Delaware Review of Latin American Studies / Primavera-Spring 2020

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Delaware Review of Latin American Studies / Primavera-Spring 2020 Delaware Review of Latin American Studies / Primavera-Spring 2020 Democracia em Vertigem (Democracia en vértigo / The Edge of Democracy) Dirección: Petra Costa 24 de enero de 2019, Netflix 2 horas, 1 minuto En inglés y portugués (con subtítulos) Foto, afiche de promoción. “Como lidar com a vertigem de ser lançado em um futuro que parece tão sombrio quanto o nosso passado mais obscuro? O que fazer quando a máscara da civilidade cai e o que se revela é uma imagem ainda mais assustadora de nós mesmos?”1 De este modo, con esas dos preguntas, nos interpela la cineasta brasileña Petra Costa al final de su más reciente documental Democracia em Vertigem (2019). En esta producción, Costa aborda el ascenso al poder y la subsecuente dramática caída del Partido de los Trabajadores (Partido dos Trabalhadores, PT) y de su representante más emblemático, Luiz Inácio “Lula” da Silva (Fig. 1). El documental es un encuentro personal de Costa con los dilemas de la democracia brasileña. Al hacerlo, Costa se refiere explícitamente a esta democracia como una institución joven, sofocada, prisionera de sus propias instituciones políticas y legales. De hecho, Costa y la transición democrática brasileña son contemporáneas— ambas datan de mediados de la década de 1980. Mientras la primera de las dos treintañeras sufre un golpe parlamentario en 2016 que la lleva a un nuevo giro hacia la (ultra)derecha, la otra nos entrega su tercera producción, elaborada con su característico tono intimista, pesimista y desesperanzado, en consonancia con su posición de clase privilegiada. Con un extraordinario acceso a los líderes públicos que retrata (lo que le permite construirlos como figuras más humanas y vulnerables), así como a material de los archivos del PT y de sus opositores, con fragmentos de reportajes televisivos, Costa cubre un horizonte temporal que va de 2002 a 2018, es decir, del gobierno del Partido de 1 “¿Cómo lidiar con el vértigo de ser lanzado a un futuro que parece tan sombrío como nuestro pasado más oscuro? ¿Qué hacer cuando la máscara de la civilidad cae y lo que se revela es una imagen aun más aterradora de nosotros mismos?” (nuestra propia traducción). Petra Costa, Democracia em Vertigem 1 Delaware Review of Latin American Studies / Primavera-Spring 2020 los Trabajadores a la elección del candidato del Partido Social Liberal (PSL) Jair Messias Bolsonaro, pasando por las masivas manifestaciones de 2013. El documental inicia con una serie de imágenes oscuras que giran alrededor del encausamiento de Lula a la justicia el 7 de abril de 2018, cuando entra a un vehículo policial que le espera en las inmediaciones del sindicato de metalúrgicos de São Bernardo do Campo en la ciudad de São Paulo donde había permanecido atrincherado, ante la incesante protesta de una multitud de sus seguidores. El documental concluye con la posesión de Bolsonaro, la actual deriva autoritaria brasileña, quien nombra ministro de justicia al juez Sergio Moro, el verdugo de Lula que mucho antes ya se había adiestrado en los Estados Unidos, y cuya narrativa es legitimada por todos los medios de comunicación masiva. La perspectiva personal de Costa con relación a los líderes del PT y sus opositores se evidencia a lo largo del documental. Su admiración por el carismático líder del PT y los éxitos sociales y económicos sin precedentes de su administración (que incluyen la salida de más de 20 millones de ciudadanos de la pobreza y un mayor acceso a la educación, entre otros), y por Dilma Rousseff, son detallados a través de imágenes de estos líderes y de ciudadanos brasileños de diversos estratos económicos y sociales. El documental conduce al espectador al pacto que Lula realizó con el Partido Movimiento Democrático de Brasil (Partido Movimento Democrático do Brasil, PMDB) al considerar que era la única opción para mantenerse en el poder y lograr las transformaciones económicas, sociales y legales que se proponía. Sin embargo, este pacto fue uno de los principales detonadores de la crisis. De manera pragmática, los espectadores escuchan en la voz de Costa una frase reveladora pronunciada por Lula: “Si Jesús viniese a Brasil, tendría que pactar hasta con Judas”. La cineasta brasileña recurre a la técnica de la analepsis, escena retrospectiva, o flashback, para darle forma a su relato de cuño autobiográfico. Es así como los espectadores acceden a una parte de la historia familiar de Costa, con lo que logra resaltar la tesis de su documental. De alguna forma, ella experimenta en su propia piel la polarización política de esta potencia sudamericana. Costa proviene de la clase dominante y un círculo económico privilegiado. Su abuelo, Gabriel Donato de Andrade, se dedicó a la industria de la construcción e hizo fortuna con su compañía Andrade Gutiérrez, una de las empresas involucradas en el escándalo de corrupción y soborno que produjo multitudinarias protestas a nivel nacional en 2013, sobre todo entre la clase media. Igualmente, este escándalo precipitó la destitución de la Presidente Rousseff tres años después a manos del Congreso