Effiziente Broadcast Datenübertragung in Mobilen Ad-Hoc-Netzwerken Ein Intelligentes Protokoll Für Intelligente Umgebungen

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Effiziente Broadcast Datenübertragung in Mobilen Ad-Hoc-Netzwerken Ein Intelligentes Protokoll Für Intelligente Umgebungen Effiziente broadcast Datenübertragung in mobilen Ad-hoc-Netzwerken Ein intelligentes Protokoll für intelligente Umgebungen DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines DOKTOR-INGENIEURS (Dr.-lng.) der Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften, Informatik und Psychologie der Universität Ulm von Florian Pregizer geb. Kleinert aus Buchen Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Hans-Peter Großmann Prof. Dr. Frank Kargl Amtierender Dekan: Prof. Dr. Frank Kargl Ulm, 9.8.2018 Dipl. Inf. Florian Pregizer geb. Kleinert: Effiziente broadcast Datenüber- tragung in mobilen Ad-hoc-Netzwerken - Ein intelligentes Protokoll für intelligente Umgebungen, © 9.8.2018 fl[email protected] gutachter: Prof. Dr. Hans-Peter Großmann Prof. Dr. Frank Kargl ort: Ulm ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Ein wichtiger Baustein zur Realisierung von “umgebende Intelligenz” sind effiziente und gleichzeitig zuverlässige Datenübertragungsprotokol- le. Die Verteilung von Daten via Broadcast besitzt ein großes Potential Kommunikation in solchen dezentralen, infrastrukturlosen Netzwerken bereitzustellen. In dieser Arbeit wird ein Broadcast-Protokoll entwickelt, das optimal an die Anforderungen von intelligenten Umgebungen und deren Ap- plikationen angepasst ist. Mit Hilfe evolutionärer Algorithmen werden Parametersätze eines generischen Protokolls hinsichtlich verschiedener Zielsetzungen optimiert. Das Protokollverhalten wird von einem Klassi- fizierer aus dem Bereich des maschinellen Lernens nachgebildet. Dieser bildet den Kern eines neuen adaptiven Broadcast-Protokolls. Zu weiteren Verbesserung der Zustellrate wird das auf dem maschi- nellen Lernverfahren basierende Protokoll um eine adaptive Vorwärts- fehlerkorrektur erweitert. Diese ist in der Lage zur Laufzeit ein optima- les Verhalten in Abhängigkeit von der Wichtigkeit der Daten zu lernen. Anhand von Simulationsläufen wird die Leistungsfähigkeit der vor- gestellten Lösungen gegenüber einer Vielzahl anderer Ansätze gezeigt. Um auch die Machbarkeit und Leistungsfähigkeit des Protokolls in der realen Welt zu zeigen, wird in einer prototypischen Implementierung ein Audiokommunikationssystem auf Smartphones umgesetzt. Damit können die guten Ergebnisse der Simulationen bestätigt werden. ABSTRACT An important building block towards the realization of “Ambient Intel- ligence” (AmI) are efficient and reliable data transfer protocols. Data dissemination via broadcast has great potential to provide communica- tion in such decentralized, infrastructureless networks. In this work a broadcast protocol is developed that is tailored towards the requirements of AmI-environments and its applications. With the help of evolutionary algorithms, parameter sets of a generic protocol are optimized with regard to multiple objectives. The behaviour of the protocol is reproduced by a machine learning classifier which forms the core of a new adaptive broadcast protocol. Further improving the delivery ratio, the machine learning based pro- tocol is extended by an adaptive