Third Annual Philippine Studies Workshop Day 1 Thursday, July 6

9.00 Registration and introduction

Session 1 Understanding Cultures of Crisis

9:30 Making Biomedical Citizens: Sexuality and Pathology amid the Philip- pine Bio-political Crisis Richard Karl Deang

10:00 Pag-Tindog ngan Pag-Balik (Rise and Recover): Contextualizing Post-Haiyan ‘Build Back Better’ Recovery in Tacloban City, Philip- pines George Emmanuel Borrinaga, Yvonne Su 10:30 - 11:00 Coffee Break

Session 2 Representations of the Moro

11:00 Representing authority in the sultanates of Sulu and Magindanao in the 19th century Elsa Clavé 11:30 Threat-Communication and the Representation of the Moros in the Early Modern Philippines Eberhard Crailsheim 12:00 Bureaucratization of Islam in a Christian-Majority State: An Ethnogra- phy of the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos Fauwaz Abdul Aziz 12:30-2:00 Lunch in the Park

Session 3 The Economies of Scale

2:00 Are we finally seeing an economic miracle in the Philippines? Anne Booth 2:30 Opportunities and Limitations for Upgrading in the Emerging Filipino Palm Oil Industry Caroline Hambloch 3:00 - 3:30 Coffee Break

Session 4 Art and Collectivity

3:30 Creoles in the evolution of the Philippines during the nineteenth century María Dolores Elizalde 4:00 Change and Religious Performativity : The Linambay of Linao after 27 years Cristina Juan 4:30 The Anthropomorphic Holy Trinity: Initial Thoughts on a Transpacific Iconography Kathryn Santner 6:30 Dinner for Workshop Participants Day 2 Friday, July 7

Session 5 The Language of Power

9:30 From dato to presidentiable: Philippine English in the Oxford English Dictionary Danica Salazar 10:00 The Politics of Language and Rodrigo Duterte’s Populism Adrian Calo 10:30 - 11:00 Coffee Break

Session 6 Representing Duterte

11:00 Philippine Opinion-Forming Media Representations of Duterte’s War on Drugs Franciszek Czech 11:30 Duterte of Mindanao: A Cultural Studies view of murder as discourse Marian Pastor Roces 12:00-1:00 Catered Lunch

Session 7 Mindanao : Next Steps

1:00 Nation-Building in the Philippines: State Response to Insurgency in the South Sunaina 1:30 The Bangsamoro Basic Law and Philippine Governance: Will it Re- solve the Secessionist War? Rizal Buendia 2:00 Lessons from the Mindanao Peace Process: Contributions to the Annals of Conflict Resolution Discourse Mohor Chakraborty 2:30 - 3:00 Coffee Break

Session 8 DIgital Culture

3:00 The Promise of the (Foreign) Image: Post-Post- Internet Art from the Philippines Rafael Sachtner 3:30 Mediating Culture: The Value of Digital Socials and Online Bonding for Filipino Migrants in London Deirdre McKay 4:00 Wine Reception and nibbles 5:00- 6:35 Screening of Sunday Beauty Queen 6:50 -8:30 Q and A with Baby Ruth Villarama (Director) and an In Conversa- tion Panel with

Dr Fenella Cannell, LSE

Dr Diedre McKay, Keele University

Philippine Embassy Representative: Mr. Voltaire O.C. Mauricio, First Secretary and Consul

Marissa Begonia, Justice For Domestic Workers (J4DW), and Cielo Esperanza Tilan, Filipino Domestic Workers Association (FDWA) Day 1, July 6

SESSION 1 UNDERSTANDING CRISIS 9:30-10:30

Making Biomedical Citizens: Sexuality and Pathology amid the Philippine Bio-political Crisis

Contemporary developments in biomedical research and technology have produced citizens across the world with biomedical understandings of their identities. I use the term citizen not in a narrow legal sense but with a more anthropological inflection evoking patterns of identification, disidentification, belonging, abjection, and alienation. In the Philippines, the heightened AIDS epidemic has resulted in the biomedicalization of different sexual communities under the biomedical category “men who have sex with men” (MSM). The MSM category signals a reconfiguration of the relationship between pathologized communities and the State through the model of biomedical citizenship at a time when the population is divided between sanitary, productive citizens and pathological, criminal subjects. The AIDS epidemic is embedded in a national biopolitical crisis involving, on the one hand, a determined pro-life movement condemns the bitterly divisive issue of reproductive health, which it defines as the promotion of contraception and abortion; and on the other hand, the systematic extrajudicial massacre of persons reported to be linked to the local drug trade. This crisis illustrates the precarious value of “bare life” in the Philippines and the dangers faced by people categorized as MSM (Agamben, Homo sacer, 1998). As the heir of “homosexuality,” the MSM category is historically linked to non-reproduction and criminality, and in Foucauldian terms, the MSM body is pathologized as a continuing threat against the organic unity of the “normal,” national population. My paper explores the role of two Philippine AIDS advocacy organizations as mediators between MSM communities and State institutions. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, I ask how AIDS organizations act as “gatekeepers” of biomedical citizenship through community-based projects that are based, on the one hand, on claims to biomedical, sexual, and human rights and, on the other hand, on the task of civil society of implementing public policy among target populations.

