Apuz 1-3/2020: Jemen

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Apuz 1-3/2020: Jemen 70. Jahrgang, 1–3/2020, 6. Januar 2020 AUS POLITIK UND ZEITGESCHICHTE Jemen Maali Jamil Guido Steinberg JEMEN – HIN UND ZURÜCK DER JEMEN ZWISCHEN IRAN Marieke Brandt UND SAUDI-ARABIEN KLEINE GESCHICHTE DES JEMEN Mareike Transfeld ANSATZPUNKTE FÜR EINEN Marie-Christine Heinze NACHHALTIGEN FRIEDEN EINE EINFÜHRUNG IM JEMEN IN DEN JEMEN-KONFLIKT Alex de Waal · Bridget Conley Rafat Al-Akhali HUNGER WIRTSCHAFTLICHE ALS KRIEGSWAFFE AUSWIRKUNGEN DES KONFLIKTS IM JEMEN ZEITSCHRIFT DER BUNDESZENTRALE FÜR POLITISCHE BILDUNG Beilage zur Wochenzeitung Jemen APuZ 1–3/2020 MAALI JAMIL GUIDO STEINBERG JEMEN – HIN UND ZURÜCK DER JEMEN ZWISCHEN IRAN Wenn ich erzähle, dass ich Jemenitin bin, brau- UND SAUDI-ARABIEN chen die meisten Leute erst einmal eine Minute, Der Krieg im Jemen ist auch ein Konflikt zwi- um mein Herkunftsland auf ihrer inneren schen den Regionalmächten Saudi-Arabien und Landkarte zu verorten. Ehe ich als 15-Jährige Iran. Riad intervenierte 2015, um ein Erstarken 2005 mit meinen Eltern wieder nach Sanaa zog, der schiitischen Huthi-Rebellen zu verhindern. wusste auch ich nicht allzu viel über den Jemen. Iran baute gleichzeitig seine militärische Hilfe an Seite 04–07 die Aufständischen aus. Seite 34–40 MARIEKE BRANDT KLEINE GESCHICHTE DES JEMEN MAREIKE TRANSFELD Die jemenitische Geschichte zeigt, dass es keine ANSATZPUNKTE FÜR EINEN NACHHALTIGEN einheitliche Vergangenheit des lange in kleinere FRIEDEN IM JEMEN Reiche und Einflusssphären zersplitterten Landes Auch ohne eine politische Lösung des Konflikts gibt. Auch die heute vielbeschworene nationale im Jemen gibt es viele Punkte, an denen bereits Einheit des Jemen ist eine junge Erscheinung mit jetzt angesetzt werden kann, um das Leben der geringer geschichtlicher Substanz. Zivilbevölkerung auf der lokalen Ebene zu ver- Seite 09–17 bessern und dazu beizutragen, Voraussetzungen für einen dauerhaften Frieden zu schaffen. Seite 41–46 MARIE-CHRISTINE HEINZE EINE EINFÜHRUNG IN DEN JEMEN-KONFLIKT Der Konflikt im Jemen ist ein Bürgerkrieg mit ALEX DE WAAL · BRIDGET CONLEY internationaler Beteiligung, der aufgrund seiner HUNGER ALS KRIEGSWAFFE Komplexität nur schwer zu lösen ist. Seine In der Geschichte moderner Kriegsführung hat Wurzeln liegen in der jüngeren Geschichte des Aushungerung viele Zwecke erfüllt und sich Landes und vor allem im nach den Protesten als mächtige und oft tödliche Waffe erwiesen. 2011 gescheiterten Transitionsprozess. Einige Hungerverbrechen sind klar umrissen, bei Seite 18–25 anderen wirken ökonomische und Umweltfakto- ren neben politischen Entscheidungen. Seite 47–52 RAFAT AL-AKHALI WIRTSCHAFTLICHE AUSWIRKUNGEN DES KONFLIKTS IM JEMEN Bereits vor Ausbruch des aktuellen Krieges im Jemen 2015 litt das Land unter Instabilität, einer entsprechend schwachen Wirtschaft und verbreiteter Armut. Nach fünf Jahren bewaff- neten Konflikts im Land ist die jemenitische Wirtschaft fast komplett zusammengebrochen. Seite 26–33 EDITORIAL Auch im Jemen hatte der „Arabische Frühling“ zunächst Hoffnungen geweckt. Nachdem der seit über drei Jahrzehnten regierende Präsident Ali Abdullah Salih 2011 infolge von Massenprotesten zurückgetreten war, leitete die Übergangsre- gierung einen gesellschaftlichen Dialogprozess ein, dessen Ziel unter anderem eine neue Verfassung war. Jene Akteure, die wieder einen eigenen südjemeniti- schen Staat anstreben, zogen sich jedoch frühzeitig aus den Beratungen zurück. 