A Corporate Publication of Santee Cooper ®

WINTER 2003

Environmental Symposia — A Decade of Discussing Vital Issues

Wadboo: Preserving an Environmental Treasure | Building a Dream | Electric Lighting: More than Illumination POWERSOURCE POWERSOURCE Santee Cooper— 5. Wadboo Tract: A Natural Area Preserved as Environmental It began With aBusinessman’s Dream Treasure for the People of By Willard Strong, Photography by Jim Huff, Jerry Stafford and Jose Stephens From its inception in the 1930s, for thousands of people and ultimately 13. Building a Dream Santee Cooper has been a product energy for millions. 13 . By Jerry Stafford, Photography by Jim Huff of vision, resourcefulness and innovation. It is the story of how vision and and from Santee Cooper Archives It all began with an idea, a dream innovation during difficult times were that resided in the mind of a Columbia the driving forces responsible for the businessman who was an entrepreneur development of a project designed to John H. Tiencken Jr. 5. and visionary of the first order. That was provide a resource for navigation and President and Chief Executive Officer when the words “Santee” and “Cooper” power production. 16. were first joined together as a potential Construction of the Santee Cooper 16. … the Epic Effort of Men, Mules & Machines source of power for South Carolina. Hydroelectric and Navigation Project By Jerry Stafford, Photography from Santee Cooper Archives It was initially the dream of T.C. began in 1939 and was one of the and helping improve the quality of life Williams, who ran the Columbia Railway nation’s most remarkable engineering for the people of South Carolina. and Navigation Co., a steamship service feats, one of epic proportions. More than The rest is history. With the project that made regular trips from the capitol 12,000 jobless South Carolinians were built, power flowed to the rural areas city to the port of Charleston, delivering taken off the relief roles in the state of South Carolina and to towns and 21. a few passengers and a lot of cargo for and employed clearing the land— cities such as Myrtle Beach, Conway, export. Although interrupted by the mostly swamps—and constructing Loris, Moncks Corner and St. Stephen. 21. Pushing Back the Dark Great Depression, Williams’ dream the dams, dikes, powerhouse and Soon those areas became the locations 27. A Timeline on Electric By Jerry Stafford, Photography by Jim Huff evolved into the reality of what navigation lock. for new industrial and business growth— Illumination… and Jerry Stafford By Jerry Stafford became Santee Cooper. The dream became reality on Feb. bringing jobs, economic activity and This issue of PowerSource includes 17, 1942, when the first Santee Cooper an improved quality of life for the people 34. NewSource the story of “Building a Dream,” the power was generated and this state- of South Carolina. That was the original Green Power Has Strong First Year and Gains National Accreditation massive construction project that grew owned utility began operating as a purpose and still remains the mission Lest We Forget… out of the Depression era to create jobs resource dedicated to serving the needs of Santee Cooper. 35. 29. FDR’s Letter Brought Good News 29. Striking a Balance Photo from Santee Cooper Archives By Beth Fondren, Photography by Jim Huff

Winter 2003 — Vol. 3, No. 1 Ben Cole—Senior Vice President, Community Development and Corporate Communications PowerSource is published by Santee Cooper Jerry Stafford—Editor Cover: Fallen leaves collected from the Wadboo Conservation Easement in Berkeley County offer a colorful Corporate Communications. Use of materials Willard Strong—Senior Writer/Media Relations Specialist invitation for exploring one of South Carolina’s environmental treasures. Photo by Jim Huff. Beth Fondren—Director of Public Relations is not authorized without permission of the editor. Address all correspondence to Corporate Communications, Jim Huff—Writer/Photo Editor/Photographer Santee Cooper, One Riverwood Drive, Moncks Corner, SC 29461-2901. Phone: (843) 761-4052 Phil Fail—Advertising Director/Director of Creative and Technical Services Carolyn Pilgrim and Stephanie Drago—Proofreaders Printed on recycled paper. 2 email: [email protected] Marc Cardwell, CNSG— Design 3 POWERSOURCE Wadboo Trac t: aNatural Area Preserved as Environmental Treasure for the people of South Carolina Bottomland forest, unique limestone bluffs, a Revolutionary War battle site and eight miles of freshwater creek permanently protected through 2,600-acre conservation easement

Santee Cooper has set aside 2,600 acres of its Wadboo Creek property east of Moncks Corner in a permanent nondevelopment conserva- tion easement. The environmental treasures protected by the easement include a bottomland forest, unique limestone bluffs and eight miles of a freshwater creek. The easement also includes a Revolutionary War battle site and hundreds of acres of cypress swamp that were the environs and hiding grounds of legendary General Francis Marion, whose shrewd, daring raids against the British won him the nickname the Swamp Fox.

Left: Looking up from Wadboo Creek into a canopy of autumn colors. Above: Cypress trees tower over Wadboo Creek where it flows into the east branch of the Cooper River.