Richard Karl Deang, Central European University, Budapest, [email protected]

Pag-Tindog ngan Pag-Balik (Rise and Recover): Contextualizing Post-Haiyan ‘Build Back Better’ Recovery in Tacloban City, Philippines ‘Build Back Better,’ disaster humanitarianism’s new mantra, calls for an ambitious agenda that pushes beyond a return to pre-disaster conditions that can reproduce vulnerability. It frames disasters not as drivers of chaos but as opportunities for improvement in affected communities’ infra- structure, policies and development. Yet, the normative standard for humanitarian organizations and governments are often not the same as those held by affected households. The vulnerability, resilience and recovery of local populations should not be analyzed and measured based only on outside or strictly academic criteria (Heijmans 2004). Instead, strong efforts need to be made to gain a local context in understanding how affected populations discuss and perceive them.

Mainly using survey research complemented by key informant interviews and published testimonies from Typhoon Haiyan survivors in Tacloban City, Philippines, this article argues that, to be effective, ‘Build Back Better’ needs to incorporate knowledge of an affected area’s history and -in digenous coping mechanisms. Drawing on 467 definitions collected from six months of fieldwork in three heavily affected communities, this paper uses a historically- and culturally-informed discourse analysis in categorizing local definitions of recovery that are based on cultural adaptation to frequent modifications and disruptions to people’s lifeways and livelihoods.

Comparing local understandings of recovery with the tenets of ‘build back better,’ our findings show that the latter imposes certain expectations that may not be congruent with local ‘rise’ (pag-tindog) and ‘recover/continue’ (pag-balik/padayon) notions of recovery stemming from the people’s long historical experience with natural- and human-induced hazards in one of the most environmentally hazard-prone countries in the world with a long history of colonial occupation and conflict.

George Borrinaga, University of Hull, UK, [email protected] and Yvonne Su , University of Guelph (Canada) [email protected]

3 SESSION 2 REPRESENTATIONS OF THE MORO 11:00-12:30

Representing authority in the sultanates of Sulu and Magindanao in the 19th century

This study aims at analyzing the modes of representation of authority in the sultanates of the Southern Philippines in the 19th century. It focuses on the way royalty and nobility presented and performed their authority in different situation: diplomatic exchanges, audience,photography etc. By analysis symbols, patterns and objects, the study seeks to highlight the way these elements are medium of authority.

From a diachronic perspective, the study intends to understand the evolution of these representations, especially in a colonial context. Are we dealing, in the 19 th century, with sultans-puppets or sovereigns understanding the codes? The analysis will concerns a corpus of iconography and written sources - European narratives, Malay and Maranao chronicles,letters, photographs - dealing with the royalty and the aristocracy of the sultanates of Mindanao and Sulu (Philippines).

Elsa Clavé , Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, [email protected] Threat-Communication and the Representation of the Moros in the Early Modern Philippines When the Spaniards arrived on the Philippines at the end of the 16th century, they were full of predefined conceptions of what they would find there. One of the ideas was that of the “Moro enemies,” which they would encounter there. Since early on, the Spanish attempt to dominate the region has clashed with the claims of the sultanates on a commercial, religious, as well as commercial level. The Spaniards arriving in Manila knew of these problems and associated the concept of Muslim enemies with what they knew from their European experiences and narratives. Only in the Philippines itself, these conceptions met with the reality and revealed the differences between Moriscos, Ottomans and Philippines Moros. The struggle of Christian. Manila against Muslim Mindanao, Jolo, Brunei or Ternate was a constant factor in the Spanish history on the Philippines from the 16th to the 19th century. This paper focuses on “threat-communication” which took place in the Philippines. Thereby it borrows ideas from Niklas Luhmann’s systems theory (in particular Werner Schirmer’s Bedrohungskommunikation) and concepts from International Relations (Securi- tizations Theory). Applying these perspectives and theories, I will analyze the situation of permanent threat on the Philippines because of the Moro raids. The underlying questions are: What are the necessary elements for a threat-communication? Who observed the “Moro threat” and created it in the processes of communication? How was the threat represented? Who were the addresses of the messages? And was there intentionality in the process, and if so what was it? The answers of these questions will be correlated with classical ideas of conflict sociology (especially by L.A. Coser) to reflect upon the effect of threat-communication in the early modern Philippine world.

Eberhard Crailsheim, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) Madrid [email protected] Bureaucratization of Islam in a Christian-Majority State: An Ethnography of the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos My research takes an ethnographic approach to researching the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos (NCMF), which is mandated to adminis- ter the affairs of Muslim citizens of the Philippines and to advise the Philippine government in matters relating to its Muslim citizens, as an example of a state institution in the Philippines that is bureaucratizing the state’s engagement with, and discourse on, Muslims and Islam.

I look ‘from the inside’ at NCMF as a bureaucracy, its bureaucrats, and its bureaucratization processes as they exercise and operate bureaucratic forms, codes, conventions, procedures, language, and powers of classification and categorization. I also examine how the rights and interests of the Muslim Filipinos who come to the NCMF for its services and benefits, ask how they are affected by the NCMF bureaucracy, bureaucrats and processes, and how these social actors respond to and/or engage with the NCMF. I am also interested in the ‘political economy orientation’ or ‘administrative ideology’ of the NCMF and whether – and to what extent – neoliberalism shapes the NCMF, its bureaucratic practices and the subjectivities of its bureaucrats. Do cultural forms of neoliberalism influence, affect, shape, or determine the inner life of the NCMF and the subjectivities/practices of its members? If so, to which extent? In which sense?

Finally, I ask what my findings about the inside life of NCMF contributes to the still-scant anthropological literature on the phenomenon of the bureaucratization of Islam beyond the Philippines and within Southeast Asia. What socio-legal impacts have resulted from bureaucratization processes targeting a Muslim minority community such as that of the Philippines? What are the repercussions for the role and meaning of Islam in state and society? How has the bureaucratization of Islam in the NCMF transformed the meanings and practices of Islam for the Muslim community?

