Introduction to Public Health Instructor Name Title Organization
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Descriptive Statistics (Part 2): Interpreting Study Results
Statistical Notes II Descriptive statistics (Part 2): Interpreting study results A Cook and A Sheikh he previous paper in this series looked at ‘baseline’. Investigations of treatment effects can be descriptive statistics, showing how to use and made in similar fashion by comparisons of disease T interpret fundamental measures such as the probability in treated and untreated patients. mean and standard deviation. Here we continue with descriptive statistics, looking at measures more The relative risk (RR), also sometimes known as specific to medical research. We start by defining the risk ratio, compares the risk of exposed and risk and odds, the two basic measures of disease unexposed subjects, while the odds ratio (OR) probability. Then we show how the effect of a disease compares odds. A relative risk or odds ratio greater risk factor, or a treatment, can be measured using the than one indicates an exposure to be harmful, while relative risk or the odds ratio. Finally we discuss the a value less than one indicates a protective effect. ‘number needed to treat’, a measure derived from the RR = 1.2 means exposed people are 20% more likely relative risk, which has gained popularity because of to be diseased, RR = 1.4 means 40% more likely. its clinical usefulness. Examples from the literature OR = 1.2 means that the odds of disease is 20% higher are used to illustrate important concepts. in exposed people. RISK AND ODDS Among workers at factory two (‘exposed’ workers) The probability of an individual becoming diseased the risk is 13 / 116 = 0.11, compared to an ‘unexposed’ is the risk. -
Risk Factors Associated with Maternal Age and Other Parameters in Assisted Reproductive Technologies - a Brief Review
Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Pelagia Research Library Advances in Applied Science Research, 2017, 8(2):15-19 ISSN : 0976-8610 CODEN (USA): AASRFC Risk Factors Associated with Maternal Age and Other Parameters in Assisted Reproductive Technologies - A Brief Review Shanza Ghafoor* and Nadia Zeeshan Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan ABSTRACT Assisted reproductive technology is advancing at fast pace. Increased use of ART (Assisted reproductive technology) is due to changing living standards which involve increased educational and career demand, higher rate of infertility due to poor lifestyle and child conceivement after second marriage. This study gives an overview that how advancing age affects maternal and neonatal outcomes in ART (Assisted reproductive technology). Also it illustrates how other factor like obesity and twin pregnancies complicates the scenario. The studies find an increased rate of preterm birth .gestational hypertension, cesarean delivery chances, high density plasma, Preeclampsia and fetal death at advanced age. The study also shows the combinatorial effects of mother age with number of embryos along with number of good quality embryos which are transferred in ART (Assisted reproductive technology). In advanced age women high clinical and multiple pregnancy rate is achieved by increasing the number along with quality of embryos. Keywords: Reproductive techniques, Fertility, Lifestyle, Preterm delivery, Obesity, Infertility INTRODUCTION Assisted reproductive technology actually involves group of treatments which are used to achieve pregnancy when patients are suffering from issues like infertility or subfertility. The treatments can involve invitro fertilization [IVF], intracytoplasmic sperm injection [ICSI], embryo transfer, egg donation, sperm donation, cryopreservation, etc., [1]. -
Clarifying Questions About “Risk Factors”: Predictors Versus Explanation C
Schooling and Jones Emerg Themes Epidemiol (2018) 15:10 Emerging Themes in https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-018-0080-z Epidemiology ANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE Open Access Clarifying questions about “risk factors”: predictors versus explanation C. Mary Schooling1,2* and Heidi E. Jones1 Abstract Background: In biomedical research much efort is thought to be wasted. Recommendations for improvement have largely focused on processes and procedures. Here, we additionally suggest less ambiguity concerning the questions addressed. Methods: We clarify the distinction between two confated concepts, prediction and explanation, both encom- passed by the term “risk factor”, and give methods and presentation appropriate for each. Results: Risk prediction studies use statistical techniques to generate contextually specifc data-driven models requiring a representative sample that identify people at risk of health conditions efciently (target populations for interventions). Risk prediction studies do not necessarily include causes (targets of intervention), but may include cheap and easy to measure surrogates or biomarkers of causes. Explanatory studies, ideally embedded within an informative model of reality, assess the role of causal factors which if targeted for interventions, are likely to improve outcomes. Predictive models allow identifcation of people or populations at elevated disease risk enabling targeting of proven interventions acting on causal factors. Explanatory models allow identifcation of causal factors to target across populations to prevent disease. Conclusion: Ensuring a clear match of question to methods and interpretation will reduce research waste due to misinterpretation. Keywords: Risk factor, Predictor, Cause, Statistical inference, Scientifc inference, Confounding, Selection bias Introduction (2) assessing causality. Tese are two fundamentally dif- Biomedical research has reached a crisis where much ferent questions, concerning two diferent concepts, i.e., research efort is thought to be wasted [1]. -
