The Archaeological Society of Ohio Officers—terms expire 1980 Robert Harter, 1961 Buttermilk Hill, Delaware, Ohio President—Steve Fuller, Jeff Carskadden, 2686 Carol Drive, Zanesville, Ohio 4767 Hudson Dr., Stow, Ohio Associate Editor, Martha P. Otto, Vice President—Frank Otto, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio 1503 Hempwood Dr., Columbus, Ohio Robert Jackman, Wellsville, Ohio Executive Secretary—Jan Sorgenfrei, All articles, reviews and comments on the Ohio Archae­ Pandora, Ohio ologist should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, re­ Treasurer—Mike Kish, quests for back issues, changes of address, and other 39 Parkview Ave., Westerville, Ohio matter should be sent to the business office. Recording Secretary—Scott Haskins, Columbus, Ohio PLEASE NOTIFY BUSINESS OFFICE IMMEDIATELY Editor—Robert N Converse, OF ADDRESS CHANGES. BY POSTAL REGULATIONS SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, Ohio Trustees Editorial Office Term expires 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064 Ernest Good, 3402 Civic Place, Business Office Grove City, Ohio 1980 Summers Redick, 35 West River Glen Drive, William C. Haney, 96 Buckhorn St., Worthington, Ohio 43085 Ironton, Ohio 1980 Alva McGraw, Rt. #11, Membership and Dues Chillicothe, Ohio 1980 Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are Charles H. Stout, 91 Redbank Dr., payable on the first of January as follows: Regular mem­ Fairborn, Ohio 1980 bership $8.50; Husband and wife (one copy of publication) Dana Baker, W. Taylor St., $9.50; Contributing $25.00. Funds are used for publish­ Mt. Victory, Ohio 1982 ing the Ohio Archaeologist. The Archaeological Society Steve Balazs, 401 Mulberry St., of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization and Mt. Vernon, Ohio 1982 has no paid officers or employees. Douglas Hooks, Rt. #5, The Ohio Archaeologist is published quarterly and Mansfield, Ohio 1982 subscription is included in the membership dues. Wayne Mortine, Scott Dr., Oxford Heights, Newcomerstown, Ohio 1982 Back Issues Regional Collaborators Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: David W. Kuhn, 2642 Shawnee Rd., Portsmouth, Ohio Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $4.00 Charles H. Stout, Sr, 91 Redbank Drive, Fairborn, Ohio Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N Converse ... 3.00 Claude Britt, Jr., Many Farms, Arizona Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N Converse .... 7.00 Mark W. Long, Box 467, Wellston. Ohio Back issues—black and white—each 3.00 Steven Kelley, Seaman, Ohio Back issues—four full color plates—each 3.00 James Murphy, Dept. of Geology, Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland. Ohio to 1964 are generally out of print but copies are available William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, Ohio from time to time Write to business office tor prices and Gordon Hart, 760 Fort Wayne Rd., Bluffton, Indiana availability. STANDING COMMITTEES SPECIAL COMMITTEES NOMINATING COMMITTEE PROGRAM COMMITTEE PRESERVATION COMMITTEE Robert N. Converse, Chairman Jack Hooks, Chairman Dana Baker, Chairman Ensil Chadwick Martha Otto, Chairman Jan Sorgenfrei Wayne Mortine William Tiell Charles Stout, Sr. Don Bapst Charles Stour, Sr. Alva McGraw Jan Sorgenfrei Gordon Hart Bert Drennan David Brose John Winsch AUDITING COMMITTEE SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE Robert Hill, Chairman COMMITTEE Don Gehlbach Marybeth Albin, Chairwoman Charles Stout, Jr. Robert Converse, Chairman Jack Hooks Lar Hothem Ensil Chadwick Owen Cowan Kendall Saunders Jeff Carskadden Tom Stropki Wayne Mortine Jack I .in,IIM Martha Otto EXHIBITS COMMITTEE Steve Parker Gordon Hart Steve Balazs, Co-Chairman George Morelock RAFFLE COMMITTEE Don Gehlbach, Co-Chairman Ed Hughes William Haney, Chairman Billy Hillen Charles Voshall John Baldwin Graig Coila Frank Otto Jerry Hagerty Earl Noble Dorothy Good FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS EDUCATION AND PUBLICITY COMMITTEE LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE Jan Sorgenfrei, Chairman Mike Kish, Chairman Alva McGraw, Chairman Doug Hooks Lar Hothem Dwight Shipley Don Bapst Dorothy Good David Kuhn Max Shipley Marylyn Harness Gilbert Dilley Ernest Good Martha Otto Earl Townsend Jack Hooks Joy Jones TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE As individuals within an organization, we Pendants and Brooches from the often tend to lose sight of the contributions Grimm Collection 4 that we can make to the group as a whole. In An Seasonal Fort Ancient Campsite in part, the object of the Archaeological Society Madison County, Ohio 5 of Ohio is to "disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology." What better vehicle The Brush Creek Tablet 11 for this purpose is there than the Ohio Ar­ Full- and Three-quarter-grooved Axes chaeologist? The magazine is back on a timely from the Bob Evans Shelter, schedule largely due to the response of Gallia County, Ohio 15 concerned members who have taken the time A Probable "Hand-and-Eye" Petroglyph, to make their contributions. We owe each of Gallia County, Ohio 17 them a vote of thanks. To maintain this schedule, it is necessary to have a steady A 1974 Birdstone Find 19 incoming flow of articles and photographs. I Clark Site Ware: Southwestern Ohio urge each of you to participate in your Society Pottery Related to Central Indiana by submitting material for the Archaeologist Late Woodland 20 and by attending the meetings. Regardless of A Fluted Axe 25 how insignificant you may think your knowl­ edge to be, share it with others! Each bit of The Harness Copper Plate 27 information helps place the overall, complex A Closer Look at an Effigy Pipe from picture of our state's rich prehistoric heritage nearTrinway, Muskingum County, into perspective. Each of us has something Ohio 30 worthy of sharing with the membership. Let's react! Thank you. Copper Beads from Madison County, Steve Fuller Ohio 31 Flint and Slate from Medina Co. Ohio . . . .32 TheHuntSite(33BL16): Part 11 — Ceramics 33 Two Conversation Pieces 39 An ASO Member Reminisces 40 Recollections of the Early Years and a Possible Retainer Mound Burial in Warren County, Ohio 42 An Unusual Bannerstone Concentration in Portage County 44 Paleodemography At The Eiden Site 47 A Thank-You Note to the Archaeological Society of Ohio 51

FRONT COVER BACK COVER This shell sandal-sole gorget was found associated with a An outstanding long polled three-quarter grooved axe flexed male burial at the Clifford Williams site, Logan found many years ago in Lakewood, Cuyahoga County, County, Ohio, in 1956. It is a classic Glacial Kame gorget Ohio. It is 8-5/8 inches in length and is made of a compact made of Gulf Coast conch shell and is 8-5/8 inches long. green stone. Also associated with this burial were two shell bar gorgets, small cut animal jaws, and a wolf skull mask.

3 Pendants and Brooches from the Grimm Collection by Elmer Grimm, Elyria, Ohio

Fig. 1 (Grimm) Pictured above in actual size are three pendants. The material is: (left to right) slate (Huron County, Ohio), cannel coal (Richland County, Ohio) and hardstone. The hardstone pendant has been salvaged with a new hole drilled slightly below the position of the original one. This pendant was found by James McAllister on his farm in Lorain County, Ohio. The farm is located 1/4 mile south of Rt. 154 on Golf Road.

Fig. 2 (Grimm) Above are three pieces of trade silver. The two circular pieces have incising with the smaller piece having a series of inscribed dots. The large center piece shows a zig-zag pattern throughout with a six pointed star in the center. The pendant on the right has a silver chain-like loop. These three pieces of silver are very thin which is a common occurrence in trade silver. They were found in a grave in Wyandot County, Ohio and given to Dr. Uberroth of Tiffin, Ohio as part payment on a bill.

4 An Seasonal Fort Ancient Campsite in Madison County, Ohio By Tim Nagel London, Ohio

ABSTRACT of 1973. This site was again surface hunted The Oak Run Site (33 Ma 11) located in in 1974 but it has remained in pasture the Union Township, Madison County, Ohio is a past five years. multicomponent site. Chronologically, Paleo- LITHIC MATERIAL Indian through Fort Ancient cultures are rep­ One hundred and seventy-three artifacts resented. One hundred and ten identifiable were recovered from the Oak Run Site. Lith- artifacts were recovered from this site during ology of material has been identified in order 1973 and 1974. of abundance as Delaware Chert, Coshocton The Fort Ancient material constituted 67 Flint, Flint Ridge Flint, Brush Creek Flint and percent of the total assemblage collected. Indiana Homstone. One hundred and ten Few Fort Ancient sites have to date been were identifiable with 67 percent being clas­ documented in Madison County. Two sites sified as Fort Ancient. One stemmed lanceo­ which are recorded (The Stokes and Voss late and one transitional Paleo Indian—Piano Sites) are within fifteen miles of the Oak Run Complex triangular end scraper was recov­ Site. Due to the abundance of springs and ered (Table 1, Fig. 2). Archaic material in­ bog type terrain at this site it is possible that cluded: one archaic bevel, seven corner this area could have been utilized as a sea­ notched points, two fishspear points, two side sonal hunting grounds by the prehistoric peo­ notched points, three bifurcates, three drills, ples affiliated with the Fort Ancient Culture. one triangular end scraper, and one totally reworked tubular bannerstone with tally marks INTRODUCTION (Table 1, Fig. 2 & 4). Material associated with Reference to Fort Ancient sites in Madi­ the Adena Culture: six fragmented Adena son County are rare. Although a few triangular Points (bases) and one Adena Adze (Table 1, points, characteristic of this culture, are dis­ Fig. 2 & 3). Only one hafted scraper was re­ covered throughout Madison County, sites covered to represent the Hopewell Culture with a high percentage of this type have not (Table 1, Fig. 2). been reported (Converse, personal communi­ cation). The Oak Run Site (33 Ma 11) has Fort Ancient artifacts were represented by yielded 110 identifiable artifacts, of these 73 whole and fragmented sections of fifty-eight or 67 percent have been attributed to Fort triangular points, one side notched triangular Ancient artisans. Other multicomponent sites point, two Ft. Ancient Knifes, one triangular located in the vicinity have been classified as basal tool, one triangular preform, one bi- predominately belonging to the Archaic Com­ pointed knife, one perforator, one triangular plex, with only 3.3 percent of the identifiable pointed tool, one spoke shave, one drill, four artifacts being from a Fort Ancient Culture. end scrapers, and one shell bead (Table 1, Fig. 1). The site is located near the headwaters of Oak Run in Union Township. The adjacent Also recovered were seven birdpoints of valley which Oak Run presently flows through the Mississippian and/or Fort Ancient Cul­ has a three to six foot depth of Carlisle Muck ture (Table 1, Fig. 2). Unidentifiable materials boardered by elevated terrains composed of included thirty-six fragmented projectile Miamian Silt Loam. Geologically this area is points, twenty-two scrapers, one pitted stone, located in the boulder belt of the Wisconsin one ungrooved maul, and three hammer- Glacier (Goldthwait, White & Forsyth, 1967). stones. (Table 1, Fig. 3 & 4; Cambron and Hulse 1973, Converse, 1970,1973, and 1978). This hilltop site has a elevation of 6.1 meters above the present surface of the creek DISCUSSION and is located within 45.7 meters of the north The Stokes Component which was classi­ shore line. Present dimensions of the site are fied as a Fort Ancient village site (Griffin, 30.5 m x 45.7 m. In 1971 approximately 22.9 1943) is located in Stokes Township, Madison mx15mx3mof the same hill was removed County approximately ten miles southwest of to obtain fill dirt for a construction project. the Oak Run Site. The O.C. Voss Site (33-Fr- No artifacts were readily observed during the 52) (Baby & Potter, 1966) which was first excavation. The author did, however, start classified as Late Woodland has more re­ recovering artifacts from the remaining por­ cently been affiliated with the Fort Ancient tion of the site after cultivation in the spring Culture (Potter, personal communication).