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For example, Beaufort County’s population grew 40 percent from 1990–2000, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. That amounted to nearly 35,000 new residents. Horry County closely followed with a 36 percent growth rate, translating into almost 53,000 people who weren’t there in 1990. Overall, South Carolina added 525,000 citizens in the decade, a growth rate of 15 percent. The need to preserve special places in the Palmetto State has never been greater and will only increase. Santee Cooper has long recognized that special places and green spaces in South Carolina deserve permanent protection. That’s why the Santee Cooper Board Top: Paddling along the dark amber waters of Wadboo Creek. Bottom: Canoe trail signs and blue-marked trees provide directions and guidelines along the eight-mile waterway through Wadboo Swamp. of Directors voted in April 2002 to

“Wadboo is special — botanically, geographically and historically,” says John proceed with plans that allowed the Tiencken, Santee Cooper president and chief executive officer. “It deserves Wadboo tract to be protected. This nondevelopment protection. Green space is disappearing all over has been accomplished through an South Carolina.” agreement between the state-owned The terms green space, quality of life, urban sprawl and buffer utility and the Lord Berkeley zones were largely unfamiliar to South Carolinians a generation Conservation Trust. ago. But today, these words have real meaning. South The 11-year-old trust also has 509 Carolina has transformed itself. acres along the Tailrace Canal and Cooper The state no longer is predominantly rural, and the burgeoning River adjacent to the Wadboo tract suburbs surrounding Charleston, Columbia, Greenville and Spartanburg have protected from development — the result put unrelenting pressure on our land. Farms have given way to fairways, subdivisions of an easement executed five years ago.

and SUVs. And percentage-wise, those weren’t even the highest growth areas. Six hundred and sixty-five acres of the 2,600-acre tract are forested uplands, managed by Santee Cooper since construction of the hydroelectric and navigation project, completed in 1942.

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According to Barry Jurs, the trust’s secre- tary, development pressures in Berkeley County are creating the same type of quality of life challenges as other areas of the state. Part of the “tri-county,” which includes Charleston and Dorchester counties, Berkeley County will continue to experience growth simply because of its close proximity to Charleston and more attractive land prices. “Clemson University’s Strom Thurmond Institute recently did a study,” says Jurs,

“Following the successful completion who works with the Berkeley County Soil and Water Conservation District, part of the of that easement, representatives of the S.C. Department of Natural Resources. “The study concluded that 300,000 new Top: The Wadboo Tract borders the Swamp Fox Lord Berkeley Conservation Trust and people will move to the tri-county area in the next 27 years with Berkeley County’s Passage of the and is very close to . population gain at 100,000. That’s a clarion call. A growing population is threatening Santee Cooper discussed the prospect Bottom: The powerful impact of 1989 can still be seen throughout the black of protecting the remainder of Wadboo,” Top: Pine forests and saw palmettos are part of the wildlife habitat that borders Wadboo Swamp. the natural attributes that make Berkeley County and other similar areas desirable water swamp. Bottom: Wading through Wadboo Swamp, a Santee Cooper environmental specialist checks the depth Tiencken said. “The Berkeley County and sprays cypress trees with blue paint to mark the canoe trail. Greenspace Initiative Committee recommended that Wadboo be considered by Santee Cooper for a permanent nondevelopment easement. We agree.” The Lord Berkeley Conservation Trust’s mission is to protect land in Berkeley County for its natural, historic, cultural and scenic value. In addition to the Wadboo tracts, the trust holds easements over 7,000 acres, including properties owned by Nucor Steel Berkeley, Dupont’s Cooper River facility, the Berkeley County Water and Sanitation Authority and South Mulberry Plantation.

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places to live. And when we set aside these areas, it’s good that the Santee Cooper acquired the people can still have opportunities to enjoy them.” Tiencken said the Wadboo tract as part of the Santee Cooper easement preserves access to the public on a canoe and kayak trail Hydroelectric and Navigation Project, recently cleared through the swamp. The Wadboo Canoe and Kayak constructed between 1939 and 1942. Trail opened last fall. The project created lakes Marion Much of the tract, about 1,900 acres, is wetlands. There are and Moultrie, the state’s largest 665 acres of forested uplands, 256 of which will be protected freshwater resource. water-quality buffers. Jurs says the trust provides permanence and this Since the 1950s, Santee Cooper has project addresses water quality and the preservation of scenic vistas. managed the upland areas of the tract as The Old Santee Canal Park is also adjacent to the Wadboo tract. part of its forest-management activities. Santee Cooper owns and manages the 195-acre facility, originally The “Frost Belt” and “Rust Belt” opened in 1989 as a state park. exodus will undoubtedly continue to beat Wadboo is also accessible from the Palmetto Trail, where the trail’s Swamp a path to the economic opportunities in Fox Passage crosses the upper section of Wadboo on Francis Marion National the New South. It’s good to know that Forest property. steps are being taken to identify, protect and preserve the state’s natural areas for future generations. Says Jurs, “It’s a very significant statement that an organization such as Santee Cooper decides to take a step such as this and say, ‘This is important to the community where it serves.’ And people should know these trusts aren’t about stopping development. It’s all about planning and having local people working on local issues.”

Plantings of corn and winter wheat on open higher ground provide feeding areas for wildlife.

10 11 POWERSOURCE Building a Dre a m A Look Back at one of the Nation’s Most Remarkable Engineering Feats

Santee Cooper is one of the largest generators of electric power in South Carolina. It’s history begins in the 1920s with the dream of a Columbia businessman and entrepreneur. He and other innovative thinkers and movers believed that a lowland hydroelectric project was possible.

T. C. Williams was an innovative and resourceful Columbia businessman. He ran the Columbia Railway and Navigation Company, a steamship service that made regular trips from the capitol city to the port of Charleston, delivering a few passengers and a lot of cargo for export. His giant paddle wheelers steamed down the Congaree River until it joined the Wateree, becoming the Santee. From there to Charleston was a long and awkward voyage, first heading east to just below Georgetown where the Santee emptied into the Atlantic Ocean. Turning south, his boats steamed along the Atlantic coast another 50 miles to the Port City.