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care, Updated 2010
RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISPARITIES IN HEALTH CARE, UPDATED 2010 American College of Physicians A Position Paper 2010 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care A Summary of a Position Paper Approved by the ACP Board of Regents, April 2010 What Are the Sources of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care? The Institute of Medicine defines disparities as “racial or ethnic differences in the quality of health care that are not due to access-related factors or clinical needs, preferences, and appropriateness of intervention.” Racial and ethnic minorities tend to receive poorer quality care compared with nonminorities, even when access-related factors, such as insurance status and income, are controlled. The sources of racial and ethnic health care disparities include differences in geography, lack of access to adequate health coverage, communication difficulties between patient and provider, cultural barriers, provider stereotyping, and lack of access to providers. In addition, disparities in the health care system contribute to the overall disparities in health status that affect racial and ethnic minorities. Why is it Important to Correct These Disparities? The problem of racial and ethnic health care disparities is highlighted in various statistics: • Minorities have less access to health care than whites. The level of uninsurance for Hispanics is 34% compared with 13% among whites. • Native Americans and Native Alaskans more often lack prenatal care in the first trimester. • Nationally, minority women are more likely to avoid a doctor’s visit due to cost. • Racial and ethnic minority Medicare beneficiaries diagnosed with dementia are 30% less likely than whites to use antidementia medications. -
Different Perspectives for Assigning Weights to Determinants of Health
COUNTY HEALTH RANKINGS WORKING PAPER DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES FOR ASSIGNING WEIGHTS TO DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH Bridget C. Booske Jessica K. Athens David A. Kindig Hyojun Park Patrick L. Remington FEBRUARY 2010 Table of Contents Summary .............................................................................................................................................................. 1 Historical Perspective ........................................................................................................................................ 2 Review of the Literature ................................................................................................................................... 4 Weighting Schemes Used by Other Rankings ............................................................................................... 5 Analytic Approach ............................................................................................................................................. 6 Pragmatic Approach .......................................................................................................................................... 8 References ........................................................................................................................................................... 9 Appendix 1: Weighting in Other Rankings .................................................................................................. 11 Appendix 2: Analysis of 2010 County Health Rankings Dataset ............................................................ -
Environmental Health
Environmental "ealth In Minnesota '·' ! .\ " ' Strengthening Pabllc Healtll Leadership In Environmental Health Il Il I j fml Minnesota · lIDJ Department of Health lli&ilhl ~==~-:.i:.ltft -------- Janaary199J '.~ • - " . Environmental Health In Minnesota Strengthening Public Health Leadership In Environmental Health A Report of the Environmental Health Work Group of the State Community Health Services Advisory Committee Approved December 4, 1992 Published by the ., ,f Minnesota Department of Health Environmental Health In Minnesota Strengthening Public Health Leadership In Environmental Health Table of Contents Introduction . i Work Group charge and membership . ii Part I Background and Recommendations . 1 Contributions of Public Health In Environmental Health and Protection . 3 State Roles In Environmental Health . 6 Local Roles In Environmental Health . 7 Recommendations . 10 Part II Framework For Deciding How to Organize Environmental Services . 13 Keeping a Public Health Perspective In Environmental Health and Protection . 23 Part Ill Profile of Environmental Health In Minnesota . 25 Profile of State Environmental Health . 25 Profile of Local Environmental Health . 26 Current Organization of Local Environmental Health Programs . 31 Part IV Related Documents MACHA Position Paper Current Roles and Challenges of Local Health Departments In Environmental Health, NACHO Directory of State Environmental Health Programs (published separately) Cover art by Kathy Marschall Minnesota Department of Health ) Community Health Seroices Division \ ' ···~ )' Environmental Health In Minnesota + i Introduction Environmental heal.th has been an integral part of the public health mission for over a century. With the rest of public health, environmental health shares a basis In science and a focus on protecting and promoting the health of the public. In the past twenty years an explosion of environmental laws has given greater visibility to . -