5 This mound site is located approximately fif­ habitants of the Oak Run Site with the resi­ teen miles west of the Oak Run Site. It seems dents of sites located in these southern highly possible that the bog and available counties. springs at the Oak Run Site would have pro­ duced a favorable hunting grounds for either of the inhabitants of the aforementioned sites. BIBLIOGRAPHY It might even be warranted to speculate that Baby, Raymond S., Martha A. Potter & Asa Mays Jr. perhaps these sites all were being utilized by 1966 Exploration Of The O.C. Voss Mound. one particular group of prehistoric people The Ohio Historical Society, Columbus. affiliated with the Fort Ancient Culture. This Cambron, James W. & David C. Hulse would be rather difficult to substantiate be­ 1973 Uniface Blade And Flake Tools. Cam­ cause there has to date been no burials or bron, Decatur, Alabama. pottery discovered at the Oak Run Site. How­ Carskadden, Jeff & Gerald Donaldson ever, the lithic material seems to be closely 1973 Brush Creek Flint Quarrying In Perry related as is one disk-shaped shell bead. and Morgan Counties, Ohio, Ohio Ar- chaeologist, 23(1): 20-21. It is believed by the author that this par­ Carskadden, Jeff & James Morton ticular parcel of ground had never been 1974 Late Woodland Projectile Points Ohio plowed before, which might explain the abun­ Archaeologist, 24(2): 18-22. dance of artifacts. Topsoil ranged from 10.2 Converse Robert N. cm to 20.3 cm in depth. Most of the lithic 1973 Ohio Flint Types. The Archaeological material was recovered from these depths. Society of Ohio. The Paleo-lndian and Archaic material was 1972 Flints Used By Ohio's Prehistoric In­ located in the northwest corner, the Adena dians. Ohio Archaeologist, 22(2): 36-39. artifacts were in the center, and the Fort 1973 Ohio Stone Tools. The Archaeological Ancient assemblage was located throughout Society of Ohio. the site but much nearer to the surface. 1978 Ohio Slate Types. The Archaeological The Fort Ancient triangular basal tool and Society of Ohio. triangular preform were identified as Brush Gartley, Richard, Jeff Carskadden & Tim Gregg 1974 Fort Ancient Projectile Points From The Creek Flint (Converse, personal communi­ Philo Site. Ohio Archaeologist, 24(1): cation) which is found in areas of Adams, 10-11. Morgan, Muskingum and Perry Counties, Ohio (Carskadden & Donaldson 1973, Kelley, Goldthwait, Richard P., George W. White & Jane L 1976). Forsyth 1967 Glacial Map Of Ohio. Ohio Department Many sites affiliated with Late Woodland of Natural Resources; Division of Water and/or Fort Ancient Cultures have been dis­ and Division of Geological Survey. covered in these counties with varying de­ Griffin, James B. grees of Brush Creek Flint being found in the 1943 The Fort Ancient Aspect. University of lithic assemblages (Carskadden & Morton Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. 1974; Gartley, Carskadden & Gregg, 1974). Kelley, Stephen It could therefore be postulated that there 1976 A Ft. Ancient Village On Ohio Brush might also be a relationship between the in­ Creek. Ohio Archaeologist, 26(3): 27-29. Percent Of Artifact Time Period Lithology Number Total Square Stemmed Lanceolate Paleo-lndian— Piano Complex Coshocton Flint 1 .018% Triangular End Scraper Paleo-lndian — Piano Complex Delaware Chert 1 Archaic Bevel Archaic Coshocton Flint 1 Archaic Side-Notched Points Early Archaic Delaware Chert 2 Archaic Corner-Notched Points Archaic Coshocton Flint 1 Archaic Corner-Notched Points Archaic Delaware Chert 5 Archaic Corner-Notched Points Archaic Local Chert 1 Fishspear Points Archaic Delaware Chert 2 • 179% Lake Erie Bifurcated Point Archaic Delaware Chert 2 St. Albans Bifurcated Points Early Archaic Coshocton Flint 2 Drills Archaic Delaware Chert 2 Drill Archaic Flint Ridge Flint 1 Triangular End Scraper Archaic Delaware Chert 1 Tubular Bannerstone Archaic Banded Slate 1 Adena Points Adena Flint Ridge Flint 3 Adena Points Adena Coshocton Flint 2 Adena Point Adena Delaware Chert 1 .063% Adena Adze Adena Granite 1 Hafted Scraper Hopewell Flint Ridge Flint 1 .009% Birdpoints Mississippian--Ft. Ancient Delaware Chert 2 Birdpoints Mississippian--Ft. Ancient Flint Ridge Flint 3 .063% Birdpoints Mississippian--Ft. Ancient Coshocton 2 Triangular Points Fort Ancient Delaware Chert 54 Triangular Points Fort Ancient Flint Ridge Flint 4 Side-Notched Triangular Late Woodland—Ft. Ancient Coshocton Flint 1 Bipointed Knife Fort Ancient Delaware Chert 1 Drill Fort Ancient Delaware Chert 1 Perforator Fort Ancient Delaware Chert 1 Triangular Pointed Tool Fort Ancient Brush Creek Flint 1 .664% Triangular Basal Tool Fort Ancient Brush Creek Flint 1 Fort Ancient Knifes Fort Ancient Delaware Chert 3 End Scrapers Fort Ancient Delaware Chert 4 Spokeshave Fort Ancient Delaware Chert 1 Shell Bead Fort Ancient Unknown 1 110 99.6%

Table 1. Identification of artifacts associated with the Oak Run Site (33 Ma 11).

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MM^mmMimimMm)i.iHfflvmBmt&mii*itiftftf.

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Fig. 1 (Nagel) Fort Ancient assemblage from the Oak Run Site (33 Ma 11). Shell bead located on surface of side-notched tri­ angular point.

8 ^ # * 9 J

»u 11 IS 11 ii ,., — Fig. 2 (Nagel) Top row, Paleo-lndian —Piano-Complex, Second and third rows, Archaic material, Fourth row, Adena Points (bases). Fifth row, Hopewellian hafted scraper, bottom row, Mississippian —Fort Ancient birdpoints.

9 Fig. 3 (Nagel) Right, reworked tubular bannerstone with tally marks, Adena Adze, Left, ungrooved maul, hammerstone, pitted stone and two flint hammerstones. V?f?»ft ft*****!

Fig. 4 (Nagel) Unidentifiable lithic artifacts from the Oak Run Site Most of this material is believed to be affiliated with the Archaic Complex and Fort Ancient Culture.

10 The Brush Creek Tablet by Jeff Carskadden Zanesville, Ohio

In 1860 David Wyrick "found" the Newark ton, deeply charred, in close proximity Holy Stone in the great stone mound near to a stake six feet in length and four Jacktown in Licking County, Ohio. From the inches in thickness, also deeply charred, Hebrew inscriptions on the stone Wyrick was and standing in an upright position . . . able to prove, at least to himself, that the When at the depth of seven and a half American Indians were descended from the feet in the north trench, came upon two Lost Tribes of Israel. At the time, this Holy enormous skeletons, male and female, Stone and a second one also made by Wyrick lying one above the other, faces to­ caused quite a stir, especially among the gether and heads toward the west. The religious community; they were pronounced male, by actual measurement proved to authentic by ministers attending a Presby­ be nine feet six inches; the female eight terian church synod atZanesville (Schneider, feet nine inches in length ... On De­ 1971). cember 22nd we began digging at the This hoax is perhaps the most famous in southeast portion of the mound, and had Ohio but is just one of a number of similar not proceeded more than three feet "discoveries" of holy stones during that period when we discovered an altar, built of of Ohio archaeology when everyone was sandrock. The altar was six feet in width speculating on the Hebrew, Persian, Viking, and twelve feet in length, and was filled or Welsh origins of many of the mounds and with clay, and of about the same shape other prehistoric earthworks in the state. the mound originally was. On the top, Nineteen years after Wyrick's find, in Decem­ which was composed of two flat flag- ber of 1879, the "Brush Creek Tablet" was rocks, forming an area of about two feet uncovered in an Indian mound in Brush Creek in width and six in length, was found Township, Muskingum County. A description wood-ashes and charcoal to the amount of this tablet and an account of the mound of five or six bushels. Immediately be­ excavation appeared in J. F. Everhart's His­ hind, or west of the alter, were found tory of Muskingum County, Ohio, published three skeletons, deeply charred, and in 1882 (p. 21-24). covered with ashes, lying faces upward, heads toward the south, measuring, re­ In his history, Everhart reproduces a letter spectively: eight feet ten, nine feet two, dated March 3,1880, signed by five residents and nine feet four inches in length . . . of Brush Creek Township, describing their excavation of a mound located on the J. M. In all, eleven skeletons are described, all 8 to Baughman farm: 10 foot giants. The letter concludes: "On December 1, 1879, we assembled The above report contains nothing but with a large number of people for the the facts briefly told, and knowing that purpose of excavating into and examin­ the public has been humbugged and im­ ing the contents of an ancient mound, posed upon by archaeologists, we wish located on the farm of Mr. J. M. Baugh­ to fortify our own statements by giving man, in Brush creek township, Muskin­ the following testimonial . . . gum county, Ohio. The letter is signed by Thomas D. Showers, The mound is situated on the summit of John Worstall, Marshall Cooper, J. M. Baugh­ a hill, rising 152 feet above the bed of man, S. S. Baughman, and John E. McCoy. the stream called Brush creek. It is On the last day of the excavation an about 64 feet in width by about 90 feet engraved sandstone slab was found (Fig. 1). in length, having an altitude of 11 feet Everhart notes that the stone: 3 inches; is nearly flat on top. On the . . . was found in a reclining position, mound were found the stumps of six­ with its dorsal aspect uppermost, into teen trees, ranging in size from 8 inches which J. M. Baughman struck the point to 2V2 feet in diameter. of his coal pick. It was but partially We began the investigations by digging cleaned when brought to the writer, and a trench four feet wide from the east was then cleansed with water and a side. When the depth of eight feet had brush, and was photographed without been reached, we found a human skele­ manipulation.

11 After a lengthy discussion of the tablet, Ever­ some on the Davenport Tablets. hart concludes: Similar tablets, also hoaxes, had been found The inscription on the tablet taken from at Davenport, Iowa. An article by Rev. Stephen the mound in Brush Creek Township is Powers, originally appearing in the "Kansas composed of three different forms of City Review" and reprinted in part in Frank ideation, which are made out to be Leslie's Popular Magazine (1881:127), also Demotic or Enchorial, Hieroglyphic and discussed the Brush Creek Tablet. Greek. The Demotic, according to Hero­ If Everhart's statement is true—that his dotus, had ceased to be used 525 B.C.; paper was "earnestly solicited "—for publica­ the Hieroglyphics had ceased to be tion by the American Association for the used about the third century, A.D., and Advancement of Science—then at least the the Greek characters were then used as local Zanesville residents were not as easily ideations. The inscription, therefore, dupped as their contemporaries in the scien­ must date back to the time when one of tific community. County historian Norris these classes ceased to be used, which Schneider (1942) in going through old Zanes­ was 425 B.C. ville newspapers of the period found an article Ironically, this date corresponds almost dated June 12,1883, which told of the follow­ exactly with the radiocarbon date of 400 B.C. ing litigation (quoting Schneider): from the Adena component at Merry's Cave, ... The case of Everhart and Co. against a rock shelter on Salt Creek about 10 miles Charles J. Oshe. It was a test case in­ north of the Brush Creek mound. Everhart volving 500 people who had promised goes on to give the following translation of to pay $12 each for the book. They the incriptions on the tablet: claimed that the fraud about the in­ I am the Alpha and the Omega, saith the scribed stone reduced the value of the Lord God, which is and which was, and book. When Everhart saw they meant which is to come, the Almighty giving business, he sold out and the customers first, power on earth; secondly, the spirit who had signed contracts to buy the added from heaven without ending. The book got it for $7 . . . Thomas Showers heavens declare the glory of God, as a testifies the stone had holes on it as if seal of His power to bless, first, with life, made by the cracking of walnuts, and and forever, these servants. there were no other marks upon it when Everhart's hoax never aroused quite the found in the mound. Jesse Baughman publicity of Wyrick's discovery. Everhart did swore to the same thing. Marshall notify the Smithsonian Institution of the Cooper swore he was employed by "an mound excavation in 1880, and a brief ac­ agent of Everhart to help dig in the count of the excavation, with no mention of mound and to carve Greek hieroglyphics the stone, appeared in the Annual Report on a stone. He was promised $15.00 for (Mason, 1880:444). In the same year Everhart his labor. Cooper consulted a lawyer states that he presented a paper on the Brush and was told to go ahead and do the Creek Tablet at a meeting of the American work and collect the money. Association for the Advancement of Science Apparently Cooper never got his fifteen dol­ in Boston. He notes that"... the paper was lars. Schneider notes that in spite of the hoax earnestly solicited for publication by the depicted in the first chapter, the rest of the officers of the Association, but was reserved book presents a quite reliable history of for the history of this county." Muskingum County. In fact, a map in the book At least two more accounts of the mound showing a number of Indian mounds in the exploration, both mentioning the tablet, ap­ county has proved to be quite accurate (Cars­ peared within the next year, and before the kadden, 1977). full account appeared in Everharts history of Everhart left Zanesville soon after the legal the county. Peet in the American Antiquarian dispute, and appears to have gone to another commented after a description of the tablet state. He was not heard from again here. In (1880-81:61): fact, he was only in Zanesville long enough to The description of the stone and of the write the history of the county. In talking to hieroglyphics was read at the last ses­ one of J. M. Baughman's descendant's it sion of the American Association, and appears that there was a mound on the the slab placed on exhibition. It has Baughman property in Brush Creek Town­ been pronounced "very puzzling". It ship. According to Everhart's county map, the contains among the hieroglyphics cer­ mound would have been located in the south­ tain signs which are quite similar to west corner of Section 16, one and a half miles west of Stovertown, on the north side marked two different spots where he of Baughman Run. Baughman Run enters claims bodies have been buried. By the Brush Creek at Stovertown. This latter stream size of the graves it is thought the bodies flows north two and a half miles to the Mus­ are those of a prehistoric race of giants kingum River. and in one section alone, eight graves Clark Sturtz, a local amateur archaeologist, have been marked. Five more are lo­ took a photograph of a mound in Section 16, cated nearby. These spots are to be Brush Creek Township, on September 2, further investigated and if the experi­ 1918. This is Sturtz's site No. 12 and he ments are true it will soon be known describes it as "on hill, height 7 feet, 100 feet whether or not giant bodies have been NW and SE, 60 feet wide, picture of south buried there. The graves are near the side," (Fig. 2). From the location, as well as spot of an old Indian mound uncovered the dimensions of the site, which are close to several years ago ... those given in the letter in Everhart's history, Back in 1879 it was stated in The Signal we can reasonably assume that Sturtz's that bodies of giants had been uncov­ mound and the Brush Creek Mound are the ered on the J.M. Baughman farm in same site. Brush Creek township but the experi­ From the description of the excavations it ments were not carried farther until the is impossible to separate fact from fantasy present time and now it is hoped a his­ regarding the features in the mound. There torical organization can be formed in was a cup stone found during the course of this county which will investigate all the excavations, according to the testimony, these claims and consequently prove and apparently Marshall Cooper actually that the Muskingum Valley is one of the carved the characters on this stone. It is most historic spots in America . . . unknown what exactly happened to the stone, Daddy Shotts must have read Everhart's though one account mentions that it was on history, but in the forty one years inter- exhibit in Cincinnati. The mound was probably veening, the litigation surrounding the hoax Adena, as are most of the other hilltop mounds had apparently been forgotten. in this portion of the county, and Adena artifacts have been picked up over the years in the fields along Baughman Run. Carskadden, Jeff Forty one years after Everhart's hoax the 1977 Archaeology of the City of Zanesville. following article appeared in a Zanesville Ohio Archaeologist 27(4): 14-19. newspaper (dated December 12, 1923) and Everhart, J. F. titled "Local Man Thinks Bodies of Prehistoric 1882 History of Muskingum County, Ohio. A. Giants are Buried on River Road Farm": A. Graham, Columbus. Several months ago The Signal carried Leslie, Frank an interesting article on some of the 1881 Recent Progress in Science. Frank Les­ feats performed by W.T. ("Daddy") lie's Popular Magazine XI: 127. Shotts of Bailey Street, who has com­ Mason, Otis Tufton pleted some truly amazing experiments 1880 Abstracts of the Smithsonian Correspon­ with the aid of forked sticks and prayer dence Relative to Aboriginal Remains in the United States. Smithsonian Institu­ but now Mr. Shotts had made more dis­ tion, Annual Report, pp. 441-448 (Wash­ coveries which with the assistance of ington, 1881). historical societies may prove that the Peet, Stephen Denison (ed) Muskingum Valley was once the scene 1880-81 A Slab of Sandstone Containing Heiro- of centralized activities for a pre-historic glyphics. American Antiquarian II: 61. race of Gullivers . . . About two weeks Schneider, Norris F. ago Mr. Shotts who is employed by the 1942 Giant Mound-Builders Called a Fraud. R.W. Evans Co. made an investigation Sunday News, March 1. Zanesville. on a farm near the Brush Creek bridge 1971 Newark Holy Stone Proved to be Hoax. five miles south of this city on Riverside The Sunday Times Recorder, December Drive and by means of an elm stick 26. Zanesville.

