no, or a aininun, snawat of genetic Variability of expression of descriptors dealing alteration in sands taka* place. The second aspect with reactions to post* end disoase* is indicated i* important and is generally achieved by a* 'M' for hypor-soasitivtcy, 'l* for immunity, maintaining the noisture concent of seed* between 'k* for resistance, for susceptibility, 'T* tor $ to 10 per cent end the cenpersture at 10°C. In tolerance, etc. Several strndsrd computer thee* conditions, viability lasts for SO year* or program** have been sat up for different crop* to nor*. Such * condition of saods cee be achieved by store end handle information. - 8 -

World CkCa: discovered. It was difficult t» chart the actual -ate of extinction of tropical organises The first CSC of the world woo established in quantitatively. Raven pointed out, but the the USSt in 1920. In the lest two decades several dimensions of the problen can be approximate). For regional and international CBCs have been set op in exanple, sc a niainua escinste or 3 nillron species different countrias. The International Kice of tropical organisms, and assuming chat the Resaarch Institote (1111) established in I960 in patterns of diversity in poorly known groupo Manila. Philippines, has a rice gernplasn bank. approximate oo average those of well-known oaes. the ■ere. nore than 25,000 varieties of rice geruplasns Dumber of species can be determined that occur only fran all ever the world have been collected and are in those forests expected to be severely itsnsgss in being aniatained. Similarly maize gemplaana have just the next 15 years or so. For plants, the bean stored at three imparton: GRCs. They are the figures work out to about 120,000 of an estimated International Maine and Wheat Inp-ovement Centre total number of about lbS.OUU tropical species. (CIIIRT) in Henico, the Institoto Colonbiano Just under half of the total number of species in kgrepeewario (ICA) in Colwnbia sad the luaticuto tba world occur only in forests that are rapidly ■acional de Inveatigaciones Agricolas also in being destroyed. (Reprinted with peiaissiou from Mexico. Carnplasna of nore than 4,000 varieties of Chemical and Engineering Mews. 23 February 19R7. potato have bean collected sad are being nnintained Copyright 19B7, American Chemical Society) at the International Potato Centre (CIP) at Lina, Perm. Thar* are also a niatisr of regional seed Riotechnoloxv fires resort losses storage laboratories sad CRCS for different crops which function in collaboration with FA0. and other Biotechnology companies continue to report CRCs. looses, as high resaarch expenditure hits profits. At the end of 19R6 two companies, the Genetics Inaction over species loas decried at AAAS Institute sad Ceneetech, both posted net losses. sssa Genetics Institute reported s net loss of The aaaoal nesting of the daeriesa Association 14.5 nillion for the year to 30 November on revenues for the Advsncsnsnt of Science was opened with a of tl9.3 nillioa. In the fourth quarter che company warning: The global decrease in forests and re; >rted a net loss of 8961,000 on aaleo of biological species spalls danger for all citisens of %f . aillion versus a net profit of 81 22.UUO on the world. solas of 85.1 nillion in the previous year. The increases looses were apparently due to greater P.l. Raven, director of the Missouri Rotanical spending on research and product development, as Cardan and tagelaaaa Professor of Socany at well as on group expansion. Washington University, St. Louis, was the keynote speaker for the week-long nesting held in Chicago. In May last year Genetics Institute raised 879 nillion via a public share issue and in Proa any point of view, Raven felt the September formed s joint venture with sitwstion to be entrensly serious. Re outlined a burroughs-W*»leone for the Manufacture of nwnber of strategies that could help stabilize the biotechnology-based hi»sn pharmaceuticals. The world ecosysten and reverse the currant trend of subsidiary plana to announce the location of its destruction. Resides calling for accelerated nsnufacturing and research facility later this international developnsnt aid sad aitigatioo of year. The firm's products include tissue paynents on international debt. Raven urged that plasminogen activator, granulocyte nouocyte colony biological diversity be surveyed ss a natter of stimulating factor and erythropoietin, idiich are all urgent priority and conserved to the extent possible in clinical trials. The coapany has also produced a so that future generations ' ill hove the ooat huaan nacrophago colooy stimulating factor using extensive set of options availabls to than. Re also rocoBbinant DMA technology for the first tine. urged that eodern biotechnology be applied to developnsnt of new kinds of crops for the tropics Meanwhile, Genentecb Inc. reported looses st and subtropics. Tropical deforestation is the end of last year to the tune of 8352.2 nillion, proceeding rapidly, altb-igh sons recent steps have despite sales ingrowing by 50 per cent to been take internationally to sic - the destruction. 8134 nillion. This compares with a 1985 profit of Ac least 40,000 square nilss a». being cut each year 85.6 million. Cenentech, however, says its and if the clearing were to continue st the rate st operating profit noro than doubled to 812.8 nillion. which it was occurring 10 years ago, the forest would be gone in ebout 60 years. The net loss stoMed fron Censotecb’s decision to take a 8Jb5 nillion charge for the purchase of The nest serious, long-tern global problcn chat the assets of two limited partnerships which were is resulting (torn deforestation, gavan says, is the foroed to finance the group’s research, it is hoped loss of a large portion of the biological diversity the repurchase will boost earnings by preserving all on Earth within s few decades. However it is anticipated profits troa tores key products awaiting viewed, he says, "It is unquestionably tba nose approval - goats interferon, tissue plasninogen oerious problen of all those that confront us and activator sod huaan growth hormone. TFA slooe could the one chat will hove tbs nose lasting have a nsrkec worth sobs 81 billion, (bourse: consequences." European Chemical Wows. 2 February 19*7)

Aneng the considerations developed nations Fro££sis_onJ^iotechnolo|2_ssles derive oany notarial benefits iron the genetic resources of the tropics. Exsnplee include oral liocachnology-relscsd sales era expected to contraceptives that wars for many years produced total 825 billion by the year 2000, including from Mexican yens; ousels ralaxents weed in surgery 815 billion *n pharaacauticals, 85 billion in worldwide that cons from so Anasoaian vino; s drug agriculture, 83 billion in chesdcals and 82 billion for Hodgkin's disease that cones fran the rosy in foods, according to Consulting Resources. The periwinkle, a native of Madagascar; and the gone high stakes involved will probably keep coapsnise pool of corn recently enriched by the finding of a investing in biotechnology rssssrch in 1987, despite perennial wild relative in s snail area in the losses by seven of the top ten biotechnology time ■suntsins of Jalisco, Mexico. in 1986. Major drug and chanicsl companies ars sxpectsd to continue to fund the rosssreb. Only about 500,000 species of tropical biotechnology product salsa were up to 81 par cent organises have been naoed, but chars ore at least of corporate ineons, but in no csss did product 3 nillion, and perhaps 10 tines that many, yst to bs seise cover coapany expanses. Most biotechnology ■arc«** to -I»j9 biotechnology (CQblofeCHl Teles: ICSU 63U55JF The Ceneral Assembly of the International Frof. Jorga (. Alende, Depsrtaenco de Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) at lorn eioquimics, Facultad de Medicina IHorta!, (Svitserland) in Septenber of 1986 resolved to Universidad de Chile, Casilla 7U086, establish an International Scientific Cemttsc for Santiago 7, Chile. TUlephone: 56/2/J7b-3 2U Biotechnology (COSIOTECH) and provided initial core Telen: UNESCO CK 34025«. funding. Terns of reference for CUSIOTECH are contained in a report of sn ad hoc ICSU ecudy group Prof. Fhilipp Gsrhardt, Michigan biotechnology on biotechnology end in a draft constitution. Institute and Michigan State Univsrsity, P.0. Son 27609, Leasing, MI 48909, UNA. COSIOTECH has the goal of serving as a focal Telephone: 1/517/353/-1780 group for the pronotion of biotechnology for the Teles: MSUINTPK0 810-251-0737. benefit of humankind and to provide information end advice on biotechnology for the international Seieneiets_^eek_ero£e_toj5«¿£_feed_the_world^¿ caamunity as a whole. Küñtry The initiative for establishing COSIOTECH arose Dr. lichsrd Fclger eses ñora in the desert than anong scientists actively engaged in biotechnology nost peoplc do. Miare they sea íorbidding end from disciplinary end regional international desoletion, he seas s rich and variad ecosystem. organisations concerned with the field. They Dr. Felger is onc of America's ethnobotaniecs and recognised che interdisciplinary nature of his specielty ie naw food erope thet could thrive ie biotechnology Mil eh involves engineering, industry, those erees of the globo vhere hunger is now agriculture end nedicine as well as the basic sver-present. eciences. They sleo recognised the role of ICSU to relate science to society and the special concern of a young discipline Chat sppeared around tne IdU for developing countries. turn of the century, echnobotany has come soto ice - 10 -

omb in the last 10 run. It liaa at Che confluence of the inpart «how itaelf both ia the riatng of botany and anthropology and involves gathering nwabera of thoae who have caught tha diaaaae and in infoimtion about plant* and tbair oaaa fron nation tha vigoroua reaction it haa brought fron wet heat peoples, nonally iaolatad cnltnraa that hem lived European goveranenta. At present Anerica atill haa in haraony with thair enviraamnt for handrada or five tinea non victiw ia prnportioa to papal at ran a van t how and a of year a. than even the wrat-hit country in bare pa. Tec the canplacant notion that thia is "aa Anerican diaeaae” Ethnobotany'a leading practionara inclnda or aonething wc of Africa haa bean ezploded to raaaarchara at tha harvard Botanical Huaem, tha Weetern Europe, and ia fast being daily tee ta University of Illinoia, tha 0niv*r*ity of Arizona Evaearn Europe. (including Felgvr) and tha Oaivaraity of Oaw Nesico. The epideaic haa hit all of Mmtern Europe'a Tha noat (mediately aignificant raoaarch in larger cowntrine, France in particular. It ia athaobotany ia in tha area of aaw food cropa. tot proportionately ant severe in thine aneller ita aignificaacn gona far beyond tha need for wore state*: Switzerland, Belgiw and Dewerfc. After food. appearing aa ehec eeaned to he United danger ia Enrage in 19B3 - two years after it began a laming Aa Fal.

■aaiataace ia aae af tha cleanet iattsace» af The chaaical iadntry ny fiad a noy nt ef ita OaxaiaÍM Mtaral aalactin. Bacteria an eaalviag dilana by danlapiag rhnirala that fight naiataaca ta aatihietica aad iaaects rasistaaca ta naiataaca. Fer exaopla, Br. Banal Martia aad bis pnticidn fúcar thaa aea rb m i cala an beiag csliaagMS at tha Halter Baad Orar Medical Caatn ia iasaated. Beaiattaci sprtads fna bsg ta hg Bhshiagtm. BC han racaatly shan that tbay en batana m t af tha naiataaca gaaes ladga mersa naiataaca ia nlaria! parasites ta thtat titas ia plañi da» aaell la apa af M that chlerapai n , n ncinlarial píll. They did se by bacteria aaap vith aach other. Kesistaace ia leaniog f m en nr calla, ohich en also denlep aaaally irratarsibla. It caa alao asta bataaaa miataace te draga. Caacar celia achine apeeies af bacteria: a hanless sail ecgnin aade naiataaca by fiemiag aera afficint at gettiag rid nsistnt by aatihietica aa a fara en pasa tha ef che drag aad so prcmatiag it acconiaciag; naiataat plaaaád ta a atraía af Salnmlla. hcace, tha cali en nsist mrioM biada ef Orog aftar beiag eapnad te ealy en. Agaia fer Baiwiain rea sos a, tha aaaay gata hartar at deselepiag naiataaca: «clectioa 4 cbnical callad mrapaail figbta chis xacasrages tha paick etolters. Fita a secaseita excretioa aad so reversas rnjatear», le tha gtMntian af pesticidas bata paased siact MT tas labora tory, it also «sorba for chloroquine-resistent firtt asad ia che 1940a. The tin it cabes fer che nlaria. Ferhape en day it will be possible co aaner af tpacías af iaseets nsistnt co aach sav give pseple peaicillia tegethar with a chaaical that geacratioa te deobla bas fallas fna b.3 years fer reverses rasistaaca te peaicillia. D0T ta an yaar fer che aevest geaeratim af pesticidas, pynthnida. Celerada petaca bestias At tha aomac.the nly aaswer fer hoch bata beatas alaoat atarythiag cbrasa at thn. Ia pesticidas aad ntibiatica ia te en thn Che baginiag, it caab thn aaay years; taday, they spariagly. Ibis nt nly pntpom a che spread ef e n best a ras iasecticide ia a aaasn. Haaashila, rasistaaca, bet ia sen caen e n han it off aaay af tha iaaects that sat Celerada bastías are altagather. Aatihietica, Dr. Levy says, sbould aet scill sasceptible. Sprayiag tiaply aaroortgat cha be osad ia fama, aor ba asad iadiscriaintsly fer beatlss. naba befara sorgery, aad skpld aet be aval lab le ner tha contar fer all serta ef aaaaitabla Han thn 4 SO apee ies af iaaact ara aov ai Iones, as they an ia aaay peer contrias, la nsittnc ta B0T. The m t faasm ia tha aosqeito, México, scieacists han fond Chat tha asme ef sbicb tañ ad che Herid Health Orgnicadn' a mistases ce-nlatn aaatly wich che availability 21-yaar, 92 billin raapslga ta staap nt nlaria ef ntibiatica. jaca a mt . Ia 1943 tha pragrana had sorbed sa nll that chan tara nly 17 casas af nlaria ia Siailarly, insecticidas, asad carafally, eead Sri Loaba. By that yaar naiataaca sppaared aad by aet prodoce naiataaca. ir Australia, it ia illsgal 1940 tha ceastry had n spidoaic af aen thn Ce ose syethatic pyrethroii* .i belietbis. a caten 1 aillim .asas. pase, escape daring a * 0 - 4 ptriad aach yaar «hm tha bog ia aooe vulmrabla. «(Car fin ysars ef Aatíbistic rasistaaca has yat ta prodoca tocb a prohibidos, ao evidoaca ef rasisteaca te syathetíc aad leal disaster bot it vi 11 da sa befara lng. pyratbroida bu sppaared ia Australia, la Cha rast Br. Stoart Laty af Tafea Oaitarsity has feond that ef Che world, cottm gronrs profligara ia chai- Ma sor» thn balf che bmiga bacteria ia boass gata ia ef tha stuff bon had ao troubla produciag Nassacbaaatta ara raaiacnc ta at lsnt osa rasistaaca. ntibiatic. Baaiga bacteria en pase n rasistaaca ta bamfal san. Ia tha Vaited Beatas, tha first la oMthar casa, Dr. Brin Croît et uregm casa af pnicilliB-Teaistar'. (oaorrbaa sppaared ia •tata Daivarsity he» parsMdad cha chaaical laduscry 1974; by 1905 0,300 casas wars reportad. te leava off ita label aay suggastiou that pyratbroida be osad ia amar agaiasc a pese callad Nalcipla reaistaaca ia a scw worry. Dr. Lcvy Favila. Agaia, rasistaaca bu han ave ideo, le bss dase sxpariaasts raisisg chic basa oa lealy aad East Europa, ubicb bava usad tha pesticida tetracycliM. Hitbia 12 naba, thair gat bacteria ia amar, rasistaaca is rife. •are nsistnt Mt nly ta tstracyclioa, bat ta aaaarsl ethsr ntibiatica sa Mil. Xa Tsasanis, Buch practicas ara bar* ce íatreducá. Faraiag chalara bas avelnd rasistaaca ta severa 1 draga, will survive - it en bisad pinta ia cha right thaogh aaly ns na asad. The san ia happaaiag racher thaa tha vroag directin but huesa besieh aang iaaacts. le 1974 only sean spaciaa «ara will »uffar. Tha nly hopa ia Chat gnade raaistaat ta all fies classa» af iasacticida; oca aagiMcriag caa dslivar nspsas tUat avolvs sa 17 ara, iaclodieg house-flies, cacbraachas aad fast aa tha aaaay. (Extractad frn The tcoaowist. Msqoitees. 21 March 1907) - 12 -

Pt— rt bsaiab covpaay boys into US lira tNtnlU Dasvark's Novo la*astri. a lateias vafcor of H M Monitorias Cuat t H rt»ort casyvas ate pbaraacsuticals, baa bsogat a 20 per ease bel*iap ia Match for 23.3 tellioa. iMtiilit'i Riliitry of lates cry, technology Baste ia Saa brava, Calif.. Uetak, a avail ate ba n c a ku coapleted • rtfort chat ítestifica privately Quote concent sec op ia 19*3. has acya Co nonage aay basarte associated with develops* novel teses asías voaecloval aatibasies recsvbiamt Htt technology. The royare, preparad by far application ia three braa* areas. Uae is in the Im alian t Ml* Monitoring Coaaiccc^, tarima*» neat inspection, such as Cba iSaatificatisa af cba aiaor r*ioag*s ca the aos-staeatery BoaiCariag pschefsaic orgaaisvs chat canoa trienlaaois ia lyatn. The s— ramat'a raactiaa to the rayare is pigs, another is ia foe* aaalyaia, typically cba ase aspares* aatil anteas this year. (Soares: cbaraccariaatisa af the bitter coascitaaacs ot gars as sa Chaniral teas. 19 Jaaasry 19S7) citrus juicas. Tbs chir* is ia the evaloatioa of plsat srovtb boraoaas. lac aove gives Nova protection ate aarkcciag rights far Uctafc's protects outside tbs NS. Novo already has a teaa at basare sa iataraatioaal vori shas save SO paaplc studying tbc application ot aoaecloasl satibadias to bonaa diagnostics. Ihs Iataraatioaal aacfcsbsy sa Basic Nolecalar (Abstracta* «itb penissisa frov fhaviral ate Bialsfy amé tersabiasat MM Tachvelogy orgsnirte by tagiaeeriag tevs. Copyright, lb February 19S7, p. *. tbs Bayartasac of Taslssy, teiaaraity ai Rajahahi, Amriran fbsviral Society) ia calicharatias «itb tbc Castra 'rz Aduánete Rslscalar bialasy, teiaaraity a: i Paajab, EEC Pabiaesa, sos halé st Cha Lafeerat ry af Cenetic faginsoriag. BUpartnant af Zoolagy, Rajshahi A w reports aa tbc inaset of biatecbaalacp Uaiveraity fraa I U II Ayril 19B7. Tbc caaraa aaa Vitkin che~SC------designad ta iatrotecc Cba yaaag ate iaitiatte rasaarcbars at tbc yast Me lera! ta oteare Naabers af tbc Earspaan Parliaaaat dabatte tvo tachaisaea canaaaly mployod ia gaastic eagimariag reports on the iapart af biotechnology within the caaaarcb. te onpbasis «as y laca* aa tboaa Csnsaity daring Jaanery. aathatelosiaa abicb cosí* he roatiaaly carrite aat aater local ceteitiaas ate aaabliag focara Hutch Socialist Pbili Viaboff vsrate that the •cioatiscs ta practica aolara ayyroacba» ia tbair EEC vill have to adapt ate revise all its programs» caacbiag ate rosearcb assisteeats. far biotechoology if Europe is net to fall behind Uh ate Japaasas effort». Tas post-MSc rasaarcbars (evo «ara obaarsars) fraa varióos aaioarsicics ate differeat teb la s report, drawn up b> the Parlianant's iascitatisas ia Baagladosb yarciciyatte as traiaaas energy, Resaarch aa* Technology Com tec«. Chars was ia cba workohop. la ateiciss, fear scisotists fraa s call far sa integrate* policy vita aulticieac third vari* csaotrias «are iosicte te ateste tha toads for this sector, by csnpsrison tbs ua> speaos caaraa. Iba seiaatises fraa Sri Laaha, Iteia, ate about 22 billion snamlly. vbile the turopaan Pskiataa participata* ia tha caaraa as traiaaas. comunity has only spent Ecnlb villion Foar aspares, threa fraa cha Caacra fer Aduánete (2lb.N aillisv) on it* biovolecwlar engineering Holccalar Biology, teiearsicy of Cba Paajab. programs is tbs past four years. Pskiataa, ate sos fraa cba Dspsrtssac of Eaology, Bsjsbabi teioersity, teaoostrata* cba laberatory The Energy, Research ate Technology Comittsa «ork progranaos of cba «srfcabep very saccassfally. achaovladges tha positive‘results of tbs first two Tbc espsriaeacs pisaste ia cba verfcahop vara cha Comunity progrsnvss ia >ietechnology which nstbste fer isoIstias USA (procaryotic) ate plaste*, stiaulatte transnational co-operation ana industry praparscisa of co«qi»teut calis ate eraosfocastioa ia support, bat points out that vers chan BO par cant E, Cali, aalacolar claaiaf, rastrictioa ao*onyclaa«a of proposals for the four-year rasearcb programs aaalysis ate gsl slactropboraois, celsay hybridiso- la ,achte ia 19BS bad to b* rejected because of ciaa, »oucitara blettiag ate ochar aatbtes of insufficient funds. mtacular bialasy. steitiaa ta cevrso lacearas. Soase prefassars *alioars* spseial lectora» oa The Comittae ha* called on the Comissioa to aolacalsr aechsaisa of MI* rspair, clsaias ate sat out s list of priorities for rssssreb focusing cbaratear irse ion of tha *cs lacas of E. Coli K-12 on heslthcars and suvironmatal consider at ion*. ste asprassioa of cbaaically syatbasica* ysast Purtheraora, barmaisacion of patsat lav* allming ubiquitin (ana ao*sr coppar nacallthionain innovation* to be treated unifornly throughout toe provocar. The «arksbap vas spoasera* hy 1BESC0, Comunity is sxpectsd. TU AS, cba Britisb Ceoacil ate kajsbsbi. Ilaivsrsity. Mors controversial was the turopaan Parliamnc's Agriculcura, >isharia* aa* Food Co m m a s ’* report on cba consoquancss of cue bsv tisatis cultura slant ia besa Scatia incroduccioa of biotechnology into duropssn sgricultura. unila concadiag that biotechnology •asa* ea lleva Icotia, Caaa*a, Nava will probably allow cb* lit to cut footer inports •iacsebaalasy loe, pías* ta asplait tissue cultura Chars is a danger chat »mil ate asdiuv-suaa ancha** ta baaae pro*uctioa af a roas* af piase*. * agricultural anterpris*» vill disappear. There lack af highhash biasharry plaacs ia Nova Icatia Is* appears* little regard by cb* Cemission for ths tbs covpaay to sapariaeac with tbs propasados of social consequence* of biotechnology. The Comittsa blueberries ate scravbarria* sa* it has sisee ha* highlighted s nuabsr of problem an* risks chat espao*a* iota 29 Aiffareat craps, inclu*in( apples, biotechnology could throw up and is concerned that pasrs, barb* sit* or navas cal plsat*. A asv tiesas agricultural resaarch is bacooing concentrated in cultor* facility *ua ta apaa sooa is bains built th* hands of a few chenical* giants. Bine* tha near Upper Cañar*, in the Annapolis Vs Hay, with start of ths 1970* about 900 sand firm have boon financial assistance frov Contes'* National Resaarch taken over by the large agrocheoicsl congeals». By Council. (Soares! Siotschnolocv Sullctin. Vol. ), tha year 2000 the seed mrkat vill b* coot rolled by No. 12, January 19171 s doson sate and chooicsl oultinotionols," cba - 13 - rsport « m . Cnctn has alio be— raised about itself es e — ltileterel "infer— ti— conduit” ta the environ— ntal riaka and cowaq— uce* Cor tha pro— te croes-frentier eci— tific collaboration. developing aatiaaa, vara inf tkat caamial Participants agree ta share — parti— aak research •ffUuciaa of kiottriwol«Q ara Ciaartricallj re— Its, hat — t access— ily ce— ercial be— fits. a»aatl ca tka objectives of tka na o a agricultural F— ds ca— fr— each project-participant's policy (CAP) and A M Morld develop— . aeaber—goveraneat. Ia addition, there nay be ca— ikerakle private—eector coatribvtia— ta the Another aC tka ce— it tee's caacaraa ia tka fin— ring, bat the— ara — nelly confidential. affact of biotech— logy ea tka diversity af aainal and pi— t species. It ia alao curious EUREKA* s 19 Makers i— lakes the evolve Con— a tkat kiaarkaanl pradncti— ah— Id ka ka aaaa Market ca— tri— aak the lamps— Free—Ira— aa a aalvtioa to tka praklaa of avrplaaaa aa Association use— - A— tria, Svitserland. Sued— , tka par— n— rs af tkaaa aatplaaea vaaM ka a Mervay. Finland, Ice la— . Msu-turspaau partus — y pracouditi— Car product!— . join ia — activity, bat all uorfc a— t take place — EUREKA territory. About Id per c— t af all projects Ret surprisingly, Boat af tka ckaaical industry since EUREKA* s inception ha— involved and particvlarly tkaaa caapaniaa witk oil interests kiotack— logy; the— fi— ara the latent: ara alao sgsi— t tka aaa af sgri— ltural surplus— far kiaatkaaol product!— . la On try observers - Vo— r— 1-diooa— king-sis: A evo-year aatiaata tkat tka price af crude ail walk kaaa to col labors ti— betve— the UK's PA Tech— logy riaa ta akoat $75/barrel far kiaatkaaol prokactiao Ltd., Reyst— , Berta, and Spain's Biokit SA, to ka araaaoically faaaikla. Barcelo— , to develop — clo— 1-aetihody- baeak kits far rapid detection of kavaarr. aftar debating 39 aoaakaaata to tka gonorrhea. There are roughly 450 differ— t Parti— aat*a Energy, laaaarck aek Technology strains af ga— erk— ; pro— at — thods Caaaaittaa report aok 53 a— otauts ta tka report require tvs — three days of — tended fr— tka Agri— Iture, Fiakariaa aak Peak Coaoittee laboratory a— lysis to diagnose a ganarrhssl tkara vara act enough — aliara p m — t to vote u tka infection, lacanrrh faaks - 2.4 nilliw Ecu reports. (US$2.7 ailliaa) vill be divided according to each participant's stake ia the project, Vat— — tka to reports, akick — a— a tka 70 per cent for Biokit; 30 per ce— for PA iapect of kiotack— logy ka— a— ka— postpeeek. Tech— logy. Ia — attaapt to keep to its a— keakli— far - Me— alia cell culture: This EUREKA tka iatrakacti— af too kiotack— logy kiracti— a tka project ni— to develop higb-prokac tivity, Europe— Ca— issi— hopaa to a— t rapreaaatati— a of — i— 1-cell biereaccora for — as pro Suction Earape— iak— tries tkis oeatk. Ike too kirac ti— a of vaccines, antibodies, easy— s aok oill cover kelibarata release af ga— ticslly a— ipalatek org— is— aok ka— rk camtrola siailar to tka Sa— — kirac ti— . Approx instely 25 million Ecu ($20.25 eilliou) vill be allocated slang — tie— 1 lines: France, Officials ia Braasals are anxious ta kisc— a «3 per cent; Federal kepublic of Get— ny, EEC plans for ragalatiag gaikeli— a witk the 2 per cmt; Italy, 25 — r erat. Ia date, four Europe— Ca— itt— — Regulatory Aspects af French fir— ara parti r. pa ting: Berts— Cia., Biotech— lagy (CCBAB), a boky ia— lviag five Paris; the Vaakoeuvre branch of Prance's national Earape— iakastry faderatio— interested ia Science Research Centre. (CM-RS); KbSae-P— lane biotech— logy. Likely ta be the nose contentions Recbercbee, Saint Few, lmstitst Merie— , issve is the Cn— iaaion’a plana for deliberate Chark a— ieres-Les~Rsi-. A— tria is repr— ted by release gaikeli— a, vkich will sff— t tic­ T— iisn AC, Visa— . ks— loping nicrobial p— tieik— . - Sup si—s— f lovers: French and Sp— isb The Earape— Parliao— t baa callek far — cities ha— joined ta develop new string— t testing of potential ecological varieties of high-oil-c— tent sunflowers ca— ages— aa of kelibarata releaae sad has «kick c m weather Hekiterr— e— cli— tea. requested the Ca— issi— to pres— t forecasts Psrticip— ts ia the US$4.2 nilli— project — tbs structural aok social consequences of ara: RbSoc-Poulcnc Agrochinie, Lyon biotech— logy — Earape— agriculture. (12.4 per cmt); Insecticides Condor, SA, Madrid (72.2 per erac); C1DA (Centro de Ia adkitioa, the Co— issi— bos be— aaked by Investigation y Desarrollo Agrsrio) - the the Psrlian— t ta r— i— its biotech— logy progrs— a Agricultural RAD Centre - Cordoba, ca give an affective strategic prograaae idiich (15.4 per cmt). respects ecological principles. (Source: Europe— Chanicsl Be— . 26 Jaauarv 1907. 2 februery 19B7 sad The goal of their seven-year project, says i-kfin tm Rhfina-Foulsnc * s seed project leader, Jeea-Louis Arnault, is to eras» - vis gs— tic EUREKA consorti— posts first 19B7 a— ipulati— - wild s— flowrs that withstand bia-lavasto— ts drought and cold weather, but have 1— oil-yield, with — re fragile but higher-yield can— rcisl EUREKA, short for the Europe— Research species. Co-ordinating Agency, s conaortii« of IS e— tie— tsl ca— trim pi— tha Earape— Econoaic - R— t-synbi— is: Ibis quadripartite, Co— issi— 'a o— cutive board, has rala— sk its first USSi oilli— pi— si— to id— tify sad — as list af 37 rs— arch projects approved for 1907. produce rhisebacteris for — Rural growth Pi— af the — Iti— tie— 1 — dsreskiags era claarly pro— ti— and fuegal-disssso cmtrcl in ia the fields of biotech— logy and — camt far sun flaw r, sugar bast, aoy-ba— , corn and so— S62 oilli— ia funking. They are described wheat. Psrticip— ts arat Belgi— 's IBS belev. (Societb Europeenne de Sa— es SA) ia Ti— , and PI— t Ce— tic Syste— RV of A brainchild af the Pr— cb, EUREKA vas crested Chant; Italy's Societa Europea del Se— , in 1905 as a civilian so— tar-project ta the US Ro m ; Spain's Sociedsd Europea de S— illae iavitati— far European rssssrch ta aid the SA, Zaragasa; Austria's Ch— is Li— AC, Otratsgic Dafansa Initiative. EUREKA describee Lins. - Ik -

- Artificial tomato mii; A joint 2. Production of mcnoclonal antibodies by mans of Franco-Swiii effort aina to perfect somatic bybridona ¿mobilization and bioratcTors for toaato embryos, which can be pelleted in a medical purposes. permeable. biodetradable filn to eventually yield a plant. The project will initially 3. Production of peptides fee synthetic vaccines rmearch embryogenesia-induriug cell and as novel reagects. worker«, then explore genetic informaliou- transfer techniques. Ultimately. the group A. Production of hybrids by mans of genetic hope! to crente encased seedlings of uniform engineering for agricultural applications. sice, genetically protected against disease, which can bo planted quickly and 3. Development of fermentation technologies for economically with conventions1 agricultural utilisation of by-products (Nuk-Nellas). drilling equipment. b. Second generation bioreactora for biosynthesis The five-year, 13.7 nil lion programs has three and biotraaaforaacieoa. partners: France's Linagrain SA, based in Cerxat; RMne-Powleae Agrachimie, Lyon; and Switxerland's 7. Pheromones (isolation, identification, Nestle subsidiary, Nestec SA, Vevey. synthesis). The following industrial proposals have been D. Plant growth factors. submitted an a national level for possible ce-operatisn under the EUIEXA label. P. Productiou of high added secemsry metabolites (pharmaceuticals, flavours, fragraaces). The Netherlands 10. Fusion of protoplasts. 1. Development of biotachmlogy for production of vaccims. 11. Dormancy in plants and optimisation of plant production (Viroryl S.A.). 2. Aagmmtatioa of the autritioaal value of feed«cuff* derived from agricultural products Ireland for increased productivity sad growth in dairy cattle and beef and of foodstuffs for h u m 1. Synthetic seeds: control and regulation use, using biotechnological processes such as system (University Collages at Dublin and fermentation and precipitation. Cork). 3. Development of technology for processing Portugal rssidusls such as dung. 1. Development of seeds by genetic or synthetic Danmark processes. 1. Flint cell culture (A/S Dansk 2. Development of biofsrtilixsrs. Caeriags-ladustri). 3. Utilisation of new vegetal protein 2. Frotein engineering (NOVO ludustri A/S). sources (Favor its-Indus tria, Agro-alsmntar Ida). 3. High-level technology in plant and animal production and rslatsd industries (Cerlsbsrg A. Process development tor enzymatic products and Ressarch Laboratory). imunonodolator agents. Finland 3. Process development for extraction under supercritical conditions to be plied for Root growth inducers and hormones in plant aromatics and essenchs (Franco Faraacaucical). engineering (Orion Corporation Limited). Delsium 2. Application of DNA proba technology to anins 1 and plant disease diagnostics and iaprovaawnt 1. Control system applied to the field of and comaercieliaatiso (Orion Corporation medicine (SADCA). Limited). 2. Development of bioepecific dataction sysceas 3. Autonation of liquid manipulation operation in for biological compounds (AM10S). genetic engineering, biotechnology, biomedical, and nodical fields (Fluilogic System Oy). 3. Industrialisation and automation of in vitro cultivation (Delgooucleairs). A. Constic engineering uethods for plants (Kenire Oy). A, Development of genetic engineering technology to improve sugar beat cultivation sod 5. Devslopaent of a mthod to produce sntieaacer characteristics such as resistance to disaasa anchracyline antibiotics with a screpconyeas (virus, mould) and to herbicides if lane mastic strain aodified by genetic engineering gyscans). (Hwhcantfki Oy). 3. Genetics of plant varieties in view of a i, Knvironmntal gas mnitoring by biosensors sa (active reforestation OIACtou.). (Vaissls Oy). a. Artificial seeds (Plant Genetics System). 7. Antigen-antibody sensors for rapid diagnosis of infectious disaasso (Orion Corporation 7. Development of a computer-sided protein design Limitsd). systan (Plant Csnetic (ystem).

Crseca I. (sparstion processes (Oleofins). 1. Production of metabolic products and energy 9. Production of food products by aicro-organisus (call (mobilisation and bioraactors). U-wlOf), - 15 -

10. CoMiMOU fnwttitiM reactor t«chnologi*« US firm licenses system to iron tab- company (including fungi cal tore technologies) (AUIOS) Faalabe, lac., Seattle, has licensed its France "proprietary recombinant technology" to Finnish Sugar Co. Ltd., Espoo, Finland, for an initial term 1. Artificial iccia (M m halnc). of one year. The Fiaaiah firm will use the Us company's procass for »nh»ncing product syataesis by 2. Aaiaal naan coll culture (Bertin at Cie). recombinant filamentous fungi to increase output of certain emeynes. One feature of the Paalabs process 3. Fine regulation of inoculation ia aedicine that attracted the Fiona ia its method of (ELF). transforaiag a host organism, such Aspergillus nicer to synthesise an «ntyms of interest, then 4. Caoatroctioo of "l»oat—*ector" pain loading to enhance its yield by attain iaproveaeat. An aicro-organiama or genetically Modified aaiaal advantage of fungal hoots ia that cloned geaea are cell« (OMCANBIO). integrated into the cell's c^-onosoneo for greater Stability. Also, a gene of interest produced by a (Soarco: McGraw-Hill's Biotechnology Newswatch. host - for a sample, one encoding alpha-anylaae - can 2 March 1987 aad Earopoao Scioaco News. be re-introduced ia multiple copy-auaber to increase February 1987) secretion level. (Extracted from McGraw-Hill's Biotiohnology Newswatch. 14 March 19B7) Fodoral Bepublic of Germany 6aao study calls for Iowa Fanal set ep to review proposals Tho Fodoral Bayoblic of Coroany'» parliamentary caaaittao on the rick» poeed by genetic engineering France has also made major, though tentative, ia calling for the catablishacat of a legal noves regarding the deliberate release of fraaeaork for reacaxch into aad exploitation of the genetically nodifled nxcre-organisas into che aoa tochaologiaa before arena of application are environment, la Paris, the Ministry of agriculture techaically or economically feasible. has just set up a top-level 15 member panel of scientists "to reflect on the question globally, Ia ita report, abich took two yeara to review proposals case by case, and weigh the complete, the 17-meufcer parliamentary c u m it tee orientation of future jurisdictions" ia the natter. aokas a ncaber of coaerete recoveadatioos for coning to gripe with the pooaibilitiea offered by Chairing the French body will be Pierre Bayer, geaetic engineering. Bnoag other thing»a the paper honorary president of the Pasteur Institute's hoard rccaanendo legal aafety guideliaea for baaic aad of directora. The esumiseioa was set up at Che applied reoeaxch, the establishment of regiatratioa behest of scientists, led by France's foremost procedure» for new product» aad a legal franework official figure in biotechnology, Daniel Thaaas, who for enaction» of data protection aad aaeaefacturera' directs the Ministry of Besearch's four-year-old liability. (Source: European Chemical Mewa. Biotechnology Iapetus Prograve. (Extracted fr 9 February 19S7) McCraw-Hill’s Biotechnology Newswatch, lb February 1987) Finland Public BAP funding for biotechnology BASH technique France, like Europe, while possessing basic Fiaaiah Orion,Pharmaceutics baa developed a research of international quality aad fans ia technique called the "Nucleic Acid Sandwich numerous branches of biology, has been long ia hybridisation" technique (NASH), which aake» it evaluating its results. T!)» transfer of scientific possible to accurately identify various organisms scconplishmaace frow public basic research to the aad gsaetie structures baaed on the absolute private domain and its exploitation have come about specificity of the gsaes. Tho method has wide only partially and later than in the United States applications both in nedicine and in other branches and Japan. of scianca and has been patented worldwide. Orion has now signed an agreement with the Du Font Croup Various neasuras encouraging research do exist on product development and marketing co-operation on in Franca aad since 19B1, specific aid has been tho NASH technique, suitable for the diagnosis of given to industrial biotechnologies through the human diseases, nicrobes sad for all cell promotional "Boon in Biotechnologies" prograve. identification. (Source; Biotechnica *B7. Except for this progrsmne, aoet government Hannover, Journal No. 2) participation in research and development in

BID budgets in Franca (in nillioas of French francs)

1982 1983 19B4 1983 1988 Total public sad private BU> budget 74,800 84,800 93,000 104,000 Public B4D budget 42,83« 48,338 34,130 38,240 Public BtD budget to* biotechnologies «80 800 1,600 1,000 Minimal public aid to biotech. BSD of industry 34.3 40 57 30

Sourest Ministry of Besearch - u - biottclawlotr c m h ii ck* public research cnttii prepare« ce dsacnaa the risks earlier cnan «caer and iutitut« (the CMS llitiaul Centra for socialist cavo tries, tiesta: ketvre. *ol. Are, Scientific lesearchj, IttSCM [Rational Institute nf Ze March WI7) Realth nri Medical lasearcbl. tka M U (Rational Agirmanic lencarch Institute). etc). l»r? Incentives an4 nonepacific aid to bioindastrial ■vagary rod Japan aire «areanent fer lysine reaearck include vaivly tax-research credit, aid to innovation of M M I {national dgeucy far tkc eneetatian of leaearck) and cc-financed A plant te pradera lysine fren genetically scholarship«. IIUI credit«, fcecanae of tkeir codified bacteria in che biggest single foreign node of diatrikocion. do not kelp all investaeaC in Ivagary since that covatry pernicted enterprises engaged in active, high-perfecneace foreign cavity participotian in partnerships in Che industrial reaearck. It kaa a budget «kick, ■id-JOs. Cyans lakko Cogyo Co.. Ltd. and Toyo Hsnks canpared nitk otker najor ocganicatieua, Kaisha Ltd. and a caasortivn ef Imgariaa rinaiva nadaat, considering its strategic shareholders - lege lajde Agricelteral Industrial nissian and tkc scope of its task. Ike credits Aaaociatiaa, Made dear, national Caaercial one it allocates can only coaplete otker neaaares. Credit lank Ltd., and Crain Treat, keck of nedapeat - pot vp a total of tin nillioa to bnild Tke f aliasing takle given tke onto figores Che factory in the eastern Mangarían toon of laba. for tke Franck poklic ISO kndgvta and tke akare The **—g—■—- hold eO per cent interest ia the allocated to kiotirfcaalogics, «kick is loo. Fnklic project; the balance of the thy nsllian project’s aid for kiocecfcnclogical reeeerck and devnlopnesc in coot will be covered by lsog-tetn loaoa tren toe industry cane an inly fren tke MI and is granted International Finance Cocpnratxsn, an an at the tkrsnik tke "Pregnane" to Pranate world Saak. Kyowa kakko sell previa« ptsaucciov ■iotackn ilogics." Aid gives ky dITAl ia very cecknalegy, and receive royalties tar vac et its little ia tkia field. Poklic aid for reaearck ■ic rob is 1 straw, theerce: Mcvrov-vill’a and dovelopnent in tke kia indoatriea repreaenta Aiotecknolecy navawatch. I March m l ) less tkaa A per cent of tke poklic kndget devoted to kioteckoologies and voder India .01 per cent of tke overall poklic Centra for Sdv of Siocethnalocv France kooets AIPS reaearck fending Activities: France is coanitting FF 100 aillioo for The Centre fer Advaacentat af liotechaolegy sc reaearck into ADS, 10 tines tke aasont allocated langalore, India is a non-profit voloncary last year. In addition, a new researck centre to scientific research organisation conitted to bring define vinl and iansnology treacarats for tkc awareness of Che anigee position chat bietcchaolagy disease is to ke estaklisked ky Iostitnt national do occopias in shaping kansa society ia the areas ef la Senti et de la leckercke Mdicale at tke health, food, rhaaicala. envireanent and energy, PitiC-Seltdrriire koapital ia Paris. indeed ic nay tern eat to be the basic pervasive technology for the fvtvre af onfciad. leaearck an retrovirases at tke lastitoc Pastenr is also expected to ko coopleted, according The CAi ia the resolt of a canon desire of s to Jacgoes Chirac, France’s price sinister. maker of yoeng acieotists and engineers fran all Carr esc ly France has the highest anker of A10S ever India, eke venid like to diasaninate «offerers in loropo, over 1,000. wfornatiso to eniversities, research wstitotians and industry on the progress of biotechnology sad Neeaobile, Diagnostics Paateor has aaaoooced a its relevance to society id iaprovwg the goality oi soaker of dovelopnent« ia the AldS diagnostics life with oodsst outlays,, especially w the field, the joint subsidiary of Isstitot Paateor developing countries. and gaoofi hopes to oorket a test that oetacts antibodies directed against the B1V-1 and nlP-Z as a first step the M puolishes a hows virosos both rapidly and ainoltanseosly. Approval Monitor free of charge to acquaint scientists fren is expected in France for a now Cast «kick detects research iastitvcious, universities ana inauscries the I1V-1 vires directly ky the seaser. with the latest iafoiantisn on developsseta ia bis technology. The CAI bos also published a specwl ■«searchers at the French fin are conducting leve Monitor aacitled "liotechnology ia India” «Mich several types of tests an s synthetic R1V*1 vires ia highlights biotechnology work activities.se various co-operation with OS partner Cenetic Syataas. Ike institutions ia India. synthetic sokstirate is based eo peptido chenisery vhicb has proved seccessfel on available servo The CAI plans to conduct nissisu oriented collections. (Isorca: European Chenicsl news. research ev the application of biotechnology to the 10 March ltd?) problaos of agriculture, environoent, energy, food, etc., of special relevance to Indis ia collaboration Ct — Panacrstic »SPvblic with the I* Institute of Float Tissue Culture at •segaloro. ntrSsesrch2£sjgredecajAlM_nsooclseal antibodies Seas of the sins and objectives of the Centre arar The lastitvta ef C1 laical bmmelogy ac test garlin's Ckarita hospital has prsdoced oanoclenal - Ts sciaulsca research in tbs field of aocibodias spisse tka (IIV) hvosn imanada ficiency biotechnology and biocooversion vita regard vires ra* yens ib la for A IOS (acguirsd iana ts its application w Indio; defieiaecy syndraas). The Charite taso seo chis se a stop tevsrde develeping aacibody-liahad drugs ca - Ts presets biotechnology ky organising esobat che vires. The anooenesoset vas nade by synposis, «enmare, workshops a< ■ short Frofessar Keedigsr veo laebr, baad of che resaarcb courses tor the axcaauga et xasvlsege ane taso. advances in the field; The £emsn Dsnocratic lapvblic has a To crests s nucleus for tos dareIspease sc vell-devalspod AIM ia for net isa service and was industries based on histachaslogy; - 17 -