Page 1 the Public Health Benefits of Sanitation Interventions
The Public Health Benefits of Sanitation Interventions EPAR Brief No. 104 Jacob Lipson, Professor Leigh Anderson & Professor Susan Bolton Prepared for the Water & Sanitation Team of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Evans School Policy Analysis and Research (EPAR) Professor Leigh Anderson, PI and Lead Faculty Associate Professor Mary Kay Gugerty, Lead Faculty December 10, 2010 Introduction Limited sanitation infrastructure, poor hygienic practices, and unsafe drinking water negatively affect the health of millions of people in the developing world. Using sanitation interventions to interrupt disease pathways can significantly improve public health.1 Sanitation interventions primarily benefit public health by reducing the prevalence of enteric pathogenic illnesses, which cause diarrhea. Health benefits are realized and accrue to the direct recipients of sanitation interventions and also to their neighbors and others in their communities. In a report to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Hutton et al. (2006) estimate that the cost- benefit ratio of sanitation interventions in all developing countries worldwide is 11.2.2 This literature review summarizes the risks of inadequate sanitation to public health and presents the empirical evidence on the public health benefits of complete, intermediate and multiple factor sanitation interventions. The sanitation literature frequently uses inconsistent terminology to describe sanitation infrastructure, technologies and intervention types. Where feasible, we report study results using the original terminology of the authors, while also using consistent terminology to facilitate comparisons across studies. In this review and in much of the literature, sanitation interventions are defined as improvements which provide public or household fecal disposal facilities, and/or improve community fecal disposal and treatment methods.3,4 Sanitation interventions are distinct from water interventions, which focus on increasing access to clean water or improving water quality at drinking water sources or points of use. -
What the Public Thinks About Menatl Health and Mental Illness
What the Public Thinks about Mental Health and ~entaleI1lness A paper presented by Shirley A. Star, Senior Study Director National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago to the Annual Meeting The National Association for Mental Health, Inc. November 19, 1952 For the past two and a half years, the National Opinion Research Center has been engaged upon a pioneering study of the-American public's thinking in the field of mental health, under the joint sponsorship of the National Association for Mental Health and the National Institute of Mental Health, It is a vast and ambitious project, and I'm afraid that the title which has been assigned to my remarks about .the study is going to prove to be misleading in at least two ways. In the first place, and this must be obvious, both the title given me and the scope of the study cover Ear more ground than I could possibly present in the course of one afternoon. About all I can do today is hit a few of the high spots in public thinking and emphasize beforehand that the study aims to be inclusive. You can pretty well assume that it contains some information on just about any question in the area you might raise, even though I don't refer to many of them. So, as they say in the more enterprising shops--"If you don't see what you want, ask for it," In the second place, and this is more serious, I am in the em- barrassing position of having to stand here this afternoon and honestly- -2- admit that I don1t -know what the public thinks as yet. -
Fundamentals of Public Health Nutrition (3 Credit Hours) Fall: 2018 Delivery Format: E-Learning in Canvas
University of Florida College of Public Health & Health Professions Syllabus PHC 6521: Fundamentals of Public Health Nutrition (3 credit hours) Fall: 2018 Delivery Format: E-Learning in Canvas Instructor Name: Dr. von Castel Room Number: FSHN 227 Phone Number: 352 Email Address: [email protected] *****PLEASE USE THIS NOT CANVAS Office Hours: by appointment via phone,conferences (in canvas) or Lync(Microsoft) Preferred Course Communications: email through ufl.edu Prerequisites None PURPOSE AND OUTCOME Public health nutrition involves the promotion of health through nutrition and the prevention of nutrition related disease in a population. It focuses on improving the food choices, dietary intake, and nutritional status at the community, regional, or national level. The public health nutrition professional works to assess nutritional problems and needs by considering environmental causes, identifying intervention points, developing policies and programs to intervene at those points, implementing the policies or programs, and evaluating the effectiveness of the intervention. Course Overview This course will provide an introduction to Public Health Nutrition and the role of the Public Health Nutrition professional. Emphasis will be on definition, identification and prevention of nutrition related disease, as well as improving health of a population by improving nutrition. Malnutrition will be discussed on a societal, economic, and environmental level. It will include the basics of nutritional biochemistry as it relates to malnutrition of a community and targeted intervention. Finally, it will review existing programs and policies, including strengths, weaknesses and areas for modification or new interventions. Relation to Program Outcomes MPH Competencies covered 1. Monitor health status to identify and solve community health problems 2. -