13 Fig. 1 (Carskadden) Illustration of the Brush Creek Tablet, from J. F. Everhart's History of Muskingum County, Ohio.

AJI ^Mh

'• •til **— M

Fig. 2 (Carskadden) Clark Sturtz's 1918 photograph of the Brush Creek Mound, Muskingum County.

14 Full- and Three-quarter-grooved Axes from the Bob Evans Shelter, Gallia County, Ohio By James L. Murphy The Ohio H istorical Society The discovery of a full-grooved and a elude that the two axe forms appeared during three-quarter-grooved axe in the lowest level the late Archaic but that the three-quarter- of the Bob Evans rock shelter ("Daniel grooved axe began to supplant the full- Boone's Cave") near Rio Grande, Gallia Co., grooved axe by early Adena times. On ex­ Ohio, in a rare occurrence of these two heavy cavated Archaic sites in the Ohio Valley, stone tool types in direct association. either one type or the other appears to pre­ Both axes from the Bob Evans shelter ponderate. Thus, the Chiggerville, Kentucky, were probably deliberately discarded. The shell mound yielded 13 full-grooved axes; bit of the full-grooved axe was almost entirely the Ward site, 26. A full-grooved and a three- ruined by removal of a large fragment, pos­ quarter-grooved axe were found with sepa­ sibly during manufacture, for only one side rate burials at the Barrett site. The Smith rock of the axe had been polished below the hatt­ shelter also yielded both types (one of each) ing groove. The three-quarter-grooved axe but apparently not in direct association (Webb was also damaged by removal of a chip from and Haag, 1947). Throughout the Kentucky the front edge, immediately above the hafting Archaic site reports, the full-grooved axe is groove. This may have prevented effective the dominant form. Indian Knoll produced hafting of the axe and lead to its discarding. nearly 200 axes, all full-grooved; the Read The two artifacts were found at the very base shell midden, 39 full-grooved axes; Carlson of excavation in the northern end of the Bob Annis, 42 full-grooved and four three-quarter- Evans shelter. A radiocarbon date of 2860 grooved axes. The Parrish site (Webb, 1951) B.C. +300 -320 years has been obtained on is especially interesting since a three-quarter- charcoal from this stratigraphic level, which grooved and a full-grooved axe were both accords well with the scant archaeological found with a single burial. The site also yielded remains found in the lowest level of the shel­ 20 other full-grooved axes and three three- ter (Murphy, 1974). quarter-grooved axes. In Indiana, the McCain Little work has been done on the distribu­ site has produced 22 three-quarter-grooved tion of stone axe types in North America. axes. On the other hand, the Raisch-Smith Warren King Moorehead long ago prepared site, one of the few excavated Ohio Archaic a manuscript on "The Stone Axe and Its Vari­ sites, produced 22 three-quarter-grooved ants," essentially a study of typology and axes. distribution, aided by Frederick Johnson and When county distribution of the two axe Douglas Oliver. Plans to publish this mono­ types in Ohio is considered (Figs. 3 and 4), graph for Phillips Academy at Andover by the influence of uneven sampling is apparent. Yale University Press apparently ended with One cannot evoke topography or the pre­ Moorehead's death in 1939, but a typescript sumed distribution of large game to explain copy of the manuscript is housed in The Ohio the dearth of grooved axes in southeastern Historical Society's Archives-Manuscripts Di­ Ohio, as has been done for the similar dis­ vision, where it has been examined. Much of tribution of fluted points (Prufer and Baby, Moorehead's work concerns the absence or 1963). It seems far more plausible to relate rarity of the grooved axe in Asia and the Pa­ this distribution pattern to the comparatively cific, where he perforce is concerned mainly small amount of collecting done in south­ with celt and adze forms. In North America, eastern Ohio, itself a reflection partly of the he notes the absence of the grooved axe in smaller amount of open tilled ground in that the northwest, but unfortunately his study region (Murphy, 1975:68). It should also be was never completed and he had little to say borne in mind that this is a rather small sta­ about the Mississippi and Ohio Valley region. tistical sample, based only upon published This was remedied somewhat by James occurrences. Unfortunately, comparable dis­ B. Griffin, who published his "Observations tributional data is not available for neighbor­ on The Grooved Axe in North America" in ing states. 1955, a succinct account of the distribution The two grooved axes from the Bob Evans of the grooved axe. This has been supple­ shelter, along with a considerable amount of mented by Ford (1969). Both authorities con- additional artifact material from this shelter,

15 were stolen from the display at Bob Evans References Ford James A Pruler. OlafH ana Raymond S Baby Farms, Rio Grande, Ohio, during the summer 1969 A comparison ol formative cultures in 1963 Paleo-lnoians Ol Ohio Columbus The the Americas Diffusion or the psychic Ohio Historical Society of 1978. unify ol man Washington DC Smilh- Webb, William S and William G Haag sonian (nstdution Press 1947 Archaic sites in McLean County. Ken­ Griffin. James B tucky The University ol Kentucky Re­ 1955 Observations on me grooved axe in ports in Anthropology 7(1] ' -46 Norm America Pennsy/varna Archaeoi Webb. William S ogist 25(1132-44 1951 The Parnsh village sile. site 45. Hop­ Murphy James L kins County Kenlucky The University 1974 Daniel Boone sbuiton The Explorei 16 of Kentucky Reports in Anthropology 12) 12-17 7(6) 403-451 1975 An archeological history of the Hocking Valley. Aihens, Ohio: Ohio University Press

Fig. 1 (Murphy) Full grooved axe from the Boh Evans Fig. 2 (Murphy) Three-quarter grooved axe from the Bob Shelter, Gallia Co. Ohio. Evans Shelter.

Fig. 3 (Murphy) Distribution of three-quarter-grooved axes in Ohio. Fig. 4 (Murphy) Distribution of full-grooved axes in Ohio.

16 A Probable "Hand-and-Eye" Petroglyph, Gallia County, Ohio By James L. Murphy The Ohio Historical Society

An unusual petroglyph associated with a small, multi-component rock shelter near Prairie Phase-A.D. 1250-1500 (Fowler and Tycoon Lake in Gallia County, Ohio, may be Hall, 1978:566). an example of the southeastern "Southern Another possible Ohio "Hand-and-Eye" Cult" Hand-and-Eye motif. petroglyph, now destroyed, has been re­ The petroglyph lies on a sloping natural ported previously (Murphy, 1977) from near bedding plane of shaly sandstone of the lower Hanover, Licking County. It is shown in Figure Conemaugh Group (Pennsylvanian), probably 3, reproduced by James Morton from a color the Buffalo Sandstone Member (Blake, 1952: slide taken by James B. Bailey in the early 21; Condit, 1917). As shown in Figure 1, the 1960s. design is crudely pecked into the rock and The only other known instance of the measures about ten inches in length. Only "Hand-and-Eye" motif in Ohio is an engraved four digits are represented, but this is not celt from the South Park site, Cuyahoga Co. unusual with the hand-and-eye motif. Varia­ (Brose, 1971). Although this example cannot tions of this motif occurring on Moundville, be directly linked with the A.D. 1650 (Seuss- Alabama, pottery include four- and even corrected to A.D. 1610-1520) radiocarbon three-fingered hands, as shown in Figure 2, date obtained from my 1968 excavations at taken from the Fundabark's Sun Circles and the South Park site, such an age seems likely. Human Hands. In any case, the small amount of shell- tempered ware present in the Tycoon Lake Test excavations at the Tycoon Lake shelter rock shelter can best be interpreted as repre­ have revealed a basal Archaic level, an Early senting one or more brief stays by small Late Woodland component, and extensive Late Prehistoric (Fort Ancient) hunting groups at Woodland deposits characterized by lime­ any time from A.D. 1100 to 1600, and the stone-tempered, cordmarked ceramics. The "Hand-and-Eye" petroglyph is undoubtedly uppermost few inches of the six foot deep associated with one of these. Permanent, shelter deposits contain limestone-tempered year-round Fort Ancient occupations have not ware, a few shell-tempered sherds, and sherds been found in the Raccoon Creek Valley, and containing mixed shell- and limestone-tem­ it is believed that the region served only as a per. Radiocarbon dates are not yet available game procurement area for Fort Ancient from this unit, and it is not possible to deter­ settlements along the Ohio and Scioto rivers. mine when the transition from limestone-tem­ pering to shell-tempering occurred. It is also likely that the topmost zone represents several Blake, Oliver D. mixed components. At the nearby Bob Evans 1952 The geology of Gallia County, Ohio. shelter (Murphy, 1974), a date of A.D. 720 is Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, The available on limestone-tempered ware, and Ohio State University, Columbus. the same site has yielded some Philo Punc­ Brose, David S. tate sherds guess-dated at ca A.D. 1200 on 1971 The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex the basis of radiocarbon dates from the Mus­ in northern Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 21(4): 16-18. kingum Valley (Morton, 1977). Radiocarbon Condit, D. Dale dates from the Roseberry site, Mason Co., 1912 Conemaugh Formation in Ohio. Geologi­ West Virginia appear to indicate a date of ca cal Survey of Ohio, 4th Series, Bull. 17. A.D. 1100 for the shell-tempered ceramics Fowler, Melvin L. and Robert L. Hall from the Ohio River site (Jeff Graybill, pers. 1975 Archaeological phases at Cahokia. Pp. comm.). 1-14 in Perspectives in Cahokia Ar­ The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex is chaeology. Illinois Archaeological Sur­ generally dated somewhat later. Although vey, Inc., Bulletin 10. University of typical "Southern Cult" motives such as the Illinois, Urbana. 1978 Late prehistory of the Illinois area. Pp. "weeping eye" are present at Cahokia as early 560-568 in Handbook of North Ameri­ as the Stirling Phase-A.D. 1050-1150 (Fow­ can Indians, Vol. 15, Northeast, Bruce ler and Hall, 1975:6), these are more common G. Trigger, ed. Smithsonian Institution, in the later phases, particularly the Sand Washington, DC.

17 Fundabark, Emma Lila and Mary Douglass 1957 Sun circles and human hands. Emma Lila Fundabark, Luverne, Alabama. Morton, John 1977 Radiocarbon dates from Late Prehistoric sites in the Muskingum Valley. Pp. 14-16 in The Richards site and the Philo Phase of the Fort Ancient Tradition, Jeff Cars­ kadden and James Morton, ed. Occa­ sional Papers in Muskingum Valley Archaeology, No. 2. The Muskingum Arch-Valley Archaeological Survey, Zanesville. Murphy, James L. 1974 Daniel Boone's button. The Explorer 16(2):12-17. 1977 The Hanover petroglyph site (33-Li-56), Licking County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeolo­ gist 27(2):12-15.