Left: The Pinopolis Power Plant and Navigation Lock, completed in 1942, and the Pinopolis West Dike with its reinforcing berms, constructed in 1990. The hydro plant was renamed Jefferies Hydroelectric Station in 1966. On the right is Lake Moultrie. Above: T. C. Williams, photographed on the day dignitaries gathered to see construction begin on the Santee Cooper Project in 1939. 12 13 POWERSOURCE

then on to Charleston. It would also produce a source of electricity to meet the needs of the South Carolina Lowcountry. After surveying the swamps and woodlands of the Lowcountry, he refined plans for the project and in 1926 applied for a federal license to construct and operate it. His dream came even closer The vast project employed more than 12,500 workers during its 30 months of non-stop clearing and construction. to reality when he received Federal Power

Commission License No. 199. Just one The funding for such a project He was relentless in his appeal step away from beginning construction, was not available at the time within the to President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt his dream was suddenly shattered by the state, whose Depression-stressed budget to provide funding for the project under “October Crash of 1929.” His fortunes was a mere $6 million. However, with his “New Deal.” After FDR was elected, were depleted and the plans for the a promise for federal funding, the Byrnes overcame great political opposition project were put away. Santee Cooper dream moved forward to his proposal within Washington’s The plans developed by Williams and approved by the Federal Power Commission included two navigation locks and a powerhouse of art deco design with The dream of T.C. Williams was bureaucratic circles. cathedral-styled windows. in 1934 with passage of enabling rekindled in 1933 by visionary legislators, legislation by the state’s General The persistent senator from South Williams envisioned a shorter, more Williams had developed the idea Williams had the proposed project spearheaded by a young Edgefield Assembly. It created the South Carolina Carolina prevailed and President Roosevelt efficient route for his fleet. Studying the for construction of Lake Murray, just surveyed. He developed plans for County freshman state senator named Public Service Authority for the purpose granted his wish, informing him in a letter success of the 22-mile Santee Canal, west of Columbia, impounding the building dams and dikes to form dual J. Strom Thurmond. of constructing and operating the dated July 15, 1935 that funding for constructed from 1793 to 1800 and inflows from the Saluda and Broad reservoirs connected by a diversion canal, Recognizing the great need for Santee Cooper Hydroelectric and construction of the project was on its way operated for 50 years, he believed rivers. His vision was to do the and even produced engineering drawings providing a source of electricity for the Navigation Project. With the leadership in the form of a federal loan and grant. a modern-day version of the historic same thing in the South Carolina for a hydroelectric generating station and rural areas of South Carolina, they and insistence of U.S. Sen. Jimmy Critics said such a project couldn’t be waterway could be built to connect Lowcountry by impounding the a two-stage navigation lock. If built, the recommended making use of the plans Byrnes, the attention turned to done and that such a construction literally the Santee and Cooper rivers. This inflows of the (the project would provide a direct waterway developed by Williams and the federal Washington. Byrnes had a passion to do would not hold water. They even said that would provide an avenue of commerce Wateree plus the Congaree) and from Columbia through two lakes, a license he had obtained to construct something to stimulate recovery and if it were built and did hold water you would to Charleston. creating two giant lakes. diversion canal and a navigation lock, the project. create jobs for his native South Carolina. never be able to sell all that electricity anyway!

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Millions of cubic yards of earth growth of the giant complex of and pouring concrete were all part …the Epic Effort of were dug, removed, shaped and turbines, generators, transformers of the day-to-day routine of building compacted to create lakes Marion and and transmission lines. the dream. Men, Mules & Machine s Moultrie and build 42 miles of earthen In September 1939, a reporter The navigation lock at the Pinopolis dams, dikes and control structures. described the excavation scene in Dam was itself a monumental construc- Big machines, big work crews — Pinopolis as “huge mechanical tion. A 75-foot drop from Lake Moultrie More than 12,500 workers toiled for 27 months clearing swamps and woodlands, building dams and dikes and constructing a powerhouse and navigation lock. It was the nation’s largest everything had to be big to create monsters, snorting and straining to the Tailrace Canal, it was the highest land-clearing project. such a big project. in a subtropical jungle.” single-lift lock in the world. The giant Men, materials, machines and Building the powerhouse was monolithic structure required endless millions of man-hours were part of the a major task. Massive excavation, pours of concrete and miles of some engineering, construction and slow constructing forms, placing steel of the largest reinforcing bars ever used. Santee Cooper had its beginnings in the swampy, mosquito-infested lowlands of Berkeley, Calhoun, Clarendon, Orangeburg and Sumter counties. The first job was to fight malaria. Mosquitoes made working in swamps more dangerous than battling the snakes and other slimy creatures that lived in the hot and humid environment. The first building construction, therefore, was for mosquito control. With malaria held at bay, trees became the next targets. Millions of cypress, pines and oaks were felled and logged out of the muggy, often muddy swamplands. Mules and men did most of the work. All that effort meant jobs— more than 12,000 workers were involved in the clearing operation and construction, and they were employed off the relief rolls from every county in the state. Sites were grubbed, stumps removed and timber hauled out to allow the creation of two lakes that would provide a reservoir of more than 225 square miles and create a source for the hydroelectric generation of electricity. Left: Relying only on hand tools, carpenters created intricate wooden forms for the intake valves of the powerhouse. Above: Skilled mechanics and craftsmen involved in installing the five turbines and generators.

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With its giant gears and mammoth men and modern machines to shape it, gates, the lock system would allow to make it. They built the East Dam, West boats to travel from Columbia through Dam, North Dike, West Dike and the the lake system and lock to the Cooper seven-mile long Diversion Canal River and on to Charleston. connecting lakes Moultrie and Marion. The dams and dikes were built And finally they dug the Tailrace Canal,

to hold back the water for release tying the system into the Cooper River. the North American subcontinent at With construction finished, the dream steam, to a future using fuels that would through the turbines at the Pinopolis One of the bigger jobs was the time of construction. The 7.8-mile became reality. It worked. It held water, include coal, oil, nuclear power and even Power Plant. Miles of dirt, clay and fill constructing the mighty Santee Spillway, long Santee Dam was the longest and Santee Cooper was able to sell all that gas recovered from decaying garbage, were removed or moved to create a which was the “big relief valve.” The earthen dam in the world. Even electricity—and more. From hydro to for Santee Cooper that dream continues.

massive impoundment. It took mules, spilling of as much as three-quarters of a more remarkable was the non-stop, Top: One of the crosscut hand saws used in felling the thousands of acres of timber. often around-the-clock pace of the Bottom: Construction under way on the powerhouse, keystone of the entire Santee Cooper Project.