forward error correction. It is able to iii learn an optimal behaviour depending on the priority of the data at runtime. The performance of the presented solutions over existing approaches is shown via simulations. To show the feasibility and performance in a real world environment, an audio communication system has been implemented on smartphones. The experiments confirmed the results from the simulations. iv VERÖFFENTLICHUNGEN [MuPr13] N. Muslim und F. Pregizer. “Designing a Testbed for Broad- cast Opportunistic Wireless Data Dissemination Protocols”. In: Advanced Information Networking and Applications Work- shops (WAINA), 2013 27th International Conference on. März 2013, S. 607–612. doi: 10.1109/WAINA.2013.32. [PBS14] F. Pregizer, M. Birk und M. Schuessel. “Forward error cor- rection for data dissemination in MANET”. In: Consumer Electronics Berlin (ICCE-Berlin), 2014 IEEE Fourth Internatio- nal Conference on. Sep. 2014, S. 495–499. doi: 10.1109/ICCE- Berlin.2014.7034295. [PrFe13] F. Pregizer und D. Fehrenbacher. “Energy consumption of IEEE 802.11 connected consumer electronic devices”. In: Consumer Electronics Berlin (ICCE-Berlin), 2013. ICCEBerlin 2013. IEEE Third International Conference on. Sep. 2013, S. 168– 172. doi: 10.1109/ICCE-Berlin.2013.6698008. [PrKl13] F. Pregizer und H. Klee. “Real-time Audio Transmission in Mobile Adhoc Networks”. In: 2013 IEEE 5th Internatio- nal Symposium on Wireless Vehicular Communications (WiVeC 2013). Juni 2013. [PrSa15] Florian Pregizer und Alexander Sauer. “Priority Based Data Dissemination in MANET”. In: Transactions on Networks and Communications 3.1 (2015), S. 111. [ScPr15] Martin Schuessel und Florian Pregizer. “Coverage gaps in fingerprinting based indoor positioning: The use of hybrid Gaussian Processes”. In: Indoor Positioning and Indoor Na- vigation (IPIN), 2015 International Conference on. Okt. 2015, S. 1–9. doi: 10.1109/IPIN.2015.7346752. v DANKSAGUNG Vielen Dank... an meine wunderbaren Eltern Ulrike und Joachim meiner Frau Fiona meinen Kindern Tabea, Mathilda und Stephan und meinem Doktorvater Prof. Dr. Hans Peter Großmann für die andauernde Unterstützung in den letzten Jahren. vii INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1 einleitung 1 1.1 Ambient Intelligence 1 1.2 Motivation 2 1.3 Zielsetzung der Arbeit 5 1.4 Struktur 7 2 anforderungsanalyse und entwurf 9 2.1 Protokollentwurf 9 2.2 Erweiterung der Simulationssoftware 16 2.3 Framework Adhoc3 25 3 selektive weiterleitung 31 3.1 Stand der Technik 32 3.2 Eine optimale Weiterleitungsstrategie 49 3.3 Maschinelles Lernen 61 3.4 Ergebnisse 67 3.5 Zusammenfassung 73 4 intelligente vorwärts fehlerkorrektur 75 4.1 Stand der Technik 76 4.2 Entwurf und Realisierung 78 4.3 Maschinelle Lernverfahren 87 4.4 Evaluation des Gesamtsystems 95 4.5 Zusammenfassung 98 5 prototypische implementierung 101 5.1 Testbedimplementierung in Android 102 5.2 Messungen 108 5.3 Zusammenfassung 115 6 zusammenfassung und ausblick 117 a anhang 123 a.1 Adhoc3 123 a.2 Paketlayout 124 a.3 Protokollparameter 125 a.4 Resultate 126 b abkürzungsverzeichnis 133 ix x inhaltsverzeichnis literatur 137 ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS Abbildung 2.1 Einordnung verschiedener Datentypen 10 Abbildung 2.2 Entwurf eines intelligenten und zuverlässigen Broad- cast Protokolls 14 Abbildung 2.3 Design der Knowledge Engine. 