Fig. 1 (Murphy) Gallia County petroglyph of human hand with four digits.

Figure 2. Variations of the "Hand-and-eye" motif found on Moundville, Alabama, pottery. Taken from the Fundabarks Sun Circles and Human Hands. A 1974 Birdstone Find

By Shirley Upton 1220 Mills Rd., Wilmington, Ohio One of the most recent birdstone finds was made by Janet Grolemend in 1974. This broken and salvaged birdstone was a surface find in Chester Township, Clinton County, Ohio. It measures 3-3/4 inches in length and 1-3/4 inches high. The head had been broken by its aboriginal owner but the break has been smoothly ground and polished.

Fig. 1 (Upton) Side and bottom views of salvaged birdstone.

19 Clark Site Ware: Southwestern Ohio Pottery Related to Central Indiana Late Woodland by Joy Jones Middletown Journal First and Broad, Middletown, Ohio 45042

Two partially restorable vessels recovered was approximately 10 inches deep with minor during the first year's excavation at the Clark root disturbance below. At the base of the site (33WA124) in southwestern Ohio confirm plow zone and immediately overlying the the uniqueness of the Late Woodland site for midden was the clay-like layer previously Ohio and its relationship to the Oliver tradition noted. Midden thickness ranged from less in central Indiana where pottery exhibits the than 2 inches to approximately 5 inches characteristics of a mixed culture (Jones beginning at an average depth of 13 inches 1978: 17-20). "Finds [at the Clark site] are below the surface (Fig. 1). Noted was the certainly mostly related to materials found in remarkable uniformity of material—chipage, the Indianapolis area . . . ," noted James B. utilized flakes, pottery fragments, burnt rock Griffin. "The several sites in the Marion and tempering material, and bone—found in County area of Indiana . . . have striking the midden strengthening the feeling that the similarities to the sherds . . . found on the site represents a single component. site ..." (Griffin, personal communication). No definite postmolds were encountered Although test work has shown consider­ although some small circular stains averaging able depth disturbance, excavation has re­ about 3 inches in diameter were noted in the vealed that at least a portion of the site is sandy soil below the midden. Two were sec­ undisturbed with a "cap" of gummy clay-like tioned and both showed a rounded base with soil overlying the midden and sealing it from one set at a slight north-south angle. They the plow zone. The western portion of the were charted in the site records. Hearths site, which is situated on the alluviated western uncovered were simply stones laid on the flood plain of the Great Miami River, was left surface of the ground and surrounded by unplanted and a datum point established activity areas. Only minute particles of char­ along a north-south fence line at the extreme coal were found and tended to fragment western edge of the site. An east-west base when collected. There were no indications of line was laid across the rise on which the site burnt soil. is situated to a point 150 feet east of datum. A complete Jack's Reef Corner-notched This area included surface indications of two point (Ritchie 1971: 26-27), the dominant to four and possibly five hearths, and one- point style so far recovered at the site but third to one-half of the estimated site area. rare in this area of Ohio, was collected from Excavation was done in 5-by-5 foot squares the lower plow zone (Fig. 2). One Madison using the southwest corner stake as the (Ritchie 1971: 33) and a Levanna (Ritchie designator. Thus the first square dug, S-5 E- 1971: 31) were surface finds during the 1978 75, was 75 feet east and 5 feet south of the season as was a large blade of Harrison datum point. County, Indiana flint resembling the Greene Because a great deal of disturbance was type from New York. Similar blades were also expected, this initial square was hand trow­ noted with Intrusive Mound material viewed eled. When it was determined that the midden at the Ohio Historical Center. in this area was basically undisturbed, a Only one point fragment, possibly Levan­ combination of flat shoveling and troweling na, was recovered from the undistrubed mid­ was used. Seventeen squares were opened den. It was found below Feature 5, a small in this area. clustering of burnt rock in the midst of an A second area was dug during the 1978 activity area (Fig. 3). Two thin, roughly trian­ season. Twelve squares and two half squares gular-shaped forms were also found in the were opened at the eastern side of the base midden, one associated with Feature 5. The line. Due to disturbance, these squares were most common artifacts found in the midden completely hand troweled. Five squares along have been utilized and edge-worked flakes of the slope of the rise showed no midden and Harrison County, Indiana, flint and glacially- one other was very disturbed. deposited chert. The plow zone in the two areas opened The remains of the two partly restorable

20 vessels were found near features 1 and 2. mainly quartzite, 1-9mm in size. Body sherd Feature 1, located in S-10 E-70 and S-10 E- thickness, based on 123 pieces, ranges from 75, consisted of a roughly circular concentra­ 4.8-9mm with a mean of 6-7mm. Color ranges tion of burnt and fire-cracked rock at a depth from reddish brown to medium and dark of 13>2 to 14 inches below the surface (Fig. brown. A number of the sherds are charred 4). Farming activity had disturbed the upper black. portion. When cleared, the hearth, which was According to Griffin (personal communi­ nearly void of charcoal or waste material, cation), "One would expect this material to measured 50 inches north-south and 41 date somewhere around A.D. 1000 and to inches east-west. Feature 2 (Fig. 5) located in represent an eastern push into southwest the northwest quarter of S-10 E-80, immedi­ Ohio probably for a short period of time." ately east of Feature 1, was a rock clustering John T. Dorwin (personal communication) roughly E-shaped that measured 29 inches said he has long felt similar ware should be east-west and 23 inches north-south. Only a found in southwestern Ohio basing his belief yet-unidentified jaw bone was immediately on a frontier zone theory along which there associated with the feature. was a cultural exchange. A still curious note The remains of the diamond-patterned rim is the presence of Jack's Reef Corner-notched (Fig. 6) and most of the associated body points which are quite different from the sherds were found in the northeast corner of notched points illustrated from the Bowen S-5 E-75 associated with several unburnt and Bosson sites in Indiana (Dorwin 1971: rocks and a deer vertebrae. The chevron- 233). patterned pot remains (Fig. 7) were in the Also of interest is the presence of black northern half of S-10 E-90 along with a con­ eastern Ohio flint found in the midden and centration of deer bone. This area was used as tempering in the diamond-patterned designated as Feature 3. vessel. Other tempering material recovered The diamond-patterned pot exhibits an from the midden, limestone and igneous rock appliqued rim strip pinched over onto the fragments, indicates that pottery was made at interior (Fig. 8). The pattern was apparently the site. It is hoped that excavation can made over cordmarking by a pronged instru­ continue fully realizing that additional work ment. The lip is flat, unsmoothed and shows may raise more questions than it can answer corded impressions across the top. Thickness and that only time and the possible location across the lip is 7-9mm. Thickness at the base of related sites and material in Ohio may help of the rim is 9-1 Omm and thickness of the clarify the situation. adjoining cordmarked body sherds is 7.8- Acknowledgements: My continued thanks 9mm. Of particular interest is the tempering, to the Clark family for allowing me to dig and which combines limestone, quartz, and small to the many professionals who have given me amounts of black eastern Ohio flint. Temper­ their time in my attempt to unravel the puz­ ing size is 1-8mm. Body sherd thickness, zling nature of this site. based on 53 sherds, ranges from 6-12mm with a mean of 8-9mm. Color is medium brown Dorwin, John T. to buff and consistent throughout although 1971 The Bowen site: an archaeological study the interior of some sherds is nearly black. of culture process in the late prehistory The chevron-patterned pot has a rim strip of central Indiana. Prehistory Research applied to the exterior and the pattern ap­ Series 4(4). Indiana Historical Society, pears to have been made with a cordwraped Indianapolis. stick over cordmarking. The lip is flat, partially Jones, Joy smoothed, and measures 9-1 Omm thick. The 1978 A preliminary report on a puzzling single component Woodland site in south­ basal part of the rim is 15-16mm thick and western Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 28(3): smoothed by horizontal brushing or wiping. 17-20. This brushing is also apparent on the interior Ritchie, William A. surfaces of a number of the cordmarked body 1971 A typology and nomenclature for New sherds, a technique noted on many of the York projectile point types (rev. ed.). stray sherds recovered from the surface and New York State Museum and Science midden. Tempering is crushed igneous rock, Service Bulletin 384. Albany, New York.

21 Fig. 1 (Jones) Burnt rock above trowel shows in thin midden below plow zone.

Fig. 2 (Jones) Examples of artifacts from the Clark Site Row 1: Madison, Levanna and Jack's Reef Corner-notched type. Row 2: Graver, scrapers and flake knife. Row 3: Blade showing apparent knife use, scraper and celt fragment.

22 Fig. 3 (Jones) Feature 5 —Possible hearth area in midst of an activity area. Bone, flint and small pieces of charcoal associated. At lower right is a thin, crudely shaped triangular piece of flint. Possible Levanna fragment was found just below the burnt rock cluster.

Fig. 5 (Jones) Feature II—Roughly E shaped clustering of rocks 29 inches east-west and 23 inches north-south. Knife points to jaw bone.

Fig. 4 (Jones) Feature I—A roughly circular concentration of burnt and fire-cracked rock laid on the surface. Measured 50 inches north-south and 41 inches east-west.

23 Chevron Patterned

Fig. 6 (Jones) Collared rim with diamond pattern.

Diamond Patterned

Fig. 8 (Jones) Rim profiles (exterior surface to the left).

Fig. 7 (Jones) Chevroned patterned collared rim.

24 A Fluted Axe by Gale V. Highsmith 2825 S. Burrell St. Milwaukee, Wise.

This flat full grooved axe with two flutes or grooves around the poll is made of a green­ ish sandy shale-like material. It is nearly 9 inches long and weighs slightly over three pounds. It was found near Dayton, Mont­ gomery County, Ohio. The author is planning a publication on fluted axes, celts, gouges, and similar arti­ facts. He would appreciate hearing from any members regarding Ohio or other axes with transverse flutes or grooves, either around the axe or on one side only.

Fig. 1 (Highsmith) Large full grooved axe from Montgomery County, Ohio. Note additional grooves around poll. Seven colorful bar amulets from the collection of ASO member Larry Cronkleton, Noblesville, Indiana. All are drilled with the typical conjoining holes at each end. Top to Bottom, Williams Co., Ohio: Seneca Co., Ohio: Williams Co., Ohio: Franklin Co., Ohio: Huntington Co., Indiana; Defiance Co., Ohio; and Hillsdale Co., Michigan.

26 Fig. 1 Front view of the Harness Copper Plate. Photography by the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. The Harness Copper Plate by E. F. Gadus Dept. of Archaeology Cleveland Museum of Natural History

During the 1977 excavation of the Edwin interesting aspect of the Harness plate is its Harness Mound, a Hopewellian copper plate mode of manufacture. The plate was con­ was recovered. The plate was found in an structed from two sheets of copper joined undisturbed portion of the second stage of by a line of eight well made rivets. (Fig. 2 and mound construction. In association with the 3). The rivet heads have been ground down plate were cremeated human remains (Gre- so that they are almost flush with the plate ber 1978). The Harness plate is a new and surface, thereby making them hard to see interesting piece of information, adding to when covered by the copper's heavy green our understanding of Hopewellian technical patina. Rivet head size ranges from .39 cms prowess. Consequently, it is the purpose of to .50 cms in diameter. The rivet holes along this article to give a description of the plate's with the "suspension" holes appear to have construction characteristics for comparative been punched into the copper. The punch use. Also, since a copper artifact presents a technique leaves a dimple effect (Fig. 1), conservation problem, the second half of this which is quite obvious around the "suspen­ article will explain the steps taken to preserve sion" holes. In addition to the rivets, the cop­ the Harness plate. per sheets may have been joined by the use The Construction of a cold weld. The Harness copper plate could be termed Along the line of rivets on one side of the "of typical Hopewell style." The plate is rec­ plate there is a linear depression or trough. tangular with rounded corners, concave sides, A flat-bottomed, chisel-like tool seems to and two "suspension" holes. However, the have been used to make the trough. Tool