Top: All of the wooden forms required to shape the 3.1 million cubic yards of concrete used in the accomplishment — from start to project were constructed on-site. Bottom: The Santee Spillway and Santee North Dam, holding back the waters of Lake Marion. finish in a mere two years, two million gallons of water per second after months and 22 days. heavy rainfalls would provide a controlled What was created was one release of water from the Santee’s of South Carolina’s most resource- 15,000-square-mile watershed. laden assets, an important source Boats, cranes, steam shovels, trains of energy, jobs and industrial and bulldozers were among the tools development. When it began used by the Works Progress operation ahead of schedule in Administration work crews that lived in 1942, Santee Cooper also became an 48 clearance camps throughout the important national asset— generating 193,000-acre project area. power in support of the war effort. The remarkable effort of constructing the massive Santee Cooper project was considered an engineering feat in its day. It was the largest land-clearing project on

18 19 POWERSOURCE Pushing back the dark— Beyond being bright and economical, electric lighting delivers more than illumination.

Success came late in the afternoon on Oct. 19, 1879. For more than two years, he had searched

for the “right” filament. Having installed a carbonized cotton thread in a glass bulb with all of the

air evacuated, he connected a source of electricity and it glowed

without burning almost immediately. As dawn arrived the next

day, it still glowed, and it glowed all day long, finally “burning

out” at 1:30 p.m. on Oct. 21, only after the voltage was

increased. Thomas Alva Edison had successfully developed

the electric incandescent light bulb.

Edison’s invention not only brought an economical and efficient form of illumination. It was also a catalyst for great change, altering the way people lived, worked and communicated. The earliest applications of the electric light bulb were to deliver a brighter, more efficient form of illumination to the business districts and streets of major cities. Replacing the gas light fixtures, it contributed to making these areas more attractive, more assessable and safer.

Left: One of the fashionable outdoor lights provided by Santee Cooper to residential and commercial customers. Above: Replica of Thomas Alva Edison’s incandescent light bulb.

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Delivering power beyond the streets in the cities and towns, but for those Santee Cooper power flowed marketplace, neon lights became and into the shops, stores and retail in rural areas, it was and still is heralded through a submarine cable under the the fashionable fixtures for attracting establishments followed almost as one of life’s greatest moments. Waccamaw River. It provided service to customers and promoting business. immediately, further brightening Such was the case for Guy and 22 homes, two churches and a two-room At the same time, outdoor lighting the business districts. Quality of life Juanita Nichols. They live on a farm school on the island, located several miles was introduced, delivering the benefits progressed further as the demand grew in Saluda County near Prosperity. They upstream from Georgetown. Sandy Island of safety and security in addition for adding this new fixture to the home. are located literally near the end of Mid- was among the last rural communities in to illumination. Lighting up the Countryside Carolina Electric Cooperative’s power line, South Carolina to get electricity. Zack Dusenbury, Santee Cooper’s

The installation of electric lights was a which delivers Santee Cooper-generated Outdoor Lighting Began vice president of retail operations, has memorable occasion for families residing electricity to their neighborhood. They recall with vivid details the evening in the fall of with Incandescents been involved with outdoor illumination 1941 when their lights were“ turned on” and for the first time, they enjoyed the As electrification of South Carolina at Santee Cooper over the utility’s period Myrtle Beach, Conway and Moncks convenience and benefits of electric living. flourished within the home, business and of greatest customer growth. Corner shortly after Santee Cooper “We all got into our car with all the neighbors and rode around the community workplace, the energy-saving fluorescent Dusenbury remembers the first began operations in 1942. just to see the effect of the lighted homes, and that was wonderful. It was beautiful light was the new popular product, outdoor lights Santee Cooper offered to “The first lights we had were the old just to see the lights. A lighted room really showed up pretty.” delivering a softer illumination with customers in the 1940s and 50s. The incandescent lights. They were 89-watt Single, bare bulbs hanging from the ceiling on twisted cords were the first forms much longer bulb life. In the fixtures were installed as street lights in and 189-watt bulbs with a flat, pie plate- of electric lighting. As homes were wired with multiple sockets and baseboard plug-ins, looking fixture and a corrugated reflector. the lighting soon evolved to decorative fixtures and table lamps. You screwed the bulb right in the bottom Electricity continued to light up more and more homes across South Carolina in of it. They offered no decoration of any the 1940s with the growth of utilities. Santee Cooper was a major source of kind, just a functional overhead light that generation, with electric cooperatives delivering power to rural areas. lit up the corner of the street.” When the Lights Came On Near Georgetown Those lights were labor intensive But electric lighting didn’t reach everywhere in South Carolina until the mid-1960s. because the life of the bulbs was not A historic moment occurred on March 5, 1965 when 70-year-old Prince William very long, probably no more than 1,500 Washington, the community leader on Sandy Island, helped throw a switch that hours, says Dusenbury. “You had to go Left: Edison in his Menlo Park, N.J. laboratory. delivered power and turned on the lights for the first time for the approximately by and change the bulbs often, and they Top: One of the early farm homes “lit up” by Santee Cooper-generated power in the early 1940s. 200 residents of that island. were so easy to vandalize — too often the targets of BB guns and slingshots.” Left: In the 1940s, this neon sign identified one of Santee Cooper’s retail offices. SCPSA stands for South Carolina Public Service Authority, Santee Cooper’s formal name. Top: One of the original street lights installed by Santee Cooper.