- Te establish a r m i r t k tad «ewsleyueat tmit Sel. Tech. Agency (SSi unoo 12*0« ZB «hare >ffiM biotechnology resaarch cam ba Technologies promt ion zzow 2200 V t irriH aat; Cancar, nuclear aaOiciae 2*0 J73 jo lust. Physical, Owsiti! kaaaarch: - Ta aaaaciaca with aatiaaal ao*/ec International frontier iataraatiaaat M i u coatcM with research *31 106 07 promtioa af biotechaoiegy. Lite-aciaoce projects Ml 233 -22 Cevrtic «cienes* 1U9* 1201 10 ln*ia considers aatahliahiaa AIDS iaatitwta Cell Oepeaicery 22b 3*7 30 BSD Carp, of Japan: Tha Indian Cawacil af Medical ««search (ICM) Hepatitis B. vaccine 11*3 1309 39 ia advocating a National Iaatitwta Car AIDS far Super-mocnles; generative raaaarch mad ta traat patients. By I Watch 1907, |CM( 12*3 1797 ** 10* caaaa af iafactiaa bo* beaa *«tected ia India Hat. Inst. BaAiolagical Sclance*i 2390 3257 3* aat af 10,000 paafla aa far at ICNS’a Japan Infernarían Cantar 7«* 901 21 nfarnl caatrea. At laaat faar aaw caaaa ara Ministry ef Agricultura, Aa tarta* ewary tn waaka. Forestry aa* Fisheries (MAFF) 3100 3200 3 Plant braeAiag **J **9 1 lacaaaa away af tha iafacta* caaaa ara expected Local biotechnology BSB 23* 23o 9 ta *ml

of Ií m item*. account for difiere-xes ft-i. flu MEC Corp. sod Mitsubishi Electric Carp, are prcvioasly f akliiM 1JK budget. (Source: developing biosensors and sec then as McCrawgill's liotvchnoloxv »twvitch. 16 March 1W7) "stepping-atones'* that could lead to "a chip or computer that's entirely organic". Sesatitis > racein« Although conpsaieo elsewhere are also moving Heiji Milk Prodw-te claiua that iti hepatitia B iato biosensors, Japan is boosting its investment in vaccine baa pasted the World Health Organization*• biotechnology almost twice as fast at the US, (IIMD) safety staadards. The rtunant of DMA in the although the US still apanda about five tines as vaccine is ooe hundred thousandth of the UtO much. standard. The firm started clinical trials last Movsnbsr and plans to begin narkating the vaccine in biosensors consist of biological molecules (of 1989. (Source: European Oienical Mews. a substance such as an enzyme, antibody or whole 26 January 1987) cell) linked to a transducer (r.g. an electroec or field effect transistor), so that an electrical Jaaanese link on biochip tSD signal is produced when a chemical reaction takes place. A lb-fold ¿netesse in the value of the Eight leading Japanese electronics fins are to European biosensor market is predicted by 1990, to join forces to develop a biochip, the key to the be to.6 million. potential development of organic computers. The companies have been selected by the industrial Mew applications of biosensors are constantly technology council, an advisory body to Japan's being fomnd in the field of industrial process Ministry of International Trade and Industry control. Asahi Srewerias Ltd., for example, is (HRI). MTTI will invest same Ten 5 billion in the developing a yeast-based biosensor which can sense venture over the next 10 years. alcohol levels in beat-brewing vats, to help control uneven fermentations. Tbs problem has been that The eight fins * Mitsubishi fhonical this alcohol sensor only survives around three days Industrias, Fujitsu, NEC, litscbi, Mitsubishi in the vat, whereas an economical device would need Electric, Sanyo Electric, Sharp and an >60 to lost at least a month. Kirin Brewery Co. dropped subsidiary of Matsushita Electric Industrial - will its work in this field and switched to work on a set up a conittee and invite researchers at various sensor which does not use organic material. institutions to take part in the venture. (Source: European Chemical Seos. 5/12 January 1987) There is no doubting the growing Japanese enthusiasm for biosensors. Fujitsu is thinking in Jasan plans to seeuence human teñóme tans of a biosensor that could detect chemicals in fish, to assets its freshness, other researchers Japan's Science and Technology Agency has taken are looking at the use of biosensors to test for air its first formal step towards setting up a prograne and water pollutants. (Extracted froa biotechnology for sequencing the human gia n t. Bulletin. Vol. 6, Ho. 2, March 1987J The agency, in collaboration with Seiko and Laser beams to cut DMA selectively Fuji Film, has for several years been developing so automatic DMA-sequcncing nschine under the The research laboratory of the Tokyo Institute leadership of Frofessor Akiyoshi Hada of Tokyo of Technology has developed a new technology that University and a move to bagin processing long DMA uses laser beams to cut DMA selectively and sequences, such os the husmo ganen, has been efficiently. The third harmonic component (359 ms) expected. omitted by s TAG laser cuts DMA when it is radiated onto a mixture of alpha-phage DMA and a The biotechnology tub-committee of the Agency's photoreceptor protein composite or semicooductor- Council for Aeronutics, Electronics and other photocstalyst. This technology is designed to Advanced Technologies will chart policy during the promote gene therapy, breeding of animals and next year and its working group, composed of fifteen planes, and industrial usb of reconbinant-DMA scisntists will draw up a datailed research technology. (Source: Bio/Technology. Vol. 5, prograans. February 1987)

Among the issues to bo resolvod are the Menoclonals_decect_£lane_viraset relative weights to bo pieced on napping and sequeteing and the priority of genes sequenced. Japan Flant Quarantine Association (JFQA) has Honbers of the sub-conittee and the working group finalised s plan for replacing antisera with will visit the Seiko and Fuji Filn factorise to sso monoclonal antibodies to detect viruses in plants. the autontic PMA-tequoncing nschine. Working jointly with the Ministry of agriculture, Forestry end Fisheries, JFQa will begin distributing There have been suggestions that sequencing of a aonocloael against rice stripe virus (KSV), the human genono should f o n part of the Sunn followed in 1984) by an antibody to southern dwarf Frontiers Science frogranms being organised by the virus of citrus trees, la late February through Ministry of International Trade and Industry, the early March, leafhoppers in the Kanto area will be Science sad Technology Agency and fiva ocher tested to determine what percentage are carriers of ministries. But Prof. Hods, who chairs one of the KSV, and hence predict the site of the outbreak ot Frontiers working groups, does not expect genone tbs rice disease this sunner. (Source: Mc-Lraw sequencing to figure prominently in Frontiers, Hill's Biotechnology bowswatch. 2 February 19*7) although the development of DMA-sequencing aochinee nay well fern part of the prograssm. The Cosmsties_eom£sn2jto_nanufaeturs_drugs present feasibility study, on the ocher hand, in devoted specifically to sequencing of the hinvm Shiteido, Japan's largest producer of genome. (Extracted from Mature. Vol. 326, cosmetics, is to diversify into the pharmaceuticals 26 March 19S7) business utilising biotechnology, fhiseido scientists have been looking into the use of Sioelectronics biotechnology in the cosat tics area, in che bacterial production of hyaluronic acid, tbs Fiva Japanese government niniscries and more polysaccharide used as an aye surgery aid and s than 50 companies have noved into one key area of moisturissr in sxpensiva cosmetic creams, for bioelectrsnics research, biosensors. Conpsnies like instance. - 1* -

According to Japan«* pr*aa reporta, Shiseido Scientists annually request about 2,000 samples plana to launch it« firat therapeutic, an epidermal f r m the bank for research purposes. The Nordic agent for tr«tnent of «kin disorder« in the spring gene bank co-operates closely with such counterparts of IMS, to be followed bp analgesics, anti- sa the Vavilov lutitute in Leningrad and similar ioflamatoriea and an antifungal for treatnent of banks in the Carman Democratic Republic, the Federal athlete's foot. (Extracted frou European Chenical Republic of Germany, Canada aod Greece- Hews, 9 April 1987) (Source: SIP, March 19S77 Sued« Uganda

Proposal to daeelop Swediah biotechnology Uganda acta to a t m epidemic ■hiring the next ten years Sued« could invest Uganda is to launch a live-year program* amen 3.9 billion kronor into its national biotechnology at controlling the spread of mills. Tne Ugandan programe. Ministry of Health drew up details of the prograsm with a tarn f r m the World Health Organisation. The auggestion is that the State contributes There have h e m nore than 1,UU0 cases of full-blown the sain part of the funding, with additional AIDS in Uganda, la Kampala alone, about lb,uOU support fraa industry. adults are thought to be infected with hams imunodeficiency virus (HIV). The national biotechnology programe was developed by a remittee consisting of Uganda h u h e m one of the few African representatives f r m industry and rmearch societies countries to deal decisively with AIDS, even though such as the Research Council, the University and it is still reeling f r m the affects of 1} years of Institute Office and the Coaaittee for Technological civil war. The Ugandan plan of action could well Develepnent with the six of organising the resources provide a model for countries such as Tanzania and within Swedish biotechnology into a national Kenya, both of which have exprmsed a wish to strategy in a «oner sinilar to that in which mtablish similar prograams. intonation technology was organised into a national nicrotechnology programa. Health officials presented their draft p l m to the Ugandan national coanittm for Che prevention of The organisations that are participating in the AIDS in Kampala in February. The a i m are to start Swedish National Counittee for Biotechnology have screening blood donations throughout the country, naiataincd f r m the beginning that their current stop up cue hmlth education prograsm and begin a resources cannot be used for this kind of program« ot resureh into the eprean of the virus. prngraase. There had to be new, “fresh“ funds frm the State. The remittee enphasised a couple of AIDS presmts a nusive problem m Uganda, is are« share it felt the Swedish capability to be m e of the hardest-hit southern districts, nuaxa, especially pronounced and could be strengthened 3U per cant ot adults attending outpatient clinics further. These were ianmology and separation are infected with the virus, la Kampala, technology. 13 per cent of pregnant wor n are iniectm. Tragically, about 3,U0U of the babies b o m each year "White spots” are also indicated, arms where in Kampala have caught the virus in the womb, at Sweden ia clearly behind ochar comtrias. Such an this rate, and without any changes ia sexual habits, arts is nicro-biology. Other areas considered nose alaost «cry adult in the capital will have the suitable for investaenc of the Swedish resources vims within t m years. were agriculture, forestry, environmotal control, hmlth and hospital care as well ss aquipnant. The capital is not Uganda's worst-hit area. Its infection rates are following, with a delay of Furthermore, the Comittee felt that research about two years, those in the south-west of the education had to be reinforced. The lack of country, the part of Uganda closest to the world's eonpeteot personnel in Sweden causes businesses te worst-affected areas: Burundi, Kwaade, eastern look to other comtries for their resureh and Zaire and the Western Lake district of Tanemia. It development. Fharuscia is starting a gene was in the small Ugandan fishing villages along the technology cenpany in the United States, Astra a shore of Lake Victoria that the prevalence of davalopom' company in India, ate. “slim“, as Ugandans call the diaeaaa, waa first noticed four years ago. The few studies carried m e The biotechnology prograum has been submitted suggest that a third of the people ia this part of to the Governmnt for consideration in ths research the country are already infected. and industry-political bills. (Extractad f r m Bioteknih A Siokmi. No. A, November 1986) The rest of Uganda is better otf. in the northern t o m of Lulu, 1J per cent ot cbe people Canes f r m 10.000 Nordic slants preserved for have the virus, in the rural West Nila and nukooo Tutun^genarations districts, fewer than * per cent are rue ting positively to blood testa. Vet alDN is being spread Seeds f r m mors than 10,000 Nordic plants have to relatively untouched arms by two means. b o m stored in a mine shaft on the island of Spitsbergen ia the Arctic Sea in order to preserve One is the army. Its soldiers are now mopping their genetic aecerial for future generations, up rebel forces in the rural north-mat, but moat of according to a decision by the Nordic Council of the soldiers com f r m tba haavily infected southern Ministers. The soeds are placed in glass vials and regions. An ominous epidemic of venereal disease in stored in a steel contsinsr with s emstant the northern garrison over the peat two years baa temperature of -3.7°C. This will protect the been reported by doctors working at nearby niasim samples frm genetic alterations rssulting frm hospitals. A tarn of Cuban doctors recently exposure to radon, gama radiation and radioactivity. completed a twe-month survey of AIDS infection in the army: unofficial preliminary results ara that The Nordic cane bank is said to bo the first of on« soldier in three ia iafected. its kind to provide this sort of storage of sssds f r m all the most ia^ortsnt varistias of csraals and The virus has also b o m hitching s lift on the vegetables. The project started in 1979 when ths trucks Chat nova along Uganda's main highway, which Council established s joint Nordic instituto for runs frm tho stricken areas of Zaira, Rwanda, that purpose in Alnatp in southern Sweden. By 198} Burundi and western Uganda eastwards to Kenya and the gano bank had collected, catalogued and storsd the port of Menbasa. Tests by m s largo freight shout 10,200 spacios. empany in Kampala found that 30 per cant of its - 20 -

track driver rare infected. hwtititio« ia cammom conpenies. Total funding for the four-year along the rain. Ia oat t o n ia tko iakai district prngi eras is anticipated to be between 12.) nillion aa tba aaia trucking liaa fraa tka sooth-west, tkia and 13 ailliaa, though ell specific projects will girls caa aa longer get jaks aa bataaids, kacaaaa it hove to go through SEHC'a noraal refereeing Is believed they oay have AUS. Tea lata: aachiaary before beiag approved. Ihxtracted fraa •0 gar caat af tka karaaida ia aae teaa v a n farad Bio/Tecbnolegp. «ol. 5, February 1987) ta be carriers. covetunent studies nips vaccine re«— xh Tka ties-year pregr^rae, afcick will cast programs $6.8 ailliaa. is intends»1 ta pat blood-tenting kits iata all U gwvoraaent helicals aad ta aggrade tka With an annual budget that would soon be aace escelleat Cast African Centra far Vims tlC aillion, it would be possible to organise aoa Research. d.rect aa effective A I M vaccine research prograaae ia the United ringdoa Uganda kaa aa far kad ta cage nitk tka ogidanic witkaat any local facilities to test far U* . Ike The claia is that of tha Medical Research aotkoritiea have kad to send all blood saaglaa by Council (MAC) which has devised the blueprint of air to the Critiab Public Health Laboratory Service soch a plan, currently being studied by govsreuser. at Carton Boon. Haw that wore fends are available, this eitnatioa will inprove. The plan outlines a strategy that will give the council extra AIDS funding of 12.5 willioo in the Another difficalty, according to Hoy Magana, first year, rising to f*-6 nillion in the second aad oka ia rasgaasibla far co-ocdiaatiag research into then 110 ailliaa before the fifth year. A U S on the national cn— ittee, is that there is a aaad far note iafarnation an the ways ia which A U S In the written evidence to the conaittee the presents itself ia the African contest. "The HRC had clained: "He believe that the UK has the torrent definition is tea nonspecific. For enable, scientific capability for unking a decisive doctors have recently noticed a link between AU S contribution to the developoent of aa AIDS vaccine aad tobercnlosis. Aboot 40 par cent of patients provided that a political lead is given and that with tnborcnloois in Ogaada sod Zaira have substantial extra funding, outside the Science Tote, antibodies against HIV. The incidence of is fortheoaiag. A ranker of distinguished tabercnloois ia both countries is rising fast. scientists ia the UK hove expressed a wish to taka There is s aiailar tread ia Kenya. part ia a prograaae of rssearch to davelop an a l K vaccina." Ogaada badly needs funds to finance research into sock links. Hot one of the biggest obstacles Tba paper paints a grin picture. To eataratne facing health aotkoritias is how to get across the the behaviour of the dioeaae, groups of infected health education sassage. Sadly, in the worst-bit individuals need to be studies for another 2U years sreas of tba country, death has proved to be tba or rare, concludes the HBC. A now sritisn prograrae best instructor-. (Source: Hew Scientist. to find a vaccine should be raunted sad the M W 19 March 1987 aad The Econonist. 21 March 1987) would speedily allocate the funds chrough its atchaniara for 'special project grants'. United Kinedon The HRC, which created a working party on AIDS Proera— continues on oratein eneineerint shout four years ago, has since provided eight special grants for AIDS research fraa its own funds During Deceaber 1986, heads of relevant sod has diverted resources at its own estoblishneot, departnencs ia Sritish universities aad polytechnics the Clinical Rssearch Centre. ware notified of the Science end Engineering Kesearch Council's biological initiatives for 1987. The council was recently swarded an extra These include inane interpretation (1600,000 a year 11 oillion s year to pay for further AIDS research. allocated for continued support), invertebrate Additional rssearch is Africa, where tha MRC already neuroscience (ditto), protein eneineerinn (1400,000 supports projects in the Cenbia and Zaabia, is now a year will be available through the underpinning also expected to be financed. (Extracted fraa progrsaae, in addition to continuing support of the Mature. Vol. 325, 19 February 1987) Protein Engineering Club through the SEkC Biotechnology Directorate) sod nenbrane function Shell_ex{ands_jenatic_esgiaeeriag_activicx (1200,000 a year allocated to support a preliainary grant round for s new initiative this year). During the cooing five years, the Loodoo-baoed Shell International Cheaical Co. will spend These eras are for coraitaenc in research (20 nillion on biotechnology research ia grants, and represent funds allocated to biological agrocbcaicals, seeds, and related areas, kssesreb sciences in sddition to Che allocation for nornsl will cover a wide ares, with eaphasis on developing grants. As far as protein engineering ia concerned, genetically radifiad seeds leading to plant the underpinning and Club progresses have already varieties incorporating novel built-in coraitted over 12 willioo in current grants. characteristics. Much of the work will be carried (Source: Siotechnoloev Bulletin. Vol. 5, Ho. 12, out sc Shell's Sittingbourno Research Centre nest January 1987) London, where rare than $100 nillion has been spent to date on biotechnology prograanes. Additionally, Hew biotechnoloev centre Shell is spending none $20 aillioo annually in the UK and elsewhere in the area of plant genetics. University College London is expected to pair (Extracted froo Cheaical and Engineering Hews, with the University of Sirainghaw in a separate 19 January 1987, p. JO) biotechnology initiative. The two esnpuaes are slated as joint headquarters for a new UK University news ■iechenical Engineering Centre focused on product recovery, advanced bioreactoi control techniques and The University of Reading has oe-gsd its other aspects of bioprocessing. Still evolving, the departnencs of horticulture, botany, sod plan is for the Science end Engineering Hesearch agricultural botany to crests a new Sch ool of Flsnt Council (SEBC) to provide core funding for work Sciences chst will eabrece crop developoent, plant financed in part by contracts with industrial breeding, gsraplssn conservation, and research into - 21 - pint Staffed by 73 scientists and first P M for genetically altered bacteria aader the technicians, the School includes a coocracta toxica law to be subject CO EPA's new biotechaology group whose role ia to forge atroag liaka with policy. The policy requires a P M because the industry. orgacieae are considered to be aew, aad being developed for coanercial purposes, aad are to be Meanwhile, ia Cwildford, the University of released to the eavirooaeac. Sarrey ia plaaaiag a aew cytotechaology laboratory. Fwaded joiacly by the Wo If aoa Foundation, the A Cambridge, Mass., biotechaology coapeay. University Create Ceaanttee, aad Sarrey University BioTechaica International, intends to field test itaelf, the project will give Cwildford a three geaeticelly engineered strains of Bhirobiua aeai-iadwstrial-scale pilot plaat with six 100-litre aeliloti at its Chippeuc Agricultural Station ia hioreectore howeed ia a bwildiag aeitable for the Pcin County, Wiscousia. The aatarally occurring pradactiea of patative therapaatic aad prophylactic soil organise enhances nitrogen fixation in ageata far teatiag ia aaiaala aad hoaaaa. The alfalfa. The fira believes its altered straiaa have laboratory ia dae for caaplecioa ia laptaabar 1987. better nitrogen-fixing properties aad can enhance alfalfa yielas aa awch as 13 per cent. (Extracted Farther earth, at the Oaiveraity of lacfciaghaa, frea iTitaical ana Eaxiaeering Mews. the aew Clare Laboratory for the Biological Scieacee 23 February 19B7, p. Zb) baa hoea opaaed. Tweety yeara after the firet atwdeeta arrived at Bacbiaghaa Oaiveraity - the oaly Caavule deaoaatratioa plant OK college chat doea aot receive direct goveraaeat fwadiag - it baa reeolved to rapaad ita coverage of Engineering baa begun on a 150 toa-per-year life aciaacee iato phyaiological biocheaiatry. dsacastration plant to extract aataral rubber fraa Directiag both reaearch aad tearhieg will be the gueyule shrub, bagiaeeriag aad construction of Frefeaaor Aaae Beloff-Cheia, widow of the plaat ia being carried oat by Drava Engineering Sir Kraat Chaia, who ia 1943 abated a Bobel Prise wader a contract awarded by Firestoae Tire 4 with Alesaader Fleaiag aad Oeward Florey for the Rubber. The project, supported by USDA aad the developaeat of peaicillia. She will coatiawe the Departaeat of Defease, is intended to spur work oa diabetea, obeaity aad related topica that developaeat of a dnaestic natural rubber industry. abe peraaed at Iaperial College, iaadoa. To be located at the Cila River Indian Csaauaity (Source: BioATechnoloev. Vol. 3, Jaawary UB7) just south oi Phoenix ia Sacatoa, Aric., the plant will eaploy proprietary precess technology developed Uaited Statea of daerica at Firestone*a central reaearch laboratories. Construction ia scheduled to begin ia March. »SF ptoaotea teaa work ia biotechaolorv (Source: Cheaical aad Eaxineerinx Bewa. 9 February 1987, p. 22) Stiawlatioa of aoltidiacipliaary reaearch ia biotechaology ia the goal of aa 88 aillioa FDA panel arses sales of aati-AIDS deux Biological Ceatera Frograa eatabliabed by the OS Batioaal Scieace Foeadatioa. Two types of ceatrea Aa FDA advisory covittee baa voted 10 to 1 to are plaaaed. The first type, Biological Facilities recoaaend that the experiaeatal drug axidothyaidine Ceatera, will provide oaiveraity departaeets with (AZT) be allowed to enter the aarket as the first high-cost iaatruaanta that esa be shared for aedicatioa available by prescription for acquired bioscieace research. The secoad type. Biological iaauae deficiency syadroae (AIDS). The caaaittea's Besearcb Ceatera, will support large-scale i ■ i iMiiulsrina ia expected to carry heavy influence aultidisciplinary research, possibly iaclodiag with FDA. However, the aaaufacturer of the iastroeeotatioo developaeat. Facilities Ceater antiviral. Burroughs Wsllcoaa Co. of Worth Carolina, awards geaerally will average 1300,000, while the is planning to restrict sales to patients with those ■ore coaplex Research Caster awards will typically types of AIDS cases in which AZT has been shown to be 12-4 aillioa. (Source: Cheaical Week, be safe aad affective, la,a clinical trial 7-14 January 1987) completed last signer, AZT was shown to bolster ths iM uns syetea and prolong the short-tarn survival of 'Ice-winua* field trial AIDS patients with PaeiMOcvstis carinii paeuaoeis. The drug also iaprovad the condition of patients The OS Covirooawatal Protection Agency (EPA) with AIDS related coaplex (ARC), a less severe rainstated two experiueota1-use peraits to Advanced condition. AZT is not considered a cure. However, Coastic Sciences (ACS), Oakland, Calif., to in another preaising developaent this month, field-teat ica-ainus bacteria - genetically researchers Robert Tarcboaa and Sanaa1 Broder of the engineered strains sf Pseudoaonaa svrintaa and Rational Cancer Institute found that AZT nay Pseudoswnss fluorsscsns bacteria that lack the reverse - at least tanporarily - sane of the ica-miclaating proteins of the natural species. If denentis aad other neurological disorders associated the coopany can gat State aad local approvals, ic with AIDS. (Source: Cb«ucal_and_Eofineerin(_Bews, nay conduct outdoor tests in California at two sites 28 January 1987, p. 17) ia Saa Benito County aad at one site ia Contra Costa County to sea whether the ica-ainus bacteria protect Biolocical centres orotraasn sat up strawberries fron frost daaags. The organions are being trsacad as aicrobial pesticides and if the In keeping with its effort to expand tests go forward, they will be the first officially interdisciplinary research, the US Rational Scieace sanctioned releases of genetically engineered Foundation (HSF) ia setting up an 88 aillioa bacteria into the stnosphere. Panics granted ACS biological centres prograMM for rssssreb in areas in Novsnber 1983 wars suspended when EPA discovered iaportaat to biotechnology developaeat. Tbs that the coapany had tasted the bacteria outdoors progress will coasiat of biological facilities for without peraiasisa. (Source; Cheaical Week. interdapartnsatal rssaarch funded at about Sbw.OM), 23 February 1987) aad biological research ceacreo tor larger-stele efforts chat will bo eligible for awards of up to CPA clean first data on bloontlneered bacteria 12 nillion. First awards will be asda in 1988. The deadline for proposals tor the analiar facilities A coop any soaking to fiald-test genetically was 1 April; for tbs larger research contras the engineered aicro-organisaa has sobaicted a deadline ia 1 August. Applicants are urged to preaeaofactors notification (IMO to the US contact HSF before subaicting proposals. Cnvireantntal Protection Agency, as is now required (Source: Cheaieal aad Enxiaaarinx Hews. under Che Toxic Substances Control Act. This is the 12 Jaauary T W TT p*7t W -- 1----- “--- 6 S i w m » and Du Pont tit» « trmtnt acid. Confiraatioo of tbia long-suspected node of action nay lead to design of siailarly acting SfMitn, Ik . of I w U t t , Co., « 1 E.l. *i ayncbetic agenca. The investigators* prediction h t t de t a * m 4 Co. heve ií |m 4 u >|TmnC to that oxygen blocks tbe croaaliaking acchaaian u joiatly duvvlop therapeutic cccc of aa «ii|io|iMii> cons it tent vitb tbe kno w greateot af fectiveneaa or factor firat characterised by Synergen ¿a aicaaycioa ia seek oxygen-poor eavirowents aa aolia collaboration vitb acadeuic rateare Itera. The tuaor cella. proraia vill be investigare^ for ice potsotial io tbe treatnenc of significan! cardiovascular the vorfc vas done by cheaiacry profeaaor condicione mmi neurologicel disorders se valí as for Karia Toaasx at Beater College of the city otber h o M pharaaceutical applicatioaa. University of Dev York, vitb senior reaearch assistant Boselya Lipaaa and graduate student Tbe angiogeoeeis factor, a basan proteia Dondapati Chovdary, aad by organic chcaistry produced usíag recoubiaaat D M tecbaiqves, has beca profeaaor Eoji Bakaaishi at Colaabia University, abona to induc» tbe foraatioo of a ev blood vesseis vitb graduate student Cregory L. Verdin* aad m m i to etinulet* tbe prodactioa of certaia nryata. postdoctoral fellov Jan Pavlak. They were supported by tbe Batioaal Institute of Bealth. Duriag tbe project's íaitial pbaac. auticipated te reqaire ll aoarbe, Synargea vill coatinao its The collaborators shoved that activated iavestigations of tbe physiologica1 role of tbe aitoaycin C foras crosslinks between adjacent proteia and will develop a comercial procesa for strands both of a double-stranded, synthetic, its prodactioa. Da Poat vill oadertake precliaical alternating copolyner of deoxyguaaylate and atedies of tbe poteatial tberapeotic effect of tbe -cytidylate (poly (dC-dC)) and of DB* froa the toil proteia aad vill próvida tl.l aillioe of reaearch bacteriua Micrococcea lntena. They further aappart to Syaergea. deaoaatrated that aitoaycin crosslinks D M by reaction at two parts of the drug aolecvle vitb tbe Tbe secoad pbaac of tbe prograaae vill focos aa 2-aaino groepo of different genuine rasiduas. cliaical triáis M i obtainiag regulatory approval for tbe noet proaisiag applicatioaa of tbe In addition, tbe researcbero isolated the saae aagiogeaesis factor. Sboold Da Poat believe iaitial crosslinked units froa liver call OB* of rats that resalta oarraat. tbe sgreanest calla for tbe w r e injected vitb tbe drug. Ibis last finding expeoditnre of spproxiastely Í17 aillioa for indicates that tbe crosslinking aechaaiaa functions dovelopaeat, iaitial cliaical testing aad in living aaanals as w l l as ia the test cube. preparación of regalatory sabniaeieas. Coaaiderablc foadiag for tbia pbaac vill be previded by De Poat. One key to tbe Bunter/Co luob ia success vas use of eodiua ditbionitc to activate aitoaycin C. in Vpoa filiag tbe firat lev Dreg dpplicatioa vitb tbe past, workers in the field had used catalytic tbe DS Food aad Dreg ddaiaistratioa, tbe partios hydrogenation or ensyaic reduction to aiaic voald foro a cowerci 1 ventare vitb Syaergea netabolic activation. Activation is probably retaiaiag aaaafaccoriig rigbta aad De Poat enxyaic in the body, bet test-tube experiaents respoaaible for asrki tiag activities. Profits, as failed to tern up products derived froa croeslinking. vcll as additiooal capeadituras, voald be ahared eqvally by Syaergaa aad De Poat. Toaass and Bakanisbi suggest that tbe difficulty vas kinetics, tesidusl oxidised foxa of Syaergea recaías sil rigbta to topical the drug aay have deactivated the reduced fora after applicatioa of che aogiogsaeeis factor to pronote the reduced foca bad reacted vitb only one D M vooad bealiag. Evaluación of tbe proteia ia enival strand. Ditbionitc reduces aitoaycin C rapidly and aodcls for che trestasar of eergical iaciaiooa, akia coapletely, leaving no residual oxidised fora. elcers, betas aad bed sores bas already bague. (Sourcer Coaoaar Pava telease. 3 Febrvary 1947) One indication of the.adduct structure cane froa its ultraviolet spectrea, which looked like a Daioa of Soviet Sociaiist Eeneblícs superposition of separata spectra of guanosine and the aitosene nucleus of tbe drug, latios of peak Cattle fodder intensities indicated one aitosene aad two guanosine noieties. A Cotton affect at one guanosine peak Strav can be coeverted to cattle food by location ia the circular dicbroic spectrw suggested coofciag it nadar prassure accordiag to L. Erase of that the two guanosine groups were dose to one cha *11 Vaioa Leaia Acadeoy of Agricultural Scisacas another. (Moscou). Tbia convcrcs iadigsatible polyasecharides to siaple segara. Convencional The Huntsr/Coluabia teaa used coaputer-sesisted griadiag aad aceaaiog sofeeas tbe ateas, bnt doce nod*Uing the coaplsta crosslink of iiM by the aot iaprove aatritiaaal valsa. Iba procssssd strav drug. For this, they used a aolscular ascnaaics cas be atorad for up to ana w e b ia a «Ma r vicbouc progrsaac developed by organic ebsaiatry professor goiag oouldy. Aaiaals fed tbe augared acra» gaiaed U. Clark Still of Coluabis. seigbt fosear, aad dairy cattla gava 13 par cent aere ailb. Iba cose of iostslliag cha aeadsd Tba cbeaists sntarsd data froa Brookbaven aatoelave cosld be paid back ia oaa ysar. Poat National Laboratory for the x-ray crystal structure vasta cao siso be coavertad to faad by drying che o' . know double-stranded polynucleotide with poat aad osisg cha laft ovar pulp and 1iquid co aaka 10 '.ocl*otides in each strand. Than they siaulatad a fead sepplsaaat by haatiag uadar presaurs. a crosslink by aitoaycin batwoan guanine groups in (Extractad froa Wav Scianlist. 1 Jaaeary 1987) adjacent strand*. The resulting nodal shoved that the aitonycine nolecula fics aaacty into what is called the ainor groove of tbs DBA double helix vitb C. EI8E4ECD ainiaal distortion of DBA bonds and bond angles. (Abstracted vitb peraission froa Chaslcal and EnfinesringNevs, 16 March 1947. Copyright 1947, tasearcb oa hunan «anas Aasrican Cneaical Society) Mi t osare ins crosslink PW* to fitht cancar Chsaothera£2jnMdstancg Chuñista at evo Nev York City universities have Cancer calls develop resistance to cancer drugs found chat aacicancar drugs called aicooycina act by by sons genetic changes and a specific call croasliakiag adjacent strands of deoxyribonucleic protein. All cancers have the potential te savelop 23

resistance, according to F.T. Holley 111 of ooocarciaogens with 95 per cent accuracy. Chemicals Georgetown University, Washington D.C. Some cancer that were difficult to classify were those known to cells are inherently resistant to drugs. Colon be weak carcinogens. cells, for instance, are regularly exposed to toxins in digested food and are therefore nore resistant The enzymes that Parke's team has been studying than other normal celia to cheantherapentic agents. are the cytochromes pAAS, closely related to another The cancers that arise froa colon cells tend tn family of enzymes, the cytochromes pASO. Both maintain that property. Cancer cells can also families are found in all animal calls. acquire »amity, generally through gene aaplification, according tn R.T. Schiadte of Stanford The role of the cytochromes pA50 is to help to University. For exanple, nethotrexate acts by eliminate chemical carcinogens froa the cell. A inhibiting the enxyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) process of ozygenatioo, catalysed by cytochromes needed in M U synthesis. Multiple copies of the pASO, converts the carcinogen into a product which DHFR gene have been found in tuuors resistant to then reacts, or conjugates, with other molecules in methotrexate. So resistant cells are always able to the cell, ending up in a harmless, soluble form make enough DHFR to function. Other processes that which can be excreted via the kidneys. block DMA synthesis can aplify genea apootaneonsly. The extra genetic material may come It the chemical carcinogen comes into contact from dying cells, unequal distribution of genetic with cytochromes pAAS, however, a different chain ot material at cell division, or overreplication of a events begins. Cytochromes pAAS again catalyse an 3 M segment. oxygenation reaction. But this tine, an active product results. This form, instead of conjugating Another resistance mechanism involves with other molecules,remains in the body where it p-glycoprotein, whose function is unproven, but can interact with Dha, so causing cancer. which nay carry lethal drugs out of cells before they are harmed. High levels of snrein and There is evidence that genetic, dietary and epidermal growth factor have also been observed in environmental factors nay be important in raising cancer cells. Some cancer cells nay also bacons levels of cytochromes pAAS. resistant by producing higher levels of a DMA-repair enzyme to overcome damage done by American studies have shown, for example, that DHA-damaging cancer drugs. Streptoxotocin, some strains of nice have a greater ability to isolated from fungi, nay block the repair enzyme, convert carcinogenic chemicals into toxic according to L.C. Erickson of Loyola Madical intermediates, by inducing higher levels of Center. Further advances in chemotherapy depend cytochromes pAAS. Diet is also important. People on much better understanding of the nature of who eat plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables tend to cancer celia. have lower levels of cytochromes pAAS. Smoking is another factor, as shown by work on pregnant women, A drug used to treat cardiac disorders can also normally, neither cytochromes pA50 nor reverse acquired drug resistance, a problem coamoo cytochromes pAAS are present in the placenta. But in patients with cancer of the lymph nodes, if the woman amoks*, cytochromes pAAS develop in the according to a report by two researchers at Colorado placenta. Furthar in the future, thia work may nave State University (Fort Collin'): Dennis H. Hacy, a implications for the prevention of cancer. It nay professor of veterinary medicine, and be possible to design molecules chat will fit in the Stephen J. Withrow, a professor of oncology. The active site* of cytochromes pAe# and block them. drug, verapamil, is a calcium-blocking agent used to This would mean Chat these enzymea would no longer treat angina. Tests in dogs have shown that the be available to activate chemicals into their drug, whan administered lata in the course of carcinogenic form. treatment, renders cancer cells susceptible to drugs to which they had become immune. The Colorado In the meantime pharmaceutical* companies that researchers are currently administering verapemil at ar* developing naw drug* wijl be able to screen out the on-et of treatment, hoping to prevent drug compounds likely to be carcinogenic, greatly cutting resistance from occurring at all. Drug resistance the number of drugs that go on to be tasted in is said to be the major reason why many cancar animal*. (Extracted froa Hew Scientist, patient', succumb to the disease after going into 26 February 19S7) remission for seversl months. (Extracted from Science Sews. Vol. 131, 3 January 1987 and Chemical Raaaarch links cancer and hormone receptor Week. IS February 1987) Two groups of researchers, have independently Computers graphics used in tasting for found a link between cancer and tha receptor for careinoteneUy thyroid bornooas. The researcher* find that tbs protein product of a normal gens closely related to Computer graphics could make redundant many of a cancer-causing gen* called orb-A seems to be a the tests that scientists carry out on animals to thyroid hormone receptor. see if chemicals causa cancer. A new method of modelling compounds on computer will make it The group at the European Molecular Biology possible to screen new drugs, for example to Laboratory in Haidelbsrg, and at tha Pasteur check whether they can disrupt a call's gsaetic Inscitut* in Lilia, France, studied tb* system in materiel. chickens. The US team included scientists at tho Howard Hugh** Madical Institute in San Diego, tha In many cases, a chemical becomes carcinogenic Salk Institute in San Dingo, and at tha San only after biological activation in the call. Francisco and ban Diago tempos** of the University Rasasrebars at the University of Surrey have of California. The** researchers studioo tha human developed a technique that allows them to predict gene. whether such activation will occur. They have shown that a molecule's ability to fit the activa sits of Both groups studied the gene product of a an enzyme found in all animal cells can predict proto-oncogen* called c-*rb-» which ia closely whether the molecule can causa cancar. r*latad to a cancer-causing gsna, or oncogene, found in virus** and called v-erb-A. This oncogen* doe* The toms, lad by Donnis Farks, professor of not by itsalf causa tumor* ia animals, but it biochemistry, has used the now method to tost nearly sohanca* the ability of other viral oncogen**, such 300 cos^ounds. They found that they could divide a* v-jrb-B, to transform a type of bon* narrow tho chemicals accurately into carcinógena and cell - an arythroblast - into a cancarou* call. - 2k -

Both groups cloned and sequenced the c-erb-A At least one potentially useful absyne has been gene and ita protein product. This protein product developed st the Research Institute of Scripps reacnbiea, hut .1 not identical to, certain eteroid tlin'e (La Jolla, Cel.). Molecular biologists ho none receptora. Since thyroid hornonea are Alfonso Tranontano, Bin D. Jaada and thought to interact with cella in a way aiuilar to Richard A. Leraer injected nice with a phoephooate the way steroid hornonea do, the ainilarity led the ester that is sinilar in shape co, hut note stable California researchers to suspect that their protein than, a transition-state nolecule in a reaction was a receptor for thyroid hornooe . The European called ester hydrolysis. As expected, the scientists reached the sane conclusion by noting the phoephooate prompted production of antibodies in the wide distribution of the protein in different types nice. The researchers isolated the antibodies and of cells (also true of the thyroid hornooe receptor) found one that speeded up the hydrolysis by as uell as the ainilarity in nolecular weight of the 1,00V tines - rather slow coopered to the gene product and the thyroid hornooe receptor, loth oillioa-fold capabilities of easynes like carbonic groups confined their hypothesis by showing that aabydrase, hut exciting nevertheless. the thyroid hornooe triodothereooine (Tj) preferentially binds to the c—vrb-A gaoe product. Results were even aore draaatic at the University of California (Berkeley), where chemists The finding has a nunber of interesting Deter C. Schultx, Scott J. Pollack, and inplications for understanding the role of oncogenes Jeffrey H. Jacobs used an awtiphoapbouate antibody in cancer. (Abstracted with permission frou to speed ester hydrolysis sons IS,000-fold. The Chemical and Engineering hews. 5 January 1987. group has since unde ocher antibodies that provide Copyright 1987, American Chanical Society) sinilar results in other reactions.

Cancer rewersal hornonea One of the first counercial uses for ahsyncs will probably be to alter other proteins that, like Toons of Dr. Don Metcalf at Melbourne's Halter absyaes rheaselves, consist of chains of amino and Elisa Hall Institute and of Professor Leo Sacha acids. For exanple, it any he passible to design of the Meisnaaa Institute in Israel isolated a group antibodies chat aimic proteases which cut proteins of hornonea with the ability to traasfom Hyaloid at specific anino-acid aaqua urea. Today's proteoses lent«aura cells in nice into unreal nature cells. often lock the : squired specificity and cut proteins Researchers is the US and Japan had cloned the gene at unpredictable sices. for the similar human hornooe, and trials on aaiaals sad people will begin soon. The hornonea are part Healthcare offers several potential uses for of a fanily called colony stimulation factors (CSF) new proteases. One designed to cut the protein which control white blood cell formation sad fibrin (the asjor component of blood clots) any be function. They night also be applied to regenerate useful in treating heart disease by dissolving the boos narrow dansged by cancer treatment. clots, as sons easynes are known to do, others could (Source: Journal Bo. 2. Biotechaica '87. Banoover) treat cancer by honing in on the proteins that protrude fron aaliguaat cells, a ptoceas that night Turnips antibodies into catalysts fatally daaage the call asabraae and aa absyne that recognises and breaks e specific anino-acid segnenc Using a new biotechnology tool, two research in viruses night prevent then fron binding to target g'oupa have recently endowed one type of protein, cells. antibodies Cabs''), with the cheuical properties of another, easynes. The resulting "absyne" process is At this stage it is doubtful whether the absyne now being studied for coanercialisation by I CEB in technique will completely replace such netbods as Rockville, Hd., and could result in s siaple sod fermentation sad chemical synthesis, which already efficient new nethod of designing sad producing produce large nonbers of easynes efficiently; hot proteins for csacer trsataeat, genetic engineering the process could couplament those methods by sad chenical processing. providing new antibodies to ypeed up reactions that are now uncatalysed. (Extracted fron high Easynes are catalysts that set ss a sort of Technology, March 1987) stage on which chenicals cone together to fern new products. About 2,000 natural sasynas ars known, tutus clone» nap enxrms and aany of than are vital to the chenical, food-processing sad pharmaceutics1 industries. Uetus Corp scientists have successfully donee sad expressed the E. coli nethionino aaiaopeptidase Antibodies srs geaersted by the ism ins systen (MAF) ensyne which is responsible for seine-terminal in response to an antigen (a foreign cell or processing of proteins produced by genetic chenical), and work by a sinilar aeebaaisn. That engineering in prokaryotic sad eukaryotic is, a portion of the nolecule precisely fits the uicro-organians. Many recombinant proteins still pattern of nolecules jutting free a specific antigen contain aeino-terminal nsthioaine, which caa now be and in the process signals other in n e -systce calls removed is vivo using tbs MAF essjus - which is to destroy the antigen. oaiqus snoag other known sninopeptidases in that it has the absolute specificity for the aniao-temioal These sinilar nodes of action nave led asay netbioeinc. researchers to wonder if antibodies (which sssuos a virtually ualiaited nunber of shapes, depending on The nethod is perticulerly useful for those the antigenic "template") could serve as catalysts. proteins thst partielly rstsie tbs methionine All one would have to do is inject s laboratory residue, because the MAF sesyne can 'polish* the aainsl with s specific transition-state nolecule frsysd aaino-terninsl sequence sad gessrste wore and let the creature's iaauna systen nenufseture honogensous protain products, Cetee was the first an antibody aoulded to fit that nolecule. The te discover sad clans tbs ensyne, sad has filed for resulting absyne would thus be able to catalyse US and foreign patents. It is now considering the corresponding reaction. That approach, licensing tbs technology, ((eercer Biotechnology however, has only recently become feasible with Bulletin, Vol, 8, Re, i, March 1987) monoclonal antibody technology, in which the cell generating an antibody against a specific entigen EF0_in_dinicsl_trisls is isolated fron oillions of other sinilsr cells and then cultured to produce large voluues of the erythropoietin ((H), s hormone Chat is antibody. produced eainly by ths kidneys, sets on precursor calls ia cha heec sarna ca sciaslate cha production Alxheiner's discaan is a degenerativa diseaae af i d hlad calls. Tha cliaical Crisis aaa ia affectiag tbe braia sed leads te Progressive asaery progress a n Ce Cnac cha aaenia associated vich loas, coatesion and bisarle behavior. Like end-stage raaal disease. 1st sal; 4s patients naaic-depressive iliacas, it is incurable and suffering ( n s chis disease reguire dialysis cs fregoentl; canses death within fine ca 10 yeara of renews iaparicias ( n s Chair hlss4, haC aaa; Che oaser of che diseaae. sf thaa sisa regain fregueat craaafasisas cs iacrasac the percentage sf ra4 calls ia la a 10-year effort, researchers heve shewn Chair hlss4. Chat ia ac least ene larga fanily, iabericaace af a saall segneac af chronosoas 11 located aear too About 175,000 patiaacs regain dialysis. narker genes predispoaea soneoae ta develep naaic-depressive iliacos. The Work was lea by hgal's (Thousand Oaks, Cl) ncsabiaaaC I ease Jaeice A. kgeland, a paychiatry pratessoc at che CPO is already ia These III cliaical crisis; Che Duiversity of Hiani, huvis E. Kousaaa. a aiology esapsa; arpaces Cs file with Che Fss4 aa4 D n g professor at Bsasechusetts Iastitnte of Technelagy; AdniaistraCisa (7M) as later thaa the aa4 of 1907, and Penasth E. Kidd, professor at knaa genética, aa4 sppreval shea14 fsllsw withia 0-12 aoaths. psyckiatry and biology at Tale Uaiveroity's sebeal of oadiciae. The resales sf csabiae4 These 1 as4 II cliaical trials have receatl; appeare4 ia Tha Laacet aa4 The Tha nanic-dapreaaive stud; is based en Jsaraal sf Medicine. Ia saall trials, exaninacien af tbe distribución of Che diseaae anoag hath groups fsaa4 the ssas thiag: EPO, a4aiaisten4 ewandad faailies af Oidor Orier Aaish ia easterm three tiaes seefcl; fsllswiag dialysis, carreeCa4 the Peaasylvaaia. A aunber af social and peycbological sasais. lad-call bail4-ap was 4ss«-4spsa4sat aa4 factura Chat na; pía; a rale ia che develspnent af secarce4 ia a asath or lass. Previously naaic-depressive iliacas ore aoc fauad aaong nsaberu trass fas isa-4apea4aat patieacs as lsagsr a n ss. of this religioos sect, iaclndiag crininal behavior. Ha rearer, ta 4ate then hare baas aa aeren adversa violenca, nsrital separación and divarea, alcaholian effects sack as aati-EfO aatibe4ies, less af and differeacea ia either sociw-tcanonje status or efficacy, or diraet taricit;. Seas patieats 4erelop level «f fonal adwcatioa. Despite their cultural i n a 4af icieac;; tha iacrcase4 ra4 call pre4accioa diffcrences, tha Anish base tbe esas incidence, - aa4 4caaa4 far haaaglebia synthesis - 4epletas septena and developnsnt af Che illness os che ires stores. EPO there;/ as Ires patiaacs faal hatter general Kerch American populación. aa4 lacreases chair appetites: the 4raahack h a n iarolres the aee4 to ao4if; dietary restrictieas sa4 B; focusiag aa chis group, che researchers vera iacnase dialysis tiaes - ro cleaase the b’ood af oble to iéeatify s particular fanily of 01 nsaberu a44itioaal as Cabs lie by-products sa4 iaparicias. ia «diich Che cándese; eo devulop nanic-depressive illaass was claarl; parrad fren ana generación ce The Phase III trials will areataall; target Che aexc os a doniaant geaaCic traje. Slood sanplas ahoat 300 patieats so 4ial;sis ia Che OS. fren all >1 nsabers of Cha fanily were asad ss Cha saorea of OKA, whicb nos Chas aaalysed co sac it s Althawgh it is coo sari; to call whether other particular pisca of thac IJKA could ba piapolacea ss heaatological diseases will hcaafit 4ireccl; froa tha fragaaac thac carriad che goaetic predisposición therapy with ncasbiasac EPO, its asst extensive ase to tha diseaae. as; be far autologous blood donations far patiaacs aadargeiag alactire surgery. Other potential ases Usiag rostriction frsgnenc lsngtb polynerpbiaa, of EPO include treating Che sasaias assacisted with Meurnss at HIT and Daniels S. Garhard, asáistañe lircr disease and rhenaaCoid arthritis, as wall as prefessar af gaoatics se Washington Oaiversit;, was ia conjunction with colon; stimulating factors Se. Loáis, shewed thac che cricical pisca af OKA is ia bona narrow suppressed states. located osar cha tip af che ahorcar s n of cbrunossos 11. This techa ^gue usas s abóle arra; af dagas is ecaliag-np EPO production at its aaw rastriction auxynes te cat DMA at specific piscos ia aanaliaa call cuitara facility, but the total ita segasaca. Tha techaigue has basa sppliad aaount of recsabiaanc harneas needed far the successfull; Ca savaral gsneticsll; datarninad cherspentic applications will be nadase. The illaessss, iaclndiag Mnaciagcaa'a diseaae and cystic aaxiaua dose used ia Che cliaical trials is fibrasis. agnivslaat ta 500 aieragraas af 90 par coat-pure protein, and s pound of EPO would be enough to Aaotbsr gane known ta be located oa che key sappl; the world's kidney dial;*is needs for five frspent of chronosoas 11 na; be invalvad ia s pears. (Extracted frea »io/Technoloxv. Vel. 5, pradispasitian to nsaic-deprassiva illaass. Bouansa March 1907) ssys. Thst gane dsesniaes Cha g truc tura of sn ensyae callad C;roaios hydroxylase which cscslyses Cane link found far two asior nencsl disorders sn inparcant stap ia che saches is of depon ios. Tindias a gana iaportsnc in dapsnine syathesis an The gonstic underpinnings af two nsjor and thac chronossns ssgnsnt swggosts s biacbasucsl gaits different santal disorders - nsaie-daprsssive liak. Experiones with ochar psnetic sises sea illness sad Alsbsiasr’s disssss - bows bees saggasts thac overprodaccíon or uaderprodocciaa at a established ia recast wueks. la bath casas, tasas key easyns ar produceion defectiva es«yus could be of researchers haws used sophisticated techaigues ia tha biocbsaical bosis of illaass. nslecwlar biology coupled with long-tern inheritance studies to locate the exact genetic region - and is Prooising as tha finding of Che Anish atad; one casa, perhaps the exact gens - that predispose ara, rssearebers sircad; know thst a aefsct en carts ia poopIs ta develop tbs disorder. chronosoas 11 ia nót tbe wbols anawsr to their gusse for a link batuses ganecies and davslopnsnt of Nsnic-dsprsssivs illness is a psychiatric nsnic-doprsssiva illaass. lavestigstors heve long illness which coa lead to fetal coaeegueacae, prsdictsd Chat Chara wowld ba ñora Chao ene psasibla including suicide. There is no cure, but it is geestic deface thst could predispuse a persea to aneng tbs aost treatable of psychiatric disorders, davslsp tha illaass. foch is ChsugM ta be tha caso often responding to drug therapy that utilises for osat nejar dissoass thst havs a ganstic lithiua carbonata in c--«biaetioa with tricyclic csnpoaant, and it gruatl; canplicatss tha preblsn af antidepressants of nanean«na oxidase inhibitors. finding such gsnatic links. - i6 -

In f a M i c i c i m that n t n liiltw om with propartiaa of the haoa irao. raaaarckara have that of the daish study. researchers ia laMoa and ■pathssired tke gaaa that eacodes the protaia aad Iceland aad at tka kaciaaal laatitata of Mtatal hove expressed it ia bacteria. Health ia Maryland nport«4 tkat (or othar fopilatian akara anir^tfiaaain illaasa ia A ooafcar of features oaks cytochroaa by ao inherited, tka inheritance does aot earn by aeaaa of ideal target for site-directed autageaesis a frif it of chroaoeoae 11. «any studies ara experiaaats, accordiog to Stepbaa C. Sligar, prataaiial now to determine jaat koo n a o a tka biochaaistry professor at tka Daiveratty of cbreaooeas-li linked fora of aaaicHapttuin llliaois. Urbana. It plays aa iaportaat role is illaaaa ia ia tka general population. clectroa transfer reactioas, iaclading redaction of ryrnrhrra* P-4S0 in the liver aad regeneration of Alzheiner's disease, too. kaa tkis ferraos haaoglobia ia rad blood calls. The heterogeneous genetic ckaractar. Ia aoaa caaaa. a protein's aaino acid neguanca is highly conservad genetic liak ia claar. it ia possible ia otkara. and aswng species, and a high—resolution crystal ■ay aot exist for aoaa fractioa of caaaa. Ika b o w atractnre has bean daternined for bo*iaa aork, «kick kaa takaa place ia aaay lakoratoriaa, cytochroaa by. b c n H aa tka relatively aacaaaoa fora of Alxheiaer'e ia «kick tka genetic roopoasat of tka Tka problen, however, ia that efforts to disaase ia aoat caaily aaaa - a fora called fmitial express native oosaaliaa cytochroaas at high lévala Alxheiaer'e disease. in a bacterial syataa have not been soccassful. Jaaas F. Cusella aad Peter St. Caorge-Hyalep, To cire naves t this problea aad develop a kotk raaaarckarc at Haaaackaaatts Caaaral Hospital aetbod for produriag native aad an taut aai Harvard aedical ackool, lad aa iatcraatiaaal cytothraas by is the large gnaatitics Beaded far taaa of rasaarckara «ka foaad ia a atady of fear biophysical characterization, Sligar, postdoctoral arta«ded faoiliaa tkat. like aspic-depraseiva falla« Sotanas lack von godas«, aad llliaois illaaaa ia tka daish atady. faailial Alzheiaer's professor of pleat biology Mary a. Schuler diaaaaa ia inherited aa a daaiaaar trait aad tkat synthesized tka gaae. this strategy gives the tka particular piece of H U tkat ia cracial for tka researchers a asaber of advaatsgea ovar standard iakeritaace ia located aa ckraaoooaa 21. Like tke cloning techniques. aeaic-depreeaiae illaeaa aork, tka raaaarckara aaed reatrictioa fragaaat laagtk polyaorpkiaa techniques The synthetic gaae is expressed efficiently ia to piapoiat tka critical regioa of H U aaaociated traasfomad Escherichia coli. For soluble ’ aitk tka diaaaaa. cytochroaa bj, about é par cent of tka total protaia expressed by tka bacteria is Dalika ia tka aaaic-deptaoaiaa atady, cytochroaa by. Extensive characterization of this raaaarckara kad raaaoa to aspect tke key gaaatic protria indicates that it is identical to solobla regioa for Alaheiner'a to ba oa ckroaoeoaa 21 aad ■anaslian cytochroaa bj. Tka coaplata focaaed tkeir effort oa tkat particaler ckreaoaoae. cytochroaa by gaaa «acodas a protaia with so Ia its lataot etagea, aaotkar gaaatic disease, additional hydrophobic doaoia that interacts with Down's syadraae, shows aaay of tke aaaa syaptoas as cell sankranas. The synthetic gene for the cooplata Alxheiaer'e disease. Deaa's syadreaa pstiaata kave protein is «xpressed ia 1. coli. and the resultant aa astra copy of ckroaossae 21. protaia is found ia the plasas aeabraae.