Fauwaz Abdul Aziz, Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Germany, [email protected]

4 SESSION 3 THE ECONOMIES OF SCALE 2:00-3:00

Are we finally seeing an economic miracle in the Philippines?

The broad facts of economic growth in the Philippines since independence are well known. The country inherited a reasonably favourable legacy from the American era, especially in education, and the indigenous middle class was larger than in most other Asian colonies and more involved in private enterprise. The ‘plural economy’ was much less obvious than in Malaysia or Indonesia. Growth was quite solid until the early 1970s, in spite of a rather dysfunctional political system. When Marcos declared martial law in 1972, with the tacit approval of the Americans and the Japanese, there were hopes that the Philippines would follow South Korea and Taiwan in implementing successful export-led industrialization. But this did not happen. Instead the years from 1972 to 1986 saw the growth of ‘crony capitalism’, slowing economic growth and accelerating capital flight. After Marcos resigned and fled the country, the new government led by Cory Aquino had difficulty restoring confidence at home and abroad. Growth rates did improve over the 1990s, but by then the Philippines had fallen well behind Thailand in terms of per capita GDP and also behind Indonesia. But the economy was not as badly hit by the 1997/98 crisis as either Thailand or Indonesia, and growth was sustained into the early 21st century, although there were ongoing concerns about sustainability. Over the past five years the growth rates has accelerated to around 6-7 per cent per annum, and from being the chronic laggard, the Philippines is now seen as one of the best performing countries in Asia, at least in terms of economic growth.

The paper will address the reasons for this ‘reversal of fortune’ and assess to what extent more rapid economic growth has benefited the majority of the population. The Philippines has always been thought to have a very unequal distribution of income compared with other parts of Asia, more like Latin America. Is this still the case? The Philippines is also well known as an exporter of labour, and at least some of the improved growth has been due to inward remittances. What will happen to labour migration in the future, especially if population growth continues to slow?

Anne Booth, SOAS, [email protected]

Opportunities and Limitations for Upgrading in the Emerging Filipino Palm Oil Industry The Filipino palm oil industry is rapidly emerging, driven by expansionary government policy in an effort to increase the Filipino production share in the global palm oil market and decrease palm oil imports (COCAFM 2011; Larsen, Dimaano, and Pido 2014). Oil palm production in the Philip- pines has been promoted as a development strategy for the country in general and for smallholders in particular (see Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016, National Economic and Development Authority 2014). However, social, economic, and environmental upgrading efforts by industry stakeholders, such as the Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) initiative, have been limited. This paper discusses various factors responsi- ble for this, relating to the lack of government support in sustainability efforts, and the market structure of the industry. Since the palm oil industry falls under the Philippine Coconut Authority, the palm oil industry has come under much less scrutiny by public authorities relative to the coconut industry, which has historically been one of the most important agricultural sectors in the Philippines. Globally, Filipino palm oil-related products are either consumed locally or exported to Asian markets (i.e. China, India, Malaysia), where demand for RSPO-certified palm oil is low and where price competition is constraining. (This abstract has been written pre-fieldwork. The fieldwork will be conducted from April 11 – July 1, which will then form the basis of the paper)

Caroline Hambloch, SOAS, [email protected]

5 SESSION 4 ART AND COLLECTIVITY 3:30-5:00

Creoles in the evolution of the Philippines during the Nineteenth Century

This paper presents a research done in recent years related to the role of Creoles in the evolution of the Philippines during the nineteenth century, and its growing “Filipinization”. Through the study of the Roxas, one of the most remarkable Creole families, I will analyze the following questions: what meant to be a Creole in the 19th century Philippines; the relationship between Creoles and other population groups -Filipinos, Mestizos, Sangleyes, Foreigners, Colonial authorities ...; the involvement of this family, and other related circles, in the development of the Philippine economy in the nineteenth century; their cooperation and conflict with the colonial administration; their participation in the struggle for greater incorpora- tion of Filipinos in the government of the islands -1823, 1842, 1872, 1896-; their commitment to the nationalist movement; the complex process of defining a national identity ... The aim is to better understand the development of the Philippines in the nineteenth century and the many factors that influenced the political, social and economic transformation of the islands.

María Dolores Elizalde, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-CSIC, Spain, [email protected]

Change and Religious Performativity: The Linambay of Linao after 27 Years The performativity of the panaad or panata (religious vow) in relation to theatre traditions in lowland Christianized barrios in the Philippines has been studied. The catholic-animistic syncretism apparent in these traditions, however, lack inter-generational, inter-regional much less significant pan- Asian cross-referencing.

This paper is a comparative study - a diachronic look at the transmutations of the Linambay as performed in Linao, Leyte. Twenty-seven years ago, I documented the performance of the Linambay in this small barangay near Ormoc City. In that study, I sought to understand the stubborn- ness of this almost 100-year tradition by looking at the texts, their authorship, and performance/reception by showing how this annual ritualized performance contributed to the village’s collective identity and memory. I went back to the site in April 2017 to see how things have changed.

How have two major environmental disasters ( the Flash Flood of 1991 and Haiyan in 2013) affected the village’s dynamic and the aesthetic form of a ritual meant to protect them from such disasters? How has this on-going tradition changed with the advent of digital culture? What of progen- iture and the interminability of this theatre form?

Cristina Juan, SOAS, [email protected]

The Anthropomorphic Holy Trinity: Initial Thoughts on a Transpacific Iconography Scholars of colonial Latin American art have long known about images of the Holy Trinity represented by three identical male figures which appear in art from Mexico to the Andes. Yet this iconography has received scant attention, often regarded as a curious medieval holdover banned by the Council of Trent. Less familiar are similar images from the colonial Philippines. These Filipino versions endured well into the 19th century – and remain part of folk Catholicism today. This paper traces the iconography of the so-called anthropomorphic or synthronos Trinity as manifest in artworks from the period of colonial Spanish rule in the Americas and the Philippines, and how to interpret them in light of theories proposed by scholars in recent years.