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When mercury vapor lights came law enforcement agencies as a possible and 110,000 lumens for the metal installed at Moncks Corner’s downtown customers and for the citizens of along in the 1960s, they were much deterrent to crime. halide floodlights. Unity Park and on Main Street as part South Carolina.

more efficient, with bulb life extending “The right light outside will make Heritage Collection Offers Better, of the town’s revitalization project. “That’s where the improved quality to more than 20,000 hours. Dusenbury you feel safer inside,” was the promotional Whiter Light Since then, more than 900 additional of living began— with electric lights,” says the new fixtures offered several message delivered in a series of The most recent line of decorative fixtures have been installed. They are says Stoll. “From there, it was step by advantages but also had their downside. Santee Cooper ads and brochures in the lighting offered by Santee Cooper in Myrtle Beach, North Myrtle Beach, step, adding the other electrical “Compared to a 100-watt incandes- early 1980s, promoting new decorative features a higher quality fixture providing Garden City, Surfside Beach, Murrells conveniences that make life more cent, you got three times the amount of lighting for private home and residential better, whiter and more efficient Inlet, Pawleys Island, Conway, Loris and comfortable and more convenient— illumination, or you could get the same community use. illumination. The metal halide units have in more than 50 subdivisions, residential refrigeration, heating and air level of illumination for one-third the cost. These new fixtures included a been designated as Santee Cooper’s developments and commercial projects conditioning, entertainment and all Watt-for-watt, you were able to get more ”Traditional” (colonial style) and Heritage Collection, according to Charles along the Grand Strand, according to Ron that. Outdoor decorative lighting has lumens with mercury vapor, but with a a “Modern” (shoebox style) for streets, Stoll, supervisor of commercial services. Forrer, engineering associate. offered the most recent additions to that

bluish-white color of light. The ’color walkways and small parking areas. The “The Heritage Collection offers a Impact has been more long line of progress. The improvement rendition’ was just not as good as what we have today. However, even with their program also offered the standard cobra more upscale, higher quality product than Illuminating and the growth have been phenomenal.” yellowish light, they improved the ability to see around intersections and such.” head-shaped roadway units used by that enhances both the residential and Since the first Santee Cooper power On the retail and business side, it Then in the late 70s, high-pressure sodium lamps were introduced and offered municipalities for street lighting, the round business environments and is much more was delivered, electric lighting has had has been equally impressive. Lighting has still greater efficiency than the mercury vapor, using even less wattage to get the same security light and a brighter floodlight unit durable and aesthetically more pleasing,” a major impact on the quality of life for been a big part of progress, particularly amount of lumens. These have the yellow/orange color of light output. In spite of the used in lighting parking lots and storage says Stoll. The fixtures are manufactured efficiency, color rendition is really the main issue with high-pressure sodium. yards and to illuminate the fronts of by the Holophane Corp. of Newark, Making You Feel Safe While Looking Good buildings. Higher wattage Modern fixtures Ohio, which has been in the lighting For Santee Cooper the real surge to offer private outdoor lighting to residential were also offered for larger parking areas. business for more than 100 years. customers was in the early 1970s with the 175-watt mercury vapor round fixtures, The Traditional and Modern units The Heritage Collection includes promoted under Santee Cooper’s “Moonlight Madness” program. They offered a were mounted on fiberglass poles, seven different models featuring post-top degree of yard-to yard safety and security both in neighborhoods and at individual while the roadway units and floodlights and acorn-styled Drayton, Prince George, home sites. were usually installed atop wood poles. Kingston, Lexington, Berkeley and Like fireflies, those outdoor fixtures dotted the neighborhoods and subdivisions, Wattages and outputs ranged from Hampton as well as the pendant-styled casting pools of light on backyards, driveways and patios. Providing an increased 150 watts and 16,000 lumens for the Teardrop designs. The first units were sense of security and safety, they were also promoted by utilities and endorsed by traditional units, and up to 1,000 watts Left: Metal halide lights in Santee Cooper’s Jefferies Hydroelectric Generating Station provide bright and efficient illumination. Right: Exterior lighting provides a distinctive ambiance for both commercial and residential structures.