Oaa cksractaristic of tke kraia cells of Efforts are under way to use the synthetic gana patiaata aitk Alskaiaar's disease is tka stratagy to batter understand the properties of accaaalatioa of clasps of as abaoraal protaia called cytochroaa by aad its interaction with other aayloid. Saaaral saw stadias, aaaa of «kick study proteins, the researchers also have produced outsat the saaa popolatioa stadied by Caaalla aad cytochroaa by proteins with altered surface St. Ceorge-Hyslop, fud that the gaae respoasibla charges to investigate "docking" interactions for prodactisa of tbs aayloid protaia is located oa between cytochroaa by and its electroa transfer the fragaaat of ckroaossae 21 that ia liaked aitk partners. (Abstracted wxtb pemission troa Cheaical iaboritaacs of the disaosa. Ibis locatioa cosId be and Engineerina Hews. 5 January 1WJ. csiacidaatal, bat it docs suggest a possible copyright 1M7, Aaaricaa niaairsl bociaty) biochsaical basis for devalopaaat of the disoasa. Muscular dratrophy The plaooibility of ehia biocbeaical basis is soasahet straagtheaed by rscaat aork by yet aaotkar A recent description of the gene that causes group of researcher* - Dsaais >1. Selkos at Harrard Due ha nor macular dystrophy (IMD) has intensified aedical school sad Irigkaa A Vaasa's Hospital the search for a protein for which that gene codas - (Bostoa), Doaeld L. Fries at Jokes Hopkins possibly a ousels protein absent or defective in the Oaiversity's school of aadiciaa, aad chair ouscle-vasting disease. Identifying the gene colleagues. These workers fiad aayloid protaia product could lead to replacement therapy sod a halt sccaaalstes ia tka braios of seooral species of to euscle loss. A report in the October oemels as they age. They coccloda that the protaia »iochaaistrv and Cell »iolotv froa scientists at the ia highly conserved dariag erolatioo aad tbas University of Windsor in Ontario suggests the probably sareas s usafol, bat as yat aaideatifisd, sought-after gane product any indeed bo a detactiva faactioa. Those other aaiaals, which iacladc dogs, protein - nore specifically, an inhibitor that fails polar boars, aad aoafceys, do aot aacsassrily get to inhibit tissne destruction by oasyass called Alshelast's disoasa, but ebay say, hoaawor, sarwo as pratoases. "biochaaicslly relaysat aodels for priocipsl fastoras of Alsheiaer's disoasa,'' tka researchers Increased proteose activity ia skeletal ousels, saggest. (Abstracted with poraissioo froa Cheaicsl along with loes of ousels proteins and aass, is aad tecinaeriac Haas. 9 March 1M7. Copyright 1*»7, characteristic of assculer dystrophy in both heneas American Cheaicsl Jociety) sad saináis. Froa ales with a noe-DHD fora of dystrophy, the researchers hove purified an abaoraal Case ayathesls aids study of cytochroaa protease inhibitor that is unsbla to stop euscle destruction by seas classas of proteases. la sa effort to better uaderstaad Theoretically, it a detective inhibitor is characteristics of (ho boas protaia cytochrocw by, pinpointed as the causa of the disease, researchers lacladlag boo saiae acid side eheias deteraiae the could replace it with s «pacific, serna1 inhibitor. - 2T -

la nytriaMti that any answer aoat of thaaa dihydrephyridinc or aa water-soluble pyridiniua questions, tba Catarie | r m r ia cl os log the aoaaa HO salt. Thoae States are iaduced by reductioa aad |c m , aa «all aa assaying for aha oral l inhibitor ia oxidatioa raactioaa respectively. tiaa«a from h a a u with a aoa-Dwcheone, alow-oaaat type of aaacalar Myatrophy. (Extracted froa Sciaaea A water-soluble drwg is coupled to reduce* h a w . V#l. 131. IT Jaaaary IM7) dihy*ropyri*iae by aa estar liokage. The coabiaatioa, eleccrically neutral aad lipid aoluble, »loo* waaaal protaia laaii to a partaarahip can tbu* croes the blooe—brain barricr. unce inaice the braia, the conplex ia oaidised by tne ubiquitous A aaw taaa will investigate tha aaa of nicotiaaaide adeniae diaucleatide-nicotinsaide angiogenesis factor - a protaia that iadwcea adeaiae diaucleotide phoaphace (MAD-MbDP) systea, foraatioa of aaw blood waaaala - ia orgaa the oxidatioa-redwctioa aystca that geaerates regeneration aa* cardiovascular aa* neurological energy. The oxxdixed conplex, poaitively caarged *iiar*an. Da Peat aa* Syaergea (Bowlder, Colo.) aa* wter aoluble. caaaoc recrea* the blood-braia will joiatly faa* aa li-aoach raaaarch progress* to harrier aad is trappe* ia the braia. develop a nensfnc Coring pracaaa for tha genetically engineered protaia. If tha product ia approved hy Noaspecific esterases then clesve the drug fren tha OS Food aad Drag Adaiaiatratioa, the coapaaiaa the pyridiniua salt, effectively producing a weald joiatly coaaarcialice it. Dw Poat weald get suataiaed delivery of the drwg. The salt, becauae esclaaiwe worldwide Marketing right*; Syaargaa. of ita saall sise, says Stern. is eliainated froa aaaafactariag righta. (Source: Chaaical Utah. the braia through the blood-braia barricr. Aay 11 February 1N7) drug-carrier conplex that is oxidised by the body beforw rcachiag the braia is eliaiaated, becauae the Farrriaa dr««* acroaa tha hloed-hraia barrier kidaeys rapidly raaoee rhsrged coléenles. As a resalt, drug concentración dees aot baild up outside The hlood-hraia barrier - the braia capillariea the braia. that act aa wtchfal. ailitaat keeper* of the gat* betweea bleed aad braia - ha* beta racogaixed for The carrier could help drago that eatar tha aearly 100 year*. Tet aatil recaatly, the barrier braia but cause toxicity ia ochar parta of cha bee rwaeiaed largely a aystery. Eaea aow, it* body. L-Dopa, for inatsace, uaed to treat teadeacy to prewaat aoat drag* fra* eatcriag the Farkinsoa's díacase, caa cause a web effeets as braia ia regarded alaoet aa a fact of life. nausea aad voaitiag. Uith tbc carrier, toxicity could be reduce*, becauae drwg svailability ia the That perceptioa aay aooa ebaage, however. braia would iacrease "draaatically," coapared with Pharaatec (Alachaa, Fla.) ha* developed a carrier that ia the blood. (Sourcat Cheaical daek. •y* tea that coaid traaaport drag* aero** the barrier 18 February 19S7) to treat jaat aboat all braia diaordars. Scieatist* outaaaeuver a parasite Three of the five orgaaixatioa* that have license* tha Pharaatec technology could cater Freach sciaacists bave use* gene cloniag to carrier-drag coabiaatioaa ia clinical trial* this outaaaeuver schistosoaiasis, a parasicic siscase year. Chat afflicits at léase 200 ai 11 ion people arnac the world. The researcb waa le* by Dr. Aadri Capron The hlood-hraia barrier insulate* tha brain of the Pssceur Inscituc* of Lille collaboratiag with froa bacteria aad tenia* ia the blood aad isolate* scientists of che Freach biocechaology coapsny, the braia froa transient change* ia blood Transgeae. Uncil aow the di*case has be en a coapositioa. After aeal* or exercise, blood difficult targec for vaccination. Natural iaauaity concentration jf boraoaes, aaiao acid* aad ion*, to che parásito develops slowly aad is noc very like potassiua, fluctuate*. Exposure of the braia effective. la a reccat iasue of Natura, che to each change* could result in uncontrolled nervous scientists report sucees* in growing so iaportaat activity, since *eae aaiao acid* aad bornooc* are proteia of the sdult sebistosoas ia laboracory neurotraasaitter* aad the potassiua ion effect* the bacteria and using chis substaace to iaauaisa raes, firing of aervw cell*. haasters and priaatss. (Source: International Narald Tribuna. 26 Harch 1967) The barrier i* a feature of the unique structure of the capillaries that supply blood to Easearch into Jentsl cavity vaccine the brain. The cell* of those capillaris* are unusual in that they are joined with iaparaeabls Severa1 uaiversities are stteapting to develop junction* *o that they fora a continuous wall. vaccinas against dental caviciss. Tha aarkec for Capillary cell* elsewhere in the body are nor* such vsccines, when Cbey are avsilsble, would be loosely joined, allowing aoUcul** to pa** through. enoraous, sisee over 9> per cene of the world’* Also, ordinary capillaries have por** through which populación suffers froa esvities, accor.'-.ag to coapound* pa**; braia capillaries have such pore* BE Crean of OTC Anaric*. Hsjor researcb prograans* only ia specific regions. iovolving cavicy vaccinas srs uadar w y se Washington Universicy, Fcrsych Dental Cantar, Eaory Sons aolsculsa do pas* through the blood-brain University and che Universicy of Alabaas. »urrougbs barrier. Essential nutriant* like glucose traver** Wellcoas i* siso davsloping a vaccine against it easily, helped across by transport systsas that cevicie*. The National instituto of Dental Kssssrcb specifically recognise tboa. Aad because the próvida* sbout ti nillion/year for resaaren. capillary call aeabrane* are largely lipid, lipid-soluble aolecula* that ar* electrically Hrsc of che ressarcher* are studying the neutral enter tha brain with relative sssa. For secrecory isnuns systaa to develop a vsccia* against instance, heroin, being wore lipid-soluble chan Itreptococcu» autan*. the bsctsriua Chat i* the aorphine, goo* into the brain aore readily and oajor causa of esvities. Antibodis* against the consequently exert* a greater effect. psthogsn* are producsd in nucou* asabranes of the aouth, lungs, gut and gsnitourinsry traets. That solubility and the eloctrical Washington Univsrsity resesrehers hsva devslopod s characteristic* of brain capillary aeabrane* provide vaccine that provides iaauaity against S. autan* and tha key to the Fharaatsc carrier. Tha syscea uaa* a virulsnt strsins of Sslnonella. Vaccination should dihydropyridine-pyridiniua salt carrier chat exist* snabl* sn individual to be Sunisad against any in inccrcanvartibla scat**, either aa lipid-solubl* bsctsriua, fungus, protoioaa or virus that attscks - 2 8 -

through the oKoitl scab ran*. Emory University and Meanwhile, other San Francisco researchers have the h i n n i t y of U i k w have tea ted vaccines based cone up with a theory for how the virus wreaks its ob killed S. itaaa bacteria. (Extracted from havoc. According to John L. Ziegler of the Veterans Chaaical Week, lb January IN?) Administration Medical Center and Daniel E. Slices, B1V way cauae the body to attack itaelf. While the Bunnn rmnur project idea of AIDS as an autoinune diseaae has been proposed before, these researchers suggest a preciae The effort to nap and ultimately sequence the nechanisn for how the virus could induce the attack. hoaiB |i b p n has captured the attentioo of the White Bowse. The cabinet level Domestic folicy Cooncil The problem could result from a similarity (DEC) has asked its working group on biotechnology between the "hook" the virus uses to grab its to prepare a report o b the hue aw gsmmt project. A target - ismuns effector cells called CDA or T4 first instalment of the report, due aext aootb. will cells - and an unrelated protein on other white detail present US activities. Future instalments blood cell types that tells the iamune syaten that could include a fraaeoork for co-ordinating federal these cells are “■elf" and shouldn't be rejected. activities on the project. According to Ziegler and Slices's hypothesis, The first report will be prinarily to educate when an infected person nskea antibodies to the HIV DEC asaliers on the costs and benefits of pursuing hook, these antibodies would also attach to Che the n e w s project. The notion that such an "self" areas of white blood cells, blocking their endeavour could cost 13,000 aillion attracted White function or leading to their scuiae. The Bouse attention. Bo federal agency is contenplating scientists' conclusion explains why, as observed in such a large project, but several are already AIDS patients, the virus can infect only U.ul to uorkiag on parts of a sequencing and aspping project. 0.1 per cent of its CDs cells yet still devastate the insane eyscern. The hypothesis also iaplies that The plans of the Departnent of Energy (DoE) for iamune system suppressants lake cyclosporins could the hunaa gaaoaa project are the best defined. It prevent the deadly white blood cell loss. is supporting the development of a set of DBA Cyclosporine has been tried by French researchers in libraries specific to individual chromosomes. Work AIDS patients but the researchers have not yet is under way at Los Alamos Bational Laboratory on published their results. There nay be nothing left chromosome lb and at Lawrence Livermore Bational to restore by the tins a person has AIDS, Ziegler Laboratory on chromosoam If. A consortium beaded by says, but be and bis colleagues are beginning a Cssandra Smith at Colimbia University is working on prelininary trial of cyclosporine in humsns. They chromosomes 21 and X. As well as the DBA libraries, are also looking for the hypothesized antibody that DoE will focus on new sequencing technology and reacts with BIV and with white blood cella. computational activities. The third study, like the other two, has BIB, which supports several projects that will treatment »plications. Using a paradigm set up for be relevant to any napping and sequencing effort, studying brain neuropeptides and their receptors, has not yet decided exactly what its role in the researchers found a short peptide on the BIV banan genome project will be. envelope protein that binds to brsin cells in BIV infection. By adding just the peptide to a cell Other reports on the human genone project are culture line, Candace B. Pert and Joanna M. Hill of in the offing. The national Academy of Sciences the Bational Institute of Mental Bealth and several Board on Basic Biology plans to conplste an other government researchers were able to block evaluation of the project by June, for Congress, entry of the whole virus. Eert's group plan to try the Office of Technology Assessment is also injecting a long-lasting analog of the peptide in evaluating the geaoue project. A draft of that Inmans with AIDS in early 19B7. For people already report may be available this sinner, although it is infected, says Hill, the peptide could block not officially due until the end of the year. infactioo of new cells. Ihatractsd fron Science (Source; Batura. Vol. 325, 19 February 19B7) Mews. Vol. 130, 20-27 Decaaber 19M7 Three new reports on AIDS Colon nurtures the »IDS virus

The variability of the AIDS virus - from its Besearchers in the US have found a protein genes to its affect on people - sonatinas seems produced by cells in the colon and rectum that astched only by the diversity of approaches that can appears to help the AIDS virus inject the Inm an body. be taken toward its study. Thras new reports suggsst a variety of actions for the virus or for Experinsnts st the Bational Institute for the body’s reaction to it; each of the throe could Allergy and Infectious Diseases suggest that the lead to now therapeutic tacks. virus nay take up residence in the colon and rectum before moving on to the rest of the body. Until The reports detail s newfound inportance for now, researchers thought that only calls of tbs i w n M system suppressor calls in controlling human imwns system and the central nervous system could iaawnodeficisacy virus (HIV), a suggsstion that the be infected with the AIDS virus. virus sparks an aucoionune attack, and the discovery of a snail protein that blocks the virus's binding Halcolw Martin, chief of nolscular nicrobiology sice on its target cells. at the institute, lad a team of scientists who tried to infect 13 varieties of human cell in a test Jay A. Levy and his colleagues at the tube. All resisted cultures of the virus, except University of California at San Francisco cane up three types of call from the colon and rectum. They with what is perhaps the most paradoxical finding of sccsptad the virus and sustained it for a period of the three - chat suppressor imeune cells, rather up to 1U wasks. than effector cells that initiate and direct immunity, are key factors towards fighting off HIV The AIDS virus is attracted to inmuns cells by infection. Boosting suppressor calls could prevent the receptor nolsculs known as CD* on their or help counter infection, they suggest. Lavy says surface. Martin's teas suspected that calls from he would liks to try growing suppressor calls from the colon and rectum might suppress the same AIDS patisnes’s blood samples and giving then back market. They found no CD* in tits cells, instead to the patients in higher doses, after he first they founs s type of ribonucleic acid (MBA) that determines the desired levels of suppressor calls. codas for CD*, cells that resisted infection Too many suppressor cells could have a dansging with the AIDS virus did not produce that variety effect. of KMA. - 29 -

The t e n rnntiti chat Che AIDS »ini» may tanporary protection of persons such aa dentists, chronically infect the rectn or colon, nltintely aurgeoos and other hospital workers who nay often spreading to the inune aysten «here the virus encounter AIDS patients * bloos. keceat studies at actually causes the disease associated with AIDS. the center showed that blood saaples froa about 30 (Sources Mew Scientist, 23 Deceaber 1386/ of 300 infected people bed large quantities of the 1 January 1987) antibodies. The ability to kill the viroe ia the test tube does not necessarily prove teat aa agent A P S drat approved, vaccine tested will protect against iatectiaa. (Source: International Herald Tribune. IS January 13877 In the first reported experiueacal trial of n A P S vaccine in luaini. a French scientist has Hesearch on aniaal senes injected hianelf with a vaccine n d e by inserting a gene for the A P S virus envelope into vaccinia Cene therapy cures nice of shiverins by virus. Daniel Zagury of the Pierre and Marie Curie restoring nyelia sequence Institute in Paris and his co-workers say in a letter in the 13 March editin of Mature that after Mice bora to parents lacking a vital the injection, they coabined a sanple of Zagury'a central-nervous-syaten gene are alive and well, blood ia vitro with the AIDS virus and found chat after receiving the aisaiag DMA via genetic the vaccine had activated hia ianuni systen against engineering. Biologists at California Institute of AIDS. Hia ianune response (both antibody production Technology at Pasadena, California nicroinjected the and cell-uediated insanity) was uesoared for nine gene sequence coding for uyelia basic protein (MMP) weeks following the prinnry imaunixetioo. The into the fertilised eggs of 'shiver nice* - scientists detected not only antibodies against the congenital nucants that grow up shaking thenselves strain of AIDS virus used, but alto heightened blood to an early death because their genone lacks the MAP lynphocyte responses when using Zagury's blood in sequence. Those progeny ia which the gene subsequent tests. The cellular response also was transplant 'took* natsred free of the lethal ■nnoted against a very different strain of AIDS traaors, and lived a aocnal life-span. virus - an inportant aspect, given the virus's ability to nutate rapidly. Mo adverse affects, such Hyelia basic protein is a key caupBurnt of the as body tesperature changes, were observed after sheath that wraps around nerve-call axons in nature injection, say the scientists. ■■mils. Superficially, ayelia suggests the plastic insulation around electric wires, But its actual According to the report, booster shots of the function is to increase the velocity of nerve vaccine have been given to Zagury and tone of a inpulsss. Its absence is associated with nultiple "snail group" of volunteers iliaised in Zaire, scleroais (MS). A grant froa the Multiple Sclerosis where the work is being done. The results of this Society partly fussed the CalTech research. study do not show that the vaccine could actually (Extracted froa McCraw-Mill's biotechnology prevent AIDS, but they do suggast chat the Mew swatch. 2 March 1387) two-pronged jamais systen nay be enticed to aubdue the laths' virus. (Extracted froo Science Mews. Cene therapy restores nouse fertility Pol. 131, 28 March 1387) A gene deletion causing infertility ia nice has leconbinant backbone fragaent of HILP-III virus been pinpointed and corrected in recent work, triggers isnune systen illustrating sons curious facts about how genes can express thenselves in specific tissues. Using a Scientists at Kepligen Corp. Centocor Inc., special breed of hypogonadal (hsa) nice, researchers Duke University Medical School and the OS National have found that the hereditary torn of infertility Cancer Institute have denonatrated that a single found in these nice is caused by a deletisaal protein froa the HTLV-III virus iaplicsted in the nutation of about half of the gene coding for the transaiision of AIDS can trigger the forastion of precursor of gonadotropin-geleasing horuoaa (CnHH) neutralising antibodies. Tha protein, gp 120, is and CoBN-associated peptide (CAP). The peptide pair part of the surface coat of the virus. The fragnent stinnlatas the release of key reproductive bornones. used is a segnent of the 'backbone* of the naturally occurring protein, produced by Repligcn’s Scientists at Cen-mcech, Inc., in south genetically engineered bacteria. Details froo; San Francisco produced fertile hyg hsnoeygotes by Dr. Thonss D. Fraser, executive vice president and introducing DMA fragments containing the nouas Cash the chief Technical officer, lepligea Corp, One gens into aornal eggs later inplantad into surrogate Kendall Square, Suildiog 700, Caabridge, HA 02133, ■others. Subsequent sating of tha progeny with hpi OSA or on (617) 223 6000. (Source; biotechnology ■ice yielded fertile h£g bonosygotes. Mornonal bulletin, Vol. 3, Mo. 12, January 1387) levels and tissue devslopnsnt ia these nice wars csnparable to those ia aornal nice. AlDS'jncilmd^es_found_ia_£lasaa Others have found aiailar tissue-specific Scientists have found thac blood piasns of sons expression elseidisre. Per exanple, a group at the persona iafectsd with the AIDS virus has large University of Warwick in Coventry, England, reports quantities of antibodies that inactivate the virus thst ousels protein genes injected into fertilised in the test tube. eggs of the clawed toad Xanopus borealis are axprasaad alnost wholly ia ousclss. The New York Blood Center is snaking plasas donations froo people infected with the virus to Earlier this year, tha Ceaaatsch tesn reported collect aore of these antibodies for further Che isolation of the gone for precursors of CaHH sad research. It has long been known that AIDS victias prolactin-rslsase-inhibiciag factor in hiaasns and usually hsve detactable antibodies against the rats. Mo nutation such as that described ia the hpg virus, but in no at cases these appear to give the nouse was found, although there are foras of patient no protection against tha daadly acquired hypogonsdisn found in huanas. However, there is no iaaune deficiency eyndreae. direct clinical application of the newly dsscribsd gens therapy co creating huaan infertility If sons people do have antibodies that actually probleaa. The technique, called garniine gene protect against the virus, it night be possible to transplantation, is unsccspcable in hwnans under pwrify these antibodies so that they could be current biotechnology guidelines. (Extracted Iron adniniatersd under special circuastances for Science Mews, 13 Dacaaber 13V6) - 30 -

M m H i W i n pe»tria ituáirt genaa into cotton. The grna enable« acientiata to aagorata the celle «hich ha«« incorporated acw ganea Hew iMU ttdmifMt let M r i M acintim take f r w thaae teieh hare not daring early a tag« a af advantage •( cte accaa'a chawical aacteaiene ia a call growth. wev aaf. 9. 1— ar #f cte h i n n i c y mí Htrylaa4 amé D. tetra mí Jabea Rapkiaa 0n iver« i ty ara aC«4yia| The worldwide cotton crag cover« were than ■etallethioweia, a atCal-hia4ia| graceia ctec al lava g0 will iw acre«. A najar coat iag«t ia cotton a t e aarite organ ia— Ca concentrate aaaraaaa gradoctiaa ia in the porch««« of inaecticida*. field aananta af te cal im chair cieenaa. Tte organiana or aerial inaecticida aprayiag ate field acaotiag to ■ay atrancar da* arcala cte; haac caacaatráete ar central iaaect infeatatiaaa. Anwwal US eageteitorea claaaaa chenaelvee af Cte pcotein-netal cewplex h; alaoa for thaae cantrwla ancaad S3B0 nillian. One tegiag Chte. Ideally, a wetal-biwding greta» atody fa«te that cotton grodocara in the Hiaaiaaiggi eaaU te taaa trácete frow a ayncbetic gane 4a* i (ate Bella area were typically agateiag ahont Ca aeleccieal; gall aac cte latirte at tal. laaar tbO gar acre on ineecticidea. Inaact reaiataoce ia aaaarca daaC ic ia gaaaihla Chara ía a haccarite therefora libel; to ha a hey target at «gracetwo, a fraa a aariaa argaaian Chat pradacee a joint veatnre beewe an Cetwe torg ate ■acallachiaaaia Chat caacaacrataa cte agacific U.R. trace A Co., baaed ia Middleton, uiecaeain. ■acal. (Hatrácete frta ladaatrial Chteical tea». ISource; Biatachwloer Owlletia. Val. ), Ha. 12, Recatear U M Jan« ary 1W/I M i t a A P S airea identified A gene to braah dawn a herbicide clanad

A vina ctec catete a fatal diaaaaa ia cata A gene coding for an antyna chat break* dawn Chat ia «ar; añilar Ca h an» ocgwired iteaaa the herbicide braoaaynil, which cantrola breadleaf deficiency a iterate ( U R ) tea hate iaalacte fraa weede in coca ate variowa etell-graia croga, tea caca living ia a cacear; ia Cte aardtara Califaraia been clanad by Calgeaa (Bavis, Calif.). The ewapany cit; mí Faca late. Althewgh tte acal; diacawered haa eageeaaed tte gene - iaolatte fron Che aoil viraa ia diatiaet fraa hatea itewwodefieiewcy virwe bacteriww Klehoielle aaaenaa - ia caanta ate tobacco (UV), Cte «iraa ctec cawaa U R , ic ate tte felina glancleta ate ia beginning teat« for hcaaosyail diaaaae it cawaa «ay gravite a htel; atete* aaiaal tolerance at tte whole-plant level. Calgeoe'e a in ■•tel far AD S raaaarch. ia to intradoce Che cloned gene into aelected broadleaf crape. Ia chat way, branarynil coaid be Iba «ira tea tcacacival; teca tea i (nata* FILV eafaly applied to the crepe. (Senrce: Chanical far felina T-lynphotropic lentivirwe. le waa Week. A March INI) diacawered hy Biela C. Petertea, grefeaaor af «acariñar; ateiciaa at cha Daiterait; af Califaraia. Bice reaaarch Baria; Baria ca «urhar» Cachar V. Ba ate Janet K. TaaaaaCa; ate Haría L. »rara, a Forriy genaa bore new been craaaplanced iaco veterinaria« at Patalean Veterinary Haagical. call« of nowococyledanowa plaata »wch aa rice ate aaixc. Haaaarctera at the Univeraity at Mottiaghte Tte cteaarchara gaiac aac Chat doneacic cata hare node aajor advaacea in generating rice plant« ara cwccgcihle to infection hy a atert af fron aingle procoplaeta. Oeooriag the call wall to racrarirwaa, which ara virwaa that contain B a torn a procoplaac greatly facilitate« introhactiao ratter Chan DBA at chair genetic na CariaI. The of foreign ganea, bwt wntil now ic baa not been ■arc catete af chara ia feline leokania tint poaaible ca rageneroca «hole cereal glanca Cron (FaLV), «hich cawaa, f o t g ochar ayngcaw, gracoglaaca. (extracted cron new York line«, iamae aaggraaaion oanawtiat añilar to ADS. 13 Janoary 19*7) Than far, itteiea indicate Chat FTLV cannot infect tenon T-lynghacytaa. Tte retearchart nace Barbie id«-red iataat cowercial tobacco ctec three hanana «te hte regalar, clone contact with cha cata do aac have antibodiet to HIV or to The gene ctec iopart« reaiataoce to FTLV. FTLV doe« not aggaar to he aatigwicall; awlfonylorea barbieidea*tea been iotrofeced related to HIV. mcceaafally into taanerciol tobacco glanca by reaearchera at wo Font. Swlfonylnreaa are a claaa Tte diacovary af FTLV tea ingarcanc of barbicidea developed by Da Font choc con be oead inglicatiana tech far Cte donestic cat gogalation at extronely low application roteo and bore very lte ate tte itte; of honan ADS. A linead torre; of m o m lien toxicity. Tte gone that inparte caca at Daria' achool of «acariñar; nadicina reeiatonce to cte barbicidea waa firat ieolaced by aaggaata chat Cha riraa ia already video grand awng reaearchera at Advanced Genecica Syrian*, an caca ia northern California. Althoogh dearly Oakland, Calif., genetic engineering cengany that different fron honan AIDS, feline A D S cBooed by tea a five-year reaaarch agreenent with Dw Foot. FTLV grovidee reaearchera with a gocencial nodal The tobacco varretiee cone fron Horcbrwp King Co., a ayatan to teat new ideaa far dealing vicb HIV Ninneogolia rood cangany. Dw Font and Horchrwp King infection. (Abetraccad with gerniaaion fren are now ovalwating cte cowercial pocoatiol of cte Chanical ate Engineering Heap. 2 March 19S7. new glanca. Tte two conganiaa predict ctec if cteoe Copyright 19(7, American Cheaical Society) taaca are aoccoaafal, acede for eolfonyloraa- raeiacanc tobacco coaid bo oa the narfcat ia Soar to Keanarch an plant renea eix year*. Ikopriaced with gerniaaion fron Cteoical andJte£ineeriM_tewo, 2 February 1907, g. 2a. Breahthreaeh in cenatlc engineering af cotton Copyright 19077 anericoa then»col Society) In the firat reported aocceaafol genetic Oelgiam auccead ia herbicido raaiataaca engineering of cotton planta, Agrecatae haa incorporated a foreign gane into cotton and achieved Haaaarctera at Float Mancie byacana boro espreeeion of the no« trait it «tele planta. Tte dovelogad (troiaa of three glanca choc aro reaiatanc foreign gane added to cotton «aa a bacterial gana co Moachac'a broad-egoccrw horbicido Paata. Ilaiag encoding for roeiatanco to tho antibiotic Aerobaccoriw two foci ana aa a vector for hananycln. Kanonycin roaiatanca ia not a craneferring ganacic infornacion, actoncieca oc cotewrctally ingarcant troit in itaolf, hat groridaa Plane Generic Syacana boro caafarrad raaiataaca to on oaaential firat atop in incorporating new aaofol Conoco, potato and tobacco. - 31 -

Tktft plants k m a g e m Chat n t a far aa bias) offers aa inexpensive aad readily available lUjat chat inactivates fkiifkitricii, the active ceol for screesiag, selecting. aad aCoayiag ingredient in Barca, inserted iaca chair aaa genetic aabryagaaic yoaalaCioas. «.Source: Bis/feesaeloev. caflaaiac akick ia inheritable. Tkt caayany chase Tal. 3. Fcbraary 1*0/1 ------ca develop raaiataaca Ca Baaca, aa the herbicide which fcilla all plane life caa be necebolixed ia the Barker fnaad far sese craaafar Ca aoaococa aail and that reduces residas feara. The Ti ylaaand af agrabacceria is aa iayorcaac Tbia kiai af research will allaw faracra ca aac aad widely osad vaccor for carry iag foreign geees Che herbicide all year rawed wicheac killing aff iaca ylaac ciaaaas. Ica aaa baa baca esyaaded Co inyortaac craya. Plant Genetic System caafiiaa asaacacyladaoom ylaaca (which iacloda cera, wheat, Chat it aaa baa plana ca investigate acher rica aad aaay achar iayorcaac feed craya) ia cha herbicide» aad acher craya particularly sugar bceC work of barbara Isba, Bigel Grimley, aad colleagaas aad caréala, the couyony will, hawewer. have ca ac Che Friedrich Hieecher-Iaseicsc ia Basal. awareaa« che barriera aeeeciaCcd wich cha Swicsarlaad. aad ac Cha Jaba lams Institute, Craaaferaace af gems ca aaaocacyledaaa awch aa che Berwick, Eaglaad. The researchers inserted closed caréala. geaea far Che mica a Creak viras (NSV) iaco che Ti ylamid. iaaercad chis iaca bacceria aad iafecced Ocher agrachenical aajar» are alaa seeking ca mica ylaaca wich che recsebiaasc aaiag coavaaciaaal ceafer herbicide ceaiacaace ea o a e n i i l l y techniques. They fiad chac cha aaixe ylaaca iayercaac craya. Maneante baa caaferred reaiaCaaca develay sigas af BST iafecciee. iadicaciag chac Cha ca ica glyphs«ste herbicide Bmndey aa cabecea, g e m has baca Crasa ferrad ca Che ylaac’a geanm. caaaca aad yacaaia aa far. Cibe-Ceigy aad A m r i c m Ibas cha viras aay be m a d as a scasicivc assay Ca Cyonauid are alaa researching. (Extracted fraa d e c e n i m whether foreign M U has b a m takes ay by recam an fhaairal Otea . 2 February 1907) Che ylmcs. Earlier ef fares co Craasfer geaes ca — m cecyledmea« ylmcs aay accaally have worked bwt Fiae reraa«raced wia aeaacic eabrraB«a»aia have g a m aadececcad bacam« Che assays beiag osad ««re aac ayyreyriace ca chis cyyc or ylmc. c m The labial ly yiae c m aaa be added Ca Che eery researchers say. IRayriaced wich yeraissioo f r m abare liac af gyme«y«raa (ar conifers! chac caa be t~h raïca I aad fasimorinx h e m . 12 J aweary l*»7, rege««raced ia calcare via aaaacic aabryagtaeais. y. 2U. Copyright l*a7. maricas «Tilaical haciacy/ Caaifera reyreaeac wajar aware«» af sefeweed aad fibre aad refereacaciaa effares wich clears ar Whole w im c ylmc wich steered «««««» gram aelecced liaea yrayagaced wia argaaageaeaia are highly 1shear—iaceasive. Saaacic eabcyegaaeaia The race ca grew a whole aoaococ ylaac wich (yelyeabrywgsmsis) affera farescry che w»lcaae steered gaaea has been a m by a siaylc a m aechad. ycaayecC af large wafers t»ab iaad wich The idea is Co sand ia a m geaes ac Che cims when caee-efficieacy. ylmc cells ara aera hoayicabla. A c a m lad by Dr. Alice da la P a m ac Co ay lw tease University ia P. Gaye» aad D. B u n as af Che Oaiweraicy af Madrid (Spain) noticed chac ac oaa aCage ia Che Calíferaia daaaascraced chac che techniques af process of call divisim Chat produces cha pollas ia freese-yreserwaciea aad eacayaalaciaa, jaaC aaa the flowers of rye ylmcs, Che dividiag calls ara beiag dere layad far aaaacic aabryaa af floweriag sot serrDeeded by a cell well. The gaaacic ylaaca, are alaa ayylicahle Ca caaifera. Iota are factories inside Chase calls are tbaa especially aechada far »hare- aad lmg-tnra aCorage; receptive co injected cbeeicals. This s-ggested eacayaalaciaa has Che added yeceacial af yrewidiag a chac they aighc even be opes to a visit f r m a a m nethsd af disaeaiaacioa. bic of DMA. Of ayecial iacereac ia che ase of variaos Dr. da la P a m aad ewe scientists f r m Che Max scsiaiag regías« co ideacify syecific cell asase» Ptaack Iascicots far yisac-braediag research ia chac have aabryagaaic yoccecisl. Plsac calls. Cologne (FKC), Dr. Morse Lorx aad Dr. Josef Schell, wh«ch«r gro w ia agicaced or scocioaary calcares, then tascad chis groar»lag saggescion. They are cyyically caayosed ef aixad yayalaciaas. Ia injected DMA emcaiaiag a g e m far antibiotic •oae iascaaces, cells aad call assies aay look resistance iaco cha «ida «bases of *a eye ylmcs, diffarsac wader Che aicroecaye, varviag ia «in, allowed c h m co crooa-yolliaace a m chon collected ■haya, ar degree ef vacoelsciaa. whea chase calla ñora C h m 3,1700 seeds, has is canea ce antibiotics is ara ylacad esc ar iadivideslly .»elated, cha not s am thing fsrasrs Bead ia a crap, bwt it is m iacoaaisceacies afcea foracall differeacas ia easily detsccable treit sad cbm a assfel Cast of develoyacaCal yeceacial. la echar iascaacas, calla cha aechad. Seven of cho seeds g r m iaco thriving aay ayyear siailar boc behave differeacly. ylmcs, despite che presases ef sa antibiotic ia chair diet, by Casting far tbs mmxjma which ic la alease all cases, however, oaly a ccrcaia would», che c a m showed chac cwo af cha sands bad, yercaacsga af calls goes aa Co ragaaaraca ylaaca. indeed, received the a m gam. The beauty af the The cask, cbea, is co idaacify «abryogaaic calls ia mebod ia chac ic co-oyerscss with a plant's natural cha yeynlacion af aay aaa coleara or aaeag reylicace reproductive cycle co produce genetically changed calcaras, avoid Chair losa dariag sobeoICare, aad seeda. Chao earich chair aoabar, yarcicolarly yriar ca «ahry» asearseioa aad ylsaclsc fonset ion. A suecas» race of just two ia m a r 3,000 lamas Idaacifyiag aad «alacciag che yroyar cells or callas plenty of r a m for »provéame. Ic r«asina ca be aagaeace, far assayla, has yraved cssaacial ia seen «dtether the tacbaiqas can be osad co cramfar daawascraciag aad aaiag aaaacic eabryogsaasis ia cha gems that biotachsologiacs ara incar as Cad in - caréala, dad ic is cricically iayercaac ia and m e just oarkar gams such ss c m o m for camarcial ayaraciee» «diora ragaaarscisa antibiotic rasiatssca. This m y be hard ca do officiaacia«, aoabar« af cwlcaras aad ylaaca, aad bocause injecting DMA often jusblas up cha genos ic eyerseiag caeca are cricical. Rasasrchars ara sow contains. The gars calla of ether carnal» dm»lop caasidoriog a aoabar af "higb“C««h" scrscsgiss, each sioilsrly ca them af rye amé the glimenags of aa aaiag mlacwlar yrobss cargacad ca success wich this a m Cool should give genetic sa*rys-specific WA, or aacibadias dirsccsd ca engineers batter sees»» to the genetic works inside subrye-ayecific yracsias. wupcs sad Dorssa’a a«a of sane cot plants. (Extractad f r m Tha Econmist, acaadard acaiaa (scecocaraisa, Poalgaa, aad Evan's 7 March 1*07) - 32 -

It«» « t h o« bacterial genes customer*' own antibodies can be Urease conjugated. Details from: Chris Lear, Sera-Lab Ltd., Crawley Frotet of IfrtiiitMct icat identified Down. Sussex SB10 4FF. (Source: Biotechnology bulletin. Vol. 6. So. 2, March l»s75 Ckniiti Thosuis V. O'Halloreo n d Ckriitofhtr T. Haleb of northwestern h i n n i t ; and Toxicological testing and drug screeninx with Hnssacbwsctts Institute of Technology, mpKtinljr, the aid of KCM h a n isolated and character izad the protcio that controla mercury reaiataoce in certain bacteria. International biotechnologies (1ST) Ltd. of The protein, produced by a apecific gene called Jerusalem, Israel, are offering tissue culture ■erg, ia conaidered a prototype for other dishes coated with EQI - extracellular matrix - for metal-responsive switches femad in celia. Ibeae use in toxicological testing and drug screening. switches aenae and tranalate inorganic aignala into Ed>, a naturally produces baaenent-like nenbrane. change« ia netaboliaa. The protein ia a dinar of closely resembles the basement nenbrane* vhicu aolecalar weight lb,000. The cheaiata have exist in vivo, decause cells cultured on tut identified the aite on MIA to which it bind«, and grow in a manner similar to that in vivo, it fiad chat it doce ao ia the presence or absence of is possible to more accurately extrapolate nercory. This proteie-MIA «yacen "is now set for results regarding in vitro toxicity to human quantitative and high-resolntioa probes of specific conditions. oetal-proceia and protein-OMA interactions," the researcher* say. (bepriafed with permission from ECU offers an improved, cheaper alternative to Chenical and Engineering Wens. 12 January 1117, laboratory animals. The use of cells grown on ECH p. 20. Copyright 19E7. Aaerican Chemical Society) nay reduce the cost and simplify the procedure ot studying the effect on cells of single drugs, drug geaearch inatrwnsntation metabolisms, drug combinations, vsrious chemicals snd hormones. This ability to grow primary cell* hew silver «tain hit in vitro for drug screening end toxicological testing nay offer an alternative to the use of A silver stain kit for the detection of whole-animal tests which are both costly and tins proteins, aacleic acids and lipopolysaccharides is cousming. now avnilable from daershaa International voder the tradeaark 'Quick-Silver*. Quick-Silver is daiaed ECU in conbination with serum-free media to be 50-100 tiass aore sensicive than Cooaassie provide a superior primary cell culture for drug brilliant bine for naay proteins and 10-20 tines screening studies. EQI increases plating and more sensitive than ethidiem broaide for nucleic cloning efficiency, induces differentiation and acids. (Source: biotechnology bulletin. Vol. 5, enables the growth of epithelial cells in serum-free Ho. 12, January 19E7) media. The serum-free madia in turn inhibit the proliferation of stronal fibroblasts, resulting in Optical probes for bionolecule detection an almost pure epithelial call culture. This improved cell culture facilitates the assessment ot Existing imaenodiagnootic techniques often the effect of drugs without interference by serum involve sophisticated iaatrunentation and natbods, component«. For further information please contact expensive chsaicsla and highly trained personnel, Rosanna Hilstain, Director ot Marketing, 1ST, bow, the Ares-Sorono Croup, a pheraaceotical and r.O. box 13UVU, Jerusalem yjebV Israel. diagnostic company based ia boston, USA, and (Source: C'ouoanv Mews brie«««. March 1987) Switssrlaad, is developing a new, inexpensive diagnostic technology that physicians can use in Microporous membranes their own offices. Scenarios like toe one above could be possible by 1990. Ares-Sorono is Fall's biosupport division will be asrkctiag developing the technique in collaboration with FA high quality nicroporous plastic nsnbranes tor Technology, a britiah Scientific consulting!fire. transfer and imobilisatiou ot biologically active Company scientists are using a physical phenomenon molecules. A range of surface chemistries make the callad surface plaanon resonance for directly snmbraaes suitable for nucleic acid or protein detecting specific infectious viruses and bacteria transfer, immobilisation and apecific absorption in samples of blood or other body fluids. Flaatie purposes. Details from S.t. Osborn, Fall Frocass or glass strips are costed with a thin film of Filtration Ltd., Europe House, Havant Street, silver followed by s layer of monoc lonal antibodies Portsmouth, Hants POl 3FD or oo 070$ 7S3SA5. that recognise only specific infectious agents. (Source: Iiotechnology bulletin. Vol. t. Ho. 2, Mien light is beamed onto the test strip's surface, March 1907) the silver’s electrons undergo a collective notion known as a surface plaanon. FT1E in fomentation process control