Kathryn Santner, Institute of Latin American Studies, School of Advanced Study, London, [email protected]

6 Day 2 , July 7

SESSION 5 THE LANGUAGE OF POWER 9:30-10:30

From dato to presidentiable: Philippine history in the Oxford English Dictionary

The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is today widely regarded as the most authoritative dictionary of the English language. The OED contains information on the meaning, history and pronunciation of over 600,000 English words, exemplified by nearly three million quotations taken from a wide variety of sources.

The scope of its data and the new search features offered by the online format of its third edition make the OED more than just a book of definitions—it is also an incomparably rich resource that can provide insight not only on words, but also on the people that use them. To illustrate the kind of questions that the OED can help answer, the talk will highlight Philippine English in the dictionary. The vocabulary of this postcolonial English variety has been shaped by varied influences—from Europe to America, from Spanish to Sanskrit—and the OED gives us a view into Phil- ippine culture and history through the window of its words, which range from headline-grabbing loanwords (kilig, halo-halo, ube) to idiosyncratic lexical innovations that show the creativity of Filipino users of English (dirty kitchen, sari-sari store).The presentation will focus on various periods of Philippine history and highlight the words recorded in the OED that define the political and public discourse of each era—from words with roots reaching back to prehispanic times (barangay, dato), to Spanish- and American-colonial borrowings and coinages (ladronism, aggrupation, reten- tionist), to modern-day political slang (presidentiable, trapo)—thus demonstrating the dictionary’s value as a chronicler of social history.

Dr Danica Salazar, Oxford, [email protected]

The Politics of Language and Rodrigo Duterte’s Populism Rodrigo Duterte started his presidential campaign with the declaration ‘change is coming’, using his native Bisaya language to express his politics and identity. His brand of politics based on powerful language and rhetoric has since spurred a populist movement in the Philippines that won him the presidency and helped him implement a tough peace and order platform. This paper seeks to analyze Duterte’s populist politics to demonstrate the transformative power of language in shaping conceptions of the social and defining the boundaries of the political in Philippine politics. By analyzing the role of the politics of language in Duterte’s populism, this paper seeks to demonstrate the ways in which Duterte’s use of Bisaya both as language and as collective identity has effectively reshaped political discourse, making Bisaya a unifying signifier for political mobilization. Veering away from a discussion of the content of Duterte’s populism and following Ernesto Laclau’s critique on form, this paper evaluates Bisaya politics’ powerful potential to articulate Duterte’s agenda of change by harnessing linguistic struggles of the Bisaya language within the Philippine linguistic hierarchy and linking them to material struggles of Bisaya speakers within the Philippines’ neo-colonial political economy. This paper illustrates the ways in which Duterte’s Bisaya politics resonates across multiple social classes by intersecting multiple socio-political struggles and embracing varying social demands and political positions in order to launch a unified counter-hegemonic offensive against dominant political discourse. By examining the rhetorical tools Duterte employs, this paper also illustrates how the category of Bisaya becomes an ‘empty signifier’ that embodies long-standing historical antagonisms between the marginalized and the elites in Philippine society, demonstrating the coalitional capability and symbolic power of Duterte’s Bisaya politics and validating the crucial role of the politics of language in Philippine political discourse.

Adrian Calo, SOAS, [email protected]

7 SESSION 6 REPRESENTING DUTERTE 11:00-12:00

Philippine Opinion-Forming Media Representations of Duterte’s War on Drugs

Since June 2016 when Rodrigo Duterte became President of the Philippines about 7 000 people supposedly embroiled in drug trade have been killed. President’s harsh stance on drug pushers and users met an overwhelming critique expressed in global media and by international community. Simultaneously, Duterte’s policy is not perceived so unequivocally detractive in his homeland. While some citizens air their misgivings and moral reservations towards the war on drugs, Duterte enjoys firm support of some segments of Philippine society. Thousands of Philippine citizens demonstrate support or disapproval for Duterte’s policy on rallies and in social media. The society seems to be deeply divided. In such a turbulent time there is always a question on the role of intellectual elites. In the long run, they contribute largely to social definition of situation. Therefore, voices of opinion makers should be analyzed.

One of the opportunities to capture intellectual elites in action is to analyze opinion sections of the newspapers. It allows not only to determine what is the understanding of situation and which points are seen as controversial or obvious in the ongoing debate. Moreover, it allows to grasp, how the debate changes over time and to which extent intellectual elites unequivocally perceive the situation. Finally, it can also indicate how influential are traditional elites. In order to perceive insight to the Philippine opinion makers’ perception of Duterte’s policy toward drugs connected issues, I decided to analyze discourses within opinion sections of three largest English language daily newspapers in the Philippines, namely: Ma- nila Bulletin,Philippine Star, and Philippine Daily Inquirer. The timespan of the analysis covers nine months from July 2016 where Duterte assumed the office till March 2017, when he accused Philippine Daily Inquirer (but not two other newspapers) of unfair coverage of his presidency. The research is qualitative in character and focuses on discourses on war on drugs with particular emphasis on issue of extrajudicial killings.