Nacional. Sin embargo, sus padres fueron firmes opositores de la junta militar que controló al país entre 1964 y 1985, lo cual los obligó a vivir en la clandestinidad por años. De hecho, Rousseff y la madre de Petra Costa tienen mucho en común al haber sido detenidas en la misma prisión. Años después, ambas Petra Costa, Democracia em Vertigem 2 Delaware Review of Latin American Studies / Primavera-Spring 2020 mujeres entablaron un diálogo íntimo facilitado por la cineasta y que aparece capturado con excelencia en su documental. Costa maneja con honestidad las dicotomías ante las cuales se enfrenta. Por un lado, está el hecho de pertenecer a la clase alta causante de la caída del líder del partido con el cual ella se identifica. Por otro, favorece las propuestas de Lula y Rousseff al mismo tiempo que los presenta como personas vulnerables, falibles y limitadas. Además, reconoce su propia complicidad con la fragilidad de la democracia brasileña dentro de la cual nació. Democracia em Vertigem expone la corrupción que afectó también al Partido de los Trabajadores. Las leyes anticorrupción implementadas por Rousseff, la sucesora de Lula y primera mujer en alcanzar la presidencia del país, desencadenaron la Operación Lava Jato por presuntos sobornos en la empresa petrolera estatal Petrobras. La Operación Lava Jato propició el enjuiciamiento tanto de Lula como de Rousseff. Con gran habilidad, Costa contrasta estas imágenes con los escándalos de corrupción de los líderes de derecha que condenaron a estas figuras centrales del PT. Ni la derecha ni la izquierda terminan con sus manos limpias en este documental, aunque es claro que las alianzas de Costa están con la izquierda brasileña. En efecto, Costa presenta a los líderes de centro y derecha que gobiernan al país en la actualidad casi de manera caricaturesca. No es sorprendente que Bolsonaro haya designado a este documental como una ficción que sólo puede simpatizarle “a quien gusta de lo que el buitre come”. “¿Cómo lidiar con el vértigo de ser lanzado a un futuro que parece tan sombrío como nuestro pasado más oscuro? ¿Qué hacer cuando la máscara de la civilidad se cae y lo que se revela es una imagen aun más aterradora de nosotros mismos?”, se pregunta Costa. Para enfatizar el estupor que experimenta ante las posibles respuestas, Costa se vale de travellings y steadycam2 que cubren de misterio los acontecimientos al interior del edificio del Congreso Nacional y del Palacio de la Alvorada. También utiliza filmaciones aéreas del conjunto de la Explanada de los Ministerios, a la par con reiteradas tomas del Palacio vacío, acompañadas de hipérboles de catástrofes naturales como sismos y tsunamis que retratan una onda de propagación, mas no sus orígenes. Resulta inevitable notar que estas preguntas son sintomáticas de la decisión que tomó la gran mayoría del pueblo brasileño y, en especial, la generación despolitizada, contemporánea de Costa que eligieron a Jair Bolsonaro en 2018. El documental parece incitarnos a pensar que la sociedad brasileña se encuentra en un callejón sin salida. Por un lado, está acorralada entre la duda que asalta al país frente a un futuro sombrío, en efecto, inaugurado por Bolsonaro (2019), y un pasado oscuro, la dictadura que precedió el retorno a la democracia (1964-1985). Por otro lado, se perfila el fin de un contrato social 2 Ambos términos se utilizan en la cinematografía, el primero para referirse al rodaje y desplazamiento de la cámara en movimiento en varias direcciones (lineal, lateral, hacia delante o hacia atrás); el segundo, por el contrario, corresponde a la cámara en posición estable. Petra Costa, Democracia em Vertigem 3 Delaware Review of Latin American Studies / Primavera-Spring 2020 que funcionaba como una máscara, que simuladamente encubría una imagen aún más aterradora de los brasileños. ¿Será el bellum omnium contra omnes [la guerra de todos contra todos] el estado de naturaleza? (Hobbes, 1983). Frente a las incertidumbres de Costa es necesario destacar dos aspectos críticos: uno en el plano local y otro en el plano global. Respecto al primero, a pesar de que Brasil es la democracia más joven de la región (1889), no es la primera vez que, así como el resto de Latinoamérica, se enfrenta a una encrucijada política de este tipo. El país ya ha vivido muchas crisis para las cuales encontró salidas perspicaces. Basta mencionar el momento de mayor crisis del siglo XX: el suicidio del tres veces presidente Getúlio Vargas en 1954. Recordemos que la gente en las calles conjuraría durante una década el golpe de estado, asediada por una exacerbada inestabilidad económica y política análoga a la reinante (Schwarcz y Starling, 2015). Relacionado al segundo, con el triunfo del neoliberalismo a partir de la década de 1990 en América Latina, hay cuatro figuras subjetivas y correlacionadas que se imponen en la sociedad civil, a saber: el endeudado, resultado de la dominación del sistema bancario y financiero global; el mediatizado, consecuencia del control de las redes de comunicación e información; el seguritizado3, devorado por un miedo ubicuo, el que sólo se siente seguro cuando está protegido por la arquitectura del miedo a los otros.
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