Since thie notion drawn off energy from Che A type of photometer that can measure radiation light bean, reflections from the surface are absorbed by an organic molecule nay be useful in significantly lower in intensity. If prasent, analysing the raw notarial* used in biotechnology antigens - the infectious agents - bind to the products nade during fermentation, according to a antibodies, sod the properties of the toot strip Lehigh University scientist. surface are slcsrsd, resulting in changes in reflection angle and intensity. From these Ur. Janice Phillips, associate professor of differences doctors will be able to detetsiae what chemical engiasaring st the university, says that infectious agents ara present in patience. knowing the concentrations ot raw nacenals sod (Extractad fren bcienco Mews. Vol. 130, product* during tho fsimsncation process could 13 December 19Sb) increase production and lowar operating costs. She is evaluating the potential of Fourier traaofom Urssos coniuseted antibodies offered infrared analysis, or FT lb, for use in fomentation nooitoring and control. gars-Lab offers a comprehensive tangs of Urease conjugated aati-huean, souse, sheep and rabbit Current nsthodo for controlling what occurs antibodies suitable for ELISA testing and hybridous during fomentation are United to measurements of screening. A new service recently introduced by the tanpsraturs, relative acidity, dissolved oxygon snd company is a custom conjugation service, whereby gas composition. - 33

FTIK, traditionally used ia analytical General cbonistry bat new to biotechnology, can ncasuro concantrationa aa Ion aa one gran per litre and aa Modified enzyme connicatao oirectlv with high aa a few hundred grant per litre by identifying metal electrodes •nd quantifying aa organic nolecuIt by the type and snount of infrared radiation it absorbs. Vhenists have modified the enxyne glucose oxidase in such s way that direct electrical The Leoigb researcher baa used FTIk to track rnanuuication can occur between the enxyne and natal glucose and ethanol concentrationa daring a electrodes. This is the first tine that direct bioreaction and eays reanlta are “encouraging". electron tranafer between aa enxyne chat catalyses However, to neaaure raw nateriala and products oxidation-reduction reactiona and a natal electrode during fernentation she says a saapling systen nust has been demonstrated. be designed to deliver sanples to the F T U spectroneter. Fibre optics could further enhance The succeasful reaearch effort opens up s now analysis by connecting the spectroneter to the route to development of electrochemical and femeater so neasuraneats could be and# without bioclectronic aenaora. Specifically, the work on rsnoring tanples, she says. glucoae oxidase nay open a path to a bioconpatihle glucose censor. Such a device could be used for One drawback of F T U ia that it cannot detect continuous nonitoring of the blood glucooe level of very low concentrationa of raw nateriala, although diabctice. there are a limited aunber of applications where such low-concentration detection is necessary. The reaearch was performed by Adam Seller, head (Extracted fron Chenical Marketing keporter. of the electronic materials research department at W February 19*71 AlbT Ball Laboratorlea, Hurray hill, M.J., aad Tiaon llegaai, a post-doctoral nanbar of the steft at Digital inaging aids chtonoaone analysis •ell Labs, essentially, the scientists introduce electron relays into glucose oxidase that shuttle A snail but growing oonber of genetica electrons fron the reduced redox canter of the researchcra have a nan tool for studying enxyne to the natal electrode. ebronoaonos: digital inaging systena that not only display the chronosones but also permit the Bedox enxynes naturally accept electrons tron images to he sorted, enhanced and nanipulated and transfer electrons to snail ions or molecules in tor faster and nore accurate study of genetic solution. For instance, glucose oxidase, as its disorders. The imagers could also aid in prenatal none iaplies, oxidises glucose to glucoaolactooe. diagnosis, determination of exposure to drugs and In the process, glucoae transfers two electrons to enviro f ental toxins, and nonitoring the effects of the oxidised flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAb) radiation. redox centre of the enxyne, thereby reducing it to reduced flavina adenine dinucleotide (FADHjJ. Several such imagers are now on the narket, with prices as high as a quarter of a nillion The enxyne docs not, however, directly exchange dollars. A relatively low-priced systen, however, electrons with nstal electrodes. Tberefrre, the has recently been developed by Houston's Perceptive current flowing through a gold or platinum elsctrode Systems lac. (FSI). in sn electrolytic solution containing glucose oxidase does not increase with the concentration of To study the 23 pairs of chronosones contained glucose even though the enxyne is reduced by ia every human cell, researchers often prepare a glucose and the reduced enxyne diffuses to tha karyotype - a photo in which the A* chronosones are surface of the electrode. Although the electrode is paired and arranged according to aisa. A nissiag or naintained at a sufficiently oxidising potential, extra chronosena - or one that is too big, coo the reduced enxyns is not reoxidixsd and the snail, or rearranged - is often sufficient to oxidation of glucoae by cjia enxyns stops. confine a diagnosis. Enxynes sra notoriously dalicata in terns ot Using traditional annual netbods, the procedure structural changes that will be tolerated without often takes hours or even days; in contrast, the significant loss ot activity, nt nigh enough iaagers perfoia tha taak in ainutas. concentrations, urea denatures snxynas. although they have not yet proved it, the scientists Believe FSI's Cenetiscaa iasgor consists of a that, in 3H ures, tha two subunits of glucose aicroscope-aounted video eanara, key-board, oxidase separate to tons extent, hut the globular ceapoter, and two video display teiaiasls. The structure of each subunit remains essentially stained chronosones are displayed on one of the intact. Therefore, ooly sains groups on those screens, with the iasges digitised so that the portions of the subunits that are in contact with banding patterns are nore clearly visible than on each other in the intact enxyne are acylated. In the original slide - an iaportsnc diagnostic factor, other words, in the modified enxyne, the electron since soon genetic disorders ars associated with relays are restricted to the interface between the just a single nissiag band. two subunits. This limits the structural changes in the subunits theaselves and allows retention of The systaa features two karyotyping nodes; greater than 30 per cent of tbs enxyne's catalytic sotoastic and interactive. With the first (which activity. Repeated gel filtration steps do not adds 110,000 to tha 163,000 base price), the change the properties of tha modified ensyna. chronosones under study era conparsd with others previously sntered by the user, then sutonatically Such an electrode could nonitor directly sod arranged into s-’sed pairs and displayed. contioously s diabetic's blood sugar level. The output fron the elsctrode could he fad into s Cenetiscaa is one of several Fgl digital niccoprocessor that controls s source of insulin. laagers, and software is available for a variety of Such s dsvics could deliver insulin through s studies * counting cells and distinguishing syringe in response to changes in blood glucose different cell types to diagnoss blood disorders, level in ouch the sans way that tha pancreas of s for sxaapls. M I is now working with Du Pont to non-diabetic delivers insulin. Such sn insulin develop an inager to scan htsin tissue sod produce delivery systsn could alleviate or sliainsts aany of 3-0 iasges of selected areas. (Sstractsd fron Wish the savers physical problene, such as sensgo to tha Tsehnolojj, January 19*7) kidneys and syas, resulting fron glucose - 3k -

(lactmtiou in diabetica» Sack fluctuations arc defeating cell/cell recognition or aa a tool for the associated with the aoit prevalent method of specific clca*' ;* of biological molecules in administering insulin, nhich is subcutaneous structural t -;e. The enyxme frun the bacterium injection. Fasteuralla ■ ytica. while it does not kill or burst anznsl i, can remove aone iraortant labels The nodified enzymes also open the way tt the from the cell surface. Further information possible use of bioconpatible electrodes available from C.H Oatrovaki, Technology incorporating nodified enzynes to control through Development Officer, University of Guelph, Office of direct electrochemical oxidations or reduction ■escarch, Guelph, Ontario Mitt zwl, Canada. reactions the concentration of confounds in a tiasue. The establiahnent of direct electrical Alpha-tnalasaaemia screenznz teat communication between entynea and netal electrodes in not liniteo to glucose oxidase, Degani says, but Alpha-thalasssamia ia probably the ainale nose is feasible in other dineric enzymes such as D-amiao coraon human genetic disorder worldwzoe, resulting acid oxidase, leaesreb on other enzynes and other from the deletion or inactivation of one or nora ot electron relays is being pursued in Heller's the four genes coding for the haemoglobin *a‘ laboratory. (Abstracted with permission from chains. The subsequent decrease in 'a* chain Chemical and Enzineerinz Hews. 16 Hatch 1967. production can be rapidly detected in newborn Copyright 1967, Aner¿can Chemical Society) infants by neasuring the level of Hb Bart's ITmj, formed when the extra gamma chains of kb F (a2yZ) combine in tetramers-yA. The Isolab screening kit D. APPLICATIONS offered by Advanced Laboratory Techniques of Tunbridge Wells, OK provides rapid quantitation of Hb Bart's. (Sourest Biotechnology Bulletin. Pharmnreutical and medical applications Vol. 5. Mo. 12, January 19*)) ------Hew cell technology tachaieua Better treatment for thalaaaaamial A new technique of ninicking cell nenbranes Scientists and doctors at Essex University and lies at the heart of a new British ceopaay just University College, London, have developed a formed with Cl million of ran tore capital. The promising new technique for removing excess iron technology could have coraercial applications in from the bodies of patients baiag treated tor ■say branches of health care - from artificial thalassssmis. The blood transfusions which are an organa to artificial blood. essential treatment for severe rhalassaemis inevitably lead to surplus iron acumnleting in the The company, liocoepatibles, hopes to exploit body, with increasingly harmful ana eventually ratal sane of the acienitfic research already carried out results ualuse the iron is temoraa with aa at the loyal Free Hospital School of Medicine by a appropriate pharmaceutical agent. teas headed by Dennis Chapman, Professor of Biophysical Chancery. At present tlu. drug used is destemoxamine which, while being effective, is expensive aad has The coopany will develop, manufacture and to bn given intravenously by iniusion. The new market products based on artificial nenbranes. One drugs, being developed at Essex Ouiveraity by product will be a preparation that aiaics the outer Dr. Bob Hider end tested at University College surface of red blood cells. Plastics and other Hospital by Frofeaeor Ernie Buckos, so far on artificial substances introduced into the body animals, can ba administered orally and would be normally cause the blood to clot. But if Che much cheaper to produce than deeferrioxanine. They surfaces of artificial substances arc coated with also have a potential for treating other eerious this preparation, the body fsils to recognize the conditions besides thslassaemia. substance as foreign. Thalossaemia, anaemia caused by genetic The product could have many different defects, affects severdl nillion people in Morth applications in medicine. Attsnpts to give people Africa, the Middle East, across India and Pakistan artificial hearts, for example, have failed not and especially in Thailand. The name cones from the because the organ did not work, but because the Greek thelassa. meaning the sea, because of che patient suffered strokes as a result of blood frequency of the condition in countries bordering clots. Sprayed with this preparation, artificial the Mediterranean. inplsnta • cardiac and intravenous catheters for diagnosis or treatment, and artificial arteries - Beta thalaasaemia would all survive longer in the body or perform better. On a note nundsns level, contact lenses toong the nost severe end enuunn forme of the coated with this kind of preparation would be far disease is beta thalaseaemie lin which the defect ■ore comfortable to wear. distorts the bets chain of the haemoglobin molecule, which is node of two parts called the alpha and bote Another area of research chat the company hopes chains). Infants wuo inherit the beta tnaiaaeaemia to exploit is the awnufacture of liposomes which defect from both parents seldom live to one year old could eventually allow doctors to adninistsr drugs unless they ere treated with regular transfusions ot directly to particular organs of tbs body. normal blood to restore oxygen-carrying capacity.

Liposomes nay also prove useful in the Unhappily this, too, brings increasingly savers development of artificial blood. Liposomes probleas in the long tern. The hsenoglobia in the containing haaamglobin can bo frooss-drisd and than transfusions carries oxygen around the body normally reconstitutsd by adding water. This work prsoents but it odds enorneuely to tbo total amount of iron chs possibility of having easily stored artificial in the patient's body. Every nolecula of the blood fraely available for emergencies. (Extracted abnormal thaleessemic haemoglobin, as well ss of the from Haw «dentist. 19 March 1967) haemoglobin in transfused blood, bee four atoms of iron st its centra. Hormnlly, the body tends to be Hovel elvcoorotoinaso chronically short of iron, a netal which is essential for asking enzymes, our natural catalysts, A novel glycoprotoloose can be used to aodify as well ss in haemoglobin, so nechenisns have the coll surfaces of living cells for the purpose ef evolved for scoring iron rather then excreting it. - 35 -

Our bodies loo* iroo only in colia sloughed off in So Dr. Hieer is now hoping that a dead akin and dead colls fron cha constant turnover pharmaceutical conpany or iacoraacioaal agency will in the lining of the got. cone forward to take the work through the next stage. The outcome could be a treatnent which would The body keeps a day-to-day y of iron neke a normal life and life-span possible, without inside big. hollow-shaped protein nutecules of discomfort and at moderate cost, for nauy thousands ferritin. Each single ferritin nolecule is able to of thalaasaenic people. store op to 4,000 atone of iron. Bonnily the ferritin etoree arc only partially fall of iron It could have spin-offs in several ocher atons. lot if continuing iron overload, through clinical areas. Other siderophores could be repeated intake in blood traaafoaiona, fills op the developed to remove al w n i u n from the bodies of ferritin nolecnles, iron begins to be deposited in those petieats on dialysis machines who suffer froa the tiasoes - especially the cells of the heart and aluniniun overload. The iron-scavenging liver, «there it is estrenely tonic, tod. because siderophores could be used to preserve organs such bacteria feed on free iron, the deposits encourage as kidneys for longer periods oecisde the body infections. Moreover, the presence of free iron before they are used in transplants: one Unit on generates free radicals, hydroxyl chanical groups the life of isolated organs is tissue damage froa uhich are so reactive that they literally tear free radicals liberated by iron. living naterial to pieces. kadionctive isotopes are ottea injected into Without treatnent to rsnovu iron overload, the body to inage, and even to treat, cancer viet-as of severe tbalaasaenje given blood tumours, appropriate siderophores could he used to transfusions become increasingly ill froa early runout such potentially harmful substances Cron the adolescence on, and any not reach puberty. body after their period of usefulness c a e to aa Pesferrimtanine, «then it can be node available, can end. They night eves be used to remove ahaornea penetrate into cells containing iron and bind on to platonism, (article written by Staaitortb tfebh for it, asking a chanical couples uhich is then excratad a E O M h / s . Ho. 203/1VH7) froa the body. Two companies collaborate to study nervous ■at desferriovine has too severe liaitatioos. It is expensive; a course of treatnent costs t4,000 per year and has to be California Biotechnology lac. baa signed an continued, along with blood transfusions, for life, agreement with Organon International, BV, of the dad it cannot be taken orally, but has to be taken Motherlands, to collaborate on research and continually because it is rcpidly excreted froa the development of products resulting froa Cal Bin's body. So it has to be given by slov infusion, uhich neurobiology prograuae. requires expensive infusion p a f equipment and ie unpleasant for the patient. Under the agreement. Organon ««ill fund and collaborate ia the development of products for Mow, aniaal tests iaply that a drug that Aliheiner's disease and other degenerative diseases Dr. Hider has produced can provide a cheap of the central and peripheral aervo«ts system. alternative to deaferrioxanina; and it could be Following research, California Biotechnology and taken orally. Dr. Hider'a breakthrough cane iron Organon osticipate entering into a farther agreaaent looking into the way in uhich fungi and bacteria granting worldwide clinical development and obtain the iroo they need in their diet. They narfcstiag rights to Organon for all products dissolve it out of iron-containing conplexes is the resulting froa this collaboration. euvirouuent by asana of biological solvents called siderophores. These solvents are very efficient at The therapeutic research prograae is based oo scavanging iron but they need special receptors human proteins called neurotrophic factors Ivbich through uhich they bring their cargo of iron into principally afreet development ana aaiatenance ot the fungi that need it. Hider has redesigned cells ia the brain and peripheral nervous system) siderophore aolecules so that they retain their developed at California biotecnaology. ability to scavenge iron but have been given aa ability to enter cells by siaple diffusion through These factors include the company's the nenbrsnes of the cells. eneticslly-engineered fibroblast growth factor FUF1, which has been shotm to stimulate the toins 1 trials csrried out by function of key nerve calls. California Frofassor Ernie Kuehns of University College Biotechnology researchers claim they were the Hospital in London, over the last few years, have first to clone and express FCF, uhich is also shown that hydroxy pyridooes, the cheaical nans for being developed for various wound healing the nodified siderophores crested by Bob Hider, ara applications. as effective as desferrioxaaiae at getting iron out of cells ia uhich it has been deposited through The prograMe includes several neurotrophic overloading of tissues. Fyridoees ara, coo, as factors exclusively licensed from the laboratory of iron-selaccive as dasferrioxanina. They do not Dr. Stanley H. Appel at the Baylor Collage of raaove other vital slsnancs such as copper, csleiun Medicine, Houston. (Sources Chemical Marketing and sine, are cheap to produce and esa be taken Reporter, 16 March 19S7) orally. They appear to have no toxic side affects. LiU2j^ts_S££roval_forj£owth_hornona Long trials Eli Lilly 6 Co. has racaived FVa approval to The stags saens set for trials of pyridones in market its natural-sequence human growth honsona, hunan vietins of thalaseasaia. lot because such called Humatrope. people night have to taka pyridooes regularly for life, along with their regular blood transfusions, The company says its harness, nada by pyridones will havs to undergo exceptionally long, recombinant Id* technology, to idsatscal in stringent and expensive toxicity trials in saiaels chemistry and structure to ths growth nornoae before being licenosd for clinical tasting, luch produces by the human body. The newly approved toxicity trials ars beyond the resources of Essex product will compete with ceaentech's human growth University, UCM or the British Technology Croup hormone, aarketad under ths trade name rrotropia, (BTC), uhich has been supporting the work so far. which was approved for marketing m lata lye». - 3« -

Like r n t n f U , laiwror* ie indicated only for Ia addition, scientists froa the Harvard School [ « • r u n tnicant of children whose pituitary of Public Health, broxil aad Thailand have devised a gland gooo aot eacrete adaguate normal t d o m a u field essay using DMa probes to detect the salarial growth h o n o M . Lilly ooyo chat among actions parasite ia blood saaplee taken froa fingerpricks. ■Hiattf by kmatrope ■ < b a n growth horwooo ora Mot only can the saaples bo collected in the field, okolotol growth, coll growth oof inproved aetatolism but they can also be lysed and the DMa i anna i Used of protoioa. corbohydrates. lipits aot uiocrols. there - using a aanifold that can be operated unaar the vacua supplied by a hand poop. The aaaples are The h o a growth horooos business it corroatly then taken back to the laboratory to hybridize with ia the midst of a pataat guandary aa ^P-labelled probes. The results can be read ott Moffuona-1■ toeho baa swat Cenentech for parrot an exposed dr-ray iila. Field trials have snows t'ac iafriagoarat. Hoffnauw-Io taebo's 1974 pataat oa populations can be tested rapidly, ince this probe apathetic productioa of hassa growth horooos. the is comaercialixed. each tes. should cost no aore coop say claims, extends to ruconbiaaat H I methods than five to ten cents (after accessary eguipaeat of prodnetion. Also, the "composition of natter" has been purchased!. (Source: Bio/Technoloev. argoaeat cooes iato play shea the pataat is aa the Vol. 5. March 19B7) sobereats, ao aatter how produced. Mow this will apply to the Lilly pro Poet, which is oenetdMC 17-fever antigen available different ia esapositioa. is aot yet haowo. (Extracted froa rheaical 4 Eagiaaariat dews, An enxyue-linked jauni absorbent assay (ELISA) lb Match 19*7 pp. 5 aad bl antigen is available for the detection of antibodies to Coxiella burnetii, the agent of

bo orokaa up co isolace eh* chorapoucic protein era* Genetically eogineorwe protein * everlasle s Cher pro Cains. ISsuct: European Uuaicsl S u n , 16 jasMtjr 1987) Using gene-spliced b. colt, researchers at Cha UK Centre for uppliee nicrooiologicel tascarce, iwuiicartsjiKstCnsls ftrtoa Sown, nave aevelopee a protein a wnica is now availanle froa Porcoo Products. (he protein a rasas« Corporation, eba US biotcchnoLogy proauceu represents over ¿3 per cent oc che total coapany. has started R u n l clinical trials of a cell aass and is free cron the toxins associated geno-spliced i a m syitsa protein against cancer. with production froa Stapnylococcui aureus. The ini, grannlocyce-uacrophagc colony stimulating Protein * has applications m cytocheaistry, factor (Ceesf), is being developed by the coapany in iaaunocheaistry and the purification of aoaocloaal collaboration with the Hoechat drag subsidiary, antibodies. (Source: Europwaa Chamcal aaws, Bshringwwrke. 26 January I9d7) The triala are being conducted in hospitals in Cene-rpliced factor bill products Texas and across the US, as well as in the Federal Republic of Censany. T u n a s says that it has Genetics Institute, in collaboration with produced enough of che drug Cor Phase l and ll Baxter Trsvenol Laboratories, is poised co push its coating. The protein acts by stinulatiog the gene-spliced factor Till into clinical trials in the bone narrow to produce disease-fighting white m a r future. The biotechnology coapany has isolated blood cells. It is one of several colony che |i, a a coapany spokeswan. procsin that induces foiuocioa of aew bleed vsseels. The two conponiss will jointly finance che Decsilo of aniaal studios vich che new drug next IS eoneba of precliaical aaiasl casting of wars presented at a esecing of the British recoabinaac AF's utility ia cardiovascular and Fhamscological Society in London last Deceaber. neurological disorders, so well as Early clinical trials with huaans have subssqusacly Tisou^ragoner scion. bsgun. The aniaal oxperiaoneo iadicats chat CR3S032 seeas to act sgainsc schisophreaia by controlling lyaargsa will focus on developing a the dopaainergic overactivity in the brsio, which is asnufsecuring process chat eases P M regulations. thought co.cause che syapeoas of the disease, Undor the agrsoasac, the firu retains asnuf occur lag without affecting no tael behaviour. rights co AP; Oupoat gets worldwide rights co aarkoc any applications developed, oacapc capital The aaiasl esses also suggest that the drug wound healing. could be s non-sedative, non-addictivo eraacaont for anxiety. (Extracted froa European Choaical hows. California Biocacbaology, tec.. Noun Cain flow, 5/12 January 1987) is rssjsrchlng che rslscod fibroblast growth - 39 ~

factor. Auges. tac.. I k a n w t daks, Calif.. and blooa cells co a spheroid shape aad reduce che Chiras Carp., Saaryvilla, Calif, ara alto p a m i a | coacaacracioa of haoaoglobin S below a cricical potential «muS-hialim procaces. coaceacraCiaa. Upon daokygcaacioa, sickliag does h o c occar. Farther iafccaaciaa available froa Synsrgaa's iaicial soarca af AF uas V.»ca Sr. 0. teach. University of Eaacucky laaearcb placrara, bac naw chop proaaca ic ia hacratial Foundation, tasa 112. Ciabaad Hall, Lexington, hosca. Syuacgnu. ia collaboracioa wich a groop ac KT AOSOd-0057. (11SM) • w Torfc Únivsrsity, idencified. characcerizod aad initially parifiaS cha proCtia. te siso did all cha Product» chac detect arthrtcia aad cancer cloacas aai gana-enprasaioa. Syosrgaa has a US pacaac peadiag, aad laca lase yoar appliad foc Develop wane of aucoiaaraa diaaaaa aad cancer Ferapaan pacaaca. Ac cha aad of «aiaal «creening diagaoscic produces is cha aia of a ebraa-yaar. criáis, cha cao caapaaias will. if cha rasaarch S3.7 aillioa agessnaat baewaoa T Call «cianeas rásales aorraac, coadoce cha cliaical scodias (Caabridge, bass.J aaS Taaaaoochi rbarmncaoctcal necoasary co ohcaia F U approval of as? produces. (Tokyo!. Taaaaoachi well próvida toad tag co envelop Oopooc ooold aasvae a aajor financian caaitnaat produces cbac was ganacically engineered T call dorias chis phaaa. (Caerucead fraa HcCraw-ttill'» aatigaa receptors co atagaose rhMatoid arthritis Biocechoolocr Hew«u«tch. 2 Nacch 19S7) aad luag caacer. T call's surfaces have antigen receptor» that dececc aacigaaa, or foreign Unu^_»wi_iiiinaljJmranniij£ri¿siinT subacaacas. ia eba body. Soca dacaccioa accivacaa eba uaoaa syscaa. which stares producing anciboaiaa A aaw caaa has baca fornad co oaa aa aaidscioa agaiaac che aacigaa. (Soorca: ' baa:cal Heat. procas» chac coaId aora afficianc1; producá a larga 7-1* January IM7) clasa of horaoaa» for osa ia hooaa aad aaiaal aadiciaa. Icaly's Faraicalia Cario Erba aad Uaiseae Height aatfcat outlook »e— for nonocloaal laboratorios (Fairfiald, I.J.J will farthar dawalap aacibodisa to disgasacic iaanian «cants Uaisaaa's pocanead procasa cbac osas ganatica!ly aasiaaarad haccaria co producá a pracaraor af a See ides haraassiag ooaocloani aatibodias (NAbs! horaoaa. da aaidaciag easyae cboa cooaorts cha co dalivor iaauastesias aad ebaaoeborapy drugs, a procorsor co cha fully active horaoaa. Faraicalia eulor of m i s s ion chac gave prasaacacioaa ac che will racaia aaelasivo oorldoida aarkacias rishes co Haabraebe aad QuiaC, lac. (U«|) Haaltbcara carcaia horaoaas for osa ia buaaa aad aaiaal bsalch Coaferaaco ia Saa Francisco lase Jaaoary ara alan cara aad aaiaal aocricioa. For ica pare, Uaigaao developing M b s aa high-precision diagnostic-iaaging will racaia rishes co ochar boraaoaa ia chosa agents. arcas. (Soarca: Q 1 M ersaemne is cancer, f Saturn Kodak is funding tons of chase considerably sera pressing than cor diagnostics. clinical stadias. However, cue process will aloosc certainly be slower and loss draaacic, largely bscsusa of the difficulty Oncogens Science, Inc., Miaaola, N.T., is ot creating viral diseases. taking s slightly different approach, using M b payloads designed to detect aad localise activated There are now cue saparato categories of oncogenes. These saguencas yield products, anci-AIDS drugst aacivirsls. which soak co asscroy including call-surface antigens, detectable by the cha virus by iatorfsriag with its reproductivo iaagiag agents. cycle, and imuuiiscinulsncs. It is ,-ioseibla, chough, chat croacasac will kings on ronSiuscioos of Kens Corp., terkeley, Calif., onploya nurins drugs raebar chon on any singla sganc, according co antibodies produced in ascitas fluid, as well so Aachony Fauci, director of che Motional Institute of developing chinsric nouss-hunsn aad hints Allergy sad Infectious Dissaass; one or sore antibodies, and as national cocktails, ss varied antivirals will probably be used Co fight off the strategies for increasing teasitivity and avoiding virus, while imuaostinulasts m y bo called upon co laamne responses. Xomscsa-Mel, an rascare che abilicy of cha i m s s syscao co ward off lllindiun'linked therapeutic, as wall ss inagiag infection. Such an approach is csmsoly sad often agent, for nstatstatic aslasoae, is is Fhaea II successfully usad ia cancar therapy. trials, and has bass granted orphan Drug status, (founts! HgCssw^lUJ^sJJJgtachuoloijJlewewaeeh, Mowavsr, antivirals sro ottos liaicsd by choir lb February 19(7) inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. The - il -

proales «riso* ( n o cha different :keeic>l »acaree Co eichar fight che viroa or partially relievo jt the two eye cent; draft ctuc are eatable is blood certain tynpeona. lalow. a brief look at aight of are utoally inaoluble in tpioal fluid, and chata druga: vica-versa. Innanoacinalaati are coup runisad by Che fact chat cbey need a reatonably intact imuna Scatua eyeten to tcinulatc. a refuirenent chat ia ueually and lackiag in advanced aIDS catea. Pacienta abo can Unir Action Manufacturar outlook beat utilize cha charapy, in other worda, are ueually choaa vbo need it the leaac. bibavirin Antiviral Viratak/Its la clinical tríala. In cha antiviral catafory. ICH/Viracek lCotta CtfMQA lut 'lata. Cal.) and lorrougha Jal leone (Keaaarch approve« Triangle Park, H.C.) wera the firat to enter their tor f « M producca in nolticentre clinical triala approved by AiVS pt u m c i a :be Food and Drug Adninietracion - a diacinction chat ueually (bat not alvaye) carriel a clear **T antiviral durrougha Toxic at narketing advantage. Inong che conpaniea purtuing Wellcom nighor dooac. ienonoacinelane reaearcb, leaderabip poaiciona are approvm for occupied by Schering-Plough (Hadiaoa, S.J.) and Imitad uaa in doffnaann-La Soche (Hatley, S.J.), both of whicn tna US. produce the recently approved alpha-interferon. !temobile. Tniitx, Cetoa and eevaral ochar Foocoroac Antiviral *mzn Little data cuopttiet produce an iamna-ayacm atimlant callad CSMteBi available. US iaCerlaukin-Z (IL-Z), which ia alao uaed in the criala juat oxperinantal creacnanc of aona fotne of cancer. begimiag.

The Nacional Inacicocea of Health (HIM) in HFA-Z3 Antiviral IhSar- Little data Satheadn, Hd., haa acreenad over ZOO conpoooda FOalenc availobla. OS (neatly comercial droga) for in vitro activity (Franco) criala icill againat the AIDS viroa. and laat aatunu - being plaanod. coneidering each criteria aa paat ule. aninal tafety ttudiea and experience anta ida the OS - H U aelected Alpha- Aaciviral Hoffaaarta la affection five droga for farther atady. It then launched a interferon locho on t o m programa co conduct OS clinical ttudiea on Scbaring- caneara, how ribavirin, alpha-interferon, aaidothynidina (AZT), Ploagh being ceacoa foacarnet and HPA-Z3. aa AIDS. Meonwhile. ochar eanpoanda being davelopod and AL-7Z1 Antiviral Frasia Worka by teated by S U and ochar agenciea will anoec ctrtainly be addod co che liat. One temple ia difluorodeoxycycodine, a drug tinilar co AZT Chat nmorano. U» waa originally davelopod by cha nacional Cancar cnala juac Inacitace. ooginiing.

Barrougha Wellcoae’a AZT racently roca i ved Incar- fmnna Uetua, Aagoa, Sooata i m n r linitad approval for pacienta wich PCF (a rara f o n leukin-Z ayecen ayacea of pneunonia); róeme criala aoggeat Chat che drug acinulacor í m m w funcc.00. aignificancly inprovea che torvival of thia groop of Moffuam-La Could be uaad AIOS pacienta (alchoogb it carriea teriooa tide tocha. wicn onci- «ffectt, iacloding tnamia and aovare nauaaa). Aj inaaoCo viral. (Japan) Heanubile, Sorroogha Wellcom claina to ha ve inproved AZT’a ability to penacraca che blood-brain laoprin- Imuno- Howpore Ia approved barrier by camieg wich Phanaeec (Alachua, ría.), otina tyaem Fharna- outaido US for uhich haa davelopod a procaaa for enhancing acinulacor; couticala ochar blood-brain barrier poma ability 10- co 20-fold in weak anti­ diaordare. animla. viral Clinical data ia AlDS Frodiccobly, a mofear of imuaoocimlaat pacianca non producera hopo co find applicatiooa for tbeir being reviowad sonpounda in Cha craacamt of A IOS. C acapice by FDA. ineluda IL-2, aa wall aa Anpligm - an aaciviral imunotcimlmc, producad by Xana Raaaaccb, Chat (Extractad (ron digh Tacbnolocr. Jaauary 1»SF) appeara co bo activo againat AlDS - and Sereno’• tnyooecinulin; che lacear ia currancly in clinical AlDS drug críala atart in turóte criala and ia alraady availablo ia Italy and che Federal Ropufelia of C a m a y . Clinical críala hava ataread ia curopo oa WalIcono’e AlDS drug *ZT vien JUU tai tarara, xocanc The urgoney of che aituaeion haa noc bean loac clinical críala doametracad Chat a IDS patioota given oa cha Food and Drug Adniniacracion (FDA). Whila cha aaciviral drug thowod ñora reaiecaoca to cha cha aganey ia mlikoly co aoftm ice domad for hard opportuatecic mfacciona uhich aro (acal co autforara daca on pocoacíal aaw mti-alOS draga, officiale chao a coacrol group given a placaba, dioovidioo, heve tabea cha unprocandanted tcap of iavicing libo ochar prmiciog coapouado, ia choughc co bo cola repreaencacivaa of evary involvod drug conpany co co kaoch out a hay viral eaeym, rovereo Vaahingtoa co «laarly tpocify che condiciona and craaacripcaao. It ia choughc Chat cha aaiyno mchodt of cha clinical criala, chao aininiiing cim aiotakoe tho drug for cbynidiao criphoaeheco, aa lote dúo co nioundaracanding of FDA rogwiramoce. aaameial aucloocido building block in DHA»

Whilo roaaarchora hold out lítela hopa for i 1CH Fharmcouticala ia alea axpaccad co apply AIDS ’’curo” ia the near futuro, aovoral druga tai for approval co uao ica drug Elbaviria for cha - 42

Etucanc of an early fora of infection ~y Che . U K differs from che original virus by only a single v i m - l CM recently released the results free antigen, say Pasteur experts. ELAVIA-1 is now a clinical trials indicating chat che drug «as compulsory test in France for all blood donations; effective in preventing che development of AIDS no position has yet been taken aa to requiring in soon patients suffering from an early c o m of ELAVIA-2. (Source: McLrav-HilL*i biotechnology the disease involving inflammation of the lymph Newswatch, i March UtiJ nones. Livestock applications Researchers at the Institut Pasteur have Icnonscratcd that small concentrations of animal vaccines benzalkoaium chloride - a widely used spermicide in France - neutral iced che H U S virus. ELesearcncrs applied biofecnnology labli of Cambridge, dm, from Zaire and France are currently conducting human using recombinant M s cecnniqt.es, uaa produced two casts with an AIDS vaccina in the African State. types of vaccines. One is based on live, '.Source: European Chemical Sava. 19 January 1917) geneticslly engineered viruses and subunit vaccines, in which nom-inrectious percicles round on the AIDS therapy rats FDA approval surface of tbs virus often elicit an insane response against the live organism. The other is made using Officials at the US Food and Drug a proprietary technology celled OkSP lCoding kegiwn Administration have followed che UK’s lead and Expression Selection Plasmid), wuich identifies the granted marketing approval to Wellcome's AIDS viral genes responsible for che non-infections therapy Secrovir. the drug is now available for particles and thus allows researchers to manufacture creating AIDS and related complications such as the particles themselves. AbT's major efforts im severe AIDS-related complex (Arc). Burroughs vaccine development thus far include vaccines Wellcome, che US omit of che UK-based company, against canine parvovirus and against psewdorabiea estimates chat the initial oarfcec will be JO.000 virus of swine (a highly contagious and often fatal patients. disease chat also infects cattle and sheep). (Extraced from High Technology. February 19D7) Regulatory approval baa been granted within 70 months of it first being tested on human Vaceine_aj£inxt_«3uine_colic patients, lot with am estimated SSO million worth of research and development costs to recover, che A vaccine against bacteria that cause colic in drug, which is also quite expensive to make, will horses has been developed by researchers at the have a price tag of t10,000 for a year's treatment. University of Missouri (Colombia). Colic and similar diseases are caused by snaotogins raleased Switzerland's Hoffuann-La Roche which recently when bacteria in che guc die. The bacteria normally successfully bid for che licence to develop, test aid in digestion, but when conditions are upset, the and possibly market dideoxeytidiae (DOC), an bacteria die ana release che anaocoxias. The analogue of Wellcome's drug, has beam found to bo as vaccina will be licensed to Scnering-rlougn. potent as Retrovir, if not oors so, by scientists at Vaccination in horses should be at six ana six and a che US national Institutes of Health. (Extracted naif nonchs, wicn yearly oooscers thereafter. from European Chemical Sews, 30 April 1907) (Extracted from Mew fork Timas, a January 1907)

Two sew AIDS virus detection kits Mew African swine fever cast Two American companies have each developed Restriction enzyme analysis has solved cho diagnostic kits for decscting the AIDS virus itself previously iocrsccable problem of bow to rather chan the antibodies raised by infected differentiate between strains of highly contagious people. The kits, developed by Du Font and by and invariably fatal African swine fever (ASF). Abbocc Diagnostics, decoct the p24 protein located Studies sc cho Institute for Animal Disease in che core of the virus. Research's Firbrighc Station indicate chat the technique will be useful in identifying che source In theory, che kits can reveal with absolute of virus strains and thus preventing or stifling certainty whan people are infected. This is not ouebresks sc an early stsgo - the only possible possible with Che existing antibody-detecting kits, control strategy in the absence of affective because there is a tins lag before infected people vaccines. begin to raise antibodies. This osana that infacted blood donors screened for the antibodies nay slip ASF is endemic to aany parts of Africa south of through the net and supply blood infected with the the Sahara, whore che virus is maintained through a virus. transmission cycle beeveeo varcbogs and soft cicke, from ubich it will probably sever be eliminated. The drawback with boch of che now kits is chat The virus also occurs in Portugal, the Iberian they are cumbersome and cake several hours to yield Peninsula, sad Sardinia, wears it poses a constant results. (Extracted from Bow Scientist. throat to Europe's pig industry. (Extracted iron 16 February 19B7) tio/Tacneology. Vol. J, February 1»S7)

Variant_AlDf_kit_to_Franeh_marhet Monoclonal dipstick tor tsliao virus Pasteur Oiagnootiguo, Paris, a commercial arm Millions of cats are potential beasficiariss of of Franco's Pasteur Institute, won approval to a monoclonal dipstick test, just launched by aarkec a novel AIDS detection kit, specific for the Syabiocica Corp. of Sam Diego, Calif., to detect second viral variant of its Human Imauno-Ooficioncy felioa leukaemia virus. The firm's president, Virus (HIV-2). This form of the syndrome, recently Cdunrd T. Hsgxio, describes the product, identified among Africans, has not yet spread widely Virastac/fslV , as "the first saliva cast’' tor beyond that continent. Meanwhile, Pasteur has confirming the viral isfsetion in cats. arranged for the first decoction kit, directed at HIV-1 (formerly LAV), end trade-marked ELAVIA, to bo PekV is a retrovirus, as is the human A108 distributed in Japan by cho Tokyo lootiCute of virus. Lika AID*, it depresses tbs 'mini system, (nnuaology, seeing for the French subsidiary, but cho Synbiscics dipstick cannot rssdily bs Ssnofi-Jspon. Prospective users of the kit in Japan adapted to screen AID! carriers. are blood-banks, potential customers far nine oillion kies, and pec bo logy laboratories, for Veterinarians will uso cho test as a throe million. The second AIDS diagnostic target pra-scrseaiag or differencial diagnosis to daesrmina whether * pic is a carrier, aad io iprcMiii| eh« Plant growth regulators slew to nahe insect i u m t . Only felines free if infection can bencric ly 'accinacioa against che virus. The ccac will He Plant growth regulators (Klsl are likely to distributed by Sorica laboratories, a capture b.5 per cent of the total agrochaaicals SnichKliae-ieckaen csnpsuy baaed in Lincoln, Neb. aarket by 1990, according to Hans Ueissouehler of Morten also aarkaci Che only available vaccine Ciba-Geigy. Hith a aarket value of $900 aillioa, against the disease. nouever. this still falls far short of the optiaistic forecasts of the 1970s. Research aad developaeat Of the $4.5 billion veterinary uarkee in the costs - products coat about $30 aillioa to develop - 2SA, I W 5 si11ion are spent on the country's and the inherent conplexity of andes of action have 50 villion household cata. letueea three and been the two aejor at tabling blocks to faster rive nillion of these pets are FtLV carriers, but Che developaent. risk rises to 33 per cent in nulci~cat households. Only che cereal and rice aarfcecs are likely to Horten will aarket the test nationwide eo the exceed $130 nillion, esciaates Geissbuebler. Ocher 10,000 OS veterinarians "at a price close to Si or Sb aajor target crops include cottoa ($100 aillioa to per test1*. (Extracted fro* McGraw-Hill's 130 aillioa), tobacco, vegetables aad deciduous trees 3iot«chnoloev Newswatch, lb Fenruary 1487) i$30 aillioa to 100 ailliou). Úuisabuenler esciaates chat the turf aarket will not top $30 aillioa which New crowth-ptuuocinx a rent beina tested surprised sous observers woo believe chat the warket already exceees this ana will grow such further with A new breed of grovch-proaocing agents called saiftiag exphasis in lane use trun agricultural '^sea-agonists is new undergoing trials in Ireland. production to aaenicy use. The agents look to be aore potent than the hotaoaes they say replace. however, tins will nave to drop cbetr current "sprsy-sod-prsy" approach and adopt a aere rational One of the beta-agonists, Ciaaterol, is being outlook to K l research aad develop«at, Ueissbuehler cested by Ireland’s Agricultural 2csearch Institute argues, roupauiss nave tended to develop products on behalf of Behringer Ingelheia, the F K coapany chat have been shown to exhibit regulatory effects on which developed ic. plants by accident. Many of che leading PGna axe triscóles which ware prohehly first developed as Early results indicate that lean nest is laid fungicides. Triazoles not only inhibit fungal a to rol down at the expense of fat and that growth rates are biosynthesis but can affect the synthesis of accelerated. giberallins, which are endogenous plant growth sc inn latere. The agonists work by binding to beta-adrenic cell eenhrane receptors blocking Che deposition of A aajor drawback, however, is the lack of tat. They also encourage cells to taka up protein. knowledge concerning the node of action. Moreover, In aaiaals created with Ciaaterol, growth races rose by focusing on potential biochaaical aad aolecuLar froa 0.32 kilograns per day to 1.06 kilograas per targets che search for PC9U will be aore soccesaful day. an iaproveoeac of alaoat 30 per cant. particularly in the field of growth sciaulaacs. All products so far developed are growth retardants. The iaprovaaant in aaat duality was even aore draaatic, say the researchers. Haste internal fat Biotechnology, nowevnr, « y offer sons laporcant levels fell by 80 per cent tdule the percentage of opportunities particularly where the target is che lean seat in the caress rose by 10 per cent to expression and regulation of specific genes. Already 70 per cant. biotec nao logy fins have tabled sene iaporcaac breakebroughs. Using gene-splicing techniques The researchers believe that by producing lean researchers sc U W have iaproved the quantity of neat at che expense of fat, (ritain's faraars could solids in coutoes, ja asisa. Molecular weoecics osa save the 1100 aillion chat they spend each year eo inprovee the quantity of the auiao acid ctyptopase in dispose of 100,000 eons of waste fat, while with the kernels aad developed plants resistant co iaprovaaant in livestock growth rates, fataers could ini da col mono herbicides. produce 20 par cent aore aeat without spending any extra aooey, the researchers say. (Extracted froa «jlobal'jurkac_forolaacoroeKCionjgroduccs Mew Scientist, 8 January 1987) is oiiVioa)