27 marks can be seen under magnification. This covered, the conservator must use the scal­ trough may be a possible cold weld mark. A pel to completely remove the white powder cold weld is produced by heating the two which is the tell-tale sign of the cuprous chlo­ copper surfaces (not to a molten state) and ride reaction. After the initial cleaning, the joining them by hammering. The hammering copper was washed in distilled water and sets up a bond between the two surfaces. thoroughly dried with acetone. Finally, the However, the rivets are needed to hold the copper was treated with three coats of a copper sheets in place while weld ham­ Benzatrizol solution (3-percent in Methanol). mering is in progress (Clifford; personal The Benzatrizol penetrates the patina and communication). stabilizes the copper beneath by preventing In the case of the Harness copper plate, its contact with the cuprous chloride (Plender­ the use of a flat chisel in the cold weld pro­ lith 1971). However, even with the applica­ cess would have localized the bond to the tion of the above procedures, the copper area of overlap between the two sheets. The artifact should be kept in a moisture free trough on the Harness plate corresponds to environment, because it takes both moisture the overlapping edge of the opposite sheet. and cuprous chloride to form the destructive The cold weld holds one edge of the copper "bronze disease." sheet flush against the surface of the other, Conclusion thereby creating the cosmetic effect of one The Harness copper plate can be classed uniform sheet. Of course, this cosmetic effect as another unique example of Hopewellian would only work on one side of the plate be­ technical skill. The plate, with its rivets and cause the trough, the scar of the weld, is on weld, is a testament left by a people we can the other. Consequently, the Harness plate in no way consider primitive. They possessed seems to have a definite front and back. Even a knowledge of techniques which reached the the "suspension" holes were punched so that limits that their material would allow. We must their metal burrs are on the side of the weld now analyze, appreciate, and preserve what scar (Fig. 2). Weld, rivets, and a little grind­ has been left to us. ing and polishing create a splendidly well made copper artifact. Plate Measurements Length 22.6 cm The Conservation Width 12.6 cm When taken from its earthen environment, Thickness .16 to .25 cm a copper artifact may begin to deteriorate at Distance between suspension holes 6.8 cm a faster rate. Quick exposure to air due to excavation can cause unstable cuprous chlor­ Suspension hole diameter .25 cm ide to form on the surface of the copper. If Rivet hole diameter .36 cm moisture combines with the cuprous chloride, the condition of deterioration known as "bronze disease" begins (Plenderlith 1971). References Bronze disease, if left unchecked, can eat Clifford, Paul holes through the metal. In order to prevent Personal Communication. Associate deterioration of the Harness plate and also Curator of Mineralogy, Cleveland Mu­ preserve the beauty of its green patina, the seum of Natural History. following procedures were undertaken. Greber, Nomi The Harness plate was first washed in a 1978 A Comparative Study of Site Morphol­ ogy and Burial Patterns at the Edwin five-percent solution of Sodium Hexa Meta Harness Mound and Siep Mounds 1 and Phosphate (Calgon) in water. The Calgon re­ 2. Paper presented at the Chillicothe moves dirt and encrustations which may hide Conference of Hopewell Archaeology. areas of bronze disease. Heavy encrustations Chillicothe, Ohio. 9-12 March 1978. were removed with the careful use of a scapel. Plenderlith, H.J., A. E. A. Warner Skillfully used, the scalpel enables the con­ 1971 The Conservation of Antiquities and servator to achieve a smooth finish to the Works of Art. Treatment, Repair, and patina without marring it. If in the course of Restoration. 2nd ed. Oxford University the cleaning, areas of bronze disease are dis­ Press.

28 Fig. 2. Diagram of the back of the Harness Copper Plate, showing the location of rivets and weld trough.

Fig. 3 Diagram of the front of the Harness Copper Plate.

29 A Closer Look at an Effigy Pipe from Near Trinway, Muskingum County, Ohio James L. Murphy and James Morton Columbus, Ohio

In 1972, Murphy described and illustrated an unusual bird effigy pipe from the archaeo­ bird's mouth. Both snakes are ornamented logical collections housed in the Paul R. with sets of chevrons that apparently repre­ Stewart science building at Waynesburg Col­ sent color bands. Also faintly engraved on lege, Waynesburg, Pennsylvania. The pipe is the pipe are two crude arrows, one pointing labelled as follows: "'Peace' pipe/Near Tren- upward on the middle of the bird's right side, way, Ohio/Donated by Charles M. Ewing." It the other on the front of the bird's left breast, was believed to be a Fort Ancient pipe pos­ immediately in front of the tail of the one sibly representing a bobwhite, a tentative snake, pointing upward toward the bird's identification based upon the stubbiness of head. the beak and body proportions. An incised If the interpretation of the incised oval and oval on the breast or lower neck area of the line connecting it to the bird's mouth as an bird was believed either to represent a color "X-ray" drawing representing the bird's stom­ patch consonant with the quail identification ach is accepted, the pipe should probably be or to be an example of Indian "X-ray" drawing considered a representation of some raptorial representing internal vital organs or the life bird eating its prey. In any case, the bobwhite force (Norona, 1955). Carved from local stilt- identification is no longer acceptable. The pipe is believed to be an unusual example of stone, the pipe is 5VB inches long and about 3 inches wide. the raptorial bird motif in Fort Ancient art. The occurrence of an "X-ray'.' drawing on the Recently, through the courtesy of James pipe would strengthen the belief that "X-ray" Randolph, Waynesburg College, the authors petroglyphs in the Ohio Valley area are Late were permitted to remove this pipe from the Prehistoric in age (Swauger, 1974). showcase for a closer examination. We dis­ covered that the pipe bears a number of Murphy, James L. additional engravings that can not be seen 1972 An unusual effigy pipe from Coshocton through the display case glass. The most County. Ohio Archaeologist 22(4):23. unusual of these are two snakes, one of which Norona, Delf is incised on the left side of the pipe (Fig. 1), 1955 Indian x-ray drawings. West Virginia immediately below the left leg, which is Archaeologist 7:9-19. crudely incised beneath the slightly flanged, Swauger, James L. cross-hatched wing. A second snake, not 1974 Rock art of the upper Ohio Valley. Aka- visible in the accompanying photographs, is demische Druck and Verlagsanstalt, draped around the bird's neck, its tail in the Graz, Austria.

Figure 1. Side view of bird effigy pipe showing incised Figure 2. Rear right view of bird effigy pipe showing incised snake design, incised leg. and faint arrow on front of bird. leg.

30 Figure 3. Oblique view of pipe showing incised wings and possible "x-ray" motif.

Copper Beads From Madison County, Ohio

By Steve Peterman 201 Lennox St. Columbus, Ohio 43228 Pictured are a pair of copper beads found while surface hunting a small field in Madison County, Ohio. These were the only artifacts thus far found at this site. Sifting of the soil in the immediate area produced no more beads. The author would like to hear from other members who have made similar finds in this area.

Fig. 1 (Peterman) Top and side views of two copper beads.

31 Flint and Slate From Medina Co. Ohio By William Tiell Lakewood, Ohio This flint and slate was originally collected well. Three of the earlier points are located in by Mr. C. M. Jones. He found these pieces the center. They are an archaic bevel, archaic on his farm which is located on Rt. 5, LaFay- bifurcated, and pentagonal points. The purple ette Twp, Medina County, Ohio. The collec­ colored notched shaft scraper (spoke shave) tion is now owned by E. Grimm of Elyria, Ohio. is of Flint Ridge flint as are the three Adena The types range from Archaic to Hope­ points at the top, center row.

32 The Hunt Site C33BL16): Part ll-Ceramics by

Thomas C. Grubb and Arthur J. Allen • Mt. Vernon, Ohio Canton, Ohio

The study of ceramics from an archaeo­ of the great variety of pottery types found on logical site has been said to be the most many upper Ohio Valley sites. sensitive indicator for determining the identity To obtain as much information as possible of its inhabitants because it usually provides from the 93 different types of rims selected a greater amount of information than obtain­ for study, the following characteristics were able from other types of artifacts. While tabulated: temper, surface finish, lip finish, identification of different types of projectile body and lip decorations, appendages, and points, knives, scrapers, etc. is very useful in rim shapes. Since space does not permit the identifying a site's inhabitants, the variations inclusion of this table, only the percentage possible in these items are relatively limited distribution of the tempering and surface compared with the almost infinite variety of treatment of 13,917 sherds is recorded here designs and decorations that may be incor­ as follows: grit temper cord-marked, 34.9%; porated into pottery. The type and application grit temper smooth surface, 6.9%; shell tem­ methods of the designs along with their per cord-marked, 31.6%; shell temper smooth location are all used to identify the chronology surface, 26.5%; limestone temper, 0.6%. Fifty- and cultural affiliation of the pottery makers. five percent of the shell tempered sherds Although this minutia of detail may be dis­ were cord-marked, while 83.5% of the grit couraging to the beginner in archaeology, it tempered sherds were cord-marked. affords an excellent means of placing the In general, the Hunt pottery was well made pottery makers into various cultures and/or and well preserved. Recovered bottoms were phases, which in turn makes it possible to conoidal or globular. Although coil nesting identify and compare small differences in the was not observed, many breaks occurred temporal and cultural stage of the inhabitants along coil lines. While rim thickness between of one site with those of other sites. pots varied (4.5mm to 9.5mm), it was ex­ Part I of this series (Grubb and Allen 1979) tremely uniform in each vessel. This uniformity described the flint artifacts from the Hunt site along with surface finishes included smooth, with strong evidence of both Ft. Ancient and cord-marked, cord-marked with smoothing, Monongahela traits. The ceramics described cord impressed, stamped, and one burnished in this report show diagnostic traits sug­ specimen. Tempering materials included grit, gesting a transition from the Ft. Ancient chert, grit-shell, shell, and limestone. Fifty- culture to the Monongahela complex. Com­ eight percent of the sample was shell tem­ parative ceramic data from hilltop sites in pered, a few sherds were clay tempered and eastern Ohio are scanty or unpublished. very few untempered. However Whitman (Whitman 1975) has re­ Rim incising was a common feature. All ported similarities in ceramic traits from the incised lines on Hunt pottery were recti­ Hunt, Tower, Mattie Stewart, and Bedway linear—a characteristic of the Monongahela sites all in eastern Ohio, but to date, no Incised type according to Mayer-Oakes detailed ceramic reports have been published (Mayer-Oakes 1955) as well as the Feurt from them. phase of the Ft. Ancient Indians in the Ohio It was the original purpose of this report River Valley. Incised patterns covered a wide on the Hunt site ceramics to relate as many range including line-filled triangles, chevrons, as possible of the 15,000 sherds (including and variations of both. A pattern of diagnonal 1,000 rims) collected to the cultures that lines interrupted by one and occasionally two produced them. However, it soon became complimentary lines was often used as were evident that because the site is multicom­ incised lines parallel to the rim top. One rim ponent, identification of the sherds would be had a pattern of four equally spaced parallel an extremely complex problem. The authors, lines. Several rims showed finger nail incising therefore, decided to describe the various and others had lines slashed at random. Two types collected without attempting a definitive rims displayed different patterns on the same identification in the hope that this information vessel. Round and oval punctates were a would be useful to subsequent investigators popular decorating technique. Punctates attempting to bring some temporal order out were applied to lips, placed high or low on

33 rims and were used as a top or bottom border lip is impressed with shallow, narrow radial for incised patterns. One rim had a double indentations and cord marks. On the right is a row of punctates in a "V" pattern. Loop handles miniature bowl VA inches high with a flat were often decorated with punctates. Some bottom and smooth outer surface. Temper punctates were deep enough to produce was undetermined. protruding bumps on the inner surface. Ac­ Figure 5—Two rebuilt vessels, the one on the cording to Griffin (1943), punctate decora­ left shell tempered, the other grit tempered; tions are rare in Ft. Ancient pottery. both are fully cord-marked including the lips. Most vessels from Hunt had flaring rims Figure 6—This shell tempered sherd features ranging from slight to severe with wide open a rim-mounted nipple lug topped with a long mouths, probably for cooking. Straight rims rounded scallop. The rim is straight and constituted about 35% of the sample. In­ slightly incurvate at the lip with cord marking curving rims were rare and scallops appeared to the shoulder and then smoothed. only on smooth rounded lips. Two types of Figure 7—This grit tempered sherd is cord­ handles were evident on Hunt pots—loops marked on the upper part of the rim and on and pierced lugs. Loops were pre-formed and the body but smoothed between. The nipple then attached to the rims by either of two lug is rim attached and topped with a pointed methods. The majority were "welded" to the castellation. rims by finger pressure then blended and Figure 8—The upper sherd is grit tempered smoothed against the rim wall. In the second and cord-marked without an accompanying method, pilots were formed on the handle casellation over the lug. The lower sherd is hubs, inserted through holes in the rim wall, shell tempered with a short neck and smooth then "riveted" on the inner wall. All loop finish. The lug here is tipped with a rounded handles in the sample were shell tempered. A castellation. second type of handle was produced by Figure 9—This photograph shows the largest forming an ear-shaped vertical lug on the rim loop handle recovered, measuring 3/2 inches 1 and then piercing the "ear" with a round tool. long and 1 /2 inches wide. A double row of Several rims with this type lug but not pierced triangular punctates encircles the upper por­ were also noted in the sample. tion of the loop with 5 punctates in each row. Since "one picture is worth a thousand A double row of 6 triangular punctates en­ words", it was considered useful to include circles the handle at the center. A single line photographs and line drawings of the more "V" incising is placed under the handle ex­ representative of the 93 different types of rim tending to the body. sherds selected without placing them in any Figure 10—The rim of this grit tempered, significant order: highly decorated sherd is straight and exhibits Figure 1 —This vessel was the only one re­ a row of neat punctates, slightly oval and covered with a restricted opening. Twenty- uniformly spaced. A chevron pattern is in­ five percent of this pot has been restored. It cised in a dual motif with common diagonals is cord-marked, grit tempered, with small under the punctates. The lip is slashed from nipple lugs at lip level. It may have been a left to right at % inch intervals. water container. Figure 11—This graphic reconstruction of a Figure 2—This grit tempered vessel with its vessel is based on the sherd illustrated in outer surface showing very wide shallow figure 10. grooves resembling fluting has been 50% Figure 12—"A" is a cord-marked miniature restored. The eared lunate lugs mounted high vessel 4 inches high with the neck nearly on the rim often appear on Baum phase one-half the height of the vessel. A small loop pottery of the Ft. Ancient tradition (Prufer handle, topped with a small rounded castella­ and Shane 1970). The lip is decorated with tion, is attached high on the rim. Two vertical flat, narrow radial impressions. incised lines run down over the loop inter­ Figure 3—The original cord marks on this secting on the underside. The lip of this shell tempered vessel have nearly been ob­ burned shell tempered vessel is smooth and literated by smoothing on the half-restored rounded. "B" is a 2 inch high pot with a 3 inch specimen. The rim is completely smoothed body diameter. This untempered specimen with a few faint marks visible on the body has a slightly flattened bottom with a short only. Two eared loop handles are attached to neck containing a row of very small roulette- a moderately flared rim. impressed indentations on 1 /16 inch centers. Figure 4—The 25%-restored conoidal vessel "C" is a crudely-made miniature vessel having on the left is 6 inches high and features eared an extremely uneven rim with a small castel­ lunate lugs attached high on a flared rim. The lation on the low side. The body is asym-