Franciszek Czech,Jagiellonian University, Poland, [email protected]

Duterte of Mindanao: A Cultural Studies View of Murder as Discourse This paper draws from my curatorial and museological work to develop an argument that the rise of the grotesque current President of the Philip- pines owes to under-examined violences,at once discursive and physical, that have transpired in his island home of Mindanao in the second half of the 20th century. Much of that violence transpired with no one and no institution nor front held to account.The man who ran for and won the presidency of the Philippines in 2016 promised murder and is delivering on the promise on a staggering scale. The 8000-some deaths of suspects in a state-sanctioned rampage he calls a war on drugs — a non-metaphoric utterance — are widely reported.

The local punditry can only gesture to “Mindanao” —a nebulous spatial sign of neglect, marginalization, but also wealth — as explanation.

This Mindanao from where Duterte emerged is the Philippines’ southern island cluster that has endured a half century of wars owing, firstly, to a secession movement waged by Muslim liberation fronts; and secondly, to a violent Communist rebellion that has transpired for nearly half a century. The battles for the independence of a Muslim south have also gone on for fifty years, the longest such conflict in the world. This Mindanao has been the object of an enduring American colonial rhetoric around a “land of promise” that rewards the bold and enterprising. Duterte was born to settler families from Central Philippines who staked ground in a conflicted island. His populist rhetoric plays to a politics of victimization (with early 20th century American-conducted massacres of Muslims as key motif) and appeals tohistory (with mangled, cherry-picked cultural/historical information in jerry-rigged argument).

It is because of the power of these “cultural” and “historical” motifs in Duterte’s self-made narrative that a dialectic with Cultural Studies has be- come a matter of urgency.

Marian Pastor Roces, TAO Inc, Manila, [email protected]

8 SESSION 7 MINDANAO : NEXT STEPS 1:00- 2:30

Nation-Building in the Philippines: State Response to Insurgency in the South Post-colonial nations usually face separatist insurgencies as a hindrance to their nation building process. The concept of modern nation, which was imposed during the colonial period, could not address the multiethnic realities of the society. Post independence, these nations tried to mitigate these differences in the name of nationalism. However, continued imposition of modern nation building processes in the post-colonial era deepened the feelings of alienation among the minority groups. This paper tries to explore possible factors behind state policies adopted by the government of Phil- ippines to manage insurgency in the southern provinces of Sulu and Mindanao. After independence, Filipino government undertook an integrationist approach to eliminate differences between the Muslim majority south and a predominantly Christian Philippines. This approach was an integral part of nation building that aroused feelings of nationalism in the Southern archipelago which had a different history, religion and ethnicity. These differences translated into insurgency, posing threat to the Filipino security leading to the declaration of martial law. This lead the Filipino state from mid-1970s to a conciliatory approach leading to a series of negotiations with the Muslim insurgent groups. However, the terms of these negotiations could never be employed owing to domestic policies that saw a shift from clientist to a predatory tactics by the Filipino state (Quimpo: 2001). But in 2014, Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) and Filipino government signed the final peace agreement. Progress of Philippines as a modern nation simultaneously changed the policies of the government towards its minorities. I attempt to understand how colonialism shaped Philippines as a nation and how nationalism in Philippines at different stages provided new approaches to the government to deal with insurgency. This paper also tries to look at the success of these approaches and how they addressed these problems under different national governments.

Sunaina, Centre for Indo Pacific Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, [email protected] The Bangsamoro Basic Law and Philippine Governance: Will it Resolve the Secessionist War? The paper examines the most recent proposed law in the Philippines which intends to address the age-old conflict between the Philippine state and Bangsamoro liberation movements in southern Philippines – the Bangsamoro Basic Law. Drawing lessons from previous experience of applying state laws and the Constitution to resolve the secessionist Muslim rebellion, the paper probes on the critical and underlying political and governance issues confronting the Duterte administration in its quest to solve the longest armed conflict in Southeast Asia. It investigates the unresolved national question of the Bangsamoros which historically endures the peoples’ quest for self-rule. The paper argues that the fundamental conflict is rooted in the centralism of the state that is borne out of its unitary structure of governance and appraises an alternative structure of power relations that may be taken in the interest of strengthening the Philippine nation- state through inclusive governance. The unitary system limits the self-governing power of the Muslim minorities as well as other minority groups. The paper concludes that conferring a semi-sovereign status, resembling a federal structure of governance, would enhance the process of nation-state building not only of the Philippines but also of the Bangsamoros.

Rizal Buendia, London, [email protected] Lessons from the Mindanao Peace Process: Contributions to the Annals of Conflict Reso- lution Discourse The year 2014 marks the finale of a protracted separatist movement in the southern island of Mindanao, since the “Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro” was signed in Manila in March. Conceived as a nationalist struggle, aimed at the establishment of an autonomous homeland for the thirteen ethno-linguistic groups comprising the Philippine Muslims (‘Moros’), the historical roots of this movement run deep into the labyrinths of the colonial era. It is in this backdrop, that the proposed presentation/paper will attempt to address the following questions:What are the factors and historical roots of the ‘Moro’ quest for an autonomous homeland and how did the ‘Moro’ epithet evolve into a positive symbol of national identity?; What have been the trends and characteristics of the separatist movement led by the ‘Moros’?; and How has the Government of the Philippines, examined from the tenure of President Ferdinand Marcos through those of the successive Presidents - Corazon Aquino, Fidel Ramos, Joseph Estrada, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and Benigno Aquino III - addressed the problem? It concludes with the present status and the perceived direction of the movement under the administration of President Rodrigo Duterte. In conducting the study, primary documents (Govern- ment documents, particularly the texts of various agreements and declarations) and secondary sources viz. analytical articles in books, journals, newspapers and relevant websites as well as lectures and interviews, have been adhered to. The principal objective of the paper/presentation is to flag the Mindanao case study, within the wider ambit of Philippine Studies, as a significant contribution to Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution discourse, which can serve as an exemplar for countries both within the region and beyond.