24 Abbildung 2.4 Systemmodell des Frameworks Adhoc3. 28 Abbildung 3.1 Broadcast-Protokolle nach Williams. 32 Abbildung 3.2 Broadcast-Protokolle nach Khelil. 32 Abbildung 3.3 Broadcast-Protokolle nach AlHanbali. 33 Abbildung 3.4 Schematische Darstellung der Abdeckung zweier Knoten in einem MANet. 42 Abbildung 3.5 Ergebnis des evolutionären Algorithmus des Clus- ter Chromosoms nach 50 Generationen. 53 Abbildung 3.6 Ergebnis des evolutionären Algorithmus für das nachbaschafts-basierte Chromosom. 55 Abbildung 3.7 Ergebnis für das verzögernde Chromosom nach 200 Generationen. 57 Abbildung 3.8 Verlauf des Optimierungsverfahrens über 100 Ge- nerationen. 59 Abbildung 3.9 Vergleich des Stand der Technik mit dem Resultat der Optimierung. 60 Abbildung 3.10 Übersicht über die Rapidminer Datei zur Extrak- tion der Attribute. 63 Abbildung 3.11 Ergebnis des Naive Bayes Trainings für das Attri- but “Stromversorgung”. 67 Abbildung 3.12 Paketverlustraten verschiedener Protokolle. 68 Abbildung 3.13 Ergebnisse verschiedener prioritätsbasierter Pro- tokolle. 70 Abbildung 3.14 Ergebnisse für einzelnen Prioritäten. 70 Abbildung 3.15 Ergebnis der Sensitivitätsanalyse. 72 Abbildung 4.1 Ergebnis für das SPC-2D Vorwärtsfehlerkorrek- turverfahren. 79 Abbildung 4.2 Zustandsautomat für den Algorithmus zur Wahl der Matrixgröße. 80 Abbildung 4.3 Ergebnis für das adaptive SPC-2D Vorwärtsfeh- lerkorrekturverfahren. 81 Abbildung 4.4 Grundlinie für das Reed-Solomon Verfahren. 84 Abbildung 4.5 Konvergenzverhalten des Naive Bayes Lernver- fahrens 92 xi Abbildung 4.6 Evaluation von iFec . 94 Abbildung 4.7 Evaluation von iFec mit einem Sender, Empfän- ger und zwei Weiterleitern. 95 Abbildung 5.1 Systemmodell der prototypischen Implementie- rung der Beispielapplikation zur Sprachübertra- gung. 103 Abbildung 5.2 Detailansicht der Voice Applikation. 104 Abbildung 5.3 Detailansicht des NaiveBayes Weiterleiters. 107 Abbildung 5.4 Versuchsanordnung zur Evaluation der prototy- pischen Implementierung. 109 Abbildung 5.5 Zustellrate und Anteil des höher-qualitativen Da- tenstroms für unterschiedliche Puffergrößen. 110 Abbildung 5.6 Zustellrate und Anteil des höher-qualitativen Da- tenstroms für alle Empfänger des Netzwerks. 111 Abbildung 5.7 Zeitlicher Verlauf der n des iFec Protokolls und der Anteil wiederhergestellter Pakete. 112 Abbildung 5.8 Zustellrate und Anteil des höher-qualitativen Da- tenstroms für 150 ms Puffergröße. 113 Abbildung 5.9 Anteil hochqualitativer Audiopakete und gesen- dete “Voice-Pakete” für den mobilen Testfall. 114 Abbildung A.1 Screenshot der Applikation Adhoc3. 123 Abbildung A.2 Paket-Layout des VoicePacket. 124 TABELLENVERZEICHNIS Tabelle 2.1 Grundlegende Parameter des Netzwerkszenarios 19 Tabelle 2.2 Grundlegende Parameter der Drahtlosübertragung 20 Tabelle 2.3 Parameter des Stromverbrauchs der WLAN Schnitt- stelle 22 Tabelle 3.1 Übersicht existierender Broadcast-Protokolle 36 Tabelle 3.2 Resultate für ein Netzwerk mit 20 Knoten nach der Optimierung mittels ClusterChromosom 54 Tabelle 3.3 Resultate für ein Netzwerk mit 20 Knoten nach der Optimierung mittels nachbarschaftsbasiertem Chromosom 56 Tabelle 3.4 Resultate nach der Optimierung mittels verzö- gerndem Chromosom 57 Tabelle 3.5 Parameter zur Generierung der unterschiedlichen Szenarien für OMNeT++ 58 xii Tabellenverzeichnis
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