Agricultural applications Total FCH______agrochenicals filot plant to produce naaatodes 1973 0.20 6.0 Production of aarketable quantities of neaacodas 1980 0.33 10.0 as a eoapecicive alternative to cheaieal pesticides 1983 0.30 12.3 is the objective of sn agrseasne between che Alberts 1990 0.90 M.O tesesrch Council in Cdaoncon and diosis, a biological pest control coapany headquartered in Palo Alto, (Source» European Cheaieal Hews. 19 January 1 Calif. Under the three-year contract, che Alberts Research Council’s pilot plant will be used to scale Insect resistance to pesticides is xrowinx up Siosis’ technology for producing the aicroscopic, prooten wornlike, insect-killing organises, diesis points out thet although the naaatodes occur naturslly and "Resistance « n a genesc” is s concept relating co already destroy aany belowground inoects that cause poeticise aad antibiotic use chat seens likely co crop and plant dsaaga, they are net plentiful «sough gaia nore iaporcaac« seen. Scientific efforts are to eonstituts a eochod of insect control at s level lecreasiegly being focused in this direction, as the requirsd in nany applications. The fin has developasat of insect and nicrobial resistance identified specific insect-killing neaetodes and has accelerates. developed a liquid culture that sets as a breeding nsdiias. (toures» Cheaieal 6 Engineering hews, According co irisa a. iron. Professor of 16 January 1987, p.17) Eacaaelogy sc Oregon State University see . «u loktrt L. M k c í K. F n f n w r of Euceewlogy ceIlutar or orgaaisnal biológica! levol. includias Biology *c cbo lainnicjr of Illinois u * C M che geuecica. oiocnawiaccy ana tenicalagy of of carbonate iutccicUti, pro*leu» with reaiacance. Sucb rnsoarch uanacpina cha iusecc resistance cu ^ i c u U t i i n tapUlf Itttiat undarscaading oc res latinee, inclnding weys nf worse- Im ú m k i poses w u c n u u i cbnac co uverconiog ic. Fer esanple. che genacic baais oc a^ricalCuro, world food supplies n i Im m kultl. resiacaoce is a cricical subronpnnaac >c cha populación ge nene» of pe» c ic 10a roéis canco. because of ihortai(kuf aad i m i p m i k U «•« of Kiticifn n f aacibiucica w a t acnaoa of ioaecta la tbo aran of applion Science, ícete saya, aad aic robot hm*o appeared chae aro (n i s u a t co ¿rearar progresa has been acsievee in sana respecta acarlp everythiog is oor clitaiul arsenal. Nose cnaa ic has in m i i c reaiacance rosearen, un enawpln aluaiai is cho acccloraciag caco me which iasacca ia daceccian aa* aaaicoring oc resiscanco, utets u i sicrobes tova lop resistance co at* chaaical cechaigwes sucb as claaaical binoasay. *~nrosal r» I weaponry. eosyna cenca, usnenalegical cechaiguee ana broceehnologial prabee uaiag apprapriacn M b or oten Croft ari Moccalf war* aaoag a paael of iopugnes ara atl baing rscanoively caauarchad. scicnciscs esaaiaing cba acacu of pascicida u i aacibiocic casiacaace «ad afforcs to teal with ic ia A varioty of oíd aad usa caccics far ao n a t m a M a syupoaiuw ac cba aaaaai aeacing of Cba tetrica of res iscauco ca peacicidaa has basa propasad ia Associacion for :ht Advaaconoac of Scioaco. hold rtcste ynars. lacograciag ebea inca aa «varal 1 during February ia Chicago» Seciag cbac cha problea scracagy of resineenes aonagaaenc reguirao oa is videspraad with aacibiocics aa -all aa with organicad syscaw ef iapleanacncion. Sucb a syntaa pesticides. bichard T. Rausch. Assistant Professor af «saally iarladas parseaual ac savnrml Inania af Eaconology ac Cornil University, argaad cbac decisión uafciag aad aosritoriag aad nonagsaanC pi«soiag ba scartod far a coopta of datadas Croa m a m . applicacioa. frogre— nay vary greacly ia chnir ohjecrivws aad Coptril and spacial «calas nf Enanplas af miacaaca ara widespread. Nora Operación. chas 500 spocios of iasacts bawa foxaod soas type of ¡anusicy ca iaa or ticidos. Croft nocas, da aaaaple btyond Cachaical kaowlodgo aa« i«pl— ararían, cicsd by Not calf ia cba azcroaaly daacrocciva roe rscanco noasgoaonr roguires a divarea ranga af Calorado pocaco boat la. Siaca U M , ho says, policios govaraiag poscicido davnlopwsat. IS iosaccicidat bavo beaa iacrodacad co coacrol ic. ragiscracioa, racbcciag, rogmlacion, ana ««ncatian. T k i r t f u n a yaars of chaaical coacrol, ha poiacs Sucb policies ofcaa ara asea of a coascrsint ca one, has now prodacod a anpar-beatla imun* to ras is caaes wanagawaac chao ara tscnaical swatychiag ebrowm ac ic. l raiceeloma. Svc ir rasiarsaca s a g s s w t ia ca ba praccisea as re effeccively ia coa (ucure, palicy Croft notos cbac rascareb on rosiacaaca co laprovsaescs n u c ba laregrarea wicn cocha ical syacbacic organic paacicidas bogaa toon afear ic was aavaacas us ana uaya. labacraccoa wicb pacmasiaa first discosorod taong pasca of agricultura sad fraa Cbewicnl > Istisserist «ana. 2 harcb 1907. public boalcb ia cha laca I9*0s and ISSUs. The Copynguc M I enancan Cbanical aociotyl mergence aad spread of cba concept of integrated past osnsgsnsnt (WO by cba 1970« represented an ■bicrobes co cachi« plañe aiaenaa by iaporcaac asjor raaponsn to resistance problem. W * 3r. sanase1 heawick, lurgaraca Cenanrcsaon aa« •aphsaisnd a ears cborough scody of cba ecology of Or. bichar« Canpbell, Oaparcaeac of Socany, posts, the grescsr ass of bnoaficial biological trisCol Onivnrsity control agones, a widar array of ochar aon~chcaical caccics of pose control and bocear pos c ic ida Biológica! control of dioooon in planta, soccing naasgoacac. taaaarcb followed on a graatar divan icy oaa orgaaiaw agaiaat awatbar, contiaoaa ta gaia of factors influencing rssiscanco - physiologic, favour aconowically and oaviroanaatally. Faata bava genetic, ocologicsl and operational. a raaarbabla ability Co dovelop rasistaaca ta cbaaicals, so tbo coat of fcoopiag ana junp abood of Most recently, Croft antes, a study by the cboa risos ¿oavitably, ubila naay poople ora aocriod National iassarch Council tamarind what ho conn abone cbaaicals in soil and too*; today’s lacena isa che "now renaissance in resiacaacn research". faraing dependa largely oa cboa co control Pisase os Published lase year as "Pesticide Resistance; foraorly kapc at bay by rocacioa of crops. Oan Serscegics sad Tactics for Hsnsgeneat", cba study proaising axaaplo of cba osa approacb io cha brought cogechar sciantiec* fron a wide range of salseeion of orgsnisos co daal uitb laboral!, a disciplinas - fren csllulsr biology co population sarioua fuagal disaasa ia cba cbiaf caraal-growing generic»; fron an y orgánicasl parspoceives such as ragioaa of cha vori«. srehropoda, nona Codes, plenc and nsdical pathogens. **wnls, aad ochara; and fron diverso fields such as la ico siaplosc sansa biological coacrol of •gricultnrs, nsdical encona logy, and vocariaory aiososaa ia crops oosos cao rcduccioo of o •odieiso. disaaso-cauatog orgooisa, cbo pacbogoa, sy saocbar organisa, cbo aacogoniac. «c prosear, cha eaphaaia Croft notes choc chough bio owo focus is on ia resaarcb is oa Cryiag co fin« aa« isolaca irchropod tpocias, cha principias nay ba applicabla sncagoniscic nicro-orgaaitos tbsc coa be uaaa agaiaat eo many ochar pase group«. Pesticide resistance in spacific aisaaaaa. bacb aerfc boa baaa foseara« by arthropod poets, Croft «xpleioo, is a csaplss aaay bietachaalagy canpsaiat, vuo ton to* cba evolutionary pbanonsnoa. It arise* ( n s selection of paeaacial salaa valúa ef fetaalatiaaa coataiaiag a population having traits cbac confar resistant* ta nicro-orgaoiaa». lacerase h«« besa «ocourogad, cao, pottieidss. bod it can develop over relatively short by rasaarcb ia gaaatic aaaipalaciaa, «diicb baa tins periods nitb devastating coa vagueness to post accalaracad greacly duriag cha paet 10 yaare aad control, balde oac peesibilíciee af iapreviag cha parfstaawrs ef satagoaisca, Is far chara bava baaa oaly a faw Posticido rosiotsneo nonsgonont is the cemsorcial suecas««« buc, eoasidsriag boa litcla cían inplonsntotion of s strategy that includes s variety aaa aeaay has bvvu tpvnt so far ou chis rasaarcb, it of tactics or uoasuros co contain or suppress ia haraly surprisiag Chat faw aicrwergaaisaa ara resistance. Aaoag the asro iaportant basic scieace sold. Coataoaa raaaurcaa bava baaa iavascad ia issues liaiting greater dovalspnent and davalepiag chaaical pascicidea ovar cha paat iaplmstscios of rosisesneo nanogansnc is the study *0 yaara, buc bialagical coutrol is scill ia íce vary of the underlying anchanitwo of resistance tt the aatly daya. - ■*> -

la • wider teas*, biological coacral alto early cosca b a m b o m corchar inwoacigecod ia includes mnipulacing eh* planes* m l oaoiroaaaac w different toils end wader field conditions ia cultural TTKCtcil. Far axaupla. Dr. liduri Sailor collaboration wich tcaff froa taporial Chaaical ac Co rae LI Ueiwvrsicy reforest ia 1977 char tba ladwstrics tlCO bated ac Cracknell. near Loaaoa, disease rao»a aa Tako-all was aora tarara wUsa headed by Dr. Kaich Powell. » t t m i t a a fertilizer waa aftliel aa aicrace imacaad >C ia cha (oca of amonios talca. Soae of hia d m big prob lea wich aiero-oegmisan used co investigations »hewed chac Che nitrogen tow ret aay cotcrol mil-home diaaaaaa ia chac they a m oae very have had aa indirect efface by alearía« cha reliable: a 30 ca ¿0 per ceac failure race is m e proyorcioa of wictw-orgauime aaca«ooitcic ca acceptable when telling a produce, even if Che ocher Taka-all; ie teased chac wich m i i a talca aara M par cent of che c i m remits ere good. Ic should mctfoaiaca ware pmenac. to Taka-all waa leat. tod be rvmnbtred that aicroOiel i mm lanes a m aoC chac wich che aicrace choro were fewer aaca«aaiaca inorganic cheaicals: chey coaaiac of living aad cheretore ■are Taka-all. organism which respond to caeireoneacal factors such as soil ccaperaCure. ph. water aeration aad. of ho ocher ceecrole cowrao, cha quality a m quantity of nutrients available ia the m i l or aa the mac. this oeaaa Taka-all ia a aeriowe faa«al diaaaaa of idteac chac c m m a p am a of a pathogen to a nicmnial aad barley cbraw«howC che chief caraal-gmwtag i earn I ear ia oaa m i l aay no quits aittarenc cron refiowa of che world. Tec chare are ao effecciwe chac ia another. All them caceara a m e oe caeaical coaccola aor aay Jismso-rm tacase varieciea considered when doveLoplag a ascrobiel inora liar wo oa che aarfcec; cañera c m caacrol che diaaaaa oaiy •apace a gmac a m i froa oar aicro-orgaaiam warn wa through caracal calCoral practices. Oae possibility apply thaa ca a crop wicaowc u soars ca m tag c m ia co oae uicmrocgaaiim aaCarally peasant ia Che usthmiam by which cany caacml Taka-all ia c m ■awiraaaaac Co cespita wich aad redace Che efface of field. So ic is iaporeme early oa co cry to Che pachagmic fwa«wa. So Take-all is m eacellaac na dart tend aa each aa possible about cha solacead caadidace for che aCody of biological caacrol; che organism, their se m inim a at a im a m caacml aad challenge is ca fiad ajcro-ocgaai aa chac c m he cha eavin— n l candiciam under which chey show applied co che crop ca caacrol che diseam. This is gráneme activity. This ia an inport sac pare of our che aia of owr work. work.

W e t che Taka*all fwagm iaoedes che cooes of CoIonising cha tanca oheac aad barley, ic caoaaa Clack leaiaaa aad, ia oora aewere cases, blackaaa che basa of che area. la owr opinion, a m of tha m a c iaportanc The iafeccim iacerferes wick che speaks of m e rieses characteristics chac wn test for is che aad «acor by cha plant, aad early iafeccim c m lead aicro-organim's ability co coloniza cks roots ao co poor ascablistaaac of che crey; Lacar iafeccioaa chac ic will bn present and activa at cho tica of m y h a m che foraacioa of che grain, reawlcia« ia infection. Hicra-orgaaiam miaccodwcod inca cha pr e m tumly ripeo ad cara called "whiteheads'*. The soil as inoculases m a c be able co coapoca againac fangos seroioea bemoan aoaceycih le hose crops by the pacbogaa aad indigenous aicmflora for available "awurwincariag" m infected plmc debris ia che soil. nutrients aad for tpacn on cbn root surface. Several of our talaccad bacteria have boon tasted for chair Loas of flexibility calmising ability uodar fio Id coadicioaa. They c m be recovered fren cho toil by giving rhea reata tanca Whoa careals see grows year sfcar year Che ca estibio tic a and then growing c a m ia cho disease asy bscs m less sowers arcar fear co fiwa laooracory, using the aacibiocics: only raaiauac years. Earliest reports of chis phaaoosam coas ia organism grow, while cho natural o m a in c m m i l do 1939 froa che Cora sat cos Exporiamcal Station, just not, to we nova a m a m ot idaacifyiag organism aorch sf la dos. This type of redoccim ia Tske-sll age last indigenous m i l populations. has sow bees oboe rood chcooghsoc Earopo, Australia aad che OSA, aad Che c a m chac has b a m coiaad for ic do have found chac certain of our talaccad is Take-all decliae. Hewarcholess, a faner lams strains of bocearía coloaixa cho roots early and flexibility if he ossa a cropping sysem which allows chair n u m ere a m high vary t o m after sawing a m hia co grow only cartaia caréala. If, for ecoaoaic inoculating tba wheat. They a i m persist for a ressoos, ho wishes co grow a aoe-cereal crop for owe coas ida rabia cim ou cho roots of cho crop, »any year, he breaks his "decliae' aad Teke-all will ooca researchers, including Dr. O.V. Doacoa froa Edinburgh again be a prohlm when ha rscerns co growiag whose University, Dr. Lometa sad colleaguaa froa Traaco or barley. Tha oppoaica approach ia co adopc a sod Or. P.T. Wang ia Amcralia, haws successfully tradicional aad diwarm cropping aytesa, wich a wide used fungi clomly minted co cho Tako-all pathogen wariscy of crops gra m in rotation to chac whose or aa insculmca. Them antagonists actively coapete barley is grove on cha a m a ground only ec Long far cha tarn titas on tha root surface and is doing iacerwelt. Thee allows enough c i m for che fungus co so azc ludo cbn psthogm. be elisiosted froa the toil, siaply by acarwscioa. In cha ceupncicion for nocriones, a m goad The research c a m hare at Iris col, lad by txsapla ia the ability ef certain nicro-orgaaiam co Dr. tichard Caapball, is marching for mil produce sztrs-cslLular chmicals called sideropboras, eicre-orgmiaoe chac aro natural sumisa of che which bind or assocista specifically with irm. Whan fungus. Tba aia is co select tacagoeiscs chac c m bo chn amuse of i r m available in tha enviremanc is forualsced at biological control produces, to-called United, chess uicroaas have a canpst m v a advantage ■icrobial inoculases. Early research has shown chac aver sebar nitre flora, including the psthogm, so whan aaaplaa of certain mils are has tad, cha they affectively «carra the psthogm of this sent is l tpacific reduction of Taho-all is lose. Horsover, slshsnc. Mot m a y of our salee cm organism do cha causo of redoccim c m bo creatforrad froa m e produce detectadla quantities of aiderophorse ia mil ce snocher. This is good evidence co show that cultura and wn do not consider it co ha aa iaportanc sc Lasse a m of the aachmisas of suppression ia a m c h a n i m operating against Take-all. o reámete Taka-all declino m i l ia of a mcrobial natura, buck c a m in tha MscMrlsnes lad by Or. I. demppora has toils worn therefore obvious cargoes ia collecting reported successful biological coacral at a sisaosa •icrobial antagonists. Already wo have lookod sc ia potato craps, wooer fíala candiciam, using 1,100 oicro-orgmisae co tames chair ability to bocearía specifically solacead for production of control Taho-all. Thom showing good control in eidorephoms. Aacibiocic nkiu acu Ueliberace releas« aropasal

Aaothar n y ib vaích o»r ucro-scxHiiM «ay lialachoica laceraaciooal iCanbridg«, Nal ñas ■toe* i* » y w t i « | MUliatici chac kill w uanttc aocicied che US cnviroamcal rracecccoa ngeacy aaa :¡m inutk of cha patbogia. *• cbb oblar*« chin cha Oaparcaeac of agnculCura aaoac íes piaa co «cfacc U calcara. b«c ic is vary difficult co cield-cesc geaecically eaguteered scrams of fHiciCy i* che fi«ld. Absuc oaa coartar oí oar ahitooiun aaliloci co increase alfalfa yieles IB s«l«cc«d ajera-orgia»«ai chac ihow gooa coacrol of arsanaav, Wisconsin. Cae coapany repares chac Taka-all alia iihihic cha growch oi cha pachogaa io coovencional strains of chis bacceriuo are aou usen coleara; iaaa ai chaa pro laca «alacila aacibiocic aa a source of aicrogea fertiliser for asouc av per tooacaacas. Uo ara aaw iovaacigaciag cha pare chac cene of cha US alfalfa proauccioa acreage, la cha chaaa aacagoaiica play aaéar coadicioaa aara graennouse, strains engineered co supply addiciaaal rcpraiaacacioa of chala ia cha field. Or. t.J. Cook quantities of nicrogen have been IS per cent oore ami collaagoai ac cha Uaicad Scacei Oaparcaeac of effective chan aoa-aodified bacteria. »Source; Agricolcara ac Washington Scace Uni**rsicy ha«a aio/Technology. Col. 5. March 1997) »*lacea« aacagoaiscic haccaria chac coacrol Take-all io cha fiel« aa« ha*« foaa« chac che • aac bacteria Nev crass breeoinc technique pro«aca a pacaac aacibiecic ia calcara. The tarareace ii chac che bacceria coocrol Taha-all A oev technique has been developed for Che chroogh chii aacihiocic. accelerated cultivation of conplece generaciona of perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass, Fescoa grass. Micro-orgsnim m ara alio able to pray aa che Orchard grass aad a hybrid aacerial for Che Taka-all faagoi. Dr. aloo Feaac ia oar Deparcaaac of cross-breeding af Lolin aultiflotun Lon aad Festuca Socaay haa ioeaocigaco« cha papalacioaa of procoroa arundinaces. A coop lace geaaracian froa Cha saving froa aaaplea af «haaC fíale ibili ia Che aooch of co che harveaciag of seeds is possible in six co Englaad. Thooa oich lasa lariaaa Taka-all ha« aera eighc ooechs. depending upon che type of grass. m i b i i chaa chai« vich aariooa Taka-all. Work ia Further infamación available froa The -caueny of che USA haa ihooa chac sach a u l a parforace aa« AgriculCural Sciences of cha U K , tnscicuce for Fees «aacroy filaaaaca of che Taka-all foagaa; saall Producción. Paulioenaue. UUk-lSSl. Leman Usnocracic bolos caa be observa« ia che valla of cha foagi vich Repuslic. cha «loccroa oicroseopa. The cachaology for pro«vciag iaocalaacs mata froa moikss is ose vary Food producción and procession advaacad ami sach aicro-orgoaiias io ase yac offar a praccical folocíoa co cha problea of caacrslliag ailk_cooc«BCraciou_oj_osnosis Taka-all. Nr. Scevard Marshall of USIBu's uivision of Food Ha bava fouad chac cercáis of oar kasaarch is Helboutaa has devaloped a superior nscaod nicro-organisas ara able co break «ova cha cali valls of concentrating ailk vhilo naiacainiag af che Taka-all fuegos. Ibis caa be brooghc abeoc by palacsbilicy. The process, kaovn as reversa oanosis, casias or aasyaai. AboaC bO par ceac of oar s«l«ccod usos cechnology froa the uscer desalinacioa «icrobas bava pro«ace« «ececcabla quaatitías of aoch ioduscry. The ns in advantage of chis process i t «uñscancaa ia calcara. 1c asy be aa iaporcaac a m i reducción of energy and transport cose aad ease of iacaresciag nechanisa ia cha labora cor*, bsc oar oaia cheese production. Further infomacioa available aia is co fia« oac vhac aicrobial accivicy chara is froa CSIkO, 114 Albert Screec, Esse Melbourne, nadar naCursi condiciona ia cha fiel« for chac Australia. (Sourcas Biocachnica_^S7, Hannover, koovladga iboald balp as «asigs a aicrobial iaocolaac Journal Ho. 2) vhich caa ba applisd ia sach a vay chac ic vorka aoac affeccivaly oa crops. CustonÍ£Ín£_ngasei_Jor_industrial_groce*sing Cslcorsl practicas liotechnologists, have nee been slov co notice the croad avay froa chonicnl addicivas ia food. The Aaocltar lina of rasaareh (taro is che icudy of lipases davalopod by liocacalyscs, a subsidiary of hov díffereoc cu1cursi pracCicss affocc cbs iscidaaea tiraad Necropolican Innovación Led., are a case is of Taita-i .I, rirsc, va ara iavsecigaciag vhac poise. Shore co nodiun length faccy acids aro potase

Energy and euvironaantal applications The nicrooes are produced by fermenting a mixture of rice bran, chaff and sawdust in a tank. Sstursl clssners One batch of che mixture continues co produce heat for about two weeks. Inilin (Indianapolis) has unveiled a line of industrial cleaning agents chat are said co be The system, known as Biobeac. was developed by a 100 per cent biodegradable and co contain no local private research organisation, che Taiaei ingredients that the OS Envinmtntal Protection Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, tea Agency defines as basardous. the six •tarkSafs initial purpose was to grow asparagus. Subsequently, heavy-duty cleaners are free of chlorinated che institute installed it under a car park, which it hydrocarbons, petroleum distillates, butyl ethers and managed co keep clear during an overnight snowfall phosphates. Still, Srulin say its products, based on more chan two metres deep. naturally occurring citrus oils, are as effective as "the harshest cleaning solvent'*. In addition che Such snowfalls are eoonon in Toyama. The city company says ¡ferkSafe products reduce hasardous waste is on che e«ast of che Japan Sea, which ia winter is disposal costs and avoid exposing aaployees to toxic exposed co cold north-westerly wr ads sweeping ia from cleaning agents. (Source; Chemical Week. Siberia. A ridge of mountains behind the coast II March 19S7) blocks che winds, resulting in thm heaviest snowfalls in Japan. Saccsria_jt^ioee£rt_co_dejrsde_orjanic_pollutaot Toyama says Bioheat is cheaper chao other Researchers at Cenevs University's Medical methods of getting rid of snow. The system also Centre have genetically engineered a bacterial works for da nours a cay. catabolic pathway co enable a becceciuo co degrade a formerly nou-biodegradable synthetic compound. at 1190 per square metre, che syscam is quite expensive co install. But once in place, bioheat's The TOL pathway of Pseudomonas degrades natural running costs are very low. slkylbcnsoates, but not A-echylbenroots, a related compound. The researchers found that che compound If this winter's experiment proves successful, did not induce crucial ensymes and chat one important Che city plans co install che system under some of •nryrns, which cleaves the aromatic ring, wee its ocher pavements, coo. (Source; Mew Scientist. inactivated by one of the metabolic products. Sy 22 January 19S7) ------extracting genes from aucanc bacteria and inserting them into normal bacteria, they nanaged to produce a Microbia^j«asce_rubberadigsscer strain which can degrade A-echylbensoaca - with degradation of natural slkylbensoates proceeding A microbe chat digests natural rubber wastes has unimpaired. (Source; Biotechnology Bulletin. been discovered by the Agency of Industrial Science A Mol. 6, Mo. I, February (987) Technology’s femaucacion Research Institution. The Mocardia organiso, s somber of the Acctnoagceces Usste_wsesr_trestnent easily,was isolaced from soil •aspics three yssrs ago. During experinents it was placed ia a liquid The TAMAN process of anaerobic vasts water culture containing only inorganic nutrients. Scrips treatment in use at Tanpella's paper mill in Aajala, of rubber cut from gloves and ocher products ware Finland, has been expanded after 12 aonthe of added 0.1 g at a time. Soft rubber vsa degraded successful casts to treat all waste water from the completely in three weeks, but only J-e per cant of mill’s pulp and paper aaaufaccure which aesas hard rubber producta like bicycle eyres decomposed 11,000 m^/day. Trials have shown chat it can after eight weeks cue co the presence ot carbon, achieve over 93 per cent reduction ia biological sulphur sad ocher additives, (ixcrscces froa Japan oxygsn cons tapeion (B00). Further information Economic Journal. 1» December I9ab) ■vail*bls froa Teapella ltd., P.0. Box lie, SP-33101 Tampers 10. (Source; Biocochnica ’IT. Hannover, taduacrial^nicrobiologx Jv.rMl Mo. 2) Mew industrial ensymes A better fungus to remove heavy aetale Koki Morikoani, leader of che Japanese A Tel Aviv University botanist has dsveloped a Government's Superbugs Frojecc ia convinced chat nothed of using fungi to rsnore heavy astsls froa within che nest five or sis years "hoc bugs'* will industrial waste water. Profssser Hargalic Celun become a source of industrial easynas. "Thermophilic says Chet many other oicro-organisms are able co bacteria cam produce many interesting aesymos," he - ia -

u t ], * )c c w it they ha«* different netabolisaa. So, :irsc co coatt was es.ll Grant, of Leicester ii ve can ¡it some intonation shout the*. t'i lurt University, la 197a, Grant systematically samplee w* :ao apply it to ochar micro-organisms." nicro-orgaaiem iron cue sons lakes of cne cast African xifc Valley. In eaeteton, Grant caught the Horikoshi cices an example of an enzyme obtain« Japaaase researchers techniques chat ne nan oeveloped iron a thcnopnilic bacterium chat haa potential for dealing with hsiophilic lsalt-col*rant! oaccerin inouatrial applications. The enzyme - a r*c*nt in particular, how co distinguish between find - can break down lactose in high concentrations archaebacterin ana eubacteria. These techniques to produce glucose and ga lac cos*. This, he clams, ¿mediately c a m ua useful when the project’s is unusual because sinilar reactions using ordinary scientists isolated a triangular archaebacteriun f r m enxyaes produce ocher, unwanted, disaccharides and soil at a salt c a m in western Japan. The second c ri saccharides. foreign scientist brought in was Reich Joblim, a Mew Zealander who is an expert urn anaerobic fungi. The Superbugs Project, now halt way through its (Extracted f r m Mew Scientist. 19 February 19C7) five-year program*, is intended to provide wore intonation about aicro-organisns chat live in Fructose f r m cellulose excrane environnent», to find out their capabilities and whether or not these capablities can be put to Dr. Mans Risswanger of the Physiological- work. In addition co thernophilic bacteria, the Chemical Institute of University ISbingen has project is interested in aicro-organisns iron other developed an entree reactor which is capable ot types of excreae environnants such as soda lakes and converting cellulose f r m residues into fructose by a salt flats; and in sicrobes chat can colerate toxic continuous process. The reactor operates at about chenicals such as industrial solvents. Funding for SO cent¿grades and usas three cmxyues tor its Che project, f r a the Research Developnant oulti-scap synthesis. The final product mends no Corporation of Japan, is around £1.2 nillion a year. claaniog. Further information avallasl* t r m the University of Tubingen, hoppe-beyler-Str. I, When they cone across an interesting bacteriun. D-7M70 Tubingen, Federal Republic of Gum m y. Ho ri ko ski’s scientists attenpt to decemine how it ISource: oiotechmica ’>7. Hannover, Journal ho. 27 tolerates such sxtrene surroundings and how its xstabolisu works. An understanding of these industrial equipment uechaaiaas, Horikosai hopes, will serve as the basis of a "new biotechnology". This will build on che a vanish company to develop new biosensors fact chat "superbugs" carry different genes froe their less tolerant counterparts. These genes nignt, The Swedish company Pharmacia is raising perhaps, be engineered co produce cheap catalysts. i U million to finance Che development of a new class One of Horikoshi*s nain aies is co substitute such of biosensors. Researchers at the f i m are currently biological catalysts for che expensive, and often developing sensors that will da tact proteins almost toxic, chaeical ooes used in che petrochemicals instantly. Unliko conventional biosensors tbosn will industry. "As far a* organic chenistry is aoc have enzymes ¿mobilized oa electrode supports concerned," he says, "I think bugs can do anything." and will not require replenishment by reagents. Horikoshi has reason to be confident. Me has Currently che project has yielded a number of seen an ancire industry grow from his work on prototypes. Details of the technology will be alkaliphilic nicro-organisns, those chat thrive in revealed once patents have been awarded. highly alkaline conditions. In the esrly 1970a, he and his colleagues at che Institue* for Physical and Once developed, Phamocia plans to focus Chenical Research in Tokyo were screening soils for a initially oa the nodical sad analytical sectors co ■icro-organisn chat could produce alkaline anylsse, measure proteins associated with allergies and for use in washing-up liquid. During this research, men i any ns disorders, la addition co tho healthcare they stunbled across an enxyna chat produced applicacioas, Thermae is plans sc s later date co eyclodexcrin fron starch. This proved serendipitous develop sensors for quality control in che food and for, at chat cine, Japanese noodle eonpaniis were procass industries.* » true commercial impact is huncing for a preservative co replace hydrogen expected by 199«. (Extracted f r m European < nenical peroxide, which the Japanese Governnenc had banned. Mews, 17 January 19*77 The best substitute they could c o m up with was alcohol, but unfortunately alcohol was coo volatile. hew literature announcementt improved tissue culcur*_r*sults_j«itn_tu» Cyclodexcrin offered a way round this probleu t-.cause as an "inclusions! compound" , it could crap a now eight-pago brochure is now availaele f r m ethanol in che nolaculo so preventing it from TIT Internetlomal Rie-tschaologio* Ltd., describing evaporating. Th* troubla was chat cyclodexcrin made the advantages of extracellular matrix (EUI7 - coated by conventional netbods required carcinogenic tissue culture plaaticvore produced by cho company. precipicacing reagancs to give a big enougn yield. Aa improvement over regular tissue culture plastics Horikoehi's enxyna could produce cyclodexcrin without and isolstoe matrix components, ECU provides am chose reagents and with twice the yield. opcinsl surface for culturing primary epithelial cells, particularly «dim combined with serum-free Companies imediacsly began co osnufactura media. Sons of the advantages yielded by ECU are cyclodexcrin with the now enxyna. The oorksc for expression of difforeatiscod properties; higher cyclodextrin, according to Horikoshi, has doubled in placing end cloning efficiency; batter placing sixe each year and cho growth shows no sign of consistency; lower requirement for serum sad added slowing down, sa the product is applied in now growth factors; improved attachment; flattening and areas. The Dutch Government has recently pcrmitcod rapid migration of colls; faster proliferation sad its usa es s food additive end cho manufacturers of higher ssturstiom density; ead longer life spam. perfumes end agro-chemicals have else begun co work The brochure also lists cho wide scope of with it. applications for ECU, which is available on a range of tissue culture dishes, flasks, aulcivolle, The Superbugs Project is gathering asnbreaea sad microcerriers. ead so s coating service micro-organisms from excram environments ell over or so s contractual research basis. Readers are the world. Scientists with collections of such provided with a list of cne company's specific aicre-orgsoisne have been invited to Japan. Tho brochure* which era also available oa request. Further in formar loa available from 1ST, iiagnostic cese cor aUlS '.acquiree inmune deficiency ?.J. Sox Li 14*0. Jerusalem 43469. Israel. syndrome) have bean drafted by the two interested Tel.: (02) 7II-Ü59. Telar: 2ovo« iöc il. (Source: parties and could spawn an international research Company l e w Release. March 1981) roundscion devoted to the disease. remontarioo giant The final version of tha agreement is now expected co be signad during the visit by the Prune The Proveaca Corp., subsidiary of Phillips Minister af Franca. Mr. Jacques Chirac. Co Che Uniced Fetroleun (Bartlesville. OK) plans to build a Scares m 29 March. fermentation products plant, featuring a ZS.OOO-licre fermenter. The plant, uhich uill have the capacity Ur. Robert Callo croa che US Nacional Cancer to produce several million pounds of yeasts per year, Institute and Professor Luc Moncagniar of the Pasteur will use che firm’s high call density fermencacion Institute in Paris have both appliad for patents in technology to make ProvestcenC*'yeast produces. cne United States Tor Che use of antibodies as a Those include food flavouring, livestock and basis for casting for infection by human aquaculture food, and "Meals—on-the-go“* nutritious imnusodeficiancy virus (HIV). This is essantially food bars. (Source: Bio*Technology. Vol. 3. che test now vidaly used for assnssing the infectious March 1987) scace of paople and tor deciding wnecher olooo given for eraosfusion is contaminated.

E. P4TE8TS 4 » INTELLECTUAL PtOPEUt ISSUES Unaar cha arate agraenent, róyatelas croa ene use at alV ancioody tests cor a i m incaction will oe divided three ways, wicn one cniru :: the income rWC studies refom of bio techno lory patent lau going co each of the lb Public aealch service (which, enrough cne National Institutes at analta, is European patent law has cboa far boon unable to ultimately responsible tor cha kacional Cancer keep pace uich the rapid development in biotechnology lastimes) and cne Pasteur Institute. The remaining and its research results which are becoming ripe for third af cha income will be directed cowards a now application. On national and international levels international foundation, yet to be escaoliahed, for attempts are now being made to adapt the patent law cha support of AIDS research and treatment, to this development ebrough appropriate raforms. The especially in Africa. Mss Planck Institute of Munich is asking a considerable contribution to efforts concerning Tha main substance of the draft agreamane will foreign and international patent rights, copyrights deal with the apportionment of patent royalties from and competition rights and patent law researchers in che application of the antibody tests as they are Munich have outlined refom proposals in several used at present. The financial inportance of the studies. arrangement, and Chus cha potential of Che proposed foundation to sake a substantial Lapset on the Altogether these reform proposals are aimed at problem of AIDS in Africa or elsewhere, will depend extending and easing patent protection wnich so far on the patents generating income for some substantial has bean rastrictively applied to genetic cine. engineering. In the fucure it will be possible co obtain patent protection in all countries for «t che request of che US parcies co the draft micro-organisms and similar results of agreement, a precocdition for cue settlement oc che microbiological research (cell lineage, plasaids, disputa has been chat there snould be an historical monoclonal antibodies) as well as for aacrobiological statement of the contributions ot Us and French discoveries (new species of plants and aninals) if groups co Che discovery ana caaraccsnsscioa of the these meet Che usual requirements (originalicy, A U b virus. This historical sumesry cakes cne form inventive osrit. commercial applicability and of a chronology going oack co cne characterixation or sufficient information). The depositions on cue virus known as nlCV-l, wnicn is responsible tor micro-organisms recognised so far for pataot che sdulc T-cell lauxaemia endemic m southern protection in this field should be sufficient to Japan. (extractad tram nature, Voi. )U, complement production patents. Patent protection lb March I9a7) should also include the sninal breading field, which has bean coopleesly ignored up to now. As far as Hybricech now sues ssooct Laboratories plant breeding is concerned, it should be possible in the fucure after the abrogation of the bam on double After Hybricech emerged from a successful oattle protection to ehoose between variety protection or against Monoclonal Antibodies to defend its patent on patent protection or to claim both. Finally, the Max saoawich assay diagnostic kits, the Son Diego-based Planck Institute of Munich is proposing a novelty company was back in court - chis cima cackling Abbott grace period of one year which would a w a it possible Laboratories, who cha company claims has infringed for the researcher co give written or verbal reports ics patent with chair saodwich assay casts for within this period on the results of his research hepscicis-B, pregnancy, chyroid disorders and several without excluding future patent protection. types of cancer. These casts are thought co account for some (SO oillion of Abbott's annual 1730 aillion Prof. friedrich-Ksrl Beier, director of the Max revenues from ics diagnostics business. (Extracted Planck lasticuce for Foreign and International Patent from íiotechnolo|£j^»Ue£in, Vol. 3, No. 12, Rights, Copyrights and Competition Rights, and January 1987) Dr. Joseph Strauss, scientific spokesman for the Institute, are supported in chair reform proposals by A££liadBios2Scsns1'J)nivdrsiC£'£acents_sad_giosaarcn their lagal comparison of patent protection for settle «utterances biological discovorios in different countries, prinsrily in the United Ststss sod Japan. ISource: Applied siosyscoms Inc. ana University ratones Tochnjlo«|g »«chricht^- Hanaatmont Infornotionon. Inc. (UFl) announced cna settlement of pacent infringement litigation against siosoarch inc., a subsidiary of now sruasvick scientific l o . lac. ano Final settlement of patent nahts for AIDS diatnostic enancan sionstics (ash) Inc. soca aeraaaaace cast addicted chaw the» products, including cytnoacbyl phospi. ■• to reagents, infriags the The details of a final settlonant to the University ot col ..•> tsneo exclusively licensed US-french dispute over cha patent rights co a co applied Niosycti «stmts cover che M u lanches is eheaiscry iavneti it :ht University of produced a variant polyploid Pacific oyacar, Colorado and cha autoaaced inacrunents ( D M Crassostrea ziiaa. wnich is edible cne year-round. as synthesizers! cbac i n ic. (Biocechnoloty Bulletin. coapared co only nine nonebs for eba oacural fora. Vol. o, Mo. 1. February 19H7) dis invention produces cne polyploid bivalves by European ?atanc dffice ,o revoue Biogen's tncarfaron controlled hydrostatic pressure applied Co fertilises patent oyscer eggs. In Deceaber 1986 four patent euainars of cha While allowing clains co tha process, che Pacanc European ?acanc Offica iaaucd an oral dociaioa chac Office cakes che policy position, “that life foras cha Opposicion Division iocanda co revoke Slogan* s such as hunans and ochar eannals. fisn and insects Europaan pacanc ralacing co cha producción of era not patencable subject naecer, because che rae nob inane alpha incarfaroas. Tha «xaniners bald Suprane Court did noc specifically address such life cbac cha Siogan pacanc daaeribad a paean cabla foras in ica I960 decision in Diannnd vs. invention, buc objaccad co cha acopo of carcain Chakrabarcv." Moreover, Miller continues, "tha clains of eba pacanc. Sacauao EPO rulas raquire Pacanc Offica relies upon a scacenenc by eba Court of aichar cocal accapcanca of all clains or revocation Cuscons and Facenc Appeals, to cb. efface chi: of eba pacanc, cha Opposicion Division indicaccd chac biologically pure cultures and eicro-organises ic incandad Co ravnka eba pacanc. Tha pacanc had currently given pacanc procaccion, are ouch aore skin bean challenged by can ochar conpaniaa, incluaing co maninaca chenical ronposiCions such as raagencs E. Hoffnon-La Bocha 6 Co. and catalyses, chan chay are co horses ana honeybees.“

Iba conpany iacends co appeal eba decision co However, che University of 'Washington cites the eba E K Technical Board of Appeals. Tha oral Suprene Court decision in cnakrabtrty chac "Congress decision does noc affacc Siogan*s pacanc proceccion incandad statutory subject naccar co includa anything in che Dniced SCacas and cha European pacanc is noc under che aun chac is node by nan." Moreover, cne necassary for Biogen's licenses. Scbering-rlough University snphssnss cnac a denial oc pacanc Corp., co be able co sail 'lacros A* incarfaron. proceccion to ics year-round oyscars "would amply Lase year Siogan filed a coaplainc againsc Boehringer result in a disincenciva for coanercial indnstrias co Ingalhain lanerale, claining an iafriogeaanc of chis puc resources into reaearen and devnlopnsac of pacanc. (Source Siocechnology Bullacin. Vol. S, produces chac have a cranenduus poceacial for ---- So. 12, January 19*73 benefit," in chia case, cha oyscer indusccy of che region. Collaboraciva Basaatch raesivas clonad-rannin pacanc A Seattle seafood conpany is negotiating to Five years afear filing, cha OS Pacanc Offica license che invention. Miller notes. He aspects eba has granead Collaboraciva Besearch, lac. (Bedford, Board of Patent Appeals Co soon decide and if ic Mass.) eba firsc pacanc for reconbinane ranain, a upholds the rejection, che University will carry che ailk-clocciag cnxyne usually found in cha fourch case co che Federal District Court of Appeals in sconacb of calvas and usad in cbeesa asking. There Waahingcon, D.C., which decides pacanc eases. are ac lease a half-dozen conpecicors who are aichar (Source: McGraw-Hill*s Biotechnology Newswatch. producing or developing ranain, CEO, who nose license 16 March 19S77 cha cecbnology iron Dow Choaical Co., Midland, Mich., vhich owns world-wida narfcacing righes co cha Collaboraciva aesearcb procain. Collaboraciva F. BIO-UVOBMATXCS Basasreb has already been granead ranain pacanes in cha UK, Spain, Saw Zealand and Brasil. Haw journal oe aolecular sinulacion escuta Benain, also callad chyaosin, is chronically in shore supply, as vaal producción lags bnfclnd cheese a new journal Chat focuses oa applicscions and roduccion. World narfcec prediccioos ranga froa eechaiques of nolacular-seale siaulacion ia seneoulan SO aillion co IlOU nillion. Collaboraciva co begin publicación* aarly chis ysor. callao Besaarch's paceacad process usas yaasc cslls as hosca Molecular Simulación, che journal will punlisb wnich sacreca ranain in a fully accive, original rasa aren papara as valí es regular reviev non-glyeosylacsd torn. When eba procain is produced arricias. Anong cha copies aspeetad co be ceveras csconbinsncly and incracalluls.'ly b7 bacesria, ic is ara applieacions of siamlacion co liquid and noa-oxidizod, insoluble, and eba yields are low. eolid-scaca ebonisery, naceríais seisaca, incarzacial phanraona, ascronolecular and biological syseans, and Neicher Dow nor CRX will scale up ranain inearnolacular pocencisl snorgy functions. Advsncas coaeereially. Bacber, Dow will nose likely license in aschodology, sueh as now quancun auaulacion che technology exclusively co a large US nschods, as wall as iaprovaasncs ia confutar aanufaccurer. A spokesperson froa Csnencor, Inc., hardware, grspbies proeassiag and languagaa will alan (S. San Francisco, Calif.), cleias chsc Che pacanc ba copies of eoncribucions. Tha journal will be doss noc affecc ebon, as chay use filaaencoua fungi, publisbod by cha Bncish »cisnea publishers noc yaasc, as recoabinanc hoses for ranain Gordos 6 Brsacb. les editor is Hiek Quirko of SP produceioo. (Sourest McCraw-Mill*s Biocachnoloav Basaareb Casera, Suabury-on-Thanos, UK. Foconcial US Htwswacch, J January 1967) eoocribucors can gac furtber inforancion fren US regional editor Janes H. Hazle, Dopsrtusst of (nvoncorofj«U^vosr_€diblo_aj£Cor_sosks_ravorsali_of Chsnieal Enginooring, Cisneos Univara iCy, Clanson, ?scane_Offico_eurn^own S.C. 29631. (Bspriacod wich poraission fron Chonical 6 Entinaorina Nava. 19 Jaauary 1987, p. 30. Is a san-nad* oyscer pacencabls) US pacanc Copyright (1967) ¿asnean Choaical Sociocy.) ssaainars have said no. If an appeal lodged last nonch before cha Pacanc Office in Waahingcon, O.C. rtvsrses chair rajeccion, chis "eould have a salucary »773 tillíos bv 1993 efface on cha sconony of cne Pacific Northwest," according co actorney Jeffrey J. Millar of Seed 6 Coaocie anginoering will noc coas of aga uanl Barry, a law f i m in Saacclo. He reprssencs Che cha laca 199Us in Europa, aceoroiag co a oow aorkoc Uaiversicy of Washingeon, where a graduses scudonc in scudy by analyacs Frote 6 »ullivaa, buc Cha che Deparcaenc of Fisheries, Scandish Allan, hoe incsrvaning yoars will seo BE.3 billioa is denosd cor - 51 -