Mohor Chakraborty, University of Calcutta,Kolkata, India ,[email protected]

9 SESSION 8 DIGITAL CULTURE 3:00-4:00

The Promise of the (Foreign) Image: Post-Post- Internet Art from the Philippines

In the post-1989 landscape of what is now termed global art, the previously untouched artistic peripheries have, seemingly, forced their way into the centre. From India to China, Cuba to Indonesia, both the art and the artists of these formerly marginal regions have come to inject themselves directly within this visual battleground, opening up the contemporary art milieu to practices and practitioners outside of the traditional mainstream.

Yet within this purportedly horizontal landscape, the peaks and troughs of everyday global realities (as much as the swings and roundabouts of global capital) can, of course, be detected. Within the purported flatness lies congestion, within the polished circuit, resistance. In the Philippines, the work of artist and curator Yason Banal in particular explores this particular dynamic, teasing out the disjunctures in global art whilst simultaneously teasing it through a critical display of over-identification. Focussing on his post-internet art practice in particular, his aesthetic of slow broadband, his exploration of the visuality of traffic (both vehicular and virtual), this paper will thus examine how Banal’s work exposes the smooth whiteness of the post-internet as a highly racialized zone. It will explore, through the promise of the foreign image, not simply the uneven ground of global art, but the ways in which practitioners such as Banal have come to artistically explore this friction in their work, the ways they have not just exposed the bumpy terrain but used this imbalance to their advantage.

Rafael Sachtner, University College London, [email protected] Mediating Culture: The Value of Digital Socials and Online Bonding for Filipino Migrants in London This paper explores the value of mediated cultural events in sustaining Filipino migrants in London. Taking London’s Kankanaey-speaking migrant community as my case study, I expand my focus from face-to-face socials and in-person ‘bonding’ encounters to the ways they resonate across social media networks. Online, the revelatory aspects of platforms like Facebook transform norms for personal intimacy, status and ritual – and thus social practices themselves. Here, I show how social media transforms socials and bonding and why this transformation is valuable to migrants. I examine events and activities documented by photographs, videos, comments and ‘likes’ on Facebook. Here, culture is reinvented and renegotiated in the production, circulation and commentary people attach to social media posts. Migrants often share reflective comments online that they do not express at the actual events. My analysis reveals these mediated forms of culture shift the meanings of events to generate overlapping kinds of value. Social media affords migrants new ways to understand the relative importance of events and encounters, to consider their own of self-worth, and to open up routes to employment and earnings in London.

Deirdre McKay, Keele University, UK ST5 5BG , [email protected]

Screening of Sunday Beauty Queen 5:00- 6:35 PM

Sunday Beauty Queen is a 2016 Philippine documentary film directed by Baby Ruth Villarama and follows a group of expatriate domestic workers in Hong Kong as they prepare to take part in an annual beauty pageant. It made its world premiere in the Wide Angle documentary competition at the 21st Busan International Film Festival in 2016.

Q and A with Director and Panel Discussion 6:50 -8:30 PM

The screening will be followed by a Q&A with director Babyruth Villarama and an In Conversation Panel around the issues of migrant domestic labour, culture/power, intimacy and resilience with:

Dr Fenella Cannell, LSE Dr Diedre McKay, Keele University Philippine Embassy Representative: Mr. Voltaire O.C. Mauricio, First Secretary and Consul Marissa Begonia, Justice For Domestic Workers (J4DW), and Cielo Esperanza Tilan, Filipino Domestic Workers Association (FDWA)

10 Speaker Bios

Richard Karl Deang is a PhD candidate in Comparative Gender Studies with a concentration in Anthropology at Central European University. His dissertation is an ethnographic investigation of the biomedical category “men who have sex with men” in the context of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the current biopolitical crisis of the Philippines. It offers a postcolonial, queer critique of the continuing mutual construction of sexuality, pathology, neocolonialism, and late modernity in the global biomedical age. His academic interests lie at the interface of queer and biocultural anthropology, men’s studies, science and technology studies, and postcolonial theory. Before his doctoral studies, he studied and taught at the University of the Philippines Dilliman.

George Emmanuel Borrinaga is a doctoral candidate in History at the University of Hull and a faculty member (on leave) of the Department of Anthropology, Sociology and History of the University of San Carlos (Cebu City, Philippines). His dissertation examines the role of localized identities in generating collective resilience to human-induced and environmental crises in Samar and Leyte, Philippines from the late 19th Century until the aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan/Yolanda in 2013. His research interests include Philippine local history, socio-cultural history, community studies, identity, social memory, and environmental history. He completed an undergraduate degree in Computer Engineering and a Master of Arts degree in History at the University of San Carlos.

Yvonne Su is a doctoral candidate in Political Science and International Development at the University of Guelph. She is a recipient of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada Graduate Scholarship and the IDRC Doctoral Research Award. Her research is interested in the topics of post-disaster recovery, international remittances, social capital and development in Southeast Asia. More specifically, her research is interested in the role of remittances in post-disaster recovery. Focusing on recovery after Typhoon Haiyan (local name Yolanda) in the Philip- pines, her research examines how different households access assistance from their support networks locally and globally. She completed her undergraduate degree in International Development at the University of Guelph and her Masters degree was completed in Refugee and Forced Migration Studies at the University of Oxford.