34 metrical showing attempted incising. There is of reed punctates encircling the pot at junc­ no tempering material in this light brown ture of neck and body. These punctates are Ya container, which may have served as a toy inch in diameter, approximately V% inch deep, made by or for a child. "D" is also from a and are spaced on % to 34 inch centers. The miniature pot with a fine grit temper and neck on this specimen is 2V2 inches high, vertically cord-marked. A small nipple lug is smooth, with moderate flare. The body is located slightly below the lip. "E" is a 3V2 inch decorated with a pattern of intermittent cord high miniature container with little lunate lugs marks produced by using a cord wrapped decorating the rim at lip level. This vessel rod. A combination lunate lug and round contains a mixture of shell and grit tempering, castellation is applied to the lip. This clay and has a smooth outer surface with a slightly tempered pot measures 11 inches across the flaring rim. mouth. Figure 13—This is a cord-impressed, shell Forty-four sherds from a burnished (pol­ tempered rim with a deep, sharp impressions. ished) vessel were found in a midden deposit A well made pour spout is attached to a 3 inch below the plow line in the north field. The high rim. sherds are polished to a smooth hard finish Figure 14—This grit tempered pot has a 1 inside and outside. A horizontal lug topped inch high neck and smoothed outer cord with a long scallop was noted on one rim. marks. It features a lunate lug with two pockets Temper is shell. and a smooth scalloped lip. A large plain rim sherd showing a mam­ Figure 15—This rim displays a combination miform lug topped with a rounded castellation of decorations. It has a rod-impressed lip with was recovered from a refuse pit. This vessel the impressions spaced on k inch centers, is decorated with a row of vertical punctates and a double line of punctates in a reverse at the juncture of neck and body and has "V" pattern. Two different tools were ap­ been identified (Carskadden, personal com­ parently used to make these punctates; the munication) as a grit tempered variety of Philo inner ones having a teardrop shape while the Punctate pottery. other ones are round. Several Adena sherds were recovered, Figure 16—This drawing is a graphic detail of which was not unexpected as a few Adena the design shown in Fig. 15. points had already been found. One of the Figure 17—Shown is a chert tempered rim sherds was a rim with a flat lip similar to the with vertical cord markings extending to a "Fayette Thick" ware without cord marks. The row of oval punctates at the juncture of the relatively small number of Adena artifacts neck and body; cord marks change to a nearly collected suggests that these people consti­ horizontal position on the body. tuted a small group, using their cookware Figure 18—This is a smooth-finished, shell enroute. tempered rim featuring a combination vertical Based on the variability of the ceramic lug and castellation. sample, consideration could be given to a Figure 19—This shell tempered rim has a possible ceramic manufacturing and/or trad­ smooth finish and a loop handle topped with ing center for the site. Clay was readily a "V" notched castellation. It has round punc­ available and shell tempering materials could tates encircling the vessel at the shoulder have been obtained from Spencer Creek and extending up the center of the loop. An about 4 miles away. Two caches of sandstone, incised chevron pattern appears on each side suitable for grit tempering, and one pit con­ of the handle with pattern lines extending to taining mussel shells and hammerstones were the rim top and continuing across the lip. unearthed. Figure 20—A graphic reconstruction of the The authors wish to thank members of the vessel from which the sherd in Fig. 19 was Sugarcreek Valley chapter who submitted obtained is shown here. pottery specimens for study, particularly Ed Figure 21—This rim shows a stamped body Richards, Earl Noble, Charles Coss, Al Rev- design with the neck and lip facing finished in nik, and Richard Stambaugh. cross-hatched pattern. The incised body pat­ tern consists of a series of parallel lines Grubb, Tom and A J Allen Pruter. Olal. H andOrnnC. Shane III crossed with a series of parallel diagonal lines. 1979 The Hunt site-part I Ohio Archae­ 1970 Btain Village and the Ft. Ancient tradition ologist 29 in Ohio. Kent State University Press, A pour spout with flattened ears is tooled into Griffin, James 8 Kent, Ohio. 1943 The Fort Ancient aspect. University ol Whitman, Janice R Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. Michigan. 197S A cursory analysts of Monongahela traits the lip. Mayer-Oakes, William J. appearing In four sites In southeastern 1955 Prehistory of the Upper Ohio Valley Ohio SPAAC Speaks, 211) 6-20 Al- Annals ol the Carnegie Museum 34, legheney Chapter No t Society ot Figure 22—This is a graphic reconstruction Pittsburgh. Pennsylvania Archaeology of the sherd shown in Fig. 21. A large vessel being restored shows a row

35 Fig. 1 Fig. 2

Fig. 4 Fig. 5

Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8

Figs. 1-8 (Grubb and Allen) Ceramics from the Hunt Site.

36 Fig. 12

""

4 Kk^l CM. , a '1~ L. L-JL

Fig. /3 Fig. 74

Figs. 9-74 (Grubb and Allen) Ceramics from the Hunt Site.

37 Fig. 16 Fig. 17

1 | < r 4 . 1 • J •| 1 .•

Fig. 18 Fig. 19 Fig. 20

Fig. 22

Figs. 15-22 (Grubb and Allen) Ceramics from the Hunt Site.

38 Two Conversation Pieces By John R. Heath Box #82 Sullivan, Ohio 44880

Both artifacts pictured in (Fig. 1) are sur­ only point with this treatment ever seen by face finds from the headwater area of Black the author. River in Sullivan Twp., Ashland Co., Ohio. The incised artifact bottom (Fig. 1) is made The broken corner notched point top (Fig. of a fine grained sandstone which is red from 1) has a feature that is unique. The raised being burned. The grooves on the face are area indicated by arrow is heavily ground and about 1/32 inch deep. The back side is polished. The flint hinged off on both sides of rounded and shows no alteration from its the raised area during the manufacture of this original shape. Various opinions such as; tally point. Evidently the only way the flintnapper stone; needle sharpening stone or "just a could remove this was by grinding. This is the fossil." have been offered. What do you think?

Hill 8

Figure 1 (Heath)

39 An ASO Member Reminisces By John C. Allman 1336 Cory Drive Dayton, Ohio 45406

I was born on September 14, 1897, at Manager. During my four years there I re­ Crown Point, Indiana, and attended the grade located a number of mound groups that were and high schools there, graduating from the listed by county in an atlas of Minnesota. I did latter in 1915. I was one of a group of boys quite a little digging in one group near Little that established a Boy Scout troop the year Rock Lake, but here again they were mostly after the organization was founded in this bundle burials with few grave goods. The country. I became a patrol leader, and, a few cultural affiliations of Minnesota had not been years later, a scoutmaster. My pal and I had worked out at that time, so I could not know the first wireless sets in our town in 1913 and what cultural group had built these mounds. were able to read signals from the big Arling­ In 1944, when I learned that I was to be ton and Key West stations as well as from transferred to Dayton as Credit Manager I Chicago and the Great Lakes. was quite elated, as I knew all about the When I was a freshman in high school my earthworks and archaeology of Ohio, and older brother and his pal took me along on a hoped that I would have a chance to do some bicycle trip to some sand banks along the real archaeological work. My first opportunity Kankakee River where they had heard that came in 1945 when the newspapers told of a Indian pottery had been found. We found the skeleton found in their sandpile by some place and dug up a number of large light- children in north Dayton. I called on their colored, undecorated sherds. I never knew parents and was shown the site, which was in what tribe had made them, but it might have their backyard! They gave me permission to been the Potawatomi, as this was one of their do some digging and finally I found four more favorite camping grounds. But, anyway, I was burials (Fig. 1). The only artifact with them so thrilled with these finds that I became a was a broken arrowhead. But when they told devotee of Indian archaeology. me that there had been a large mound of After high school came a degree in civil gravel there that had been hauled away for engineering from the University of Illinois road building, I knew that these were Glacial interrupted by service in World War I, and Kame burials. then marriage and a family. In 1926 I went to As soon as I could I bought a copy of Mills' work for a construction firm in St. Louis, but Archaeological Atlas of Ohio and borrowed after two years the depression hit us, and I from my neighbor his copy of McLean's Ar­ went to Gary, Indiana, to work in a hardware chaeology of Butler County. Then I started store. While in Gary I was able to explore a out to locate as many of the sites listed in mound group near Boone Grove in Porter southwestern Ohio as I could find, and finally County and excavated one medium-sized and compiled a list of 64 mounds, 11 villages, 13 several small mounds. In the larger mound campsites, and 9 enclosures. I know that there there was a good-sized pit in the center in are many more than this in the area, but I am which a number of bundle burials had been no longer able to locate them. placed, but without any grave goods. In a The first mound I excavated was the Man- similar mound nearby two men from Michigan rod mound which is southeast of Oxford on found a number of Hopewell artifacts. A year the hill above Four Mile Creek. It is 5 feet or two later J.G. McAlliaster wrote the ar­ high and 36 feet in diameter. It was apparently chaeology of Porter County for the Indiana a domicilairy mound, as it consisted mostly of Historical Society, and I was glad to be able masses of burnt earth. There were a few to help him in several ways. In return, he sherds in it, grit tempered, and I found a small called my larger mound the Allman mound. copper bead and some animal bones. While at Gary, I was also able to work at a In 1951 I hit the high spot of my archaeo­ mound group near Turkey Creek in Lake logical career when I discovered the Lichliter County, and also in the Lake Michigan dunes Village site a short distance west of Dayton. It and along the Kankakee River. turned out to belong to a new culture for In 1933,1 went to work for Sears, Roebuck Ohio, although at first I was not sure whether & Co. at Evanston, Illinois as head of their it was Archaic, Adena, or some other culture. Hardware Department, and shortly was trans­ I did not find any sherds at first and the ferred to St. Cloud, Minnesota, as an Assistant projectile points were different from those of

40 other cultures. They did not have stone axes, man about 5 feet 10 inches tall. With it were but did use many celts and tools of slate. five slate celts 3Y4 to 6 inches long. Also there I finally ran into the postholes, 93 in all, of was an unfinished limestone elbow pipe, a house that was round and 48 feet in diameter pieces of drilled turtle shell, and 3 sickle- (Allman 1957). There were many slate discs, shaped pieces of clam shell. At first we mostly about 2/2 inches in diameter. I found thought the mound was Adena, but later pottery in most of the postholes, and finally decided it belonged to the Cole culture. ended up with about 700 sherds, grit tem­ In 1964, Kenneth McNeal of Dayton sug­ pered and undecorated. Many of the points gested that I dig in the Vance farm area as he had wide, shallow side-notches, or very small and other collectors had found many artifacts notches close to the base. Animal bones were there from all cultures going back to Paleo- found in many of the postholes, mostly of lndian times. This site is south of Dayton on deer. I have named it the Lichliter site after the west side of the Miami River, and covers Mrs. Laura Lichliter of Cleveland, the owner. many acres belonging to the city of Dayton. I Several other sites of this same culture, called obtained permission to dig and spent the next Cole, have been found in the state. A radio­ three years working on it in my spare time. carbon date of 1600 ± 240 B.P. was obtained During this time I uncovered 11 burials and from the University of Michigan, which would 20 storage pits, and took out over 10,000 make it between A.D. 100 and 600. The latter sherds, animal bones, and slate and stone would probably be the nearer. artifacts. The pottery immediately placed it in In 1958 and 1959 I helped Jim Wood and the Fort Ancient culture, the Anderson focus. his son excavate the Irvin Coy mound (Wood I called it the Incinerator site because the and Allman 1961). It was a round mound 3 Dayton incinerator was nearby. A radio-car­ feet high and 74 feet in diameter, and is in bon date from the University of Michigan Greene County near the Shakertown Road. placed it around A.D. 1300 (Allman 1968). The dig yielded 19 burials in various positions. Two years later I relinguished my rights to With them were a slate pendant, a small the site to the Dayton Museum of Natural copper axe covered with textile, a reel- History, where Jay Heilman is Curator of shaped slate gorget, several sheets of mica, Archeology. Since then he had done an and a number of black sherds. We did not get unusually fine job of excavating the site. He a radio-carbon date, but, from the list of uncovered the postholes of a palisade of logs, material, I should say that it was an early a number of house patterns a large open Hopewell mound built about the time of plaza in the center, and many other important Christ. features. There is a strong movement under In 1959, Hubert Wachtel told me about an way in Dayton to make a public park of this enclosure on the bluff above the Stillwater site, showing all the features of a Fort Ancient River west of Pleasent Hill. A Mr. Grossman village. had been digging there and had found pottery I donated all the material I found on the and burials. So I went up there as soon as I Erp, Lichliter, and Incinerator sites to the Ohio could and found it to be an oval-shaped bluff- Historical Society at Columbus, where it can top area with ravines on either side and a be studied by anyone who is interested in semi-lunar wall and exterior ditch on the these cultures. In return, I was made a Bene­ landward side. I called it the Erp site after the factor Member (Lifetime) of the Society. owner, Mr. Ervin J. Erp of Dayton (Allman Shortly after coming to Dayton I heard of 1959,1960). I found several burials there and the Ohio Indian Relic Collectors Society, now many sherds. The latter were grit-tempered, known as the Archaeological Society of Ohio, and many had the Fort Ancent guilloche and immediately obtained a membership. design. Other Fort Ancient artifacts were Since then I have tried to take an active part triangular points and tubular earthen pipes. A in the Society, finally receiving the honor of radio-carbon test at the University of Michigan being elected president for two years, from gave a date of A. D. 1435 ± 75. 1962 to 1964. I have been interested in the In 1967,1 had the pleasure of working with activities of both the relic collectors and those Charlie Stout and his boy in the excavation of who are more interested in archaeology. My the Andrew Meyer mound, a circular mound bent is more toward the latter and I have on a ridge west of and above Twin Creek, been pleased to see so many of the members west of Germantown. It is 25 feet in diameter write about their archaeological activities. I and 22 inches high. It proved to be a single- hope that I have had some small part in burial mound, the skeleton being that of a promoting this interest.