Core Principles to Reframe Mental and Behavioral Health Policy 2
Getty Images / Maskot Core Principles to Reframe Mental and Behavioral Health Policy January 2021 Historic and modern-day policies rooted in discrimination and oppression have created and widened harmful inequities impacting many communities of color. Effectively and equitably addressing mental health requires intervening at systemic and policy levels to dismantle the structures that produce negative outcomes like generational poverty, intergenerational and cultural trauma, racism, sexism, and ableism. Changing social, economic, and physical environments alongside key mental and behavioral health supports through immediate relief and longer-term fixes impact individual and community mental health and wellbeing. An individual’s mental health is impacted by and informs nearly every aspect of their life, identity, and community. CLASP looks at how one’s social, economic, and physical environment impact individual and community views of mental health and wellbeing. To improve mental health outcomes, we must think about an individual and family’s economic security, family support, and their community’s built environment. CLASP recognizes the influence of intergenerational and cultural trauma on communities and believes that all mental and behavioral health practices should be trauma-informed and healing- centered. Policymakers must significantly reform and reimagine systems that support the wellbeing of people with low incomes. This includes, but is not exclusive to: • Universal health coverage, as noted in our health care principles; • Recognizing -
AAMC Standardized Immunization Form
AAMC Standardized Immunization Form Middle Last Name: First Name: Initial: DOB: Street Address: Medical School: City: Cell Phone: State: Primary Email: ZIP Code: AAMC ID: MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) – 2 doses of MMR vaccine or two (2) doses of Measles, two (2) doses of Mumps and (1) dose of Rubella; or serologic proof of immunity for Measles, Mumps and/or Rubella. Choose only one option. Copy Note: a 3rd dose of MMR vaccine may be advised during regional outbreaks of measles or mumps if original MMR vaccination was received in childhood. Attached Option1 Vaccine Date MMR Dose #1 MMR -2 doses of MMR vaccine MMR Dose #2 Option 2 Vaccine or Test Date Measles Vaccine Dose #1 Serology Results Measles Qualitative -2 doses of vaccine or Measles Vaccine Dose #2 Titer Results: Positive Negative positive serology Quantitative Serologic Immunity (IgG antibody titer) Titer Results: _____ IU/ml Mumps Vaccine Dose #1 Serology Results Mumps Qualitative -2 doses of vaccine or Mumps Vaccine Dose #2 Titer Results: Positive Negative positive serology Quantitative Serologic Immunity (IgG antibody titer) Titer Results: _____ IU/ml Serology Results Rubella Qualitative Positive Negative -1 dose of vaccine or Rubella Vaccine Titer Results: positive serology Quantitative Serologic Immunity (IgG antibody titer) Titer Results: _____ IU/ml Tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis – 1 dose of adult Tdap; if last Tdap is more than 10 years old, provide date of last Td or Tdap booster Tdap Vaccine (Adacel, Boostrix, etc) Td Vaccine or Tdap Vaccine booster (if more than 10 years since last Tdap) Varicella (Chicken Pox) - 2 doses of varicella vaccine or positive serology Varicella Vaccine #1 Serology Results Qualitative Varicella Vaccine #2 Titer Results: Positive Negative Serologic Immunity (IgG antibody titer) Quantitative Titer Results: _____ IU/ml Influenza Vaccine --1 dose annually each fall Date Flu Vaccine © 2020 AAMC. -
Unlocking the Power of Pharmacovigilance* an Adaptive Approach to an Evolving Drug Safety Environment
Unlocking the power of pharmacovigilance* An adaptive approach to an evolving drug safety environment PricewaterhouseCoopers’ Health Research Institute Contents Executive summary 01 Background 02 The challenge to the pharmaceutical industry 02 Increased media scrutiny 02 Greater regulatory and legislative scrutiny 04 Investment in pharmacovigilance 05 The reactive nature of pharmacovigilance 06 Unlocking the power of pharmacovigilance 07 Organizational alignment 07 Operations management 07 Data management 08 Risk management 10 The three strategies of effective pharmacovigilance 11 Strategy 1: Align and clarify roles, responsibilities, and communications 12 Strategy 2: Standardize pharmacovigilance processes and data management 14 Strategy 3: Implement proactive risk minimization 20 Conclusion 23 Endnotes 24 Glossary 25 Executive summary The idea that controlled clinical incapable of addressing shifts in 2. Standardize pharmacovigilance trials can establish product safety public expectations and regulatory processes and data management and effectiveness is a core principle and media scrutiny. This reality has • Align operational activities across of the pharmaceutical industry. revealed issues in the four areas departments and across sites Neither the clinical trials process involved in patient safety operations: • Implement process-driven standard nor the approval procedures of the organizational alignment, operations operating procedures, work U.S. Food and Drug Administration management, data management, and instructions, and training