:ha equipment needed Co keep Che microbes 9r

«loose exclusively co be found in Che minds of Scrip Healthcare »lecechnolouv Company Profiles university fsculcy. Industry had Che production facilities and che naricee inf skills, hut it m i Some 175 companies developing products by barren of the new expertise. The professorial recombinant DMA or hybridama technology are start-up conpanies, the university-industry identified in the updated second edition of contracts, the linieed partnerships in research and Healthcare Biotechnology Company Profiles, a development, the equity purchases and licensing 370-page guide containing l.iOU product eetriea. agreements by the nultinationsl corporations, all Details of tha publicacioo, priced at 190.00, itenned froo this unprecedented circunaeance. Also from: Scrip Bookshop, 18-20 dill (ise, Bicnmond, described are the subsequent contractual and fiscal Surrey TW10 6UA or on 01 948 3262. (Source: interventions of the larga chenical and Biotechnology Bulletin. Vol. 6, Ho. I, pharnacautical conpanies, as well as their successful February 1987 J efforts co purchase, in whole or in part, access to or even sole rights co the output of appropriaca Free ASTM publications catalogue available university departments, so as to acquire instant expertise and to ensure the economic fucure of che The 1987 ASTM Publications Catalogue describes conpanies concerned. 66 volumes of tha Annual book of ASTM Stanaatde aod several hundred ASTM special tecnaical publications, Particular attention is paid co agricultural compilations, data series and standard adjuncts. biotechnology, potentially the largest market. ASTM standards and its related technical Organizational arrangements here were complicated puolicatious are used worldwide co specify because Che land-grant universities, traditionally natarials, assure quality, integrate production the source of agricultural research, have not been in processes, promote trade ana enhance surety. che forefront of molecular biology, uhicb is largely funded instead by the National Institutes of Health. The catalogue is available free from Other universities, such as Harvard, MIT, Washington Jacqueline Holden, ASTM Marketing b Promotion (St. Louis) and Stanford, have consequently become services, 19lb Race Street, Philadelphia. the corporate partners for the development of plant Pennaylvania 19103, 215/299-559*. (ASTM News molecular biology. Release 6 February 1987) Hiotechnoloev; The University-Industrial Biomass: International Directory of Companies. Cooolex bears upon questions of tundanental Products. Processes 4 Eauipment by James inporcance co science, academia and society, and Coombs. Macmillan Publishers Ltd., OH (1986), provides valuable documentation of the magnitude of 243 pages, 890. the actions already taken and the multitude of participants involved. But it is hoped that someone From Argentina to Zimbabwe, cbis guidebook will write the sequel, for which this is only the lists for 45 countries of East, West and in between prologue, (extracted from Satine, Val. 325, coMercial finis aod public organizations involved 19 February 19B7) in conversion of organic uaacas co fuels and chemicals. Its 2,769 annotated entries range 3ioc*chnolo«y research in OS federal agencies from the single University of Mauritius School of Industrial Technology ("Investigating methods For two years running, the Hesources Conmunicy of producing fuels, fertilisers and/or cbomicals and economic Development Division of che US General froo waste produces of the sugar industry ...") co Accounting Office surveyed 11 federal agencies co the USA's 551 (60 firms, major corporations, find out co what extent they were supporting suppliers, universities and government agencies biocechnology-relsted research. The results, for with interests in breconversion, aside from five of Che agencies, are contained in a 01-page minor quirks, such as alpnabecising some entries document, Biotechnology: Analysis of FsOerally under "The" rather than their actual names, the funded lesearen (PB86-147U95). available through the listings - complete with telephone ana telex US National Technical Información Service (NTIS). numbers - are serviceable. A *8-paga "Buyers Guide Co Products, ddsearch sad services" The agencies are: the Department of Agriculture cross-indexes company names co their respective (USDA), the Environmental Proeaccien Agency (EPA), specialties. the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Matiooal Institutes of Health (HIH) and the National Scis oca The author also produces an annual Foundation (MSF). Each profile includes estisMtss of Biotechnology Directory of Products, Conpanies. the fiscal year 198S level of support, both in cene (aasarch_end_Organizations. of dollars comsittsd and the number of projects fundad. Also discussed are prograssns on Tha_Gene2S£liicingJ/arsr__keflaccions_oe_Che biocechnology risk assessment research. Details lec onoinapt DMA Controversy edited by from; Gene Amey, Microinfo Ltd., PO Box ), Alton, (aynond A. Zilinskas and Burke K. Ziaermsa. Hampshire or on 0*20 96848. (Source: Biotechnolosr Macmillan Publishing Co., Hew York, H.Y. 10023 Bulletin, Vol. 6, No. 1, February 1987) (1986), 288 pages. 124.95. US biotechnolosr re«ulacions A dozen leading biosciencists, achiciacs, .sod one journalist - plus the two editors of this work - For any but the nose resolute followers of all fought the (sne-splicing "wars" of the 1970s, Federal biotechnology regulator activities, the as they raged through the halls of national, state documents needed for tracking this process can be ae and local government, and tha screens and pages of elusive as they are voliaiaoua. "Biotechnology the madia. Their accounts sad analyses of che Regulations: Environmental (alease Compendium," controversy's history is today s trifle dated sad available for (99 from OMEC International, beside che point; yet these documented 727 Fifteenth Street, H.H,, Washington, D.C. 20009, roainiscensos add up co a useful textbook in che conpiles this material in a single volume. The prolifsraciag biotechnology course-curricula at loose-leaf compendium, which also contains high school or junior college level. The volume is information about several local ordinances pertaining one or the American Association tor the Advancement eo biotechnology, will be updated periodically. of Sciences series on "Issues in Science and (Source: Sio/Technologx, Vol. 9, March 1987) Technology". - «3 -

iiotechnolocv: S t n t t i m for Lit'« by IKKTMAM offers »review of AMS research Elisabeth Ancebi and David Fishlock. The !UT frtll, CMbtUft. Maas., London, UK U M ) , Over b.UUU brief, easy to reed swnmari.es ot the 239 pata*. (9 1/2 a 12 1/2). *39.95. lacesc research on genetic engineering, safeguarding crops and ini me la from diseases, biological control For cho lay buc curious reader in general, and of pests, human nutrition, ana ocher fields are Che would-be investor in pareicuLar, this volume availaole on a new computer information service covers ics subject fren the ancient Artec and provides oy Che agricultural Beseerch Service ot too Egyptian fermenters to tomorrow1s protein-engineered United States department ot agriculture. ensenes and biochips. In vivid pretores as well as informative teat, it wraps op biotechnology in a Known as TEKIKab. for recnaolorr Transfer single, all-enconpseeing package - ics history, Automated letrieval System, it offers notice of science, node of action, promised benefits research results which nave been peer-reviewed end comeercial prospects, patents, regulation tchics. cleared by AMS aaaagemenc. About 300 new findings •re entered into cho database each nonch, according Genetic Engineering hews liscs nolecolar to a report in Agricultural tesearch IVol. 34. Millionaires Bo. 8). The average velue of shares earned by SO major AMS is offering - on a first-come, first-served stockholders in 20 leading biotechnology companies basis - an opportunity Cor a limited nmber of is worth alnosc *13 nillion, according to a survey interested organisations with computers and of "molecular millionaires" chat appears in the telephone modems to have direct access to TSXXIAM. February issue of Genetic Enr insuring Seno (COI). There is no cost for using the database. However, users are responsible for chair awe telephone f f l Q Fifty Molecular Millionaires include charges. corporate officials and businessmen such as Seaencech'a Inhere Swenson, liogen's Janes Vincent Each entry on the database includes a brief and Amgen's Jack Schuler, and rancure capitalises summary describing Che research but does not reveal like .'loaba Alafi and Isaac and David Blech. specific details chat would preclude pa tooting or puelicacioe. IEKIIAM also provides the nans, "The companies and individuals on Che list were address, and phona nrnhir of AMS scientists involved chosen arbitrarily," said Mary Ann Liebert, in the research. publisher of Genetic Engineering Mews. All information was gleaned from public documents, la Computer marches can be nose in several each instance GEM used its latest information categories, among those are: Keyword, Multiple available and uulcip'iad the number of shares Keywords, Scientist's mane, ana Caanodicy. D m tile attributed to an individual by cho closing price of can be accessed by specific daces in addition to cbm the stock on 31 December, 198b. search categories indicated aoeve. • user could encar the syscau ooce a month, for esanple, to This finding reinforces the iaporcance of search for new entries on a specific topic without universicy/induscry ties to Che still-evolving having to look at che entire database each time. biotechnology business. Additional information oa the procedure Although aaay of the Ph.D. nolocular necessary to obtain access to this new database cam millionaires are full-time officials of be obtained by contacting: James T. Mall, Matioal biocecbnology firms, aaay are not. Technology Transfer Co-ordinator, OSOA-ARM, loom 403, Building 00$, BAMC-Uest, Beltsvillo, "X chink it’s wonderful chat scientists who, MD 2070$. Telephone (301) 344-404$. (Source: for generations, have boon inproving che quality of Agricultural Information Develosmeac Bulletin. our health and lives should be able to reap iCreK IW 77------financial rewards as well as public rscognitioa," Mrs. Lisbsrt said. "Certainly chis should be crus Hewlett-Packard.'a ansa rob ic library for in an era whan hugs salaries are paid to sports automated eicrobial identification system figures, newscasters, and quia show basteases." A new database library containing more chan With 2,043,SB7 shares of Ceaeutecb, chief $0 groups of anaerobic bacteria is sow available for exscutivs officer Robert Swanson tops the list with Hewlett-Packard's HP 569MA Automated Microbial a value of *173,730,39$. Herbert Boyer, Ph.D. is Identification System. The system identified second with 1,037,99b shares of Genentech valued at eicrobee by naans of caeir fatty acid profiles. 180,229,660. (Company Mews lelease. Applications are likaly to be found la clinical and 18 February 1987) dental laboratories and in cho foes industry. Details from: Analytical laatrunonurion Group, Microbial database Hewlett-Packard LCd., Millar Mouse, The ding, Bracknell, Berkshire dull U N or on ujeu »¿Ad9S. A computer database designed to sake microbial (Source: Biocachaolag2_Bullecin, Vol. 3, bo. U, culture collections aere accessible to industry has January 1967) been set up at the OK laboratory of the Government Chemist (LGC). It contains dots from che Nacional electronic networks for biocachaolonr Collection of Type Cultures, the Motional Collection of Yeast Cultures, the CAB Internacional Hycological More information about Che computer-based Institute and che National Collections of Industrial networks is now available to bio technologists, by and Marine Bacteria. wsy of a copy of E B I P N e w s U (from the Kwropaan Biotechnology Information Project, The British According to the systems designers, it will Library, 9 Kean Street, London WC2B 4AT or on eventually contain data from all the UK National 01-323 7293). Three networks are namtiaood: Culture collections enabling subscribers to search from over 30,000 sereins. The system is housed on (1) C00ATA (che Coraiccee on Data for Science LCC’s CCC minicomputer and users cam access the and Technology), now available on the information either on-line to the computer or by OlALCOM/Brieish Telecom Celd system. This gives means of a postal calaphona inquiry service. access to CODATA sponsored databases and enables (Sources ¡¡ature, Vol. 326, 26 March 1967) participating scientists Co comnunicace directly «icb «te mochar. Jotaili frota: Natvork exiacs * sane canse disease aad ochara apparaacly do Maiaiitranr, COMIA, 12301 íarklwa Orive, aoc. Uacil oev, iaiocaacioa abone che ganecies ai toekvilla, MD 2095Z. USA. che A10S viras has beea ied caco che Osad«ah ayscaa, vhich is already escablished ac Los Alamos. Tb« aev (Zl For OK »ciencia es, che SEOMET e lee Crome coopeaditaa will iaclnde aaalycical iaiocaacioa chac tullecía board ia oefered by cke Umvvrsicy of Cealoak ia aoc fumded co próvida, vill canee ia Cambridge, te cavara meecinga, 10levare guarcarly updaces ei íresh daca aad vill be developeeeCa, uaCenals and «xpenmane updaces. available irea co qualifiad iavascigacars in boch (Hesita croa: ¡tercia íishop. SEQNET, Caapucer hacd-copy aad oa tloppy dises Ichac are I M Laboracory, Cara Excbaoge Screec, Cambridge or FC-coapsCible>. The aov resánese is beiag oa 3223 314724. Alteraacivaly, calk co escablished ia co-operaCioe nica boch Ceedaafc aad Michael Aahhnrnar. 0«parra«ac ai Ceaecics. Oovaing U9L, che European Molecular Siological Laboracory Screec, Cambridge or oa 0ZZ3 333H1. ia heidalbarg, Föderal lapnblic oi Ceraaoy. bnc ia aa iadepeadeac «acicy. (!) la che USA. Stoan atiera users che abilicy co porcicipace ia specialisc oaer Iba Alus dacaoasa vill coaeaia Pan, (ha aad ccxmmicim covaring sach sobjaecs as jeme procaia soguearas ai all cha « U S viras isolacas, expresa loa or OHA repair. Pecaría {roa: HUMET, cha ««guasca» chac rocogaixa che le recapeor ac tncelligeaecics loe., IZA Uaivarsicy Aveoae. lynphocycsa, aad similar lacoraacioa aoouc «aiaal Falo Aleo. CA W301, USA. ISource: diotachoolocr virases chac are rala ced ce che « U b viras, le vill BatleCia. Vol. 6, ¡te. I. Fobraary 1997) leaaciiy regióos ot che A1D5 viras gan— chac are aoac veriabla, sad, li koova, aera aov coa alearos Caaaacer-mided aolecolar dasiga aad enrame regioas aifocc pepciea soguearas aad procela eaaiaeenne groeeedraga inacción. Iha rasanres vill publisa corroccioas ai sagnaace iaieraeciea aad vill jactada cafar«meas Molecular modelliag aad eoapacer graphics aera fron cha lies ratera. lSonia.ee Sciance. Pal. US, exploicad firse ia che pharaaceocical aad b Fabraery 1997) agrocheaical indascries, fellamed by che desiga ai cacalysca, boch hoaoganeea aad hecerogeaeoes. Conoicata «uicklv vith coligarnos all ovar parallaled by edvaaces ia «atys scodies. The tE« nocid lácese ares ce be iailoeaced by aelecalar desiga eecbaignes ia aelecalar eleccroaics. Iba iacreasiag The taceraacioaai Iaiocaacioa Cascar for Plome availobilicy ai singla-osar cooperar uorfcsCatión« aad Aaiaal liocechaology has oseablishod aa aeaas chac Chase cachaigaes ara aa loager reacricced slsccroaic aail ascvorfc for cha biocochaology ce nejar conpeaies. The proceediags ai cha Third co— nity. Ton noy catatare co che s ya coa vich aay Evropeaa Saaiaar oa Coaeucer-Aided Molecular Peaita. persoaal coaputer ia soy cicy ia cha US aad iroa Octavar 1¡U, aad che taceraacioaai Cooiereace oa ovar 40 ochar coaacrias. Claccrsnic aail has Easve Easiaeeriag beld ia Cambridge ia Sepceaber alrsady changad cha vay thonsaads of rasasrchers are aov available. Decails ai Chase cwe i f tai rar« The 1ICPAS CIUOIl ia beiag oparaca« publicación», boch priced ac CAO.OO. Freo; IBC by The Uaivarsicy of Ceorgia chrovgh a aoo-proiic Techaical Services Lcd., Sach Bous«, 56 Oolbora ctr-oparaciva chac próvidas aodara cnoatiatricioas Viaducc. Loados ECIA 2EX ar aa 01 236 A0S0. cechaologies ac a roducod cose. Oiecechaolegy Sullecia. Vol. 6, 9o. L. Fearwary I9di) * Send laccsrs, rapores, daca, sosCraces, propriacs co collaboracors, assoclacas, or Ceaecic cedes diccieaarr odicors. seros» che verId.

Ih« "Cocaic: A Oicciooary of Ceoecie Codas” * Transfer coopucar programas aad filos co has baoa coapilad by Maimona toseituce Professor ocaars «rror-fro«. Sdvard 9. Irifooov aad his formar graduaca scudaac Volkar Sreadal. 1c briaga cogochsr relsvaac - Schadula or actually conduce aaociags dafiaicioas of abone 900 goaocic pegúemeos ia a 275-paga alphabecical diccioaary, ceaplsca vich indicas aad sene 400 osafnl ref«raneas. Aa updacad * Stay in coach vich your office vhaa 1,500-saery odicioa is aov ia proparacioa, aad s travailing. coopucar accassibls versión oi chana daca is curroacly beiag coosidarod for iaclasiaa ia cha US * Pose jobs, aoacinga, saasuarsaanc» oa Sioaec Oacsbsss Syscta aad s siailar Service bulletin boards. providod by cha Canoa Caocsr lasaareh Cáncer, (Salaban Publishars, Kahovoc, Fhiladalphia 1996) - Accosa Talar, QAC, Fouadacioa Cancar Craaca. (liacie¡aiM^I7, Homovar, Journal do. Z) Purchar iaformcioa iron 11CPA9 dETHDM, d«v databas« tor A1PS rasaarch lacaraacioasl laforascioa Cancar, Plsac sad Aaiaal diocschaology, P.O. dos 2006, Uaivarsicy of Georgia, Nev |«na saguaocss and infonacioa sboac Achoas, GA 10612 UM, Talsphoae (AOA) 542-6177, procsiaa of cha AlOS viras ara baiag reportad so Talos 4900006591. quickly chac rasaarchars ara hard-prasssd co kaap up. lo help scrsaaliaa cha procass, »cisnei»es ac Problema of ioforaacion «aaagoasac ia Lo* Aleaos Racional Laboracory ia d«v Marico oro sjrieulcurs by d. uviss Oruna «scablishing s cooputorisod dacs baak for racordiag aad analysing infornacioa abone Cha aolocular Ibis arcicla is adapead and aacrscced f n o cha biology of cha rspidly chaagiag virus cbr.c causas guarcarly lacaraacioasl Aasoaiacioa of «griculcursl AIOS. Iba Nacional laacicuca of Allargy and Librarisas aad Ooctasacaliac llAnlJ» aullacia, tnfaccioas Oisaasas (N1A1D) has juac avardod a Vol. XXIX, do. «. chraa-y«ar grane co Carald Hyor», of cha Thaoracical División se Loe Alaos», uho piaos co hav« cha dophiacicacod isforascioa sarviess ia en« fiáis dacabaa« availabla by Harcb. of agricultura ara aov ia usa sil ovar cha mrld raagiag froa cha usa of aloboraea abstraer ing and doc oaly dos* cha A1DS virus oucata quickly so iodoriog sarviess co coapucarisad dacabaaa*. chac difiaraac isolaca» hav« diíferaac gana laforaacion procassiag eaacraa vichis cha »»guaneas, but ia raesne aoncha rasaarchars hava cachaologically advaacad oseloas ara too ameraos ca siso (ovad chac aera chao ona AlOg-lika virus lisc. A siailar situación exiacs ac cha tacarnacional is being widened largely by cha vested interese '.mi vtnrt cha (ata n a t i m l S;itaa for cha which various governments nave shown in Agricultural Satascas asi Technology l*C*IS), cha agriculture. Up rem n ant participation in Currase Agricnlcaral lasaarch Informe ioa «yacen agriculture is easily justified sy cha argunonc Chat CA1IS) asi cha Incantacioaal Food Infamación agricultura próvidas chn people with can basic Sciaaca (IFIS). co nencion juac a í«v, hava | n w :o essential of life: toad. { t u iacergovernmancal recognición asi supporc. Tha itcuacioa vas renarkably di ffarene lasa chaa a half delatan eo con provismo of cood is the a cancar? ayo «han agricultural itncuaaacacioo scrova concribuctoa which agriculture nakas co paople's for iacaraacional acknowladgtnenc. 1/ health, economy and inoepandaocc or in If— dapaaaance. This explains way none govsenmanta have le sppear* Chat che desead for sophiscicaced pcocectionisc rascriccions on agricultural practicas infamación organixacioa ia agricultura «caread co to ensure Chet human nutrición and cha nación*s gato noaaacuo ía iaceraacioaal circlas wich cha economy ia co a large extant independent of foreign prolific producción of agricultural liceracura. le supplies. Such protectionist manseras as is bal¿raed. hornear, Chat agrienlCurai governmental tapervision and financial subsidias for docuaaacacioa racatvad aa iaicial apar Croa cha agricuicural research nafca agriculture unique in docuneacaeioa of aoclaar sciaaca liceracura. The conparison wich nose ochar fields of study. domad for aore aad batear infamación aacworks iacraaaad wich cha pioneer success acor? of ISIS Thara is chan chis cwo-pbased problem arising (Iacaraacional ¡hacinar Tafomacioa SyaEtnj. from nacional governments' subsidias co iascicudoaalixad agricuicural research whan chin is Tha doc imantación of nuclear internación ac che only secondary in cocas of producción Co cha iacaraacional leval waa saaa by asa? aa a maseiva unsubsidizad tradicional practica of agricultura, irisa ia cha wrony dirección particularly as ondear la ganaral and aa ¡talca */ and imanan 5/ obanrvnd Science coald aoc ba proved co be cha da facía naad "agricnlcaral msearch is not in cha hands of cha of cha world. As Joha Uoolacoa lacar pac ic ia aa private agriculturist" but in cha inscicacioaalisad addrasa ha raad ac a rnacing of iaforaacton govsrsmsar-aidad research programas. scienciscs, "Hiatory woald hava ao raspare for yovsm asnts chac woald lavase sillines for aa Ironically, hom vnr, agricnlcaral prooaccina ia iaforascioa syscaa ia acoaic anees? and chao aaglacc ia cha hands of cha privaca agriculturist. In co aaka adaguóte iavascaoac for a sinilar syscea ia practical caras Chin annas chat coa infamación agricultura. To do chac woald show disregard for saevicao in agriculcnrn ara dime can cowards cha cha real prioricies of chis world, ia which cha rasaarch laval waten ts diffsrnac from Chn local na joricy of nsn and wooaa ara suffaring tha prodwcciaa level, Che level chac is craaiciooally dabilicacias alfares of aoc havinf enoash co sac." 1/ rsspoasibln for cha najar agricuicural outpuc. H15, accordiaf Co ■oaerock, paraiccad Goaorally. agricuicural wricora producá incargovsrnasacal eo-oparación aa a larga seala aad licurscuro choc is suicabla for cna chaorocical aad ic waa fren bata cha policieal iapare of información axparinsncnl Laval, i.a., chn rasaarch level. This nscworfcs grao. II This, charefora. pavad cha way naans chac cha agricuicural docunencslisc facas aa cowsrds iacanacional co~oparacion for ACMS aad additional problaa in chac ho ia collscciog, ochar incamacional información oacworks for which storing, retrieving and dissnainaciag infomneioo agricnlcaral docuaaacacioa ia nao fono« cha world for cwo lavala of readership wichia cha sons field. ovar. This dichocony craacaa a problon in agricuicural information handling. W Uoolscoa furchar renarhod chac "chore is aa saormoui pocaacial for iocraaaing world food Ihn nultidiaciolinaty natura producción sinply by applyiag txiscing knovledgn". 2/ D a «aphssis has, charefora, baan on The aocood problon in agricuicural iocraasad food producción by cha applicacioa of doc imantación in chn inpmciaioa of chn c a m "sxucing kaowlodga" ckrough propac iafomacton 'agricultura*. Agricultura bafora cha lOeh caacury sorvicas. usa undarscood co bo rolacod rachor narrowly co faming. Sines ebon, howsvar, docuocncaliscs, Fren Cha argaac danaad for food grsw cha naad sgricultunscs ana agricultural rnsoarebars have for iaforaacioa ia agricultura. Ibis prsblea, rodofinad agricultura ao gaanrally aa co oaks ic bomaver. mas aoc as a impla or ss scraigbc-forward as usmanagaakly vase. ic wsa wich che docuaaacacioa of acoaic iaforascioa. Coapllcacioaa aros# fren cha hanaliag So broas baa agricultura harona case ic aaw of agricuicural liceracura, cha soluciona co which anbracaa antnal aciaocss, crop huobsodry, foroacry, hava avadad cha clasare librarían up co cha fishariaa, Hunan fooa and nutrition, rural prasaac. Evas aow cha problaa of iofomation dnvalopasnc son sociology, biocic rasowreas, nauageneuc scill haada cha agricuicural librarían*a «avironmanc.il «cisneas ana ouch nor a. all this is long Use of coocaras. in addition co whac is traditionally known aa agricultura. The chree aajar problaos which coacribuca diraccly co cha aaisciag conp licaciooa ia cha Laachardala ia conacruccing his agricnlcural oaaagooanc of agricnlcaral infocnacian ara chasaurii infsrrad cha osad co radnfiao cha acopa idantifiad sal aad scops of whac is included ia cha word 'agricultura'. This aigbc prava vary uoaful co cha - Tha coa lévala of operación ia agricultura; agricultural docuooacolioc if ha ia ooc alraady caa accuatamad co tona scop# dofiaitioa of aa • Tha anltidiscipliaary oscura of agricultura agricuicural fiald chac ia almost liniclass. and; A^ricultural^^liesracurx * Tha imprecisión of cha caco 'agricuicural literatura*. Tha third sajar problon ia agricuicural ¿afamados handling today ia eha dafiaiclaa of tbs The tuo leváis c a m 'agricultural licaracura*. Consequent upas cha nultidiaciplinary natura at agricultura tha t a n Thers is a well-fcaown dichacooy ia agricultura 'agricultural literatura' has cabas aa aa lapracloa tha world ovar but particularly noticaabla ia aad vsgud aaaaiag which ceatributaa to cha aaisciag davslopiag couatris*. This gap has baan creatsd and canplasiciaa ia agricultural dacunaatatiaa. Scanning chi» l icucin Leacherdale vrocc: "I c. Herrines fin* ic difficult to bring to uind a single subject chat sa» not be »plicated lin agriculture). Activities so far renoued fraa each other as the 3 - 7 May 1917 liomechanisms Regulating iesign of fishing boats, the physical cheatstry of Crouch, Beltsvillo clay particles, the sociological history of sugar Symposium III. details iron: cane harvesting or even Che Caxoooay of fungi Agricultural heaearch Service. infecting acariao parasites of insects injurious to US Dept, of Agriculture, oranges nay all be accomodated.- W Slog. 200. 1m. 123. SAAC - Cast, Seltsville. HD 20703. The situation is further aggravated by the auch USA calked about infocaatioa explosion. Since ic is only being perpetually talked about and not being curbed. 4 - b Hay 19S7 Third International Conference Che infocaatioa «plosion is forcing researchers to oo Progress in Cancer desearen, specialise in narrower and narrower fields of study. ban demo, Italy, üecailo This is the tread in nose fields of research as a cram: n. Cresta Moro. ueans of coping wich the ever-growing information Instituto nationale per la explosion problea. xicarca sol Cancro, diale oenodec r- iV, lo, loljd jeasa, Regrettably, however, Che present actinicions of Italy agricultural lieeracion lead not cowards specialisation hue to a furcher broadening which has 5 - d Hay L9b7 Siococnoology for ruais and reached a stage where even the peripheral sad Chamicéis, Soulaer, Colorado. aorginally related literature are all included and USA. details from: uak d&dga cbo agricultural decsaeatalist cannot afford this Racional Laboratory, Energy broad definition. Research Division, P.O. lorn X, Oak Kidge, Tans. 37b3l, USA The position as it now stands is one of extensive research at the expense of the intensive. 11 - 13 Hay 1917 Therapeutic Applications of So ouch effort, tine and funds is being put into Liposomes, Scancicoa Coafsrunce decussating an unesnageably vast collection, Center, Priacncom, Sew Jersey. resources which should be profitably invested in an Details from: Comferoacn intensive organisation of intonation within a Co-ordinator, The Third well-defined field. Princecom-Lipnsnmn Conference. P.0. Sex 9301. Truncan, The ever-broadening definition of what is N.J. 08450-1301. OSA agriculture and of therefore, what constitutes agricultural lit-racure should be lini ted. Then food Il - IS Hay 1917 1st International Symposium on production and productivity should bn prouotsd. la Pooc-Traaslacions1 particular, developing countries, which can ill «tonifications of Proteins and afford the luxury of expensive research, should ageing. Laceo amono d*Ischia, redefine agriculture so Chat Che tics of agricultural say of Rapios, baples. Italy. research and production coincide approxiuatsly. Details from: aLM s.r.l. - via Lactosa A4, 201JS silane, Italy For their pert, international iofomacioo agents like ACUS should endeavour to deliver vital research 13 - 17 Hay 19U7 M u Processing, told Spring information to cha levs! of agricultural production Harbor, bow York, ilia. Du calls rachor chan to a theoretical rasa arch level. from: Mootings Co-ordinator or Course kagisersr. Cold Spring Rational agricultural information centres should Harbor Laboratory, bo reorganised co liaise wich U U S to prouoce P.O. bos 100, Cold Spring governmental awareness of cbo seed co subsidise Harbor, Hew York 11724, USA actual agricultural production and to provide for agricultural experimentation at the tics of 17 - 20 Hay 1917 Annual Nes:ing of cbo Canadian production. Institues of Food Scionca and Technology, Hamilton, Ontario, deferences Canada. Details from: Canadian Institues of 1/ Aries, Hi, evolution of agricultural Food Scionca and Technology, information services is the world: general trend and 111 Churchill Id. S, Acton, che pratanc situation. Quarterly Sullotin of tAALB Ontario L2J 2J5, Canada 20(3/1): 103-110 (1975). 1 9 - 2 0 Hay 1917 Frasxing Quality Control: Coll 2/ WooIston, J. The future for internacional Culturo Hybridomas, locfcvillo, infoimscioo tyscans, pp. 23-24. In: Proceedines of Hd., USA. Dacsils from: ATCC, che_A«riean_íoeiar£_for_lnfontation_S^enee 11972). 12301 Parklawm Driva, Rockvilla, HO 20832, (Ma 1/ Buncrock, H. Some remarks os international co-operation in agricultural doc imantación sad 1 9 - 2 4 Hay 19«7 kSA Tumor Viruses, Cold spring information. Quarterly lulletin of tAALB 18(r): Harbor. Docails 301-210 (1973). from: Matings co-oraiaacor or Courso Registrar, Cold spring 4/ Halte, D. J. Information noods in Harbor Laboratory, agriculture. Quarterly lulletin of LAALP 17(4): P.O. sou 1WJ, cold Spring 170-177 (1972). Harbor, Haw York 11724, USA

3/ trennen, P, U. Information flow in American 27 - 31 Hay 1917 3dtb annual Hooting of the agricultural licaracuro. Quarterly Sullotin of LAALP Tissue Culturo Association, 20(2); 84-93 (1973). Washington, D.C., USA. Details from: Tissus Cultura 4/ Loatherdale, 0. Thesaurus intsrfscos is Association, 19110 Montgomery agricultura and allied fields. Quarterly lulletin of Village Avenue, Suits 300, 1AAL0 18(3): 143-147 (1973). Gaithersburg, W 20879, USA 7 May - 3 Jon« I9b7 Syupoa tua oo cha Evolueloa of 12 - lb July L9d7 First International Catalytic Faaecioa, Co 14 Meeting oo Me-wa cacnañee, Sprint Harbor, USA. Detail* itowe. UK. Details tram from !ktcia|i Co-ordinator Prof. Saxer. Dept, ot or Cowrs* Registrar, Cola Physiology, King's Sprint Harbor Laboratory, College, caneen. P.0. Box 100, Co14 sprint The Strane, London. Harbor. Ho« York 11724. USA -JC2B 2U8, UK

38 - 2« Say 1987 Diacaaaion Soutint on 21 - 22 July 19H7 Envirochen ‘87, Robinson Mitochondrial Biotonaai*. College, Caabridgc. UK. London, UK. Detail* Details from Linda Croa: Miss C.A. Johnson, Tho Doggect. Philips Boyal Society, 4 Carlton analytical. York Street, Hoaae Terrace, London. Canhridge O l IPX, OK SHIT 5 AC, UK 30 July - 4 August 1987 I2ch International Herpes I - J J 1987 IX Meetlot of the European Virus ’Workshop, Association for Cancer Philadelphia, Sesearen, Helsinki, F inland. Pennsylvania. USA. Details fron: EACB-87, Details from Doodecia. Kalevankatu ll, Gary H. Cohen, or SF-00100 Helsinki, Finland Knselyn J. cixeaherg. University at I - 4 Jana 1987 Industrial Bioprocessinf Pennsylvania, tool Spruce Short Coarse. Cates Park. Street, Pbilaeelpnia, Colorado, USA. Detail* Pennsylvania IPlDX-oOOJ, from Office of Conference iba Services, Colorado State University, Bockaall Hall, ll - lb August 1907 Yeast Cell aiology, w U rote Collins, c d aostt, u s a Spring Harbor, Hew York. US». Detail* from 14 • 19 June 1987 4th Buropaaa Caotresa am Meetings Co-oroinator, Biotechonloty, Aaetsrdaa, Cold spring Harbor The Hetherlaads. Oetails Laboratory, P.0. Son LOW, from 4th European Contraes Cold Spring Harbor, on Siotechnoloty, Hew York 11724, USA c/o Ortaaisati* Bureen Aaeterdaa bv, Europaploia 12, 1 8 - 2 3 August 1987 Prokaryotic Cena 1078 CZ Aaoterdaa. Regulation, Cold Spring Tie Hetherlaads Harbor, Hew York, USA. Decails from Meetings 29 June * 2 July 1987 Aniaal Cell Beactor Co-ordinacor, Cold Spriog Entineerint (short course), Harbor Laboratory, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. P.0. Sox 100, Cold Spring Details from Jan Becker, Harbor, Hew York 11724, USA University of Minnesota, Dept, of Professional 2 3 - 3 0 August 1907 Molecular Biology of Developaenc, Continuint Mitochondria and Education sad Extension, Chloroplasta, Cold Spring 313 Pillsbuty Drive S.E., Harbor, hew York. USA. Minneapolis, 181 33433, USA Details from Mooting* Co-ordinator, Cold Spriog Z - 3 July 1987 Plant sad Aaiasl Harbor Laboratory, Biocochaolofy, Kensinfcon F.O. sox IUU. Cold spring Town Hall, London, UK. Harbor, bow York 1172«, ua» Details from Janet Hulhall, Hacaillaa Conferences sad 2 - 4 Septenbor l9o7 Froa Cell Recspcora to Exhibitions, 4 Lictle Essex Gena Regulation, Wye St., London WC2R 3LF, UK Collego, ASBfora, Kent, UK. Detail* from 3 - 9 July 1987 Second International J. xaowland. Dept, of Syapooiua on Hitrace Biocbeaistry, South Parka Assiailation - Molecular and Road, Oxford 0X1 3QU, UK Genetic Aspects, University of Sc. Andrevs, St. Andrews, 2 - 6 Septaabor 1987 Eukaryotic DMA Scotland, UK. Details Replication, Cold Spring fron: J.L. Wray, Plane Harbor, How York, USA. Molecular Genocito Unit, Dotail* from Mootings Sir Harold Nitchsll Building, Co-ordinator, Cold Spring University of St. Andrews, Harbor Laboratory, Sc. Andrews, Pifo, KYIB 9IH, F.O. Box 100, Cold Spring Scotland, UK Harbor, Hew York L1724, USA 7 - ll July 1987 Third Annual Mooting on 7 - 9 Septenbor 1987 FENS Synpeoium Oncogene*, Hood College, Biocbeoiotry and Genetic* Frederick, Maryland, USA. of Cellulose Degradation, Dotai Is from Paris, Franca. Decails Ms. Margaret fanning, from J.P. Auborc, Dope, Confarenca Co-ordinator, PHI, bioebia sc Coo. Mol., HCl-FroderUk Cancer Basoarch loocicut Fasceur, Facility, Frederick, 23 two du Dr. kewx. Maryland 21701-1013, USA Pon* F-73724, fraaeo - 3o -

7 - ti Stpcnktr 1997 Zannulpiú 71. * - 17 Occooer ltd? Molecular Developnenc or enn U Gillette International Moose lpractical course), Conference Ceecre. Citd ies DIAL. Heidelberg. F9C. Sciences cc be l'Industrie, Details fron: Paris, France. Details Erwin F. Wagner, M i l . __ Croa: CAMS 99, Boulevard Meyerhafstraasa l, D-o900. Nalcsknrbes. 73009 Paris. Heidelberg, tKC France 3 - d October 1997 111 loceraaciooal Worts bop 9 - 13 » p c n * < r 1997 Modern Approaches to Nes on Carcinogenesis Studies in Vaccines Including Hunan Tissues and Cells. Prevención of AIDS, Cold Elsinore. Doanert. Details Spring Harbor. Hew tort, cron: Or. H.l. Hielsen. USA. Details cron: Uanisa Cancer Society, Meetings Co-ordinator. dosenvaengecs Hoveevej JS. Cold Spring Harbor UK—1100. rspsahagen u. Laboratory, P.u. sox IUU, Cold spring Harbor. Hew tort 11724. USA J - 9 October I9e7 international syaposiua on oiateconoiogy ans 10 - 19 septenber 1997 Khinis-07, Moscow. USSk. rooa Launa cry, seaapeet. Details cron: USS9. Hungary, ontails cron: Moscow 107113. nengsnsn Scientific Society Sefcolnicheoki val. I-a, tor Food tnous try Itmlhi, V/0 Exfoceatr. O »enistry-07 P.U. Sox i, h-libl socapase. Hungary 13 - 17 Septenber 1997 T-Cell Activación in Health and Disease, Trinity d - 12 October 1997 China Pha n 07, Beijing, College. Oxford. UK. China. Details fron: Do ceils fron: tarry Tang, Prof. Marc Feldnana, Tradeshow Consultant Charing Cross Sunley International, Research Centre, largan 1603 World Countrca Centre. Avenes, Humersaitb. 11 Canton U . , Tsinohatsui. London. M 9LH, OK Kowloon. Hoag Kong 13 - U Septenber 1997 Separation for 1 1 - 2 3 October 1997 Terrestrial Space Radiation Siocachnology, Reading, and its Biological Effaces. UK. Details fron: Soc. of Washington, D.C., USA. Chenical Industry, Details iron: 14/13 SeLgrave Square. Dr. P. McCornack. London SHI Xd PS, UK Division of Life sciences icons u), hi»«, M|, 16 - 20 Septenber 1997 Translational Control, Cold Washington. u.C. *u»e, Una Spring Harbor, Hew York, USA. Details fron: 1 3 - 1 7 October lVO7 Hortn anarican Cystic Meetings Co-ordinator, Cold fibrosis conference, Spring Harbor Laboratory, Toronto, Ontario, waaaaa. P.0. Sox LOU, Cold Spring Lie calls cron: Harbor. Hew York 11724, USA cystic Fibrosis Fouaeatioa. o9Jl Arlington Hoad, 29 septenber - Hepecicie 9 Viruses, Cold Heckesea. HD duSln, USa l October 1997 Spring Harbor, Hew York, USA. Details fron: IV -21 October 1997 Aioteeboology La Meetings Co-ordinator, Cold agriculture. Food Processlag Spring Harbor Laboratory, sad Dietetics, P.0. Sox 100, Cold Spring Haples, Italy. Harbor, Haw York 11724, USA Details from Fond. Giovanni Loreasiai, 29 Soptoabor * 7th World Congress of Food 23 vis Monte Hapoleona, 2 October 1997 Science and Technology, 1-20121 Milan. Italy Singapore. Details fron: Congress Secretariat, 20 - 21 October 1997 Novel Siocechaiguee for c/o Singapore Professional the Food Industry, Centre, 23 Oucran Park, Tars Hotel, Kensington, Singapore 0316 London, UK. i>etails from * - 9 October 2997 Molecular Heurobiology of OnLiao Conferences Ltd., Drosophila, Cold Spring Finaor creea House, ash sill Harbor, Hew York, USA. unvo, Fiaaor na> 2aa, Details fron: Heeciaga niu, uk Co-ordinator, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 tor lss7 Byuposiuu on aniao ocie P.0. Sox LUO, Cold Spring Hoceptorsi allosteric Harbor, How York 11724, US* Modulados aao Therapeutic laplicationa. 4 - I October 1997 lot Latin Anarican Congress The aoyal society. on biotechnology, Tucunaa, Leases, UK. Argentina. Details from Details iron: Prof. F. Sineria, Ur. kalpn Kona, MlRCRH-PROlMl, Av. talgraas Advisory Services Medical y Paseje Ceseros, Syupoeia Ltd., 4000 S.N. da Tucunaa, 79 Wiapole St., London, Argentina WIN 7DO, UK I - » 1a»whtr 1987 7th International Sjnfoaun j - ll June 1988 Acheaa id. Prankfurt-au-Main, on !ffl£ of Proteins, Peptides FkC. Details fro«: Dechoae. anl Polynucleotides, Organisation Aches:'. Washington. D.C., USA. P.O. Son 97 01 oh, D-eOOO Details croa: H ail fin t sa nsiii 97, F K Sa. S. Schlessinger, Syupo*i n n Manager, U N East Bandolpu. Chici(o, LL sUbdl, 8. REPRINTED A8T1CUS USA

- - 5 I t n m i 1987 Fifch Ananal Internacional »ends of strunxle: che «eneolítica ot «anecie Spaposiua oa Pro(resa ia resources « nitro Tjzicology, Saltiaore, US*. Detall* IThis article, whicn una written op Croa: !lrs. Shnila Kunn, The Jaca «.loppenoerg, Jr., aan u t ileiau, tirsc Johas Hopkins vencer for appeareo in lecnnsloxr a n « » . February* Msrcn i m i , Alternativas co Aaiaal aaa is rnpriacea anreuaner uitb ene u m parassaina Tescin(, o13 aorta Wolfe Se., oc rechnolocy neo mu . aasaacnuaecc* i naciente oc Saltiaore. MD 212US, USn Technology, Caaariage, Haas., Copyrignc i9d7j i - 9 l o n m r 1987 Fifth Iacernacioaal »paposiua Lase pi -,’s celeoracion oc cha i tacan of oa 8api8 Mocbods and Libertp’s centennial highlighted cae central role >n roas tina ia iticrohialo(p that Migration has plaped in Aaerican aiscory. Tec aa8 I— nnoloty, Florence, fea people recognize chat oar population at tealp. Details froa: agricultural plants is as iaaigraat an our heaaa Prof. A. Tnraao, Isticnto di populación. If the United States bad not introduced Microbiología, Spedali aeu crop plants froa ocher regions of the world, cha Civili, P.O. los 312, tide of huaaa loaigration could never have bean 23100 irescia, Italp sustained. 9 - U Movenber 1987 Internacional Confereace on Few US crops of ecooeaic iaportaace today are lioreaccors and indigenous co North Aaerica. European explorers Siotraasfornations, found Native Aaericaas growing core, beans, tobacco, Cleneagleo, Scotlaad, UK. and squash. But chose crops bad been introduced froa Details fraa: Ha. E. Cibaon, Central Aaerica and the Caribbean. A truly all-North 9.E.L., East Eilbride, Aaerican aeal would consist only of son!lowers. Clasgov C73 OUU, Scotlaad, UK Jerusslen artichokes, blueberries, craaoerries. pecans, and chestnut*. Northern Europe's 11 - 13 Sovonber 19*7 Biocech ’87, Los Angeles, contribution co can global larder ass aeon siailarly USA. Oecails froa; Online ■eagre: it incloses currants, raspberries, oats, aaa Conferences Lcd., Pioaer rye. Creen douse, Ash Mili orive. Fumar MAS 2AE, in spite ot cue relative poverep ot cnair MUI, UK original aaoooaancs, the aovaacas industrial nations are heroIp agriculturally uaoaraavelopea. out Che 9 - II Deccuoer 1987 tnaovacions ia Froceia crops choc doainace chase areas - corn, «mo ot, Therapnucics: Froa Research soybeans, pocacoes. altaica, barley, sorgnua, co che Clinic, Walt Disnop tenacees, cotton, tobacco, and flax - ongioacod World, orlando. Florida, largely in whac is today known as coo third world. USA. Details froa: The agricultura of the' North has been predicated oa N.L. Mucci. CNZO* he., 300 C transfers of plants froa the developing nations ot Corporace Court, South the South. Plsinfiold, M 07080, USA While the original transfers of plants and sands IP - 11 Dientor 1987 New Oevolopaencs ia occurrod decades and even concurias ago, the advanced Siocechoologp - Meotiag industrial nations still m o d regular infusions of che Challenge* of che Food plant genetic resources froa tho third world co luduscry, Siruinghoa, UK. saincain tho vitality of choir crops. Plant brooders Dotails froa: Ezhibicions require ascsrisl froa chs original stocks Co develop and Events División, new scraina Chet aro able co resist pests and Tho Racional Czhibicioo pathogens. Sends Iron the third world are also cha Cancro Lcd., raw ascsrisl of genetic engineers in the tiraioghaa *40 UT, UK industrialised nscion*.

9 - U OtcMNr 1987 Biotechnology Food Industry, Plant "go rep lasa” , the gsnocie mforascion Conference and Exhibition, encoded in seeds, is thorsforo increasingly Loudon, UK. Oocsils froa: rocosaiiad as a resource ef ersnsodous value. Ibis Society of Cheaical Industry, recognición has given riso co west the «ail Seront 14/13 Solgravo Square, Loudon Journal has callad "sand wars". The principal arana SW1 XS PS, UK for this conflict has saos the Pood one Agriculture Organisation ltmi) of cbo United Nations. Lika so Advane<^jwtice_l988: ■any dosâtes within cne us, the controversy over plant gsraplasn finds cne industrialised nations ot 12 - 13 April 1988 Progress in Pood Preservación the North pitted sgainst the Isss-devalopnd countries Procssses, Brussels, of the South. Ac issue is the equity ot global Bolgiia. Dscsils froa: patterns m the exchange ef plant gonacie raseurcos. Mr, 0. Tseyuans, Head ef Biochoaicsl Engineering In the world scenony today, «sersecod asturnl Dope., CERIA-LIP-INC, resources ars ersated as coanodities. Plant Avo. Bails Cryeon l, gornplasn is s notable exception. Per ever tun »-1070 Brussels, Bolgiun centuries scientists fro« tho industrial nncions have •iO -

appropriated plant rtiourcti i n » the third world rye, oats, ana old World vegetaolea went desc. thia without paying tor cMa. Thii anreconpensed exenange nsd a profound effect on global eiets ana ««traction haa been predicated on an ideology chat culture. Maixe ana potatoes were inatrunental in the detines plane geraplasn as Che "consw heritage" ot doweling of Europe's population in the nundren years hunanity. Cemplaau has been regarded as a public after 17)0. Casaava fron Lacin aaenca was siuiarly good Cor which no payanc is necessary or appropriate. inportant in che Aaian and African tropica. la contrast, Che plant varieties purveyed by the In addicioa co providing new food staples, the seed coapanies of Che iodoscrialixed world are Mew World offered crops of great nedicinnl and marketed as coonodicies for which payonnt oust be industrial significance such as quinine, rubber, node. Third world nacions are beginning Co quaacion sisal, and tobacco. The Anericas also provided now this difference. They claia chat if the raw locales for producing tropical crops originally fron waterials they provide are coaon heritage, so are Asia and Africa, including spicas, tea, coffee, and Che seeds and crops chat scientists develop Iron this indigo. The ceergence of an expansive nercaacile vaterial. Breeders in Che industrialixed nations capital isn conaicced co che global cransfomncion of argue chat they are the ones who give the plant genes agricultural production played an inportant tele in value by incorporating chaa into new strains, this rapid plant nigration. aesolving this inpass« will require a new international tranework for cha use of these While eeny food crops noved in all directions, resources. tropical plantation cropa noved aaong colonial possessions rather than fron che colonial periphery The_Jourch_resource co che European raperial centres. Tha banana, originally iron Southeast Asia, was transferred to Soil, air, and water have traditionally been Central and Souch anerica aa well ae co Che Caribbean regarded as Earth's fundanental natural resources. and Africa. Coffee fron Ethiopia naee its way co the But our plsnac's true distinction lies in Che Caribbean, South and Central ansrica, and Asia. existence of life. Cexuplasa, che hereditary Sugar cans fron Southeast asia was transferred co acceriai contained in every cell, aost therefore bo Africa as well as co Central and South ansrica and counted as a fourth resource of priae iaportaace. It the Caribbean. is convenient co Chink of the world's plant genetic resources as seeds, for that is cha fora in which As che counarcial valua of plant products genetic iafornacion is aabodiad and usually collected increased, geraplasn was recognised as a resource of and scored. crensodowa strategic iaportanca. European geveronencs went to great lengths co prevent The vagaries of natural history have distributed coopecitora fron obtaining useful plant notarial. plant species unevenly over the face of the globe. Ihe Dutch, for exanpls, destroyed all che eutneg and The upper reaches of che northern hanisphere lost clove trees in the Moluccas near Indonesia except wuch of their diversity under che grinding inpscc and those on the three islands where they established extreae cold of tha last glaciation, with the result plantations. And the French node the export of cbsc biotic diversity is concentrated in what is now indigo seed fron Antigua a capital offence. the third world. Moreover, it is in the third world - specifically in che Boar East and Southeast In Britain, a nascent botanical science was Asia * that plants were firsc deansticsted and crops called into che service of enpire early on. The firsc produced. Royal Botanic Cardens sc Eew were established in che aid-eighteenth century co facilitate cha devalopnsnc In che process of growing crops over Che of both colonial sod donescic agriculture. Eew aillennis, peasant fsrasrs have developed thousands botanists nado tyttenacic - and sonatinas illegal - of "land races'* - genetically variable populations efforts co collect plant nacerials fron around cha within say one species chat respond differently co world and ascertain their coraercial utility, this pests, diseases, and environaencal fluctuations. Tha nncerial sod intonation, passed along co colonial genetic diversity in these land races is a fora of aonioiscracors and plqncacion owners, proved crucial insurance: by planting nsny different vsrietiea of a Co the success of nsny plantation crops and crop, peasant fsrasrs can ensure chat sons of the plant-based industries. seed they sow will grow to nsturicy. Their objective is not high yield buc consistency of production. The In che youag United States, can onod co collect result of their efforts is that great genocie geraplasn for boch food one industrial crops was diversity has been developed in relatively confined particularly scute given che relative genetic poverty lsographical areas. of che Worth Anerican coot inane. Thonas Jefferson is widsly quoted as asserting chat "the greatest service The spread of such cultivated plants co new which can be rendered co say countr, .s co add a erssa has occurred throughout hraan history, buc useful plant co its culture”. The introduction of until relatively recently nest of this spread was plants into tha United States was snicb norn Chan a slow and geographically United. Europe hod added great service. It was so abaolucs imperative. barley, wheat, alfalfa, and a variety of vegetables co its original eonplensnc of crops by 1100, for In IS19 the Secretary of the Treasury direccsd sxanpls. lot the nsjor crop regions ranainsd largely all consular and naval officers abroad to collect distinct until 1*92. seeds and plants chat night be useful co US agriculture. Adniral Ferry's gunboats not only The discovery of the Hew World couched off a opened che harbours of Japan to US counerce in the dranatic and unprecedented covenant of plants around 1830«; they also brought back seeds sod cuttings of the globe. Whoa Colunbus returned frow his rice, soybeans, vegetables, and citrus fniits. exploration in 1*91, ha brought not only nows of bis discovery but also asiss seeds. The next year ho was With tbs .rescion of the Float Introduction back is the Now World carrying natsrial for planting Office in IS9S, cha Deparcaaac of Agriculture (USDA) wheat, olives, chickpeas, onions, radishes, sugar foraally institutionalised tbs global collection of cans, and citrus fruits, with which he hoped co plant genetic notarial - so effort cost chon support a colony. Thus was initiated what has been accounted for one third of C M agency's annual called tha great Colunhisn Cxchaago. budget, la what has been called cha "golden age of plant hunting” , the tirst third of cne twentieth Hairs, potatoes, squash, sweet potatoes, century saw sons SO USOA-sponsorad expeditions scour cassava, peanuts, sod cocos wnnt East while wheat. the world in search of useful plants, m o - Ó1 -

•JS ^ovcrnaent iiiccibuttl cha plaac u r ú c i n ic che» Cha iocarnaciooalicacioo oc cha aaad iaduscry l i MiotH CO tattieu (tntil, who próvida« a CesCing during cha 1970a Eurchar higolighcad cha distinction {round for cha plaac cultivan chac alionad cha hacucan cha cuo cypas of plane aacarial. Aa dorch councry co bacana a aodaru ioduatrial h w t . Aaaricaa aod European aaad coapanias reached one Cor global aarhata, they sought intarnaciooal recognicion £araolasa aad caaatic vulaarahiliCT oc cha nooecary valúa and propriacary acacua of chair seed variaciaa. Aa boch davalopad aad developing Sy IMO cha Aaericaa aad Europuaa t m n had neClona vera naked co racogniza pacenc-liu apprcpriacad cha plaoc cypea cbey aaadad co btcnao "plaac-brcaaara* rignca", enarenes* of ene valúa oc ' cha breadbashacs of cha uorld. Houevcr, chala plane gempla*u increased, devanees ia oiocacnaology couocria* hava had co coatiaua co raplaaiah chair proaisa co accalarata Jananas chac couacrias legally acocha froa cha couacríaa «haca cha plaaca racogniza plane ganacic infocaacion aa privaca origioaced. Thia ia bacauaa ia Cha procaaa of proparey. . vorkiaf plaac aacarial iaco azCraaaly productiva alica variaciaa. braadara hava ofcaa aliaiaacad This chare ahova cha pereencaga of glooal cood characcanacica chac do aoc coacribuca diraccly co production planead ia cropa chac origiaally caaa froa hign yiald, aach aa raaiacanca co diaaaaa aad pesca. each region. Tha chare also shows cha percentage of Horcovdr. siaca a larga proporcioa of US (ara acraaga caca region's crop produccioa chac ia planead in ia invocad co a saall nuubar of variaciaa, chaaa variaciaa chac originated in ochar areas. For cropa ara vulaarabla co oeu diaaaaaa aad paaca ia a cxanpla. Lacia Aaarica ia cha region of origin for uay chac gaaocically hacacoganaoua laad racaa ara aoc. 3b per cone of the 10 crops chat laad global food production, uhile 5b per cane of cha region's aua Tha aacarial coaaagaaacaa of Chía valaarabilicy produccioa is baaed oa planes introduced fraa vara broughc drauacically hoaa by cha US coro blighc alsounere. of 1970. Fifeaaa por caac of chac yaac'a harvaac vaa loae co ooa diaaaaa orgaaiaa chac aCCackad a goaacic charactor carriad by ovar 90 par caac of cha couacry'a cora variaciaa. k subaaguoac acudy by cha Naciooal Acadaoy of Sciaacaa fouad Aaaricaa cropa " t ^ n u i v a l y uaifora gaoacically aad iapraaaivaly vuloarabia".