41 Allman, John C. 1957 A new Late Woodland culture for Ohio: the Lichliter village site near Dayton. Ohio Archaeologist 7(2): 59-68. 1959 An interesting bluff-top enclosure with semi-lunar wall and ditch. Ohio Archaeo­ logist 9(2): 55. 1960 The Erp bluff-top site: notes on the first season's work. Ohio Archaeologist 10(2): 60-66. 1968 The Incinerator village site. Ohio Ar­ chaeologist 18(2): 50-55. Wood, James B. and John C. Allman 1961 The Irvin Coy mound, Greene County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 11(2): 52-56.

Fig. 1 (Allman) John Allman excavating a site at the north edge of Dayton in 1945.

Recollections of the Early Years and a Possible Retainer Mound Burial in Warren County, Ohio by Joy Jones Middletown Journal First and Broad, Middletown, Ohio 45042 William C. Mills' Archaeological Atlas of progress on a map, starting each time where Ohio notes two mounds east of Springboro in he left off the previous weekend. He never Clear Creek Township, Warren County. Their asked specifically for artifacts, just old and exact location is not being given due to an unusual stones a farmer might have. He ongoing survey of the area by the writer. remembers the 17-pound 11-ounce grooved Information on these mounds and burials ax he purchased for the farmer's asking price removed from one of them was obtained from of 50 cents. He ran with it all the way back to Marvin H. Binkley, a township resident, now his car, he said, unable to escape the feeling over 80, who recalls his association with such he had stolen it at that price. notable pioneers as Mills and Shetrone. "I Familiar with Fort Ancient before it be­ wonder what they'd think if I went to Colum­ came a park, Binkley said he wrote an article bus and started talking about these people," on it for the old Smithsonian magazine. A Binkley reflected from his chair, "probably mound he excavated near there yielded a that I was reincarnated." Binkley, whose wife small pot heaped with black fresh water died some years ago and who has no family, pearls. He sent some to Tiffany's in New York is kept company by 20 some cats, a few of thinking the outer layers could be pealed, but which have inside privileges, all offspring of a the pearls were black clear through. "There half ocelot feline. was a man around Waynesville who collected He was collecting Indian artifacts through­ pearls from the Little Miami River," he said, out Warren County and the edges of Mont­ "but I don't hear about fresh water pearls gomery, Clinton, Greene and Butler counties anymore." by 1916. He began as a boy peddling a "Back then we were only interested in bicycle along country roads. He was relieved artifacts, not the various cultures that pro­ when he was able to switch to a car. He was duced them," he said. "Survey work now out every weekend keeping track of his being done to record the sites should have

42 been done 30 or 40 years ago while people women had been killed, the front side of their were still alive who remembered and fields skulls above the temple having been crushed. were being plowed. Now there are houses The question of whether or not the women and lawns and one can walk right over a site were retainers killed at the time the man was and not know it." He noted the destruction of buried has also been raised by Binkley. burial sites with bones being thrown into The second burial, below the first, was heaps while machinery leveled the area for found while Binkley was digging out a ground­ house construction. At times he was able to hog hole. At the end of the hole he discovered recover some of the material. a refuse pit full of animal bones and charcoal. Even full skeletons went into his collec­ In the bottom was "stuffed" a flexed burial. tion, which he sold some 30 years ago when With this burial was another tablet type gor­ he turned to collecting guns. "My mother get, similar to the one found with the other never said anything," said Binkley, an only burial, and what Binkley describes as a round child, "but one day I found her cleaning and pipe. Both had been broken in half and he dusting with sheets covering the skulls and was unable to find the other parts. The third bones so she wouldn't have to look at them." burial later uncovered was located toward The second floor of his house became a per­ the edge of the mound near ground level. sonal museum and so well known that per­ Binkley said that because it was not resting mission to go through it was requested during over the gravel deposit, only part of the a Boy Scout gathering. Binkley said he sched­ skeleton remained. He said there were no uled them to go up the front stairs and down artifacts associated with it. the back. It rained and in his memory there must have been 1,000 or more muddy pairs Some years later while the area was being of feet going up the front and down the back. cleared for house construction, Binkley re­ "It took two weeks to clean up," he recalled, covered some charcoal and a few pottery "but 30 some years later I'd meet a man who sherds. Except for the high ground on which remembered that tour when he was a boy." the mound was located, nothing now remains. However, a multi-component site has been Included in his private museum were the located in a nearby field just south of the spot skeletal remains he salvaged from one of the where the mound once stood. Time may show mounds noted on Mills' map. The mound, whether or not there is a relationship. Diag­ which Binkley estimates was originally about nostic material recovered so far is Archaic 12 feet high, was built on the top of a gravel and Adena. deposit, that was being quarried as far back as the 1800's. Over a period of time the entire The second mound, located about % mile center of the mound had been destroyed. southeast of the first, was a very low one, Consequently, Binkley said he does not know according to Binkley, who opened it through whether there had been a central burial. Only the top but found nothing. He added that he the side of the mound, which he considers should have dug it so its construction could Hopewell, still existed at the time Binkley have been determined. Apparently this small became aware of the burials. The first one mound still exists although the precise loca­ removed was what he terms a "cross-over" tion has yet to be made. There is a multi- burial. There were three skeletons, two women component site in the area which has produced and a man. Binkley said the remains of the one prismatic blade in spite of very poor women were extended beneath the man and survey conditions. Binkley said that he had his remains were across theirs. Their bones, observed circular stains following plowing. which he said were well preserved due to the One artifact Binkley said he found but was placement of the mound on top of the gravel, unable to add to his collection was a rock with were coated with linseed oil and shellac as he petroglyphs. "There was simply no way to uncovered them. A dog burial was located to move it," he said, remembering how he and a the side. friend discovered it while eating lunch on its The man had an antler headdress and, top. In spite of his detailed description of its from Binkley's description, a tube pipe and a location, the rock has not been located. "tablet gorget" on his chest. A dentist friend, If there is one note of regret from Binkley who later viewed the bones, noted the man recalling the early years, it was turning down had suffered from arthritis and a badly in­ an invitation to go on an archaeological fected eye tooth. Associated with the women expedition to Yucatan. "I was in my 20s and were bone awls and bone necklaces, possibly playing semi-professional ball," he said. double strands. Of particular interest, how­ "Those going were in their mid-60's. It would ever, is Binkley's specific memory that both have meant giving up a whole summer."

43 An Unusual Bannerstone Concentration in Portage County by Thomas R. Pigott 840 Buckeye St. N.W. Warren, Ohio 44485 My cousin, Larry Kittle, of Nelson, Ohio, In the revised edition of Ohio Slate Types and I have spent many hours in the fields of Converse (1978: 10) states, "The size and Northeastern Ohio and have had our per­ fragility of double crescents mitigate against severance rewarded by finding our share of their being used in any sort of utilitarian fash­ the local sites and artifacts. One site in Port­ ion and their probable use was ceremonial age County has particularly drawn us back rather than functional." This particular arti­ each year. The topography of the site is such fact has attributes that would tend to contra­ that it appears to have attracted campers from dict this statement. As mentioned above, one Palaeo-lndian to historic times. It is not a of the wings was apparently broken and re­ large site and there is no evidence of ex­ worked into an arc by the aboriginal owner tended occupation by any group. So far it and two other wings appear to have been has produced less than 40 projectile points, battered, one quite heavily. This condition the poll end of a granit celt and, in one loca­ indicates to me that the artifact had seen tion several hundred feet from the main camp­ some heavy use before it was finally broken ing area, several sherds of a grit tempered beyond repair. pot. One other interesting aspect of the site The distinguishing characteristic of the is that it has produced two classic examples site, however, is that it has yielded nine frag­ of the Stanly projectile point (Fig. 4) as illus­ ments of at least five different bannerstones trated by Coe (1964: 36) from the Doerschuk over the last two years. By type there are at site in North Carolina. While everything from least two double crescents and three pick this Portage County site is from the surface, types present (Fig. 1). With one exception, all it is interesting to note that both the Doer­ of the fragments were recovered within ap­ schuk and Hardaway sites in North Carolina proximately 50 feet or less of each other. All had pick type bannerstones associated with of the breaks appear to be old with the broken the Stanly levels (Coe 1964: 80-81). surfaces weathered; there is no evidence at One of the pick types may have been all of damage from farm equipment. broken during manufacture since it is only We discovered the site in 1976 but the partially drilled and is broken through the first bannerstone did not appear until Larry unfinished hole (Fig. 5). However, we have found two pieces of what is apparently the what appears to be another piece of this same same pick type banner in 1977. We returned artifact and there are still at least three pieces to the site about a month later and, while missing indicating that it was broken in at looking in the same general area, I found half least four places. The extreme fragmentation a double .crescent. On our first visit to the of these artifacts may indicate that they were site in 1978, Larry found three more frag­ intentionally broken. Ceremonial "killing" of ments, one of which was a wing from the artifacts is not normally associated with Ar­ double crescent I had found the year before. chaic cultures but it is hard to explain this Two days later we were going out again and concentration of fragmented atlatl weights Larry wanted to go back to the same site be­ other than by intentional deposition. There cause he had left some stones there that he is no visible evidence of a burial and of course wanted to bring home. "Besides," he said, we have no way of knowing whether all or "we might find another artifact." I was rather any of the different pieces were left at the skeptical since, even though it had been late site at the same time, but their presence in and the sun was low on our previous visit, I such a small area is highly unusual. thought we had given the place a pretty good onceover. However, we went back, arriving Coe, Joffre Lanning around high noon, and had been there only 1964 The formative cultures of the Carolina a short time when Larry called me over and piedmont. Transactions of the American handed me the missing wing from the double Philosophical Society 54(5). Philadel­ crescent. This one had apparently been bro­ phia, Pennsylvania. ken and reworked by its previous owner, but Converse, Robert N. was a perfect fit with the other two pieces 1978 Ohio slate types. Archaeological Society (Figs. 2 and 3). of Ohio. Worthington, Ohio.

44 Fig. 1 (Pigott) Portage County bannerstone fragments found in 1977 and 1978.

Fig. 2 (Pigott) Double crescent bannerstone (obverse).

45 Fig. 3 (Pigott) Double crescent bannerstone (reverse).

Fig. 5 (Pigott) Fragment of a pick type bannerstone show­ ing the incompletely drilled hole. This specimen was drilled Fig. 4. (Pigott) Stanly projectile points, Portage County, by an instrument that was solid and tapered rather than Ohio. hollow.