2014 kehrten auch die schiitischen Huthis, die sich in den 2000er Jahren einen Guerillakrieg mit den Truppen des Regimes geliefert hatten, dem Prozess den Rücken und gingen, nun im Verbund mit dem gestürzten Präsidenten Salih, militärisch in die Offensive. Bis September brachten sie den Nordwesten des Landes unter ihre Kontrolle und nahmen die Hauptstadt Sanaa ein, wenig später rückten sie weiter in Richtung der südlichen Hafenstadt Aden vor. Anfang 2015 griff Saudi-Arabien an der Spitze einer Militärkoalition in den Konflikt ein, um die international anerkannte Regierung und Präsident Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi gegen die Huthis zu unterstützen, die ihrerseits Waf- fenlieferungen aus Iran erhielten. Seitdem herrscht im Jemen ein Krieg, dessen Folgen die Vereinten Nationen als die derzeit größte humanitäre Katastrophe weltweit einstufen: Nach UN-Schätzungen sind fast eine Viertelmillion Men- schen durch Waffengewalt oder infolge von Mangelernährung, Krankheit und fehlender medizinischer Versorgung ums Leben gekommen. Fast die Hälfte der Bevölkerung, rund 14 Millionen Menschen, ist von Hunger bedroht. In der westlichen Öffentlichkeit ist der Krieg im bereits zuvor von Instabili- tät geprägten „Armenhaus der arabischen Welt“ weniger präsent als etwa jener in Syrien. Dabei reichen die Verbindungen insbesondere US-amerikanischer, britischer, französischer und deutscher Unternehmen über Waffenhandelsver- träge mit Saudi-Arabien und den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten auch bis in den Jemen. Derzeit prüft der Internationale Strafgerichtshof in Den Haag, ob Rüstungskonzerne und Regierungen sich durch die Lieferung von Waffen beziehungsweise deren Genehmigung der Beihilfe zu Kriegsverbrechen schuldig machen. Anne-Sophie Friedel 03 APuZ 1–3/2020 ESSAY JEMEN – HIN UND ZURÜCK Maali Jamil Der Jemen ist die Wiege eine der ältesten Zivilisa- che meiner Mutter verständigen konnte und die tionen der Welt. Seine reiche und vielfältige Ge- traditionellen Gerichte meiner beiden Eltern aß. schichte ist in unser Essen, unsere Musik, unse- Ich spielte mit Kindern, die wie ich den Jemen re Kleidung und Traditionen eingeschrieben, die vor allem aus den Erzählungen ihrer Eltern kann- sich von Region zu Region und von Stadt zu ten, aus den Traditionen und Fotoalben mit Bil- Stadt unterscheiden können – von meinen ge- dern von einem Land, das sie einst verlassen hat- liebten Meeresfrüchten in roter Sauce in Aden bis ten und von dem sie dachten, dass sie es bei ihrer zu den warmen, luftig gebackenen und mit Ho- Rückkehr unverändert vorfinden würden. Wenn nig beträufelten Süßigkeiten von Sanaa; von den wir zusahen, wie unsere Mütter und Großmütter hellen Blau-, Grün- und Goldtönen der traditio- zu der traditionellen jemenitischen Musik tanz- nellen Kleider von al-Hudaidah bis zu den kräf- ten, warteten wir geduldig, bis ein westliches Lied tigen, erdigen Farben der Trachten von al-Mahra. lief und es an ihnen war, sich hinzusetzen und uns Jemen ist ein Wandteppich