Sioce Uorld Uar 11, cha advaacad induaerial aacioaa hava collactad third uorld garaplaaa apacifically co iaprova cha acocha chac bocoaa vulaarabla Co paaca, diaaaaa, aod environaincal faccora. Tha collactad aacariala ara acorad ia cliaacs-coacrolled "gano banka" davalopad for chia piar posa.

Tha idaology of eooaoa haricaga aad cha ñora of fraa archaaga of plañe garaplaaa hava baoa uorch bilíloas oí dollars co cha davalopad aacioaa. Evory spocioa of acoooaic iaporcaoca ia cha Uaicad Scacas aaaaaaunaaM has baca ioprovod by gaaas origioaciog alsovbara. For exoapta, cha gaaas chac codo for roaiscaoco co yallov duarf diaaaaa ia barlay, obesioad froo a Turhíah laad raca, hava boaa uorch $150 aillioo por Thia chore givaa siailar iaforaacion for eho yaar co US faraars. Aod oow aoybaaa variaciaa produccioa of cha uorld*a industrial cropa. la chis davalopad by Univarsicy of Illinois plaac braadara caso, regional eoocribuctons co ganacic divaraicy are usiog garaplaaa froa Corea aay sava US agricultura aora avaoly discribucad. $100 aillioo co $100 aillioa ia yaarly procasaiag cosca.

Coocrovaray arupta

■Otila ehird uorld plaac aacariala hava baoa avsilablo fraa of charga aa cha eooaoa haricaga of huaaaicy, cha alica eulcivara davalopad by asad eoopaaiaa hava baaa accordad cha acacua of privaca proparey; chay ara coaaodiciaa obcaioabla by ' purenaaa. A nuabar of faccora hava coabiaad co galvaaisa glooal policical cooflicc actuad chia insguicy.

•> Farhaps aoac sigaificaac, groviag eoncarn abouc spaciaa ascinccioo aad cha oarrawing of cha uorld*a ganacic baaa has lad co a oow auaraoaas of Cha vical iaporcaoca af plaac raaoureao. Scioaciaca firac raalisad chac, as pare af cha Croan tsvolucios, poor councria* vara raplaciag chair cradicieoal eulcivara uich high-yialding acraiaa origiaally davalopad fraa chosa vary plaaca. Oisaacara such aa cha US corn-blighc spidaaic raiaforead cha idaa chac cha lasa af garaplaaa ia cha ehird uorld siso has Tac aaid ehird uorld donando for s aura aacarial consogusncas for cha davalopad aacioaa. sguieabls "ñau intarnacional acoooaic oidor", cha Efforca co caaaarva cha biecic divaraicy af ehird disciaccioa be cucan "alica** coaasrcial garaplaaa and uorld couacrlas havo aaphsaiaad Cha acaoaaic valúa af "priaiciva" garaplaaa asaos laca chao paraúsalas. To chaaa rasourcas. aany obaarvara ia cha davalaping uorld, chis supposod liffirtou i* sleighc of hand 4«>1(0*4 co maintain possessions ot che ocher as a cannon good. Aa long :!»ir subordinate position 10 the global aconony. at che cetas of che dabace rcaain uncHangup. resolución is unlikely. But a rapprocheaant nay bo Mounting third world dissatisfaction with chia possible if bach sides adult chat the principle of i n m i t y found nftiiiiw ac the H83 biennial cnennn heritage is unworkable. Third world nations zont*rcnc* of (In U* Food aad Agriculture should recognize chat, given the international Organization. Dospito n l n u t opposition iron th* balance of power, developed nations will net declare advanced industrial nations, delegates co chis proprietary plane lines a public good. And che m t i q approved an International Undertaking on advanced industrial nations should recognise chat Plant Genetic Basources. The "undertaking" atfirns they cannot insist upon free access to a natural che principle that those resources are the "heritage resource, however difficult it is co value. of mankind and consequently should be available 3eplacing che principle of eouku heritage with that without restriction". And the resolution includes of national sovereignty would help resolve chis "special genetic stocks (including elite and current iapaste by providing a frnuawork for coaptneating breeders lines)" under the rubric of plant cnird world nations for their plant resources. resources. That is, the neasurn clains that the proprietary lines of the seed industry are no less < new international arrantenant the canon heritage - and therefore che c on»» property - of hunanicy chan che peasanc-developed The Utl charter alreasy guarantees nations land races of che third uorld. sovereignty over ail chair natural resources, so there is a f i n precedent tor internacional Such an arrangenant is unacceptable to acceptance of this principle in che case ot plant industrial nations with powerful seed industries. gemplasa. Moreover, while seed roogenias are The United States, Denuarfc. Finland, Franca, the vebcoeatly opposed to cha "decoanouificacion" ot Federal lapublic of Ceruany, Motherlands. Borway, their own plant lines, there are indications that Suodea, che Baited Kingdoa, and Sew Zealand have all they would be willing to pay nations for tan usa of officially indicated chat they do noc accept the their plant geruplsea. decently, tor exaaple. validity of Che undertaking, or said chat they will Occidental Fetrolnuo purchased a collection of rice do so only vich restrictions. Conversely, virtually linos froa China, aad Zoecoa Carp, bought a set ot every third uorld nenber of the FAO that has soybean land races froa the Chinase. Congenias will n i p o a M has eaprsssed "support without restriction" undoubtedly consider such payaants preferable to for che undertaking. continued conflict acd possible restrictions oa cheflow of what is for than an essential raw ostarial. Angered by what they sae aa a lack of co-operation by the Sorth, sane third uorld nations Oaa probLea with providing coapensacion baaed on have suggested that no gernplasc should be exchanged national sovereignty is cbac genetic resources are freely. There has bean calk of a "genetic OPEC", and distributed unequally within the third world aa well several nations, including Ethiopia, have closed as between Bortb and South. This naans chat third their borders co che export of certain types of plant world nations night noc benefit uaiforaly under the geruplasu. new syscaa, and could even suffer if they charged one •aocher for chair plant geraplesB. A narkst approach The seed industry intends co do all it can, in which each country charged for the use of its including heavily lobbying various governments, co genetic resources would also pit poorer oations retain eha distinction between the two types of against one another as suppliers of plant gs tup lasa. geruplasu. Unrestricted exchange of privately held genetic stocka would be inconsistent with che laws of Mora preferable would bn an approacn chat builds nose industrial nations, and they are singly not on che third world's willingness co confront the about to dissuade the sysceu chat gives companies issues surrounaing plant genetic resources in a proprietary rights eo their products. Indeed, unified way. The Undertaking on float Genetic current dovelopaaats are bearing in tbs opposite Basources could provide b vehicle for esnpdonating direction. The US Board of Patent Appeals recently developing nations by gaodacing cha creación of a established the patentability of plane geruplasu, global network ot gene banks and a plant gene fund Japan pemits patenting of plants, and siailar asnegad by the FAO. Advanced industrial nations decisions will probably be forcbcoaing in Europe. could pay into che fund according to the sits of Thus, the prospect for achieving ciron-heritage their seed industrias, cha value of national status for all types of plant garnplaaa is not bright. agricultural production, or the frequency and sixs of chair drafts upon tbn gana banks. Ihe fund could be Tat che third world nations have legiciaece used to develop cha banks, support efforts co concerns. The natural resources that eha developed conserve global plant resources, aad train third nations have extracted for che longest ciae, derived world pleat breeders. eha greacast benefits froa, and still depend upon the nose tre those for which no coapensacion is psid. A variety of international arrangeaents, Politicians, business sxacutivas. and scientists in including egresaseis eaong third world nation to the developed world argue that this "raw" geruplssa control the price of and access to coaaodities such cannot bo given a price because ie is inpossible co as copper sod cocoa, prove that such aulcilecorsl predict Che utility of che genea in any particular iniciativas can work. World recognition of nations' sanpls of seed. But neither are coal, oil, aad sovereignty over their plant resources sod ersetioa ttaber useful before ebay have base processed, yet of a syscaa of coapeaescioa would redress a no one suggests that chase resources should be significant inequity between developed and developing sxcractad without payaaac. Even though plane necions. The specific provisions of such a syscaa genetic resources sra net depleted when thay are would have to bo negotiated. *w< eke sooner such extracted, the seed eoapaaias are still receiving efforts begin, cha sooner plant ganntic resources all the benefits froa access to than. Moreover, will ba recognised sad preservad e* essential to the unlike coal, oil, and tinker, land races are noc well-being of all huaamey. cha single gift of nature but tbs product of huaan labour: choir diversity is the direct result of dolow: tvary plant species of ecoaooic the daily activities of peasant faraors throughout iaportases in the United Beatas has oeoaficed froa che world. infusions of gases froa diverse sources of geraplasa. Furtherance, aa indicated m the case of Ironically, in c world ecouoaic syscaa based on wheat, each species has been mproved in aany privets property, each side wants to define the different ways. High-yielding varieties of wheat aad rice have been introduced co less than a third of tha »13 aillion hectares planted co cereal grains in cha third world. Ihe races ot adoption vary widely oy region: on per cent ot che gram area in Aaia aae Che Middle East, 22 par cent of Latin Aaenca's »rain area, and only 1 per cent ot Africa's gram tie Ids grow rap roved varieties of wncac ane nee. Other crops including barley, sorgnun, pocacons. eon especially naixe have also seen mproved ey reaearca and breeding, and new varieties disenouted to famers. Tha local contributions of chose advances have been substantial. For cxanple, Ziabaown's aaisa surpluses in recent years ecea largely froa plantings of mproved hybrids by coaaercial aad coamaal famers alike, (at none of these crops have had an effect on total food production, average productivity, aad rural m e ones as widespread or significant as che green revolution wheats aad rices, y Hoc all ihu c snd rice famers can afford the new seeds aad che inputs they require. Others raise crops for which sysceastic research is jusc beginning. Overall, nearly 100 aillioo people is Latin Aaerica, 2(0 aillion ia Africa, aad over 990 aillion ia Aaia raise food under difficult conditions at yields little changed since aid-century, (at grain yields in no re agriculturally Jack Kloppenburg, Jr., ia ui i i u n c professor in advanced regions a m already near their biological ebs Departnanc of Sural Sociology ac the Uni vara icy ceilings; thus this group of near l.o billion people of Wisconsin ac Madison. Be is Cbe anchor of Firsc holds che key to future increases ia world food Che Seed: the Policical Ecooony of Plane production. 2/ Biotechnology (Caabridge University Press, 19(7) snd edicor of Soeds and Sovareigncy: Debace Over Che Use The csss for increasing yields reeeins as and Coocrol of Plane Genetic tssoroces (Duka coapelling today as ic was a generation ago. Over 'Jaiversicy Press, 19(7). Daniel Lee Kleinian is a Cbe neat U years, world population will expand troa gradnace scudenc ia eba Departaeac of Sociology sc today's 5 billion co over b billion. Few analyses cha University of Wisconsin. expect a significant expansion of cultivated lane by chen. Just co aaiataia current conauaptioo levels will require a 26 per cent increase ia the world's average grain yields. And by 2020, feeding che Bevond the creep revolution: nan approaches for projected population of 7.( billion will require third world sericulture by Edward C.Wolt grain yields 56 per cent higher chan 19(5 levels. i5Jorldwacch_Pager_73, October 19(6). (This srcicla Unlike past yield increases achieved under favourable is reproduced with kind sckaowledgeaeac co cha cropping conditions, future iaproveasnes ia average Vorldwaccb Institute) yields ausc cone froa raising the productivity of traditional famers who cultivate low-yield crops After 20 years, cha green revolution stands as a under narginal conditions - perhaps che aosc coucn-scone in ineernacioonl agricultural daaaodiag challenge chat, national govemaencs and cha ievslopaenc. Ac a tins «hen fanioa seeaed ianinent, international davelopasat comuaicy have faced. 3/ new varieties of wheat and rice introduced to Asia and Latin Aaarica along with fertilisers, pesticides, Snell famers eultivata chair crops under snd nachanised fata equipaant draantically increased extraordinarily diverse ecological conditions, harvests. This agricultural strategy, which ranging froa cbe rain-sosksd volcanic archipelagos of transfonsed che lives and prospects of hundreds of South East Asia co cbe arid savannas south of the aillions of people, is considered the aoec successful Sahara aad Latin Aasrica's high alciplsao. faming achisvesnnc in incarnations! dsvelopaenc sioce the nechods, and staple toons, very snomously as well. Marshall Plan and cbe reconstruction of Europe In South East Asia, for axaapla, woers one caird of following World War II. India, whoso food prospects cha tarns are leae chen half a heccere m siae, asst once seeaed bleak, today bolds grain ressrves chat farnsrs depone exclusively on nanus1 labour aae eratc provide insurance agaiost fsains■ Indonesia, once power supplied by water buffalos ia oreer to che world's largest rice iaporcsr, is now cultivacs their rice. On Africa’s snail terns, •elf-sufficienc and exports rice. cultivated aore with hoes than ploughs, faailiss grow root and tuber crops including cassava aae yaas as (ut eba agricultural progress chat node the cbe priaary staples. Despite such variety, green revolution possible has not boon distributed subsistence faras around che world share comoo evenly. New sends, fertilisers, snd pesticides features' femora often aix different crops ia cbe boosted che crop yields of Asian and Latin Aaericaa saae field co :• luce che risk if s perciculer crop fataere who had access co irrigation syscans and fails, they grow a variecy of staple crops and osrkecs for chair crops. Tha aggragata statistics vegetables co asst taaily food seeds, sod they rarely hide a largo group of third world femurs who did not purchase artificial fertilisers or pesticides. A/ benefit froa tha now technologies: subsistence tamers raising food for choir faailiss os aerginal, Crsen revolution approaches will only be part of rsinfed land, teeauos chair agriculture reaMine che answer for che 210 aillion rural households In unproductive and vulnerable co crop failure, drought, Africa, Aaia, aad Latin Aaerica that use faming and natural catastrophe, ehese rural people reaaia aecheds slaosc identical co chose of choir eoong (he poorest in choir societies. Failing co ancestors. One reason is energy. Fast advances have address chair needs has elowed sconoaic progress in coae free increasing che energy intensity of dosaos of countries. Tha recurrent faaisae in faming: fuel to rue aschinory, fossil-fuel-baood Africa, and persistent pockets of starvation on that artificial fertilisers, aad diesel fuel or continent, deaonscraca the unacceptable huaea costa electricity to rue irrigation puaps. Few of the of this neglect. rural poor can afford these costly aacsrials aad - ¿li -

itntcti. Even if chey had Cha iccoas Co purchase brad crop varieties, according to the conventional tuch iaputs, iaa; f i n e n arc not served by roads or approach, substituting these capital- and iirkecs char could rslisoly supply Chao. energy-intensive inputs for tha traditional resources of land and labour would allow famers co expand ta addition, subsistence farmers (row crops that harvescs each year. have received conparatively little research actentica. There is as yet ao research base for Sane countries succeeded haodeaaaly; hundreds achieving hi(h yields in nany staple crops. Third of villions of people ace better fed and batter off world fanners cultivate on poor soils under harsh chan they would have been without these gains, iut clinates that require finely tuned agricultural because of their exclusive cocos on inproving yields, practices. As rural populations grow, these famers policymkers a m cesearcners cophaaiaed regions w h o m will need agricultural advances that are the ecoaoaic return oa invastnaat in fertilizers labour-intensive, rather than capital- and would bo hignest, rathe; chon seeking co distribute energy-intensive. Such conditions dsnsnd different iaputs m r e widely. This approach naturally research approaches fron those that raised yields in overlooks famers on ivrginal land, for whoa raising the past. yields m y not be as in,— -tint aa increasing ras is tones co sroughc a m other natural cacaacropnas. A new strategy of efficiency and regeneration could help meet the needs of subsistence famers, and lies pica ics arawoacks, cnthusiasn cor c m begin to address the cnviroonental and ccoaouic conventional productivity fomula is uaderscaaoanle. problem linked to note intensive cropping practices the increase m world fooo production in c m lore as well. Such a strategy would stress Che efficient decade m s been associated wicn a coaporable increase use of fertilisers, chenicals, water, aod neebaoixed in c m use of artificial tercilixars. kagiona chat equipusnt. As a supptenant to efficiency, famers have used c m m a c additional fertiliser have reaped would blend biological technologies and traditional c m largest benefits. (Sac Table l.) Asia and March fare practices to increase tha contribution that Che Amrica, c m areas chat harvested marly four fifths land’s natural fertility ashes to food production. of additional world grain production, sc. -need for 36 per cant of c m iocresao in fertilizer use. And Two seta of technical opportunities, already while North Amrica's avaroga harvested arcs also stirring the agricultural research conmnity, pronise expanded over this period, virtually all c m growth rapid progress coward batter resource aaaegeuenc and in Asian harvests c a m froa fertilisar. Tat Eastern regenerative approaches. One is the reappraisal of Europe and c m Soviet Union danoostmto chat tradicional faming prácticos, once judged backward additional fertilisar alone does not necessarily m a n and unproductive. Shifting cultivation, aaltipls proportionately larger harvests. Relying on control cropping, and traditional soil aaoagenaot nsthods, planning rather chon fatmrs to allocate fertiliser though often practised undar pressures chat sake then supplies accounts for ouch of the inefficiency. counterproductive today, a m governed by ecological principios that can servo as nodals for sustainable TaMe I: lex least in Average Gram Pmdertion and Fertilizer Use faming. by Region between 1*1674 and leaned Siocechnology coa also offer now solutions to Grain Fiodnrtim Fertilizer Use third world faming problem. The anility to nodify since of Share of che genetic uakoup of plants sad saináis poses Total World Total World snviroaosntal risks that oust be carefully Region Increase Increase Increase Increase evaluated. Rut biotechnology's benefits lie in cho ■f llllW IMMIl .pVWMtft potential co allow braadars to davalop new crop varieties sate quickly than conventional breediag. A«*» an ^ W 19 2 « Crops m y bo tsilorad to use water and nutrients m m efficiently, and co perforo m i l in cho tiisd North Amenes » 46 II cropping practices that m a y poor famers enploy. Wrwcm Fumpe It 1 0 2." 7 Joining biotechnologies with the ecological Ijtm America D* 7 3.2 H insights of traditional faming prenisas innovative solutions to agricultura’s ecoaoaic and environmntal FaHifrvi Fyfnff snd problem. Covarnmat policies do not fully recognixa Stvtef Unmft N N 2 HI.7 25 that pronise yac. Sat opportunities have never been greater for roving agricultura coward sustainability Urraiwa 4 4 2 06 1 and reaching cha quarter of tha world’s paopla - and H 2 2 1 S 1 qusrcer of the world's cropland - laft out of tha Afnea green rsvolutioa. World >6 d im «2.6 ino 'Ml*»*! «PW InM ProducriviC2_raconeiderad Swunr (' s fV|Mpf(idp/ kesearcb on nitrogen fixation by to the ocher two thirds of Chinese cropland could legume shows bow this.can happen. Micro-organism yield chren co 15 tines note grain per con of in the roots of these crops convert nicrogea fron the additional fertiliser chan che Stats and sir into a fora plants can usa; cha excess chat mrkac-oriancad fans could produce under the ramios in che soil can help nourish a subsequent existing distribution systen. 6/ gram crop. Soil scientist David Sesdicak and nia eollaaguaa at Washington State University have found In addition, faenera achieve less chan optima chat residual nitrogen from artificial fertiliser can production when they apply the nitrogen, phosphorus, reduce the aaount of nitrogen fixed by a leguas crop and potash in artificial fertilisers in incorrect such as chickpeas. A heavy dose of fertiliser ratios, N ierogan is oftea in short supply in Chinese applied at the scare of cne growing season suppresses soils, but if other nutrients are also lacking, just biological activity, whila in some cases a small adding nicrogea csnnot raise yields. Addressing the aaount of fsreilisor cao actually sciaulace »erogan inequities in fertiliser distribution and correcting fisacion. More nitrogen aigbc oe supplied by cne nutrient inhalantes can increase food output faster correct salance of artificial fsreilisor ana and at lower cost chan sinply expanding fertilissr biological nitrogen fisacion than by using artificial supplies, even in countries that now use little fertilisers alono. 11/ fertiliser. If Tho rsgaoeraciva approach soaks co naxiaisa Another reason for using fertiliser nore biological contributions to agricultural efficiently is che high eaviroenencal costs linked co productivity It makes tho m o t of cbe natural heavy use. Covemnent subsidios ia Europe, Japan, sources of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash, as wall and North Aseries encourage farasrs to expand so the way chase nutrients are eyelad sad conservad production by applying ooro fsreilisor then eichqr in natural ecosyscaae. tegoneracive faraieg sound «grononis practicas or world oarkec conditions practices include sowing difforanc crops eogati co warrant. One result of this subsidised over use fully tho soil's fertility, rotating food g «ins fertilisation is chat as ouch as one fourth of cr- with nitrogen-fixing lsgums, and planting crous aad nitrogen fertilisers used in theos rsgioee leaches shrubs whose roots draw nuerioncs frou deep soil into groundvaesr. Increasing concentrations of layara co tho surface. Furthered fortilisaro and nitratos in drinking water, which peso s health pesticides aro usad sparingly in cheea practicas. threat to bottle-fed infants, have boon reported in Although regaoerscivs mthods rsquiro m r o careful Oennerk, England, France, Cemaoy, and the f a n maagomac, they aro loss costly than Netherlands. Ironically, at the levels of fertiliser ceoveacissal approaches. _12/ - 66 -

Agricultural research chat eephiiiru biological rice-growing regioos, the percentages are far approaches to raising productivity can help poor higher: 82 per cent of Latin Aaerica*s wheat area faraers better cope with the risks inposed by erratic and 95 per cant of China's rice area were sown to rainfall and less fertile soils. Conventional high-yielding varieties in 1983. 14/ agricultural Modernisation, based on fossil fuels, is already beyond the neans of many third world The aaount of rice and wheat grown in developing faraers. Offered better netbods for aanaging their countries increased 75 per cent between 1965 and internal resources, these faraers can reduce their 1980, while the area planted to those crops expanded vulnerability to crop failure and faaine. by only 20 per cent. The ability to harvest two crops a year with the new seeds contributed to these Beyond the Green »evolution increases. In 198b, the additional wheat and rice produced by green revolution technologies were worth Two decades have passed since new, high-yielding an estiaated SSb billion, of which 810 billion was varieties of wheat and rice were introduced to due to the ixproved genetic potential ot the new faraers in Mexico, the Middle Coat, and South Asia. varieties. This expansion of the food supply is The new varieties, which were aore responsive to crucial to aany countries with rapidly growing srcificial fertilisers and irrigation than populations, as Michael Lipton ot the University of traditional varieties, "spread aore widely, aore Sussex wrote in 1903, "If coe tamers of the third quickly, than any other technological innovation in world today used the sens ceresl varieties as in the history of agriculture in the developing 19b3-19b4, and everything else were unchanged, than countries". 13/ tens ot aiilions of people would this year die ot hunger." 15/ Modern grain varietiea ware quickly taken up in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and throughout Soutbeaat Africa benefited least froa the green Asia. (See Figures 1 and 2.) In Latin Aaerica, the revolution. Few of Africa's 50 aillion rural area planted to new wheat and rica varieties faailies grow wheat or rica, and only ia the last decade have researchers turned their attention to M dhon aillet, eorghua, cassava, yaas, and coupeas that are Hectares the subsistence staples of aost rural Africans. Only 6 per cent of sub-Saharan Africa's wheat sod rice area is planted to aodern varieties, lap roved asixs varieties and hybrids have boosted harvests in countries including Kenya, Ziababwe, and South Africa, but on the whole, scientific plant breeding has ooc decisively changed the continent's food prospects. And Africa's conditions are not unique; aany faraers in Latin Aaerica and Asia are still prevented froa planting iaproved varieties by poor soils, erratic water supplies, and poverty, lb/ high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice ara still spreading, however. Though the early green revolution sceda were planted alaoet exclusively by faraers with well-irrigated land who could afford to purchase the necessary suppleaents ot fertilisers and pesticides, aodern varieties are now grown by faraers under less-favoured circuastancss. More tnan half of the high-yielding wheat in Bangladesh is watered only by rain, as is about 85 per ceat of the high-yielding rice in the Fbilippines. ' Varieties bred and released today parfora better than traditional varieties even Mdhun without costly inputs. 17/ Tbs green revolution's early benefits were by no a'sns equally shared. Relatively prosperous faraers who controlled aore land, and so had the financial aesns to purehaee fertilisers, pesticides, and squipaent, gained aost by adopting high-yielding whest and rice. Saall faraers in areas favoured by abundant water, who tended to adopt new varieties and technologies later, also profited, but not as such. Crain prices dropped because of bigger harvests on the larger landholdings. Coosuaers enjoyed tbs lower food prices - or at least the brake on price increases - chat expanded harvests aade possible. Covernaenta also gained. Indie, for sxaaplc, used the expanded production of the late sixties to offset its dependence on costly grain iaports ratner chan to significantly increase food consuaption aaong its poor, a drain on the country's treasury was plugged but there was little progress in raising par capita food coaeuapcion. 18/ Others, however, lost froa the new technologies. The biggest losers were faraers in increased iron 270,000 hactarss in 1970 to areas whore the new veriecies perfensed poorly, end 9.6 nillion hectares by 1903. By the aid-eighties, Chose growing crops priaarily for subsistence. These roughly half the wheat area and nearly it per cent of faraers earned no new incoae froa bigger harvests, the rica area of all developing countries had been end any Have becoae poorer es prices for their sown to high-yialding varieties. In aajor wheat- and occasional Marketable surpluses declined. On soae - 6T -

300 Billion hectares ia tha third «arid, supporting In addition to appropriate crop varieties, poor over a billioo paopla, productivity has not tamers need alternative sources ot plant nutrients. aeaaarably iaprovcd. 19/ ItU baa begun to investigate opportunities to substitute fam-grown nutrient sources for purchases That tha racord of tha green revolution ia aixed artificial fertilisers. Fronismg approaches for aheold coat aa ao surprise. Tha aciaatiata who Asian fsraers include the nitrogen-fixing blue-green developed tha aaw varieties of srtieat aad rica never algae sustained by a fern called Axolla that enrives axpactad thair work to provide ao open-ended aolotioo in flooded rice paddies, and types of bacteria that to tha world'a food problcna. Many believed that tha could enhance soil fertility. Chinese fsraers aaw technologies offered a weans to boy tine oatil already use soae of these aethods quite successfully, v popolatioa growth rates coold be alowad. Barvaats sad researchers ia the Fhilippiaes have found that cowld act iacrease iadafiaitaly; birth rates would farnera who grew Axolla in their paddies were able to have to fall. Twaaty years later, cooetries like reduce tbeir use of purchased fertiliser by Chiaa that both proaoted aaw aaada aad iastitoted 30 per cent without lowering yields. 23/ ecoaoaic raforas aad aatioeal faaily-plaoaing * prograuaes to lower birth rates have does tha aoet to Such innovations are aoc restricted to Asia. iaprova the welfare of their paopla. Scientists st the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture in Higeria have identified a leguainous Tha unique research aetworfc laoachad by the African shrub called Sesbania that aay prove to be a Rockefeller Fowadatioo ia Mexico ia 1943 aay be a low-coat nitrogen source for African rice fsraers. aora sigaificaat coatribotioa of the green ■esearch in Colouhia indicates that tamers can cut ravolotioa thaa tha expaadad harvests achieved tbeir needs for phosphate fertilisers in half by ao far. Supported by the lockefeller aad Ford using certain fungi that help plant roots absorb Foaadatioaa, pleat breeders developed aaw crop phosphorus. 1UI recently created the International varieties appropriate for coeditioas ia Mexico, ■iofertiliser Gemplasa Conservation Center at ita Fakiataa, India, aad Turkey. Success ia these Philippines headquarters, where proaisiag nicrobial couatries led to the creatioa of the sources of plant nutrients can ne evaluated, stored, Philippines-based International Sice gasaarch and distributed to researchers all over the world tor Institute (1UI) ia 1942, the International Center testing. 24/ for the laproveasat of Maixe aad Wheat near Mexico City ia 1963, aad ultiaately to the creation of a A range of other food crops is beginning to systaa of 13 international agricultural research receive deserved research attention. Wheat aad rice centres funded through the Washington-based tend to be grown under relatively honogenaous Consultative Croup oa International Agricultural conditions. Breeders of these crops draw on an kesearch (CCIAE). The research agenda of the centres eoomous backlog of inproved wheats and ricss already today covers 21 food crops, conservation of tha available in Japan aad North Aacrica, varieties wboss genetic resources used for plant breeding, aniaal pedigrees prsdated World War II. By contrast, husbandry aad livestock diseases, aad policy issues inproving the staple crops widely grown in Africa, related to agricultural research. 20/ and the potatoes, yeas, and leguaes grown throughout the third world, is a auch aore challenging task. A high priority of the CGIAR centres is the need Such crops grow under widely divergent conditions, to defend the gains already achieved. Faxasrs who and have no cooparable history of inprovsaent. plant high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice need Systenatic work oa cassava aad cowpeas in West Africs continuous research to sustain their yields. This or potatoes in the Andes is little aore thaa a decade "aaintenancc research” eapbasises breeding crop old. varieties to increase their natural ability to resist pests and disease. Maintaining stable yields at high Efforts to raise the productivity of all staple levels can be a aore coaplsx task than raising yields crops in the years ahead depend on gathering a vide in the first place. Hew plant varieties aust be on range of trsditionsl varieties, crop relatives, and hand to replace old ones that succuub to pests and wild plants for breeding. Breeders need this genetic disease. This requires a vast breeding prograaae aad saapling to select tha traits that strengthen aa extensive systen of gens banks. 21/ resistance to pests and disease, and to tailor crops to grow under varied ecological conditions. Motional aad international research prograaans Collecting sod storing crop gemplasa is co-ordinated are turning to s new challenge: developing crops aad by the International Board for Plant Wenstic technologies for farac.-s who do not irrigate their Resources (Ib PCR). It is now a najor responsibility fields and who lack tbs incoas to purchase of all the international cancres. The value of fertilisers and pesticides. The rice-breeding agenda distant crop relatives is likely co increase as at IBH1 illustrates the shift in research prioritise biotechnology techniques are introduced that can that will help asst their needs. In the sixties, the speed up and siaplify the tasks of breeding new effort to rsise yields of irrigated rice lad to IR-B, varieties. IBFCk has initiated genetic resources IlMI's first widely planted high-yielding variety. prograaaaee in 30 countries, and national coonittses > When ll-l began to experience serious pest concerned with conservation of gemplasa have been infestation, breeders sought a wider variety of set up in over two doten others. 23/ agronoaic traits. IR-36 coabined high yield with broad genetic resistance to pests, and it aatured For oust najor food crops, gsraplaso collections ^ even aore quickly chan earlier varieties, pecaitting of oodsra and traditional crop varieties are two crops to be harvested each year. lull's next impressively broad, (lee Table 3.) Except for successful rice strain, ll-M, was sslsctsd both for wheat, however, scientists have not thoroughly its broad resistance to pests and disease sod for its investigated or collected the wild relatives of these aore flavourful grain. 22/ crops. The unique genetic cowblostions of wild crop relatives are often lost as nodern varieties sod In the eighties, breeders have further expanded aonoculturae replace traditional faming oat hods. their goals to developing rica vsriatiss suited to Such wild spsciss nay hold the key to iaprovanents ia adverse growing conditions - varieties that will bs tha productivity of crops like sorghua sod cowpsae profitable for aarginal and disadvantaged fsraers. that are crucial to Africa's food prospects. mill's breeding goals have evolved froa a nearly exclusive eaphaeie on achieving peak yields with Host of the world's food is supplied by a inputs of water and fertiliser to dependable handful of crops sslsctsd by our neolichic production under a range of faming conditions. ancestors. While taming technologies have advanced - 68 -

Table 3: Eitimiltj Nember •! Ginmplanu Simp Irr Calle ctrd fee generations of crop varieties to farmers left out of M«i>i Feed Craps, and Csmact of Tndiliml Varieties aad the green revolution. Rut to avoid the environmental WiUI Spcdcs and social costs associated with the last generation Ftliraalrd Share of Diversity CoWecttd of agricultural technologies, tomorrow's innovations Siipln will have to be more consistent with regions! ¿•Major Traditional Wild Crap Genehanha Varieties agricultural traditions and better matched to the ecological contest into which they are introduced. H» 1 NRI^I Wheat «10 96 M Rediscovering traditional agriculture Rice 2iu TO 10 Agricultural reeearch has been needlessly hindared for two decades by pejorative attitudes v Main* 7D 90 — toward traditional farming. Some scientists assumed that because peasant farmers produced low grain ■wiry 2 » 40 10 yields, their practices had little relevance to Sorghwra 90 00 m twentieth-century agriculture. Until receacly, few • researchers recognised the ecological and agronomic Pntato 42 95 — strengths of traditional practices that nad allowed farmers over the centuries to msintoin the land's Cow pea IR 75 i fertility. In pursuit of higher productivity, many Ataftrd Im * ('«Mdtafewr (¿dwwjv tm Im h m Im m I Afporifconi ^tarik agricultural scientista overlooked the need for twmili OH w Artwi K i arf MrOlL* ayWi*wl*j|. *»i*i>0ia l>C. Uirtlt long-term sustainability. itidilp, there has* b a m few significant botanical Ecooonic analysis reinforced the belief that innovations siaca the origins of agriculture. Moat traditional practices bad littla to offer in solving iatcruatioaal research deals with just lb widely contemporary agricultural problems. Ia Transforming grows crops, although at least 3,000 plaata have been Traditional Agriculture, published ia 1964, used for food et oae tiae or another in history. University of Chicago econonist Theodore Schultz Crops like teff, a hardy grass grown as a staple argued that peasant farmers were rational aad grain ia Ethiopia, or anareath, a grain aad vegetable efficient individoa.s who had reached the limits of crop native to the Americas that is both nutritious their technologies. Nis conclusion: No significant and drought-tolerant, nay prove better-suited than increase ia harvests could be achieved using only the conventional crops to the environmental aad economic resources and methods that traditional farmers bad at conditions facing many third world famers. 2b/ their coamand. Schultz advocated investments in agricultural research, new technologies, and rural The network of ioterratiooal research centres education that would allow traditional famers to nay not be the well-spring of work on promising but choose innovations to increase their productivity. 29/ unproven crops, by their charters, the centres arc instructed to work oo the aoet widely grown food Many scientists and policymakers, however, saw crops. Research efforts focus on crops with proven traditional methods as an obstacle to be eradicated potential sod regions where the return to research rather than a basis for introducing new seeds aad investnent is likely to be high. Rut restricting faming methods. The food crisis an India one research to familiar crops nay .foreclose some throughout Asia in the late aixcies lent a sense of important agricultural opportunities. urgency to efforts to promote the green revolution. The strengths of traditional practices and the Naturalist Cary Nabhau, who has studied reasons for their persistence were swept aside. A traditional food and nedicinal plants native to the report by US President Lyndon Johnson's Science Sonoran Desert in the southwestern United States, Advisory Coonittee warned in 1966 that "the very believes that research on unconventional crops nay be fabric of traditional societies must be rewoven if as valuable for insights on how to ns nape faailiar the situation is to change permanently." 30/ -rope as for novel agronomic possibilities, lie writes, "by evaluating native desert plants as Agricultural scientists have recently begun to potential ecooonic resources, and comparing them with recognize that aany faming systems that have conventional crops, we stand to learn something about persisted for millennia exemplify careful management the tradeoffs between abort-term productivity aad of soil, water, and nutrients; precisely the methods long-term persistence ia unpredictable required to make high-input faming practices environments." 27/ sustainable. This overdue reappraisal stems io part from the need to use inputs more efficiently, sod in Independent research centres have an important part from the growing intarest in biological role to play in pursuing the agricultural technologies. The complex chal'-Mige of Africa’s food opportunities that fall outside the mainstream of crisis in ths early eighties f td scientists to international resaarcb. The privately funded Rodale look sore closely sc the oath used by peasant Research Cantor in Fenasylvsnis co-ordinates farmers. Hsny rssssrebars tods, seek to "inprova worldwide research on amaranth and maintains a existing faming systems rather than attempting to gvrmplssm collection containing 1,300 amaranth transfom them in a major way” , according to samples from Asia and Latin Amsrics. Sciontints sc William Liebbardt, director or research at the nodsls Rodale and at the Land Institute in Ransas are Rassarch Canter. 31/ investigating perennial grain polycultures ss possible alternatives to today's annual corn sad Traditional farming •>items face real agronomic wheat monocultures, particularly for marginal lands. limits, sod can rarely cossets coo tor harvested con Agriculture ba-ed on perennials, though probably with high-input modern nethods. It is important to decades away, would offer several advantages over recognize these limitations, for they determine noth current practices, including reduced soil erosion, bow traditional practices can be modified and whac simplified weed control, improved waeer management, such practices can contribute to cha effort to raise and enhanced soil fertility. Understanding agricultural productivity. perennial-based cropping practices could shed new light on how to reduce the environmental impact of Pirst, aost traditional crop varieties have more conventional farming practices. 20/ limited genetic potential for high grain yields. They are often large-leaved and tali, for example. New crop varieties and technologies for farmers These traits help farmers meet nonfood needs, in developing countries will be essential in the supplying thatch, fuel, and fodder as well as food to years ahead, biotechnologies may provide new farm households. Traditional varieties respond - 69 -

poorly to tkt too t l i m t i of agronomic m u |m w Legume-baaed crop rotations and craaitiooal that oaks high graio yields possible: dess« planting intercropping systems husband organic aatarial and sag artificial fertiliser. Despite these nutrients much more carefully than do modern limitations. traditional varieties siso cootaia monoculture practices. While organic manures and genetic diversity that is insalvable to breegere in composts contribute significant amounts of nutrients search of genes for disease- sag pest-resistance and in their own right, they can, like agroforoecry. also for other traits. 32/ magnify the contribution of «mail amounts of artificial fertilisers. Second, peasant farmers often have to plant in soils with serious nutrient deficiencies, uhere crop Aesearch in Eurkina Faso illustrates the combinations and rotations are needed to help offset complementary effect. (See Table 4.) This study •s the limitations. Many tropical soils, for instance, looked at the contributiona of straw, manure, and lack sufficient nitrogen to sustain a robust crop. compost to sorghum yields with and without the Soils in vast areas of semisrid Africa are deficient addition of small amounts of artificial nitrogen. in phosphorus. Sigh-yielding varieties, more The results show that the most productive organic efficient in converting nvailablc nutrients into method, applying compost, can increase sorghum yields edible grain, can rapidly depleta soil nutrients if from l.S tons per hectare to 2.5 tons. Artificial they are planted in monocultures by peasant farmers fertiliser alooe produced grain yields slightly who cannot afford to purchase supplemental higher than any of the organic practices. Dot the fertilisers. 33/ best result was achieved by combining compost with artificial fertiliser; this raised sorghum yields to Traditional agriculture, practised under 3.7 tons per hectare. The three organic practices biological ard physical limicacioaa, oftan breaka increased the efficiency of nitrogen application by doom under growing population pressure. As rural 20 to 3U per cent. Civeo responsive crop varieties populations grow, farmers try to aqueers mare and small amounts of artificial fertiliser, production from existing fields, accelerating the traditional practices that cycle organic materials loss of fertility. Or they nay cultivate new, effectively would raise yields ia the sane manner. 3»/ marginal, or sloping land that is vulnerable to soil erosion and uaauitcd to farming. Table I: Campieownlasy Effect ef Artificial and Oiganir_ Fertilize» am Sorghum Yields in Marti ins Faso. HOI ■one the lesa, traditional methods can make an inportant contribution to efforts to raise ______Sorghum Yield______agricultural productivity. They offer what Without With M kg/ha Cernid Marten of the Cast-West Center ia Hawaii calls Tteafawnf*______Artificial Nitrogen Niftagem "principles of permanence". They use few external IMMr 9mm ptt btiusl inputs, accumulate and cycle natural nutrients effectively, protect soils, and rely on genetic No Organ«- Treatment IS 2.S diversity, “¿either modern Western agriculture nor indigenous traditional agriculture, io their present Sorghum Straw 1.6 3.4 forms, are exactly what will be needed by nose amall-scale farmers," says Marten. “The challenge Manure 2.4 3.6 for agricultural research is to improve agriculture Comport 2.5 3.7 in ways that retain the strengths of trsditiooal agriculture while meeting the needs of changing *Afl MferfMfc «ffM *1 a mr «4 M 9mm pm IMM. tines.” 34/ Sm u t M Sufc»». TiwMnl«(Mi i b fiIn mi mi 4r* 4hJm nritnw m> aoi Iiiwkhifmi ** m u final ■ — brfaial rim. Nm v , fww. HSI. ■w*r4 m Ibitoft W ( I m )wrtriiC Hi«, , ilffwpbr rwbbm farming methods like the traditional V Iin*p> m SimAnj Mr«# Afnm (Wni UljlWF, Im tw4m UMUfMf agroforestry systems of West Africa's Sahel region Imtnubiml ftiy— i m AppnPwm. IW5J. offer improvements in water-use efficiency and soil fertility that subsistence farmers can afford. Some conventional analysts looking at the study Sahelian farmsrs traditionally planted their sorghum would argue that fertiliser outperforms the organic and millet crops in fields interspersed with a practices. Yet exclusive reliance on fertiliser permanent intercrop of Acacia albida trees. Acacia would sacrifice a significant part of the additional trees fix nitrogen and improve the soil. In the harvest, a s French raaearebar Christian Fieri, who Sahel, grain yields are often highest under an has worked in West Africa, points outs, acacia's crown. 35/ "Fertilisation is a prims technique for increasing agricultural productivity ia this part of the world, Fields that include acacia trees produce more but in order to obtain a greater and lasting grain, support sure livestock, and require shorter production it ia indispensable to combine the affects fallow periods between crops than fields sown to of mineral fertilisers, the recycling of organic grain only. Acacia albida naturally enhances residues and biological nitrogen fixation, and also productivity by returning organic matter to the to optimise the use ef local mineral resources such topsoil, drawing nutrients from deep soil layers to as natural phosphates.” 35/ Neglecting the local » the surface, and changing soil texture so rainwater internal resources can unSetmine a farmer’s infiltrates the topsoil mors readily. All of these investments in conventional inputs. benefits make farming on marginal lands mors productive and profitable without requiring the Intercropping, sgroforsstry, shifting * farmer to purchase fertilisers year after year. 36/ cultivation, and other traditional farming methods mimic natural ecological procassss, and the Equally inportant, such improvesMnte in soil sustainability of many traditional practices lies in structure, organic matter content, water-holding the ecological models they follow. This use of capacity, and biological nitrogen fixation allow the natural analogies suggests principles for tbs design most productiva application of conventional of agricultural systems to make the most of sunlight, fartilitars. frogrsmees prowting acacia-based soil nutrients, and rainfall. sgroforeetry could complement fertiliser extension in semisrid countries - sgroforeetry playing a role Shifting cultivation practices, such ss analogous to irrigation. Governments that have bush-fallow methods in Africa, demonstrate how modest fertiliser-promotion ptogramass nay find that farmers can harness the land's natural regeneration. they can maximise the banafits from fertiliser by Farmers using bush-fallow systems clear fields by promoting agroforestry as wall. 37/ burning off tbs shrubs and trees. Asnas fertilise - TO -