Rizal Buendia is an ndependent Consultant/Researcher in Southeast Asian Politics and International Development based in London, United Kingdom. He is former Chair of the Political Science Department, De La Salle University-Manila, and Teaching Fellow in Politics at the Department of Politics and International Studies and the Department of Development Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London. He had published monographs, articles in academic journals, and contributed chapters in several books in the areas of ethno-nationalism, Muslim separatism,conflict and peace, ASEAN, Southeast Asian politics, public administration, human rights,democracy, and social policies. He obtained his PhD in Political Science at the National University of Singapore (NUS) under the NUS by-research Ph.D. scholarship and earned his MA in Public Administration with Highest Distinction at the University of the Philippines-Diliman.

Elsa Clavé is a junior professor in Southeast Asian studies at Goethe University (Frankfurt) and a research associate at the Centre Southeast Asia (Paris). Her main interest concerns the dynamics of authority and power in the Southeast Asian sultanates, a topic she studied through the analysis of local narratives, kinship, dissident behaviour, and more recently aesthetics. In parallel, she engaged in a reflexion about indigenous his- toriography, manuscript studies and the politics of memory. She has published on women warriors in Aceh, performing arts, princess Tarhata from Sulu and iscurrently coordinating a special issue on the memory of the 1965 massacre in Indonesia. Her first monograph on the cultural history of islamization in Mindanao and Sulu, based on her PhD (2013) will be published in 2017 by the EFEO. Her second book-long project is a study in global history on religious order and territory.

Eberhard Crailsheim is “Marie Skłodowska-Curie” Fellow (IF) at the Institute of History, at the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), in Madrid. He has received his PhD at the University of Graz, Austria, has been research fellow at the University of Hamburg, and visiting professor at the University of Hagen, Germany, at the department of Global History. His research is focussed on the Spanish Empire in the early modern period. His interests include the economic and social merchant networks of the Atlantic world in Europe and America and processes of political communication (threat-communication) in the Spanish Philippines. Among his publications stand out: The Spanish Connection. French and Flemish Merchant Networks in Seville, 1570‐1650 (Cologne et al., Böhlau 2016), Wirtschafts- und Sozialhistorische Studien 19,ed. by Stuart Jenks, Michael North and Rolf Walter; and Image‐Object‐Performance. Mediality and Communication in Contact Zones of Colonial Latin America and the Philippines (Munster etal., Waxmann 2013), Cultural Encounters and the Discourses of Scholarship 5 (edited together with Astrid Windus). Eberhard Crailsheim is also managing editor of the book series Expansion– Interaktion – Akkulturation. Globalhistorische Skizzen (Expansion–Inter- action–Acculturation. Designs in Global History), Mandelbaum Publisher, Vienna.

Fauwaz Abdul Aziz completed his bachelor’s degree in Political Science and Islamic studies in 2001 from the International Islamic University Ma- laysia (IIUM). He then taught History and Geography at the secondary level, before working as a journalist with the political news outlet Malaysiaki-

11 ni for 6 years. Fauwaz has also worked as a researcher in a number of civil society and trade organizations, the last position being with international non-governmental organization Third World Network as researcher, specializing in trade and investment agreements. While a journalist, Fauwaz undertook a Master of Art’s degree in Muslim World Issues at the Institute of Islamic Thought and Understanding (ISTAC), which he completed in 2013 with a thesis that looked at the economic ideas of Islamic religious scholars and intellectuals within the social, political and cultural context of their times. In April 2017, Fauwaz took up a PhD position in the Emmy Noether research project ‘The Bureaucratization of Islam and its Socio-Le- gal Dimensions in Southeast Asia’ based at the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology in Halle, Germany.

Anne Booth was born in New Zealand and was educated in New Zealand and at the Australian National University in Canberra. She has been studying processes of economic development in Southeast Asia since the 1970s. She has held academic positions at the University of Singapore, the Australian National University and the School of Oriental and African Studies in the University of London, and is currently Professor Emerita, University of London. She is currently working on a study of living standards in Southeast Asia from the end of the nineteenth to the beginning of the twenty first century.

Caroline Hambloch is a second year PhD student in Economics at SOAS, University of London. Her PhD research focuses on the palm oil industries in Papua New Guinea and the Philippines,investigating expansion efforts, the development of private forms of governance, and its meanings and implications in the local context. The research asks the question of why certain countries and/or regions upgrade their production processes in terms of adopting sustainability certifications, e.g. the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) and others do not. Her research interests lie within the debates of global commodity chains/global value chains/global production networks, agri-food standards, agri-business development, and rural economic development. Caroline holds a MSc in Economics from the University of Copenhagen,Denmark, during which she conducted fieldwork in Kenya and the Philippines. Her Master thesis discusses the determinants and consequences of Filipino smallholders’ participation in the export mango value chain.

María-Dolores Elizalde is an Investigadora Científica at the Institute of History, Spanish National Council for Scientific Research (Consejo Superi- or de Investigaciones Científicas-CSIC, Spain). Head of the Group of Asia and the Pacific, she specializes in international history, colonial societies and colonial and postcolonial processes in Asia and the Pacific, in the nineteenth century. Doctorate in History from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Research Scholar at the London School of Economics and Political Sciences

Cristina Juan has a PhD in Comparative Literature from the University of the Philippines. As a Professor at the Humanities Department of the University of the Philippines, Cebu, she taught Philippine Languages and Cultures before she moved to New York in 1995. There she raised a family, published poetry and taught at the Asian Pacific American Studies at NYU. She moved to London in 2013 and is currently a Research Associate at the South East Asian Department at SOAS and teaches its modules on Philippine Literature and Philippine Comparative Studies.

Kathryn Santner is a Leverhulme Early Career Fellow at the Institute of Latin American Studies (School of Advanced Study, London). She received her PhD in the History of Art from the University of Cambridge in 2016 where she focused on conventual visual culture in colonial Peru. Her research interests include the fine and decorative arts of the colonial Andes and Philippines, in particular the role of secular and religious women in artistic consumption and display.