24 25 POWERSOURCE A Timeline on Electric Illumination…

Edison’s Incandescent Lamp— 1879 Tungsten Filament Lamp — 1907 tially mercury high pressure discharge along the Grand Strand. “All you have to time-tested, high-quality molded glass. we continue to explore is with good, Edison’s first successful incandescent Prior to 1880, all filaments were either lamps that have additional metal halides do is fly over Myrtle Beach at night and It doesn’t discolor over time and helps efficient lighting, how to develop the lamp was demonstrated, using a carbonized paper or cotton thread. in their arc tubes. Metal Halide lamps carbonized cotton thread as a filament, From 1880 to 1894 bamboo was the usual provide improved efficiency and color look down, especially in the summertime, to shape and provide proper potential for night-time golf over here. installed in a glass bulb, with all of the air filament material. The first tungsten fila- rendering qualities over mercury lamps. and it’s unbelievable what you see,” light distribution. It’s easy to light the tee boxes evacuated. Edison’s prototype bulb ment lamps were demonstrated in 1907. The modern metal halide lamp has an lasted 45 hours. The first electric lamps using efficiency of 85 to 115 lumens per watt. Stoll says. “With the proliferation Forrer points out the major benefits and greens, but those long fairways He subsequently experimented using tungsten filaments appeared in 1907 High-Pressure Sodium Lamp — 1966 of street lighting, lighted storefronts of the rental outdoor decorative lighting present a real challenge. If we could cardboard as a filament, which was even and were made in wattages up to 500 The high-pressure sodium lamp provides watts. The filaments were extremely fragile and signs and the big use of neon, you for the customer: “There are virtually no develop a glow-in-the-dark ball, we more successful. On New Year’s Eve, a more economical source of illumination Edison gave his first public demonstra- however. than mercury, fluorescent, or incandescent can see directly how much it’s growing up-front expenses and it is maintenance may be able to make it work.” tion of his new invention, Low Pressure Sodium Lamp — 1932 and has a more natural color than and how far out it’s extending.” free. If anything goes wrong or if a unit Dusenbury believes that as part of at Menlo Park, N.J. Special trains The first commercial application was low-pressure sodium. The high-pressure were run on the Pennsylvania Railroad for a road lighting installation in the sodium lamp has an efficiency of gets damaged, all they do is call our that growth and progress, decorative Payoff in Outdoor Lighting to accommodate the masses of visitors Netherlands with an efficiency of 40 approximately 80 to 140 lumens per watt. is for the Customer service line and we send someone out lighting has established a market with for the demonstration. About 100 lumens per watt. Today, the low-pressure Compact Fluorescent Lamp — 1980 cardboard filament lamps were used sodium lamp is considered to be the most Quality has been paramount for to fix or replace it. Lights inside their the ability to enrich the brilliance and The compact fluorescent lamp lighting the streets, the laboratory and efficient lamp available, providing more revolutionized the lighting industry. outdoor lighting, both in terms of the home or business are not that way allure of community, business and the station. Each lamp was rated at 16 than 220 lumens per watt. They can be It is simply a folded fluorescent tube, candlepower and consumed about 100 product and the maintenance require- because if they don’t work, it’s up downtown areas. recognized from their deep amber color. usually no larger than a standard watts. (Average life was about 100 Hrs.) Low-pressure sodium fixtures are not incandescent light bulb. The ballast is ments. According to Forrer, “A major to them to fix or replace — and they have “It is heightening the character used much in America due to their Mercury-Vapor Lamp — 1901 mounted in the base of the lamp allowing very poor color qualities. quality requirement has to pay for it. With our decorative rental and prestige of neighborhoods, The first practical mercury-vapor lamp most household incandescent lamps been for lighting, customers pay a flat monthly fee residential developments, streetscapes was a tubular source about four feet Fluorescent Lamp — 1937 to be replaced with the energy saving long, producing a distinctly bluish The fluorescent lamp was first introduced fluorescent fixtures. corrosion resist- depending on the particular and parking areas as well as pedestrian green light. The first high-pressure to the public at the New York World’s Fair Induction Lighting — 1991 ance because we style they select. And areas and walkways. mercury lamps similar to the ones in 1937. The lamps were introduced This extraordinary lamp system uses used today were introduced in 1934 commercially in 1938. The fluorescent are close to the that fee pays for the “It seems to be popular and well no filaments, electrodes or arcs and has in the 400-watt size. Today, mercury lamp is a low-pressure gas discharge a rated life of more than 100,000 hours, ocean. Also, while the rental, all maintenance and accepted and looks good when installed. lamps range from 40 watts to 1000 source, in which the light is produced or 12+ years. It operates by sending a watts and produce approximately 55 predominantly by fluorescent powders older type of decorative the cost of electricity. It’s all While creating an attractive and inviting high-frequency current from a generator to 60 lumens per watt. The mercury activated by ultraviolet energy generated through an induction coil. The induced lighting units have posted on their monthly bill.” atmosphere it is also providing safety and vapor tube is filled with argon gas and by a mercury arc. The lamp is usually in electromagnetic field excites the gases in the form of a long tubular bulb with an some type of plastic or Stoll likes to speculate security for our customers, residents and a little pearl of mercury. Within three the bulb that emit ultraviolet rays, which to five minutes after ignition, the electrode sealed at each end. causes the fluorescent phosphors inside polycarbonate globe or what may be an ultimate visitors. Best of all, everybody has been mercury is completely vaporized and Metal Halide Lamp — 1960 the bulb to glow. The popularity is lens, which yellows after opportunity for outdoor happy with it, and its future certainly the characteristic blue-green spectrum The first metal halide lamp was developed growing rapidly for this technology. of the mercury discharge is emitted. about 1960. Metal halide lamps are essen- It is the lamp of the future. some period of time, we lighting. “One of the things seems to be bright.” decided to go with

26 27 POWERSOURCE Striking a Balance

Major issues associated with improving the quality of life in South Carolina have been addressed over the past decade in the series of annual environmental symposia conducted by Santee Cooper in conjunction with other state agencies and institutions sharing the same concerns.

Board’s Environmental Policy Decision in Early 1990s Gave Stewardship Equal Emphasis

What happened in 1991? is now the longest running event The Persian Gulf War started Jan. 16 of its type in the Palmetto State. and ended Feb. 28. The Washington Each year, the symposium brings Redskins won the Super Bowl, beating together leaders in environmental the Buffalo Bills 37-24. The Minnesota issues, economics, public policy, Twins toppled the Atlanta Braves to win academics, government and the the World Series, and the University of interested public to discuss topics Oklahoma overwhelmed Florida State of specific and long-range concern in the Orange Bowl to capture the to this state and region. National College Football Championship. The environment has always Disney’s “Beauty and the Beast” played a key role in commerce.

premiered at the box office while “Silence environmental stewardship was of But in recent years, business and of the Lambs” was the biggest attraction equal importance to the generation environment were often seen as among motion pictures for the year. of electric power. two faces of a coin. The symposium’s And, Santee Cooper held the first South Since then, the state-owned utility goal is to form a new partnership Carolina Environmental Symposium. has undertaken a number of initiatives between the two concerns — During the early 1990s, to transform this policy statement into a partnership in which each Santee Cooper’s board of directors practical action. The environmental recognizes the other as being adopted a resolution affirming that symposium is an example of this and vital to our future.