the first crop- After s couple of seasons, as discovery of the structure of DNA and the nutrients are depleted, harvests begin to decline, so 197' development of "recombinant DMA", or farmers abandon the field and nove on to clear new gene-splicing techniques, promise to change land. Natural regeneration takes over; shrubs and irretrievably the familiar landscape of agricultural treea gradually reseed the field, returning nutrients development, biotechnologies baaed on chase insights te the topsoil and restoring the land's inherent allow scientists to identify the genes that control fertility. After IS to 20 years, the land can be certain physical traits and to combine the genes of burned and cultivated again. 40/ distantly related or unrelated plants and animals - two barriers that conventional plant breedere have The bush-fallow system hae obvious limitations. never been able to overcome. Rasy analysts believe It requires enormous amounts of land, and when chat agricultural applications of biotecanology will population growth pushes farmers to return too nark a watershed in the effort to raise productivity. quickly to abandoned fields, serious environmental deterioration can result. Declining land From 192u to 1930, agriculture in industrial productivity in crowded countries like Bwanda is countries was dominated by mechanical technologies testimony to this danger, gut even disintegrating that dramatically increased Che amount of food systems offer a basis for designing productive and produced per worker and per hour. Shortly after sustainable farming practices. World War II, the mechanical age gave way to the chemical age as farmers worldwide began to adopt Researchers at the International Institute of artificial fertilisers and synthetic chemical Tropical Agriculture, for instance, have adapted the pcsticidea, which vastly expanded their harvests per principles of natural regenaration in bush-fallow hectare. Riotechnologiea shift the focus of research systems to a continuous-cultivation agroforestry toward crop plants thamselves. They have inaugurated systan called alley cropping. Field crops are grown a new era of agriculture likely to reshape research, between rows of nitrogen-fining trees; foliage from development assistance, and farmers' choices. the trees enhances soil organic natter, while Biotechnologies may offer cheaper and quicker ways to nitrogen fined in root nodules increases soil improve third world atopies - including nillet, fertility. A high level of crop production is cassava, and yams - chan the costly innovations of possible without a fallow intarval. Traditional Che mechanical and chemical eras. 44/ shifting cultivation provided the model for tbia aystarn. 41/ Biotechnology encompasses an array of tools and applications that allow researchers to manipulate the Conventional research tools can also be used to genetic material of plants, microbes, and animals. overcome the agronomic constraints that have limited These method* provide ways to modify the traditional systans to low productivity. For characteristics that are passed from one generation decades, crop breeders have tailored varieties to to the next. Ihe vaccines, antibiotics, and respond to high levels of artificial fertilisers, reproductive technologies created through assured water supplies, and dense monoculture biotechnology and genetic engineering are already plantings. Working with the genetic diversity revolutionising animal husbandry. Biotechnologies available in traditional crop varieties, they can are not yet as widely applied to cultivated crops, in apply the same breeding methods to produce varieties part because scientists understand less about plant better matched to the conditions faced by subsistence genetics and physiology than about domestic animal*. farmers. At an Agency for International Development workshop on regenerative farming practices, Technical hurdles are not the only constraints Charles Francis of the University of Nebraska on agricultural applications of biotechnology. So concluded, "A new generation of varieties and hybrids far, advances have been made in industrial countries, adapted to marginal conditions and to intercropping where public scrutiny is inteasa. The snvirinmsncsl could be the start of a new revolution aimed at risk* posed by releasing gene-spliced microbes or meeting the needs of the majority of limited resource plants into the environment remain poorly farmers in the developing world." 42/ understood. Developing guidelines for the newly emerging technologies Das led to a contentious public Traditional prscticas exemplify efficiency and debate about genetic engineering. In the United the regenerative approach to agricultural State*, debate has centred on proposals to release development. Tet until recently, a kind of myopia bacteria modified to retard the formation of frost on has kept the research cimmunity from recognising the strawberry and potato plants. Because the bacteria opportunities for agricultural innovations that lie could reproduce in the natural environment and thus in traditional practices. In West Africa, for spread beyond the fields where they were released, example, 70 to SO per cent of the cultivated area is predicting environmental impact* ia both more crucial sown to combinations of crops in traditional and more complax a task than with many other intercropping systems. Covpeee, one of Africa’s moat technologies. Developing the "predictive ecology” widely grown food staples, ere elwaya planted as an that critic* say is necessary for thorough intercrop. Sot only about 20 per cent of the environmental raviaw, and enacting regulation* that reaearch effort in sub-Saharan Africa focuses on guard against tn* uncertainties will alow the intercropping. 43/ marketing of comnercial biotechnology product* to industrial country farmers. *>/ As the African examples described hare show, researchers can use traditional principles to develop Tbs genetic anginasring of plsnta is tar nor* now techniques that preserve the land’s stability and complex than nodityiag microbe*, but it ia also less productivity even as populations increase. Though controversial on environmental grounds. Crop* with traditional methods have limitations, they are oot modified traits are under a farmer's direct control, archaic practices to be swept aside. Traditional and tbair reproduction sad aprsad in the anvironsmnt farming constitutes a foundation upon idiich science are both slower and more predictable. Crop can build. characteristic* like drought-tolerance, ability to withstand salty water, and peat resistance - the Toward appropriate biotechnology trait* that have always concerned breeders - ar* a likely focus of the new tachnologies. Most agricultural innovations of the past have been based on gradual refinements of tachnologies Thus, the major applications of biotechnologies known at least since the Industrial Revolution and in to third world crop* will complement rather than some cases since the dawn of farming. Rut the 1933 raplsee conventional plant breeding. Developing new 71 - crop varieties caa be aa extraordinarily cooler and thaa cultivation to control weeds. Conservation tit-eo»wi»| process. Identifying desirable tillage ia no longer restricted to industrial cbaracteristics. crossing parests, planting aad countries; scientists at tbe International Institute growing tba first (eseratioo of tbe cross, selecting of Tropical Agriculture a m alao inveatigatiag «ore the progaay that have tbe right six of desired labour-intensive foms of these practices for sasll traits, aad refiaiag those characteristics tbroogh tamers to protect fragile tropical soils, la both farther breeding aad screeaiag caa easily take a industrial aad developing countries, the soil- aad decade or longer. Conventional breeding of a new energy-saving benefits of conservation tillage variety of «heat aay ievolve thooaaado of carefally practices could be offset by the hazards of increased selected croaaea. reliance oa cheaicsl herbicides. 41/ >y coatrast, tisane caltore. geae traasfer, aad The wo at significant factor chat will affect the other gcaetic techniques alio« aach of this «ork to direction of agricultural biotechnology ia the rapid be doae ia tbe laboratory, becaase researchers caa shift of research froa the public to the private aaaipolate siagle cells rather thaa eatire plaats. sector. This is especially evident ia the United This saves apace aad tiae. Geae-apliciag techniques States. For nearly a century, public agricultural allow researchers to traasfer oaly specific traits esperiaent acatioas aad laad grant universities iato a crop. Soch preciaioa caa help reduce the need sponsored by the US bepartneot of Agriculture (USDs) to identify aad eliaiaate full-grown plaats carrying perfomed ooot agricultural research. Frivate seed uadesired geaetic baggage - a problea shea distantly coapanies often used the plaat varieties developed by related species or varieties are crossed. govs mas a t-aupported breeders. Over the last three decades, however, the private sector baa sssuaed Tissue culture techniques aay revolutionise control of research erforea. Frivate coapanies now international gone banks by asking it easier to store perfom two thirds of US agricultural research, all/ aad aaaipolate crops that do aot reprodace by sotting seeds. These aethoda - xhich allow single plaat la biotechnology, the deck is stacked even cells to be sustaiaed ia laboratory flasks, further ia favour of the private sector. USOA's naltiplied, aad regenerated iato adult plants - are Agricultural tesearch Service aad Co-operative State especially iaportaat for crops that propagate by Research Service support aoat public uorfc ia roots or cuttings, such as cassava, potatoes, aad agricultural biotechnology, aad these two federal yaaa. Tissue culture is also useful for propagating prograaaes spent less thaa D O ail lion oa slow-growing species, including trees that hold biotechnology research ia 19RA-1MS. Monsanto, uhich prraisc for reforestation. W has the largest but by no wesue the oaly plaat biotechnology research prograane aaoag private Civea the ability to oodify virtually aay plaat OS corporations, has already invested tlOO ailliaa ia characteristic aad to tailor plaats ia precisely agricultural biotechnology developaeat. defined ways, biotechnology would seen to offer tools Siotechaologiea that affect agriculture in the years well-suited to agricultural developaeat strategies ahead will have a decidely private-sector cast. Kith that caphesise resource efficiency aad faming's tbe exceptions of aechaaixatioo aad cho devalopaent internal resources. According to the OS Office of of hybrid com, that has not generally been tiua of Technology Assesaacat, "Most eaergiag technologies iaportaat innovations in agriculture. 51/ are expected to reduce substantially tbe laad aad water requiraasnts for nesting future agricultural Leaving rasaarch priorities to the narketplace needs." *7/ for evsaple, it should eventually he nay eclipse proaisiag opportunities. Research possible to oodify a plant's physiology to iaprove efforts oa crops will be proportional to the value of its efficiency ia photosynthesis, enabling grains to tba crop aad che sise of tbe aarkec. Recause produce aore carbohydrate aad thus, higher yields. inproving crops for snail farasrs ia developing Tbe adaptations that allow soaa plaats to lose very countries neons producing low-cost sgroooaic little water through their leaves ia transpiration, innovations, aaay of which aust be sice-specitic ana traasfarrad to aore widely grown crops, could reduce thus not suitable for aoas-aarketiag, crop irrigation aeeds. Developoeats like these could iaproveaeat for the vast aajority of the world's indeed diainish pressures on aargiasl lands aad farasrs offers little profit. Sew private cmpaaiea perhaps eliaiaate the need for costly capital are likely to eater soch an uaproaisiag aarkec. iavestaeats ia water supply projects. Consequently, investigations of niaor crops like sorghun and nillec, grown priaarily by tnird world There is nothing in tbe nature of subsistence famers, will bn aoglactod. biotechnologies chat readers thea inherently appropriate to a strategy of efficiency aad Rational research prograaaes and che regeaerstioa, however. Many biotechnology international research centres hava an obvious stake innovations pose trade-offs rather chan clearcut in applying biotechnology. Refineaencs ia plant benefits. Although increasing photosynthetic breeding, technologies for geraplasa storage aad far efficiency could raise yields, it would likely laad plant evaluation and propagation, and new to accelerated depletion of soil nutrients and alternatives in pest control are exactly tbs kinds of heavier dependence oa artificial fertilisers. innovations scientists need to extend research on developing-couarry food crops. It took decades of Another tradc-off caatras around herbicide work to produce higb-yialding varieties of wheat and resistance, a relatively uncoaplicsted genetic trait, rice. Hith biotechnology, coaparable ioprovtaunts in which aakes it aa attractive research target. aillat, sorghua, cassava, or tropical leguaas could Researchers have already put caasiderabla effort into coas aore quickly. developing crop plants that resist herbicides, allowing fsnsers to apply aore of these cheaicsle. The private-sactor drainsCion of biotechnology Much of this work is supported by the cheaicsl raises questions about the role new technologies will coapanies that aarkat herbicides. *1/ play in international rasaarch prograaaes. Frivate coapanies aay becoaa coapatitors with the Herbicides have to cone to play a aajor role ia CGlAH-eponeorsd caatras, particularly whan it corns industrial-country faming in racant years. High to iaprovoaants ia aajor, wiaaly traded crops like fuel coses and the need to conserve soil hsve whest and nca. the full exchange of scientific proapead Iff fsrasrs to adopt reduced-tillage inforaetion that is essential to the international practices on A2 ail lion hectares. These aethoda, centres nay be curtailsd if it appears to coaprcaise which involve lass ploughing and laava topsoil proprietary corporate research. Moreover, covered with crop residues, erploy herbicides rather international centres aay increasingly hava to f U c t a M ee licnat new technologies chat oar* CCIAB ceatrea have established aa iaportaat formerly freely available through public cbaaaala. foundation of basic knowledge about staple food crops Finally, private firma will compete with tbe ceatrea in Che last 13 years. Opportunities to apply chat for acieatific talent, aai tbe cntrei may be eoable knowledge could slip away if funding support to match tbe salaries, facilities, ssi security that stagaates. A large neasurc of responsibility tor corporate laboratories offer, 51/ adapting crop research to local coaditioas rests wxta aatioaal research prograaaes. bcieatiscs at U.1AC Docertaiatiea cloud the prospects for national hope that aatioaal programes will assuae aost ot Che biotechswtlogy progremses as well. A few developing responsibility for crop breeding ia the years aaeae. coeatries, aotablp Indonesia, the Philippiaes, asi This would allow the international centres to tocos Thailand, have established aatioaal programmes ia oa aore "strategic" iaaues, including co-ordinating agricultural biotechaoloty. The ntilippiaea views tbe conservation of crop genetic resources aad its prop rone as Che first step toward aa applying biotechnology to staple crops. 55/ iadastrializatioa strategy based oa biological aaterials that caa help free tbe cooatry froa The international research ageada is shaped as depeadeace oa iaported oil. Ihilippiae scieatists such by new technologies as by critical agricultural hope to ase crop residaes aad by-prodacts aa raw needs. Biotechnology, now tbe principal focus of aaterials to prodace lipoid foels sad iadostrial private-sector agricultural research, has captured cbeaicals, aad to develop food—processing iadaatrics tbe liaelight; research adniaistracors are with biotechaoloty aethods. H. C. Fadoliaa, of the scraab ling to hire aolecular biologists aad redirect Ratioaal lasticate of Biotechaoloty aad Applied research prograaaes. Taking thin trend too far could Hicrobioloty at the Daiversity of the Philippiaes, be a serious mistake for public research institutions writes. “The aatiossal strategy is to t raws fora worldwide. As Cornell University sociologist bisaass biologically iota food, foel, fertilise», Frederick Battel counsels, "One aunt be cautious in aad chemicals." 53/ assuming that there is only one scientific trajectory along which agricaltoral practices evolve." 5b/ Acbievissg these goals is certaia to be costly. Few cowatries caa afford the investment ia equipment After supporting much of the work that led to that aajor biotechaology prograaaes catail, aad soae the green revolution, the Bockefeller Foundation is cowatries lack safficieat traiaed scincista to staff now looking at ways to apply biotechnology to the sack prograaaes. Agricaltoral biotechaoloty crops overlooked by private-sector research. In cootraats sharply ia this regard with ceaveatiooal 19B3, the foundation redirected its programs ia plaat-breediag programs a, which require relatively agricultural sciences to saphssire biotechnology aodesc capital iavestaeat. research on rice, the grain of least interest to private fins ia industrial countries, la IPso, Biotechaologies offer proaisiag tools for aore tbe foundation outlined a new ageada that includes resource-efficient aad sostaiasble agricoltare. plana to extend biotechnology research to the Techaical hardies aost be overtoae aad eavironeatal improve went ot sorghun, millet, aad other neglected risks evalaated before that poteocial caa be staple food crops - partly to counterbalance the realised. Bat aore trooblesoae froa the stoodpoiac private-sector emphasis on note widely grown of third world agricoltare is the degree to which the coanercial crops. 57/ private sector will doaiaace agricaltoral biotechaologies. Aa expanded caaaitaeat to public The public research agenda caa conpleaent aad research, at both the aatioaal aad iaterastiooal conpensate for tbe interests of tbe private sector ia levels, is seeded to correct distortioos of the other ways as well. One way is to focus some portion research ageada aad assure chat third world of agricultural research an ecology. Bobert Barker priorities c o m i h i I atteotioo. Fab lie research ia of Cornell University argues that public institutions biotechoology coosisteat with resoarce-coascrviog and like the US land grant universities sfcould shift low-cost faraiag practices coold countcrbslsocc their attention to tbe "developaeat of the ecosysten private-sector priorities. sciences”. 58/ Agricultural technologies and practices that emphasise efficient use of resources tesearch for sustainable sericulture and regenerative approaches are more likely to draw oo tbe insights of ecology sad evolutionary biology The sense of urgency with which the green than on biochemistry. revolution was launched has largely disappeared froa international agricultural developaeat efforts. Ihat In the past, responsibility for sdvsoces in several developing countries, fotnerly food resource efficiency aad regenerative approaches has iaporters, aow have achieved food self-sufficiency been left to independent institutions like tbe Bodale has led sons policynskers to question tbe value of Besearcb Center and some US universities chat have assisting poor countries to increase food production devsloped programaos ia agroecology. Farticipants in further. But for third world faraers who never a 19B0 Office of Technology Assessosnt workshop oa shared ia the agricultural advances of tbe green biological technologies for agricultura noted chat revolution, the issue is ecoaoaic survive!. Only by "much of tbe develepoest of innovative technologies husbanding their scarce resources, regenerating their is occurring outside of, end perhaps in spits of, the land, and raising their yields caa these farners aatioaal aad international institutions oo really inprove their ecoaoaic prospects. The reorientation considered responsible for maintaining natural of agricultural research and developaeat assistance resources and for dealing with problems of land to neet their aeeds has begun, but deser-es aore quality sad productivity” . 51/ That bias is slowly attention aad support. changing. An iaportaat bellwether of trends in At the international level, the CCIAB centres international agricultural research is the fuading of have begun to acknowledge the importance of the world's 13 CClAB-spoasored research ceatree. The agricultural sustainability. The directors of tbe badger grew froa (21 ailliaa ia 1972, when the systaa esotros agreed in Hay H B 4 to devote more research to included just fear centres, to over (100 aillion by raising crop productivity in ways that avoid 19B0. This growth expanded the research aiesioa to environmental deterioration. The new emphasis oo new crops aad ecological cones. Spending increased resource management goes beyond crop yield to aore slowly to a level of about (170 aillioa by the encompass soil conservation, water management, and aid-eighties. While support for the centres raasins ways to help faraers reduce their reliance on strong, sufficient financial resources in the yesre purchased chemicals and fertilisers. In addition, ahead to underwrite aore coaplas research casks end the centres will work to develop technologist that changing technologies are by no aeans assured. 54/ esn restore degraded croplands. 40/ 73 -

The 230 million rural koankaMi in Africa, Notes Aaia, amd Latía iatrici that thia research aast reach arc aore isolated amd faca a far core caapltx act of 1. Data on adoption of high-yielding varieties are agricultural coaatraiats thaa thair market-oriented from Dana C. Dalrymple, Development and Spread of counterparta. Actual coaditious, rather thaa the Nigh-Tieldiag bice Varieties in Developing Countries ideal condiciona ia the experimental fielda of (Washington, DC: US Agency for International research statioas, deteiwioe the saccess or failure Development, 19D6) aad Dana C. Dalrynplc, Development of aav aceda, tools, or farming practices. Several and Spread of Nigh-Ticldiag Wheat Varieties re international research ceatras have adopted a sow Developing Co«»ntries (Washington. DC; US Agency for approach to better ooderstaad the coaatraiats faced International Development. 19S6). regional grain bp farmers oa uargiaal laada. "Farming systems area data are from DS Department of Agriculture research" ievolves farmers aad rural households (USOA), Economic boaearch Service (US), "World directly ia the reaearch process, bat bou caa the Indices of Agricultural and Food Production 1950-65". comparative haadful of aciaatists ia aatioaal aad uapublished printout, Washington, DC. April L9D6. iateraatioaal research begin to reach a quarter of a billioa households aad rafias technologies that Z. Population data are based oa estimates of match their iadividual circumstaaces? The aoauur agriculturally active papulations from Food aad must be a far more decentralised research effort Agriculture Organisation. 19DA Production Yearbook that builds oo farmer-ecieacist collaboration and (boat: 1965). equips farmers to produce innovations for themselves. « / 3. Population projections are from Population reference bureau, 1965 World Population Data Sheet The reappraisal of traditional practices ia a (Washington, DC: 1965). Craiaryiaid projections arm atep taward this collaboration. According to by Worldwatch Institute, based on world grain Paul bicharda of University College ia londea aha has utilisation data from DSDA, Foreign Agricultural worked with digerías farmers, indigenous agricaltural Service. Foreign Agriculture Circular - Crains. knowledge is "the single largest knowledge resource FC-9-N6 (Washington. DC: 1966). not yet mobilised ia the davolopsmat enterprise1*. Ia his hook, Indigenous Agricultural levolntioa. A. For descriptions of traditional farming, see kicksrds documents bow traditioaal farmers ia Heat D. 6. Crigg, The Agricultural Systems of the World Africa have modified farming practicas oa the basis (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Prass, of carefully controlled experiments, ranging from 1974); Ccrald l>. Marten, ed., Traditional selection of rice varieties to the control of Agriculture in Southeast Asia (boulder, Colo.: grasshoppers. Be suggests that mainstream Westview Press, 1986); sad US Office of Technology researchers have aa ouch to learn from the Assessment (OTA), Africa Tomorrow: Issues in partnership with small farmer aa the farmers Technology. Agriculture, and US Foreign Aid themselves. 62/ (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1994). The challenge fo: agricultural research at all levels is ao longer a problem of one-way "technology 5. USOA, ESS, "World Indices". transfer", as so many people perceived the grace revolution. Innovations aad insights that help 6. World Sank, China: Agriculture Co the Tear 2000 raise agricultural productivity will flow ia both (Washington, DC: 190$); iruce Stone, "Chinese directions - between researchers aad farmers, Fertiliser Application in the 1960s aad 1990a: between developing aad industrial countries. Issues of Growth, balance. Allocation, efficiency and Success in the low-productivity fields of the besponse", in US Congress, Joint Economic Committoe, third world can suggest new ways of managing China's Economy in the Eighties (Washington, DC: agricultural resources that farmers in Iowa or US Government Prio' ~ug Office, forthcoming). Prance could employ as well. 7. Stone, "Chinese Fertiliser Application ia tbs The conservation and use of crop genetic 1960a and 1990o". diversity illustrates the international convergence of interests in raising agricultural productivity in b. Organisation for Economic Co-operation aad the third world. The tools of biotechnology oro Development, The Stats of the Environment 1965 needed to stora, evaluate, aad nanipulata tbs geoes (Paris: 1965). in traditional crop varieties and wild plants asedad for crop breading. Tat such of the diversity itself 9. Charles A. Francis and biebard b. Harwood, still resides in farmers' fields, «diere crops are Enough Food: Achieving Food Security through adapted to the idiosyncrasies of local rainfall, bogenorativa Agriculture ((mini. Pena.: bodala soils, and cultivation methods. "Neither money, lastituts, 1995). talent and technology, nor unimproved germplasm alone con create improved crop plants - the formar must ha 10. Sobers Bodala, "Internal Bssourcss and External applied to the latter," points out Stevaa Hitt in his Inputs - The Two Sources of All Production Hoads", ia hook biotechnology and Canatic Diversity. "And that Bodal Institute, baganarativa Farming Systems means co-operation between those who have the talent (Enmsus, Penn.: 19a». and technology and those with the necessary gamplasm." 63/ 11. D. F. besdicek, B. F. Hulford, aad b. b. Magna, "Influence of Organic Nitrogen on Soil Nitrogen, The world is far from having solved the problems Nedulation, Nitrogen Fisatioa, and Yield of of agricultural productivity. The conventional Soybeans", SoiJJ_ieiancaJlociet2_£f_Ane£ica approach to raising productivity - combining now crop Proceedings. March-Aoril 1974: D. F. bosdicefc. varieties with fertilisers, pesticides, and heavy use "biotechnology and Farming Systems; On-Farm of energy - succeeded dramatically in increasing food Applications and Consequences", in Inotituto tor production in industrial countries aad in parts of Alternative Agriculture, biotacaaolo|2j w d the third world, but now approaches ars needed to Agriculture: Implications for bustainability reach farasrs who could not afford the conventional (Crooabeit, Md.; Lfcbo); ant D. F. besdicek, technologies, as wall as to correct inequities ia the Washington State University, Pulloan, Wash., private distribution of resources and confront widaspraad coanuoication, 6 August 1966. environmental problems. Complementing the use of conventional resources with innovative biological 12. For a review of rsganarativs practices, eaa technologies that aaxiaiss agriculture's internal Francis sad Harwood, Encugh food; bodala Institute, resources can snsura the affordable and sustainable baganoratiwFarmjagSystaM; and Pro£Mdig|{o| gains in agricultural productivity that the world Worluhop an >s»ource-I((lcianc Firming Methods for needs in the years ahead. Tansaniji (Eanaws, Peon.; bodala Frass, 1963). - Tli -

13. Dana C. Daltjaflt, "The Developaent and Adoption 29. Theodora Schulta, Iranafornina Traditional of High-Yielding Varietiee of Wheat and Bice in Agriculture (Haw Havan, Conn.: Yala University Developing Counttie»", Anerican Journal of Praia, 1*04). Agricultural Econonica. Oeccnber M 5 . JO. (footed in Starling Wortaan and 14. Figure» coapilcd froa Dalrynple. Developaent and Balph U. Cunning», Jr., To feed thia World Spread of High-Yielding Pita Varietiecl Dalrynple. (Baltiaore, HD.: The Johaa dopkiaa University "The Developaent and Adoption of High-Yielding Praia, 1978). Variâtit«"; Inter-Aaerican Davalopaant Bank, Eeonoaic and Social Progre»» in Latin Aaarica; 1966 31. w. C. Liebhardt, C. A. Francia, and H. Sanda, la port (Maahington. PC: IMt). "Beaearch Haada for the Davalopaant of Beaource Efficient Technologies", id Bodnia laatitute, 13. Conanltativa Croup on Intarnatiooal Agricultural Ssi anarativa Faming Sratana. laaaarch (CCIAB), 1984 Annual laport (Washington, DC; 1983); Hewa fron"the CCIAB. 32. Pater B. Janainga, "The Anplificatioa of January-April 1986; Michael Lipton with Agricultural Production1*, Scientific Anerican. ■ichard longhurst, Modern Yariatiaa, Intarnatiooal Saptanhar 1976. — — ricultural laaaarch. and tha Poor. CHaabington. : (torId Bank, 19831. 33. Ibid. 16. Dalrynple, "The Davalopaant and Adoption of 36. CeraId C. Marten, "Traditional Agriculture and High-Yielding Yariatiaa"; USDA, EBS, "World Agricultural Beaearch in Sou thanat Aaia", in Marten, Indicea"; Donatan S. C. Spancar, "Agricultural ad.. Traditional Agriculture in Soatheaat Aaia. Beaearch; Laaaona of tha Past, Stratagiaa for tha Future", in Bobert J. Berg and 33. Traditional acacia-baaed ayataae are deacribed Jennifer Seynour Whittaker, eda., Strataeiea for in national Beaearch Council, Board an Science and African Developaent (Berkeley: Univeraity of Technology for International Developaent, California Preaa, 19B6). Eaviranaantal Change in the Weat African Sahel IWaahiagton, DC: national acadcny Preaa, 19dJ). 17. CCIAB, 1984 Annual Baport. Jo. Ibid. 18. Lipton with Longhurat, Modern Yariatiaa, International Agricultural Beaearch, and the Poor. 37. Michael HcMuay, Iapact ot forestry lnitiativaa in the Sahel IWnahington. DC: 19. Ibid. Satinóte of area and population Chenonica, 1984). unaffected by new agricultural technologies ia by Worldwatcb laatitute baaed on Dalrynple, Develoanent 38. Chriatian Fieri, "Food Crop Fertilization end and Spread of High-Yielding Wheat Yariatiaa; USDA, Soil Fertility: The IBAI Eaperience", in "World Indicea"; and Food and Agriculture Herbert W. Ohn and Joaeph C. Hagy, eda., Appropriate Organization, Production Yearbook. Technoloeiaa for Farnera in Seni-Arid Meat Africa (Weat Lafayette, lad.: Purdue Univaraity 20. International Davalopaant Beaearch Center, The International Frograna in Agriculture, 1985). Fragile Web: The International Agricultural Beaearch Sy.?«a (Ottawa:- H P T 7 CCIAÉ. IMA AnnuSl Baport. ~ 39. Ibid. 21. Dooald L. Pluckaett and Bigel J. H. Saith, 60. Shifting cultivation ia deacribed in Crigg, "Suataining Agricultural Yields", BioScieoce, January Agricultural Syatena. 19B6. 61. Current reacarcb in alley cropping ia deacribed 22. International Bice Beaearch laatitute (IBBI), in I1TA, U T A Annual Beport 1983. IBBI Highlighta 1983: Accanpliahaeata and Challengea lHa.ü.7 rhIUppinea: ' '1914)!.------42. C. A. Francie et al., "fccaource Efficient Faming Syatena and Techoologiea", in Kodala 23. Ibid. CCIAB, laatitute, *£l! nerative Farming Syatena. Agriculture Beaearch Cantara: A Study of Achieveaanta and Potential (Haehingtoo. DC: 19B3). 43. Spencer, "Agricultural Beaearch".

24. International Inetitute of Tropical Agriculture 46. OIA, Technology. Public Policy, and the (UTA), IITA Annual Baport and Beaearch Highlighta Cbangii£j>tructurei_of_Anerican_A|ri£uliure 1983 (Ibadan, Migaría: 1986); "Mycorrhizae: Can (Washington, DC: US Vovarnaent Printing Office, Africa Benefit!", international -ivaatock Center for 1986). Africa Hewalatter (Addia Ababa, Ethiopia), July Hit; Itfl, IBBI Highlighta 1983. 45. For overview» of the envirooneatal inplicatiooe of biotechnologiea, cea Jack Doyle, "Biotechnology 23. J. 0. Hawkea, Plant Constiy Beaource»: The Beaearch and Agricultural Stability", Iaauae in Iapact of the International Agricultural Beaearch Science and Technology. Autuan 1985; and Cantara (Waohington. PC: World Bank, 1985). Jack Doric. Altered Harvest (Hew York: Viking Penguin Inc., 1983). 26. Debora MacKenzia, "Ethiopia: Panina aain Canetic Plenty", Hew Sclentiat. 8 Auguet 1985; 46. CCIAB, 1984 Annual Baport. Jonathan B. Tucker, "Aaeraath: The Once and Future Crop", BioScianca. January 1916. 47. OTA, Technology. Public Poller, end the Changing Structure of Aanricen Agriculture. 27. Cary Paul Hahbao, Catering the Depart (Tucaon: Tha Univeraity of Arizona Preaa, 19BJ). 48. Marjorie Sun, "Engineering Cropa to Beeiet Weed Eillera” , Science. 21 March 1986. 28. Michael Fhilipa, "Bodale Beaearch Center Holda Frenier Aaeraath Collection", Divercity, Bo. 9, 49. Data on coneervatioo tillage in the United 1986; Willian Liebhardt end Charlea S. Kauffoaa, Stataa era fron Ho-Tlll Famer. March 1986. African Bodale Beaearch Canter, Kutatown, Penn., private conearvation tillage raaaarcb ie deacribed in IITA, coaaunicatiooa, 26 March 1986; Woe Jackeon, *jw Teaka for the Elehtiea: A Lona-Banae Flan (Ibadan, Boot» for Aarleu1tura (San Frcacicco: Prienda of the Dieerie: 19H11. and UTA. U T A Annual KOdOtt 1»»4 Barth, 1980Í. (Ibadan, Bigaria: 1985). - 75 -

50. Frederick 1. htttl «t «1-, "Canatic Engineering Eduard C. Wolf ia a Senior Besearcher with •ad eh* I n t n c t w i a i of Agricultural lti«*rch", Tit Uorldwatch Institute. Hia research deals with lural Sociologist. Yol. 3. Ho. 3. 1983; the history agricultural developuent and the oaoagtoent of of public agricultural research ia the Doited States biological resources. He is a graduate of Williams is reviewed io Yojiro Hayaai aod Vernon U. Buttan, College, where he studied biology and participated in Anricultural Dcvelopoent (Baltiaora, Hd.: The Johna the Environmental Studies Program. Hopkins University Press, IMS). 51. Estimate of DSM-supported biotechnology research ia froa DS General Accounting Office, Third world and biotechnology »iotechaoloev: The OS Department of Agriculture's Siotechonlngy Desna tch Efforts (Washington. DC; By David Itaabo, Cláreme» Dias and Hard IMS); Frederick Battel, "Biotechnology and Morehouse. Excerpted from a discuasioo paper Alternative Agriculture: An Overview of the Major presented by the authors for Working Croup 1, Worlo Issues sad Concerns", in Institute for Alternative Food Assembly, gome. (This article first appeared in Agriculture, Biotechoolotv ia Agriculture. Asia-Pacific Tech Monitor, May/Jume IHs)

52. These and other challeages facing the The introduction into the thiro world ot international research centra« are discussed in biotechnology aa it is presently being devclopee in Frederick I. guttel and laadolph barker, "Emerging the first world is likely to generate a nimbar of Agricultural Tachnologiea, Public Policy, and adverse consequences, la view of such consequence«, Iaplicatioua for third world Agriculture: The Case governments and social action groups in tha third of Biotechnology", Anarican Journal of Agricultural world nay well be teapeed to adopt a nihilistic Fi nounir s Darambsr 1M5; and ia F. >. Buttel, approach to biotechnology nod feel that they waot oo I. Eeaney, and J. Eloppeobnrg, Jr., "The IAACa «ad part of tha biorevolstion. Such an approach would be the Duvelopnont and Application of Biotechnologies ia both impractical and undesirable. Third world Developing Countries", ia 1BB1, Biotechnology ia countries will be affected (negatively) even if they International Agricultural Despatch (Manila:1985). choose not to have anything to do n t h the biorevolutioo. Moreover, auch a nihilistic approach 53. W. C. Padoliaa, "Strategies to Davalop would be undesirable givan the tremendous potential Biotechnology ia the Philippines", in IBBI, of biotechnology to help provide a solution to tha Biotechaoloev ia Iataraatiooal Agricultural Beaearch. pressing problems faced by third world peoples. Host third world countries oust therefore seek to devise 5«. CCIAg, 19BA Annual Deport. policies and strategies which will help nazioisa the benefits and ainiaisa the burdens resulting fron 55. Maun fron the CCIAg. May-August IMS. biotechnology both for the country aa a whole and for the underprivileged asases within tha country. 58. Buttel, "Canetic Engineering and the kestructuring of Agricultural Basaarch". Biotechnology, food and hunaar

57. kaadolpb Barker, "BiotachaoloBy and Faming Techniques and products resulting iron Syataas: An International Perspective", ia Institute davelopoants in biotechnology uill have a range ol for Alternative Agriculture, Biotechnology in agricultural applications for both plants and animals. Agriculture; The Bockefallar Foundation, Tin President's kaviaw and Annual Deport 1983 (Maw Tork: Ia plant production, tissue culture tacnnology 1M3); Eathlaaa Taltach, "Bockefallar Unit Doubles aod genetic nsaipulation have already bad a role to Its Third-World Aid"; Daw York Tinea. A Hay 1988; play in speeding up traditional plant branding The Bockefallar Foundation, "The Bockefallar techniques as well as io providing increased control Foundation ia the Developing World", Daw York, May over the breeding process. These techniques, voile 1988. allowing for the iaprovenants from traditional breeding natbods to ba jraalisad mora swiftly, have SB. Bobert Barker, "The Changed World of Baaaaich also opened up a whole new realm of possibilities, Opportunities", in Martin Cibba and Carla Carlson, previously hoped for sod dreamed of, aod now within •da.. Crop Productivity - f e n a n k Imperative« reach. These include increased atrasa tolerance of Bavisitad. an international confarenca held at Boyne plants to allow for production of foodstuffs under Highlands Inn, Boyne, Michigan, 13-18 October 1985, adversa conditions (including tolerance for salt, to and Airlie Houaa, Virginia, 11-13 Dacanbar 1985. allow use of salt water); growth in arid conditions; and increased efficiency in the 59. OTA, Innovative Biological Tachaoloeias for utilisation of fertilisers to allow fo. fewer inputs. Leaser Developed Countries (MSabington. DC: 08 Govsnwaent Printing Office, 1985). New davelopnsnta in biotechnology will increase the ability of fnmers to use herbicides oo crops 80. Mews iron the CCIAg. Hay-August 1988. •diicb previously did sot respond well to such inputs. They will alto result in tha development of 81. For several perspectives on faming syataas new varieties of plants, as wall •• plants with research, sac Joyce Lawingcr Moock, ad., inprovad charactnriatics, allowing for the growth, Undaratsndlne Africa'« Dural Households and Faming alnoat anywhere, of nest najor food crops. Syataas (Boulder. Colo.: Wsatvisw Press, 1988); tha potential for faraar-aciantiat collaboration is Bono of the first products ot biotechnology to described in Marten, "Traditional Agriculture and reach narkat ia tha first world, receiving clearance Agricultural Basaarch ia Southeast Asia". fron tha appropriate regulatory agencies, have applications in the field of saiasl husbandry, in 82. Paul Bicharda, Indissnoua Agricultural this aran as wall, biotechnology haa/will have a Devolution (London: Hutchinson 8 Co., Ltd., 1985). broad range of applications. Mew antibiotics (including those against scours and hoof-sna-mouth 83. Steven C. Witt, Siotschoolotv and Cenatic disaasa) ara possible which could olininata naay of Diversity (San Francisco; California Agricultural the nest serious saiasl disensos afflicting Lands Project, 1985). developing countrios. Mot only will biotechnology hav* a role to play in keeping aniaals alive, it present, and for the forseeable future, the most that already ha* resulted in advancea in breeding can be hoped for is better techniques for storage ana techniques to allow «election and reproduction at a maintenance of endangered apccies. At toe same time, ouch faster rate. Products are under development use of fewer new varieties developed through which will greatly increase the growth rate of biotechnological nethods, will have the same an inala, as wall as the overall aoount of growth, in disastrous iapact on plant genetic resources as a wanner which will not use comparable «mount« of development ot high yielding varieties (IffVs) inputs. resulting from the Green Revolution have had. In production and processing of agricultural products, Other applications of biotechnology include the biotechnology will play a role ia increasing production of food and animal feed from gas. efficiency, reducing pollution, and cutting costa. Potential impacts of biotechnoloev on deuelonina Consumers as well will be affected by the countries technology. Costs of some products will drop, availability nay increase, and enviromnental impacts These applications of biotechnology to could conceivably be beneficial, although some sort agriculture have the potential for vast improvements .f trade-off between harmful environmental effects in the food producing capacity of developing (e.g., increased use of peaticides/herbicides/ countries, let, as should be obvious to those fertilisers aad loss of plant genetic resources) and fsailiar with previews advances in agricultural more beneficial ones (e.g., pollution control) is technology (especially thj Green Revolution), the likely. On the other hand, issues of product aad deployment of the technology docs not take place ia worker safety relating to products aad processes from a social/political/eeoeomic vacuum. In fact, biotechnology are far from decided in industrialised depending on who develops the technology toward what countries, let alome developing countries. ends, biotechnology applications to agriculture could have the exact opposite impact on che third world, Policy and strategy options for developing and especially the poor and hungry ia these countries. countries

As far as crop production ia concerned, because biotechnology will have, and already has biotechnology will also allow for increased use of begun to have, such pervasive aegstive and positive chenical inputs (fertiliser and pesticides) and could implications for developing country agriculture, it provide a ns ant for corporations to tie the purchase is iaperative that these countries establish the of seeds to use of these chemicals. Biotechnology capability to monitor and develop strategies to deal provides che potential for development of agriculture with its negative impacts. Some illustrative on a small-scale basis, as opposed to applications of policies and strategies which have been identified by Green Revolution technology which have led to third world experts and activists in their increasingly large fane and inability of smaller publications and at nestings and workshops are Che farmers to compete. following: Related to the developawnt of new and improved 1. Access, privatisation, dependency crops are the inpact that development in other areas of biotechnology applications will have on crop Privatisation refers to a variety of processes production. Applications such as the production of which result in a resource, a product, or a fuel alcohol will affect the currant use and technology being moved from out of the public domain production of crops. The use of sugar cans for this (i.a., the comnons) and into the control (and often purpose, for essuple, results in lessened the ownership) of private hands, individual or availability of sugar cane for other purposes. Added corporate. Privatisation inevitably creates problems to this is the possibility of expanding land use for of access: what was freely accessible earlier alcohol production, resulting in the removal of these becomes, as a result of privatisation, either totally lands for food and animal food production. This will inaccessible or accessible under restricted be countered, to some extent, by the ability, through conditions. biotechnological applications, to grow crops on previously unproductive land. Three concurrent strategies seem essential if concerns relating to the above are to be cffectsvsly In a similar vain, the application of addressed: biotechnology to aaiaal husbandry does not lead necessarily to an increase in animal protein (s) Development of iodigsnous capabilities in available to developing country populations countries of the third world. This must be accorded especially the poor ia these countries. In the worst highest priority and, in particular, the role ot case, the possibilities for increase in animal public sector institutions must be safeguarded and eonswnptioa by the rich as wall as ia production for strengthened so that such institutions can act as an export, could divert crops from food sources for the equal partner with or provide adequate ccvntervailing poor. power to first world trai. national corporations operating within such countries. It is also vital, Biotechnology provides s naans by which in this regard, that realistic policies be adopted to cheaicals formerly produced by plants in developing arrest 'brain drain' and effective measures bo taken countries and sold at high prices io developed to preserve the 'open coanunity of scholars' aad to countries, can be produced in laboratories anywhere, protset the public interest in university-industry thereby displacing important sources of income to relationships in third world countries. farmers and peasants ss wall as export revenues in these countries. (b) Strengthening of an international system as an alternative to the private sector for third world The technology also leads to the displacement of access to biotechnology. A key component of such an export crops as the and products from these crops international system would be an international (a.g., drugs based on medicinal plants) can be made agreeasnt governing sccsss, on equitable terms, to through biotechnological aathods thereby avoiding and all countries (first world sed third world alike) to undermining controls by developing countries. plant genetic resources which will often be the vital basic raw material for biotechnology. Although it is possible in the distant future that biotechnology will provide the means for (c) Strengthening the negotiating capacity ot racreation of lost pleat and animal variacias, at third world countries wtiicn need selective linkages - T7 -

with the private sector in first world countries both to monitor (and play advocacy rolee with regard to) in order to gaio access to technology fron abroad as the harmful effecta on the poor of the introduction well as to speed up the commercialisation of (often in collaboration with third world govenmeuta) indigenously-developed technologies. of such biotechnology innovations. 2. RAD priority setting in biotechnology A. Information systems on biotechnology Biotechnology is being developed overwbelningly Of crucial importance to any third world effort in industrialised countries, and primarily by to devise appropriate policy or strategy responsea is corporations in those countries. Priorities for KU> access to relevant information on biotechnology progranne are therefore determined by profit and risk developmenta. (liven the general character of tne minimising considerations, not by the needs of emerging biotechnology revolution and its likely developing countries or the poor and hungry. impact on developing countries, especially poor and marginalized groups within these countries, it Effective atrategies to ensure appropriate becomes all the more iaportant to see that thiru priority setting in the third world must, in the world actors have access to critical information on long run, necessitate the development of indigenous which to make the best possible action choices. capabilities. In the short run, however, it nay be Among che aore significant of these actors are: posaible for certain third world countriea (and farmers' associations (upgrading and technology mix; with regard to certain biotechnology applicationa) coping with crop displacement; developing to pursue RAD in their own priority areas through appropriate biotechnology); social action groups careful negotiationa with either venture capital (environment and health organisations, and financed conpaniea or with trananationsI corporations. conservation, coosumer, people’s science movements, disarmament groups, etc.); private sector 3. Proorietisation of biotechnology contracting parties such as third world conpaniea involved in joint ventures, licensing or purchase of It ia vital that third world aolidarity be inputs from external sources, public-sector awintained in resiating proprietisation of contracting parties with similar concerns; biotechnology. Third world countriea should, with regulatory agencies (e.g., those concerned with one voice, say no to the introduction of patent law protection of environment, public health and worker protecting biotechnology. Of course, third world safety); national policymakers concerned with the countries with indigenous biotechnology cepabilities, rola of biotechnology in che country’s ecooomic and have a legitimate interest in safeguarding social development; private-sector RID institutions technological inoovatiooa developed indigenously. with access problems; und public-sector BAD But this can be achieved in a variety of ways other institutions seeking to initiate the research than by creating property rights in such appropriate to locally determined needs and innovations. Hithin the country itself, the author priorities. of the innovation can be rewarded through a variety of devices: user fees, taxes on sales, fiscal Since it is predictable that other actors, incentives, etc. If developing countries choose including first world governments and transnational the option of adopting chair own biotechnology corporations, will bavs access to and substantial patent laws, they will be creating the last link capabilities for acquiring social intelligence, third in the privatisation process and will enable the world actors, and especially poor and marginalized transnational corporations to secure global groups of small farmers, landless agricultural narket monopolies for their products. At any labourers, and poor urban workers, and support groups event, third world countries stand to lose of professionals working with thorn - need to have, in more than they will gain if they join the rush so far as possible, comparable access to and capacity to patent. for acquiring such intelligence.

A. Displacement of third world products Challenges and fallacies Third world governments and social action groups The biorevolution puses serious challenges and must accord priority to monitoring developments ia also offers unique opportunities to third world biotechnology M D in industrialised countries and countries to restructure their societies on s more devising 'early warning systeas' regarding equitable basis. The challenges lie ia finding wayc displacement of Choir products by biotechnology to: application. Responses to such wsrnings might take many forms: RAD efforts to devisa new uses for the - Bridge the gap between technology policy and displaced product; adjustment assistance (analogues tha needs and concerns of those likely to be to that used regatding sick industries) to cushion affactad by such policy; the harmful effects and relocate the human resources dislocated by product displacement; seeking to - Establish the rslsvsnce of biotecbaolwgy at compete (through joint ventures with first world tha grassroot level; partners) by entering into production of cbe biocechnologjrproducsd substitute. - Monitor the social sod distributional impacts of innovations based on 3. Biotechnology and the poor biotechnology;

Biotechnology, in theory, offers the possibility - tonsitiso the scientific and bureaucratic of breakthroughs which can be targeted to the poor. c¡» u nities to such social impacts; With biotechnology, it will become possible for technologies to be developed which have the potential - Sacura greater participation and social for disproportionately benefiting the poor, e.g., the accountability in decision making with development of high-yielding, disease-resistant regard to biotechnology; strains of cassava, or vaccines against pervasive infectious cattle diseases in Africa. - Croat* and sustain an environment that foster* indigenous emotivity and The danger is that the highly profitsbls initial innovation; and products of biotechnology will cause significant harm to the third world’s poor before the product* and - Devise an offoctiv* yat flexible processes of aore direct benefit to the poor cons on institutional and regulatory framework line. Thus, there is s crucial need to strengthen governing biotechnology RAD and it* the capabilities of third world social action group* applications. - 78 -

While there ii no rooa in a abort discussion lower investnent per unit of production; ana the paper to elaborate on inch natters, it it inportaat snail scale of the “biological1* factories used in to note that several characteristics of biotechnology applications. biotechnology nnke >t> development nore readily adaptable to third world needs and capabilities, The characteristics inherent to the very nature ftanirg these are lower scientific barriers to entry of biotechnology which will beeone identifiable once than for a nunber of other areas of frontier greater experience in developing countries has been technologies; location specificity of products and built up after the introduction of such technology, inputs, increasing the bargaining power of wake it clear that the range of policies and developing countries vis-b-vis TVCs; existence of strategies are available, at the present juncture, ■arfcets, or at least denand for nany products of to deal with concerns regarding biotechnology IMCa relted to biotechnology; lower labour costs; identified above. y

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