Danica Salazar is World English Editor for the Oxford English Dictionary, where she researches and writes new entries, and helps shape the dictionary’s policy for world varieties of English. Prior to joining Oxford University Press, she was the Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow in English Language Lexicography at the English Faculty of the University of Oxford. She holds a PhD in Applied Linguistics from the University of Barcelona, an MA in Teaching Spanish as a Foreign Language from the University of Salamanca and a BA in European Languages, magna cum laude, from the Univer- sity of the Philippines-Diliman. She publishes and lectures regularly on lexicography, phraseology, World Englishes and Spanish- and English-language teaching. Dr Salazar is the author of Lexical Bundles in Native and Non-native Scientific Writing (2014) and co-editor of Biomedical English: A Corpus-based Approach (2013).

Born in Butuan city in the southern Philippines, Adrian Calo is a Filipino scholar who recently completed his MSc in Asian Politics at SOAS Uni- versity of London. His research focuses on Southeast Asian comparative politics with special interest in the political economy of his home island of Mindanao and the geopolitics of the region. At SOAS, he studied at the Centre of Comparative Political Thought of the Department of Politics and International Studies, where he explored critical approaches to the study of the political in its various forms - from everyday political acts such as speech, songs, and writing to more complex forms of political engagements such as mass movements, general strikes, and political resistance. His aim is to better understand the various ways in which political agency manifests itself in an increasingly complex political landscape that is constantly subjected to the transformative power of globalization. He is currently based in London where he continues to research and write about the Philippines and Southeast Asia.

12 Franciszek Czech, Ph.D. is a sociologist and political scientist at Department of Intercultural Studies, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland. His research on globalization led him toPhilippine studies. He is interested in political culture, social and political movements, media, and ethnic/ cultural relations (Moro issue). On a theoretical level his research interests include theory of political culture and conspiracy theory studies. He authored two books: Nightmare Scenarios. Sociological Study of Construction of Anxiety In the Globalization Discourse (2010 in Polish) and Conspir- acy Narrations and Metanarrations (2015 in Polish)

Marian Pastor Roces is an independent curator who also writes institutional criticism internationally. Her critique of biennales is among the seminal texts on this cultural form (in a volume edited by Mosquera and Fisher, MIT Press 2006 and Bergen Kunsthal 2010). She is Principal Partner of TAO INC, a Philippine corporation that develops and implements exhibition and museum projects, and offers cultural analysis for urban development projects. With TAO INC, she is curating the establishment of a Museum to Indigenous Knowledge in Manila, at this juncture of a 40 year curatorial career that included the establishment of major Philippine museums of social history and contemporary art. She is also a partner of the think tank Brain Trust Inc., which undertook the Mindanao Peace and Development Plan.

Sunaina is a post graduate in History from Banasthali University, Rajasthan, India. She is an MPhil in International Relations from the Center for Indo-Pacific Studies (CIPS) at Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi. For her MPhil she looked at Thai Government’s policies towards minorities. She is a Junior Research Fellow with the Universities Grant Commission (UGC) and is currently into the second year of her PhD at CIPS, JNU. Sunaina’s academic interest lies in comparing and contrasting the nature of minority groups’ interaction with the established ‘state’ entities and how they impact the legitimacy of ‘nationhood’ in East Asian realities. Apart from academics Sunaina is a print shy poet, an amateur photog- rapher and an accomplished horse rider!

Mohor Chakraborty is Assistant Professor in Political Science, South Calcutta Girls’ College (affiliated to University of Calcutta), Kolkata, India. She has been awarded M. Phil and Ph. D. Degrees from the Department of International Relations, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India. Her M. Phil dissertation was on “India’s Relations with the Philippines: from Complacent Indifference to Pragmatic Conviviality” and her Ph. D thesis was on “India’s Look East Policy: The Foreign Policy Dynamics from ASEAN Orientation to ‘Move East”. She has keen interest in international affairs, Indian foreign policy,Conflict Resolution & Peace Studies and Area Studies, with particular focus on South Asia,Southeast Asia and the Asia-Pacific regions.

Rafael Schacter is an anthropologist and curator from London, presently British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow in the Anthropology Department at University College London. Rafael is currently exploring contemporary art practices in Manila, the Philippines. He has recently undertaken seven months of fieldwork in the region and is working on a number written outputs as well as an exhibition scheduled for 2019 in London. Rafael has also been undertaking research on graffiti and street-art for over ten years. He has worked on numerous exhibitions including co-curating Street Art at the Tate Modern in 2008 as well as curating Venturing Beyond at Somerset House in London and Crossing Borders / Crossing Boundaries at the Street Art Museum St Petersburg, both in 2016. Rafael has authored numerous articles as well as two books, The World Atlas of Street Art and Graffiti (2013) published with Yale University Press, and Ornament and Order: Graffiti, Street Art and the Parergon (2014) published with Ashgate. He is currently completing a manuscript for Lund Humphries entitled From Street to Studio, slated for Summer 2018.

Deirdre McKay (Keele University) researches indigenous peoples, development and migration.She is the author of Global Filipinos (Indiana, 2012) and An Archipelago of Care (Indiana, 2016). She has worked with CIDA and AusAID-funded projects in the Philippines and with Filipino migrant communities in Canada, Hong Kong, London and online. She interested in personal stories of development, migration strategies, and people’s sense of self, and how these phenomena are being reshaped by social media. Her current projects explore upcycled plastic arts and crafts, ‘private aid after natural disasters, and the potential for migrants to document their development contributions through community arts.