Naturalist Rudy Mancke tells attendees of 2002 environmental symposium, “In the world around us, everything is connected.”

28 29 POWERSOURCE POWERSOURCE

Format focuses on varied Left: The late Jay Hair, executive director of the challenges been greater, but seldom have In November 1998, the seventh National Wildlife Foundation. themes, timely issues the opportunities been more promising. symposium moved to Litchfield Beach Over the past decade, the South Carolina Bottom: Ray Anderson, chairman and president Keynote speaker was Trudy Coxe, former where topics surrounded the theme of Interface Inc. He has been branded as “America’s Environmental Symposium has grown greenest CEO.” secretary of environmental affairs for the “Strategic Growth and Environmental to become one of the premier events Right: Santee Cooper President and CEO John Commonwealth of Massachusetts. She Quality for the 21st Century.” Achieving of its kind in the state. Attendance has Tiencken discussing environmental issues during live broadcast of “Report to the People” carried is also former director of the Ocean and balance was discussed along with global grown from about 100 in 1991 to more statewide over the South Carolina Educational Radio Network. Coastal Resource Management Division trends such as population growth, than 300 in 2002.The annual Governor’s of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric consumption, pollution and urbanization. Pollution Prevention Awards are Administration (NOAA). Addressed as a response to these trends presented during a symposium The sixth symposium was held in were sustainability in economy, ecology dinner event. A technology fair is held October 1997, titled “Towards A New and equity. A highlight of the symposium featuring exhibits and displays about In September 1994, “A Strategic secretary of the U.S. Department of Michael Brown of Patagonia and the late Environmental Vision: Common Sense was the address by David Crockett of the environmentally related products Partnership” was the theme for the third the Interior. Jay Hair, who was president of the & Creative Solutions.” It examined the Chattanooga Institute for Sustainability. and services from public and private symposium. Participants explored how Eighteen months later in March National Wildlife Federation. changing approaches to environmental He discussed how his city is becoming companies. In addition to keynote business and environmental concerns can 1993, the second symposium returned In October 1995, the fourth annual issues and how we can make a difference a world leader in sustainability. speakers, the event often features enter into a partnership and the benefits to Kiawah Island with a theme of symposium moved to Myrtle Beach in those changes. The keynote speaker “Strategic Growth: Making Choices general and breakout sessions held of such a union. Speakers included “Common Ground: Environmental where participants discussed “The was Mark Stoler, chief environmental, for South Carolina’s Future” was the over a two-day period. Leadership & Economic Success.” Environmental Agenda: Transition or health & safety counsel for W.R. Grace theme of the eighth symposium and Symposia offer eye-opening This symposium included a look Revolution.” Keynote speaker was & Co. The symposium also featured marked the event’s second exploration perspectives, challenges at South Carolina’s move from a Gordon Durnil, attorney, diplomat, an IMAX screening of “Whales,” the of that highly relevant topic. The first symposium was held in the predominantly rural and agricultural politician and author of “The Making latest film production of National The 1999 symposium featured a fall of 1991 at Kiawah Island. It featured state to one of the nation’s leaders of a Conservative Environmentalist.” Wildlife Federation. number of nationally known participants, discussions of successful environmental in new technologies. Keynote The fifth symposium’s theme efforts by various industries, including speaker was Bruce Smart, senior in October 1996 was “The Real McDonald’s Corp.’s entrance into the fellow of the World Resources Institute Environmental Debate: Changing Roles environmental awareness. Keynote and former vice chairman of The and Responsibilities.” Speakers recognized speaker was Frank Bracken, deputy Nature Conservancy. that never have the environmental