mit einem nicht enden beim Tanzen zuzuschauen. Ich wusste eigentlich wollenden kulturellen Panorama, gewoben von gar nicht genau, was der Jemen überhaupt war der Zeit, der Migration und der Geschichte, mit oder was ich zu erwarten hatte, als ich zum ersten Bildelementen aus Indien, der Türkei und Äthi- Mal in Sanaa landete. opien, die in unserem Alltag immer und überall Da war dieser altmodische Flughafen und wiederzufinden sind. dann die flauschigen Sitzbezüge in dem Auto, Wenn ich den Menschen erzähle, dass ich Je- in dem mich ein Cousin abholte, den ich vorher menitin bin, brauchen sie häufig erst einmal eine noch nie getroffen hatte, und all die Bilder und Minute, um mein Herkunftsland auf ihrer inne- Geräusche der noch fremden Stadt, in der ich die ren Landkarte zu verorten oder sich zu erinnern, nächsten zehn Jahre leben sollte. Auf der Fahrt mit welcher herzzerreißenden Schlagzeile sie den durch die verschlungenen Straßen der Hauptstadt Namen dieses Staates aufgeschnappt haben. Der hörte ich vom Rücksitz aus die Unterhaltung Jemen, wie wir ihn aus den Nachrichten kennen, zwischen meinem Vater und seinem Neffen mit, ist beherrscht von Bildern des Grauens: Krieg, die bei diesem Wiedersehen einen Dialekt spra- Zerstörung, humanitäre Krisen, Gesundheitskri- chen, mit dem ich nicht sehr vertraut war, da mein sen. Vor dem Krieg ging es in Nachrichten aus Vater uns gegenüber bisher immer den Dialekt dem Jemen vor allem um Themen, die mit Ter- meiner Mutter verwendet hatte. Beim Blick aus rorismus zu tun hatten, wie zum Beispiel Droh- dem Fenster bemerkte ich bereits ein Hauptele- nenangriffe, bei denen unschuldige Zivilisten ge- ment des ortsüblichen Personenkults: Die ganze tötet wurden. Die meisten Menschen sehen den Stadt war mit dem Bild des Präsidenten gepflas- Jemen durch diese Brille und sind sich der Exis- tert. Die Märkte liefen über vor Autos, Menschen tenz dieses Landes überhaupt erst seit Kurzem und Verkäufern, die mit ihrem in Endlosschleife bewusst. wiederholten Geschrei um Aufmerksamkeit für ihr Obst oder Gemüse der Saison warben. Die UNBEKANNTE Männer trugen Kleidung, die ich von Festen und HEIMAT Bildern kannte, aber als Alltagskluft sehr merk- würdig fand. Die Frauen waren von Kopf bis Fuß Ehe ich als 15-Jährige 2005 mit meinen Eltern bedeckt, und ich kam mir ohne Kopftuch irgend- wieder nach Sanaa zog, wusste auch ich nicht all- wie fehl am Platz vor. zu viel über den Jemen, auch wenn ich mich ei- Wir erreichten das Haus meines kürzlich ver- nigermaßen in der südarabischen Umgangsspra- storbenen Onkels und wurden mit der Gast- 04 Jemen APuZ freundschaft und Wärme empfangen, die ich von manchmal mit finanzieller Hilfe von Verwandten Jemeniten kannte und erwartete. Einige mei- aus dem Ausland, manchmal aber auch auf eigene ner Verwandten hatte ich vorher noch nie gese- Faust. Wir fuhren einmal zu einem Ort nicht weit hen. Es gab sogar ein paar, von denen ich über- vom Dorf meines Vaters, wo wir tagelang ohne haupt nichts wusste, nicht einmal die Vornamen. Stromanschluss lebten. Aber vor dem Sonnenun- Ein paar Cousinen, die ungefähr so alt waren wie tergang starteten die Bewohner eines der wohlha- ich, sprachen Englisch mit mir – was für
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