30 31 POWERSOURCE POWERSOURCE

most notably Harry Freeman of the The topic of smart growth returned addressed were even more relevant with on waterways and water policy, while a for Public Service and Policy Research. Louisiana Environmental Leadership for a third time in the ninth South the theme of “Achieving Environmental group of utility industry representatives “The sponsors are interested in Pollution Prevention Program. Neal Carolina Environmental Symposium, Excellence: Meeting Global Challenges.” and environmental group members creating an environment in which Peirce, nationally syndicated columnist held in the fall of 2000. Addressing “The Ray Anderson, chairman and chief looked at waterways and Federal Energy business and industry can thrive, yet and Chairman of the Citistates Group also Business of Smart Growth,” the sympo- executive officer of Interface, a global Regulatory Commission issues. The in which responsible environmental spoke, as did Susan Kidd of the Georgia sium focused on strategic growth, flooring company, was the keynote symposium closed with an overview stewardship is the rule,” said Santee Cooper’s Conservancy and Trip Pollard of the examining issues of water and air speaker. A panel discussed “South of current and upcoming water issues Mary Rudloff, director of special projects Southern Environmental Law Center. quality, land conservation and corporate Carolina in the global economy,” at the South Carolina Department of and coordinator of the symposium. The highlight of the event was environmental mentoring. while concurrent sessions looked at clean Health and Environmental Control. “The partnerships and relationships that an address by former Maryland Gov. The symposium moved to Columbia water and clean air topics, contemporary Sponsors for the 2002 symposium have been built over the years at these Parris Glendening, a noted exponent for the tenth event. Coming less than a environmental ethical issues and national were: Santee Cooper, the Center for events are just as important as the of strategic growth and a successful month after the terrorist attacks on Sept. energy policy for the United States. Environmental Policy, International Paper educational aspect of the symposium” manager of its implementation in his 11, it was a more subdued event than The symposium returned to Myrtle Co., MeadWestvaco, National Wildlife Because the symposia have left home state. those in the past, but the issues Beach in 2002. Planners focused on a Federation, Palmetto Conservation an indelible mark upon participants more specific topic: “Waterways: The Foundation, S.C. Chamber of who appreciate the opportunity for frank Legacy and Future of Water Policy, Commerce, S.C. Department of Health and honest discussion of environmental Planning and Use in South Carolina.” and Environmental Control, the S.C. matters, Santee Cooper will continue to Discussion centered on the role Department Of Natural Resources, S.C. sponsor the S.C. Environmental Symposium. rivers and waterways play in South Hazardous Waste Management Research “The goal of the symposia is to foster Carolina’s history, society and economy. Fund, S.C. Universities Research And communication between the leaders Panels looked at the topics including Education Foundation, S.C. Wildlife in business, industry, academia and how decisions are made concerning Federation, South Carolina Chapter of the environmental groups in order to waterways, the intricacies of interstate Sierra Club, Southeastern Environmental establish a set of priorities for developing water policy issues and legal ethics Law Journal, Sustainable Universities partnerships and devising a plan or strategy regarding water topics. Initiative, Strom Thurmond Institute that will bring more environmentally Christophe Toulou from the Pew of Government and Public Affairs and sensitive business decision-making to Oceans Commission gave a presentation University of South Carolina’s Institute South Carolina and our nation,” said Rudloff.

Urban growth and waterways have been timely symposia issues. 32 33 POWERSOURCE POWERSOURCE NewSource Lest we forget... Green Power Has Strong First Year and Gains National Accreditation FDR’s Letter Brought Good News Just a little more than a year ago, environmental stewardship. All revenues from the sale of Green Power are set It was a letter from Washington that gave a green light for Santee Cooper dedicated the Horry aside to fund other renewable energy projects. County Landfill Methane Generating site The environmental benefits are significant. For example, two 100-kilowatt- Santee Cooper and for an economic stimulus for South near Conway, and the state-owned utility’s hour blocks of Green Power purchased monthly by residential customers benefit Carolina. The envelope was postmarked July 15, 1935 first venture into “Green Power” began. So the environment as positively as recycling 1,177 pounds of newspapers or 320 far, residential and commercial customers pounds of aluminum cans. and the return address: The White House, 1600 have stepped up and “gone green,” Based on Green Power sales, that converts into Pennsylvania Avenue. The letter to the Honorable exceeding first-year goals. recycling more than 153 tons of newspapers or Santee Cooper Green 41 tons of aluminum cans. James F. Byrnes was from President Power is produced using Shortly after the Green Power program Franklin D. the landfill’s methane began, Myrtle Beach became the first “Green Roosevelt. “My dear gas as a fuel for two Power City” in South Carolina, followed by V-20 engines that turn North Myrtle Beach, Conway, Loris, Moncks Senator:” was the generators. Santee Cooper Corner and St. Stephen. salutation that purchases the gas from the Santee Cooper’s Green Power efforts were landfill owner, the Horry County recognized at the 7th Annual Green Power Marketing preceded the good Solid Waste Authority. Conference held Oct. 30 in Washington, D.C. In December, news from the Residential and commercial The Center for Resource Solutions announced that Santee Cooper has achieved customers have purchased 6,274 monthly national Green Power Accreditation for its Green Power program. president that he had 100-kilowatt-hour blocks of Green Power. The program gained national Green Pricing Accreditation status by meeting approved federal Additionally, more than 150 businesses or exceeding a series of stringent guidelines that include the use of renewable have signed on as Green Power Partners in resources, appropriate product pricing and marketing and customer education. funding for the proposed Horry, Georgetown and Berkeley counties. Accredited utility programs also undergo an annual independent verification Santee Cooper Residential customers may purchase process to document that they have delivered the green power promised Green Power in 100-kilowatt-hour blocks to their customers. Hydroelectric and for a monthly premium of $3, and Environmental, consumer and clean energy groups all collaborated through Navigation Project. The commercial customers are offered Green CRS to establish accreditation criteria for South Carolina. The national criteria Power in 200-kwh blocks for a monthly were reviewed through a local statewide process involving consumer and letter is on display as part of premium of $6. In addition, Green Power environmental protection organizations including the South Carolina Coastal Santee Cooper’s “Pushing Partners are commercial customers who Conservation League, State Energy Office and the state chapter of the Back the Darkness” exhibit at have agreed to purchase a specified Sierra Club. amount of Green Power based on a “Santee Cooper is proud to be South Carolina’s leader in the area the Berkeley Museum. percentage of their annual electricity costs. of renewable energy,” said Santee Cooper President and Chief Executive In return, Santee Cooper recognizes them Officer John Tiencken. “Our commitment to Green Power is an extension throughout the community for their of our environmental stewardship.”

34 35 “The only way to work around electricity is to put safety first”.

Curlin Simmons, Lineperson Santee Cooper

Electricity works wonders. It powers our businesses and our homes. You can’t see it. But don’t ever forget it’s there. In the power lines overhead. In cables buried in the ground. In the plugs in our walls. And it can be very hazardous if you’re careless. Visit our special site below for electric safety tips. And while you’re there, feel free to explore links to all the other ways Santee Cooper works to make life better for everyone in South Carolina. scsafeguard.com

Visit www.scsafeguard.com for tips on electric safety. Dependable Power. Dependable People.