46 Paleodemography At The Eiden Site by John W. Lallo Department of Anthropology Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115

Abstract dated (W-535) at A.D. 1490± 55 years (Mc- Skeletal remains from a protohistoric (A.D. Kenzie et al. 1973). According to McKenzie 1490) population from Lorain County pro­ and co-workers (1973) Eiden was a single vided information on mortality patterns in one occupation site which was inhabited by a of Ohio's early American Indian societies. At population for a period fo 20 to 50 years. birth, life expectancy for the population was Post-mold patterns implied the presence of 26.9 years, with a mean age at death of 5.4 rectangular dwelling structures and midden years for infants and children, 37.4 years for remains suggested a diet which relied heavily adult males, and 37.1 years for adult females. upon the surrounding wild flora and fauna. The highest age specific mortality for the sub- These foodstuffs included a wide variety of adults (33%) occurred in the age class 0 to wild plants, large and small mammals, and a 1.9 years. For adult males (22%) the highest large number of freshwater species (see Mc­ rate was between 30 and 35 years of age, Kenzie et al. 1973: 33-49, for a complete list­ while for adult females (21%) it was between ing of dietary remains and discussion of gen­ 25 and 30 years. For all of the individuals at eral archaeology). Eiden, mortality was associated with the pres­ ence of infectious disease. Approximately 76% of the population displayed osseous evi­ Materials And Methods dence of serious infectious lesions. A total of 146 articulated human burials Introduction from the site were aged, sexed, and observed for skeletal pathology (see Lallo and Blank, Mortality, aside from the traumatic impact 1977 for a summary of the procedures em­ on an individual and social unit, has its great­ ployed). Of the 146 burials, 26.7% (39) were est evolutionary significance as a selective identified as subadults less than 15 years of agent. The consequences of mortality are age, and 73.3% (107) as adults. For the adults, both immediate and long range. Immediate 52.3% (56) were identified as females, and consequences include alterations in the age 47.7% (51) as males. In general, the analysis and/or sex composition of a group; whereas, of skeletal pathology was based on gross the long range effects occur on a genetic macroscopic and radiographic examination. level and influence the adaptation, evolution, The analysis of paleodemography was based and survival of a group. on the use of the life table (see Swedlund The analysis of mortality in prehistoric and Armelagos, 1976 for a complete discus­ human populations is referred to as paleo­ sion on the calculation and interpretation of demography. In such studies, researchers at­ a life table). tempt to reconstruct and interpret some of the vital statistics of an extinct society. These Results statistics can include estimations of mortality A Composite Life Table (Table 1) was con­ rates, the probability of dying, life expectancy, structed for the entire Eiden population for average age at death, survivorship, and sex ages 0 through 55 inclusive. At birth, life ex­ ratio. These data, in turn, can be employed in pectancy was 26.8 years and the probability an attempt to understand some of the biologi­ of dying between birth and 1.9 years of age cal and cultural processes at work in the was .089. An examination of the dx values population. The demographic data provide suggests that there were several critical age the paleoanthropologist with an important in­ classes for the population during which they sight into the reproductive capacity, and ulti­ experienced an increase in stress and an mately the evolutionary potential of a inflation of mortality. For the subadults, this population. age period was between birth and 1.9 years At Eiden, archaeological and skeletal re­ of age; it was during this period that they mains from the site were used to reconstruct experienced their highest mortality and prob­ and interpret a mortality profile for the popu­ ability of dying. The adults had several criti­ lation. The site, which is located on the French cal age periods during which mortality rates Creek near the present town of Sheffield in were increased. The first period was between Lorain County, Ohio is a Late Woodland os­ 25 and 29.9 years with a 13.7% mortality rate. suary and habitation site that was radiocarbon The second period occurred between 30 and

47 34.9 years of age with a mortality rate of The age classes 25 to 29.9 and 45 to 49.9 14.4%. A third critical age period was noted had the second highest rate with 15.6% of the between 40 and 44.9 years with an age spe­ males dying in each of these age periods cific mortality rate of 10.9%. During each of (Table 3A). For the adult females, life expec­ these age classes mortality at Eiden reached tancy for a 19 year old female was 19.5 years, a peak. This finding suggested that each of and the highest age specific mortality oc­ these age classes represented critical periods curred in the age class 25 to 29,9 years. By during the life of an individual from Eiden, comparing male and female mortality it can and that as a population Eiden experienced be noted that the peak of female mortality higher mortality rates and higher probabilities occurred earlier than the male peak. Females of dying in these age classes. had two other periods of high mortality, one (17.8%) in the age class 30-34.9, and a second An interesting perspective can be gained (17.8%) in the age class 40-44.9 years (Table on population mortality by summing the dx 3B). values (see values in parentheses in dx col­ umn of Table 1)and obtaining the cumulative frequency of mortality. For example, by the Discussion age of 9.9 years 21.9% of the population had The Eiden life table enables us to make died. By the age of 19.9 years, 32.2% had general descriptive statements regarding age died, and by the age of 39.9 years 74.6% of specific mortality, survivorship, probability of the Eiden population had died. As can be dying, and life expectancy. An important ob­ seen, by the age of 55 years, 97% of the pop­ jective of this paper is to go beyond the des­ ulation had died. criptive level and to interpret the demographic data. A recent paper (Mensforth et al. 1978) An examination of the ex° column pro­ has demonstrated the close association of vides data on age specific life expectancy. infectious disease and mortality in prehistoric That is, once an individual has completed a skeletal populations. Also, Lallo and Rose given age class they can expect to live a (1979) have noted that mortality at the Dick­ specified number of years. For example, once son Mounds site was directly related to the an individual has completed the age class 0 frequency of infectious disease. The authors to 1.9 years, that individual can then expect noted that as the frequency of infectious di­ to live an additional 26.8 years, or until the sease increased the rate of mortality also age of approximately 28 years. Once an in­ increased, and as infectious disease de­ dividual has completed the age class 10-14.9 creased so did mortality. years and is 15 years of age that individual can expect to live an additional 23.4 years, The frequency of infectious disease for or until the age of 38 years (15 plus 23.4 the entire Eiden population was 76% (111), equals 38 years). Likewise, once an individual and the difference in frequency of occurrence has reached the age of 40 they can then ex­ between those with and those without infec­ tious disease was statistically significant at pect to live an additional 10 years, or until 2 the age of 50 years. As might be expected, the .001 level (X = 19.8). The frequency of life expectancy decreases as a person ages. infectious disease among the subadults was At Eiden, none of the burials were estimated 71.8% (28), and the observed difference be­ tween pathological and non-pathological was to be older than 55 to 60 years of age. Ageing 2 techniques do not permit an accurate estima­ significant at .05 (X = 4.6). For adult males, tion of biological ages greater than 55 years. the frequency of infectious disease was 84.3% (43), and the difference between those with By separating the Eiden skeletal popula­ the lesion and those without was significant 2 tion according to age and sex it was possible at .001 (X = 12.9). The frequency for adult to calculate individual life tables for subadults females was 78.6% (44), and the observed (Table 2), adult males (Table 3A), and adult difference was significant at .01 (X2 = 9.1). females (Table 3B). For the subadults, life In general, infectious disease was found to expectancy was 5.4 years, and the highest occur in most of the people at Eiden, and be­ age specific mortality occurred in the age cause of the severity of its expression may class 0 to 1.9 years with 33% of the subadults have been an important factor in the mortal­ dying. The second highest mortality (28%) ity experiences of the population. occurred in the age class 5 to 9.9 years. For example, the highest age specific For the adult males, life expectancy for a mortality rate for subadults occurred in the 19 year old male was 19.8 years, with the age class 0 to 1.9 years. Of the 13 individuals highest age specific mortality (21.5%) occur­ in thisageclass, 84.6% (11) exhibited osseous ring between the ages of 30 and 34.9 years. evidence of infectious disease. The differ-

48 ence between affected and non-affected was Bibliography significant at .05 (X2 = 4.2). For adult males, Lallo, John W. and John E. Blank the highest mortality rate occurred between 1977 Ancient disease in Ohio: the Eiden pop­ the ages of 30 and 34.9 with 100.0% of the ulation. The Ohio Journal of Science males (11) in that age class exhibiting infec­ 77:55-62. tious disease. The observed difference was 2 Lallo, John W. and Jerome C. Rose significant at .001 (X = 36.0). The highest 1979 Patterns of stress, disease, and mortal­ mortality rate (83.3%) for adult females oc­ ity in two prehistoric Amerindian popu­ curred in the age class 25 to 29.9 years (12). lations from the American Midwest. The observed difference was significant at Journal of Human Evolution. To be pub­ .05 (X2 = 4.2). lished in spring of 1979. In general, it can be suggested that infec­ McKenzie, Douglas, John E. Blank, James Murphy, tious disease occurred at statistically signifi­ and Orin Shane cant levels in subadults, adult males, and 1973 The Eiden Site: Terminal Late Woodland adult females. The presence of infectious on the South-Central Lake Erie Shore. disease may be employed to interpret the Publication of the Lorain County Metro­ politan Parks Commission, Lorain mortality pattern described by the life table. County Metropolitan Parks Commission, Using skeletal material and techniques of Lorain County, Ohio. pp. 33-48. paleodemography and paleopathology, we Mensforth, Robert P., C. Owen Lovejoy, John W. are able to make some interpretive state­ Lallo, and George J. Armelagos ments concerning the morbidity and mortal­ 1978 The role of constitutional factors, diet, ity of one of Ohio's early American Indian and infectious disease in the etiology of societies. porotic hyperostosis and periosteal re­ action in prehistoric infants and chil­ Acknowledgments dren. Medical Anthropology 2: 1-56. I express my thanks to the Lorain County Swedlund, Alan C, and George J. Armelagos Metropolitan Parks Commission for the use of 1976 Demographic anthropology. Wm. C. the Eiden skeletal material. Brown Company. Iowa.

Table 1. Composite Life Table For The Eiden Population For Ages 0 Through 55+. X dx' dx Ix qx Lx ex°

0- 1.9 13 8.90 100.00 .089 191.10 26.8 2- 4.9 8 5.47(14.37) 91.10 .060 265.10 27.4 5- 9.9 11 7.54 (21.91) 85.63 .088 409.30 26.1 10-14.9 7 4.79 (26.70) 78.09 .061 378.48 23.4 15-19.9* 8 5.47 (32.17) 73.30 .075 352.83 19.7 20-24.9 12 8.22 (40.39) 67.83 .121 318.60 16.1 25-29.9 20 13.70(54.09) 59.61 .230 263.80 12.9 30-34.9 21 14.38(68.47) 45.91 .313 193.60 11.1 35-39.9 9 6.16 (74.63) 31.53 .195 142.25 10.0 40-44.9 16 10.95 (85.58) 25.37 .432 99.48 6.8 45-49.9 13 8.90 (94.48) 14.42 .617 49.85 5.1 50-54.9 5 3.42 (97.90) 5.52 .620 19.05 4.4 55 + 3 2.10(100.0) 2.10 1.000 5.25 2.5 Total 146 100.00 0

*For Ages 15 Through 55+ Males and Females Were Combined, x—Age Class dx'—Actual Number Of Burials For A Given Age Class dx—Age Specific Mortality Rate (i.e., the percentage of the population dying in each age class) Ix—Survivorship (i.e., the percentage of the population surviving in each age class) qx—The Probability Of Dying In A Given Age Class Lx—The Total Number Of Years Lived By All The Members Of A Given Age Class ex0—Life Expectancy (i.e., the mean number of years an individual can expect to live after they have completed a given age class) Note: The values in parentheses in the dx column represent the cumulative percentage of mortality.

49 Table 2. Composite Life Table For The Subadults Of Eiden. Lx ex° X dx' dx Ix qx 0- 1.9 13 33.33 100.00 .333 166.67 5.4 2- 4.9 8 20.51 (53.84) 66.67 .308 169.25 5.6 5- 9.9 11 28-21 (82.05) 46.16 .611 160.27 4.4 10-14.9 7 17.95(100.0) 17.95 1.000 44.88 2.5 Total 39 100.00 0

Table 3A. Composite Life Table For Adult Males From Eiden.

X dx' dx Ix qx Lx ex° 15-19.9 5 9.80 100.00 .098 475.50 19.8 20-24.9 4 7.84 (17.64) 90.20 .087 431.40 16.7 25-29.9 8 15.69(33.33) 82.36 .191 372.58 13.1 30-34.9 11 21.57 (54.90) 66.67 .324 279.43 10.6 35-39.9 6 11.77(66.67) 45.10 .261 196.08 9.5 40-44.9 6 11.77(78.44) 33.33 .353 137.23 6.9 45-49.9 8 15.69(94.13) 21.56 .728 68.58 4.3 50-54.9 2 3.92 (98.05) 5.87 .669 19.55 4.2 55+ 1 1.95 (100.0) 1.95 1.000 Total 51 100.00 0

Table 3B. Composite Life Table For Adult Females From Eiden.

X dx' dx Ix qx Lx ex° 15-19.9 3 5.36 100.00 .054 486.60 19.5 20-24.9 8 14.29(19.65) 94.64 .151 437.48 15.2 25-29.9 12 21.43(41.08) 80.35 .267 348.18 12.8 30-34.9 10 17.85(58.93) 58.92 .303 249.89 11.5 35-39.9 3 5.36 (64.29) 41.07 .131 191.95 6.8 40-44.9 10 17.85(82.14) 35.71 .499 133.93 6.0 45-49.9 5 8.93(91.07) 17.86 .500 66.98 6.0 50-54.9 3 5.36 (96.43) 8.93 .600 31.25 4.5 55+ 2 3.57(100.0) 3.57 1.000 8.93 2.5 Total 56 100.00 0

*For Ages 15 Through 55+ Males and Females Were Combined. x—Age Class dx'—Actual Number Of Burials For A Given Age Class dx—Age Specific Mortality Rate (i.e., the percentage of the population dying in each age class) Ix—Survivorship (i.e., the percentage of the population surviving in each age class) qx_The Probability Of Dying In A Given Age Class Lx-The Total Number Of Years Lived By All The Members Of A Given Age Class ex°—Life Expectancy (i.e., the mean number of years an individual can expect to live after they have completed a given age class) Note: The values in parentheses in the dx column represent the cumulative percentage of mortality.

50 A Thank-You Note to the Archaeological Society of Ohio

by Martha Potter Otto Dept. of Archaeology Ohio Historical Society Columbus, Ohio 43211

As many of you know, for the past 9 to 10 sponding to the questionnaire felt that our months the Ohio Historical Society's Depart­ system of properties, our personnel, and our ment of Archaeology has been conducting a exhibit programs are successful while re­ study of the Society's archaeological program search and publications are inadequate. to examine its strong and weak points, and to When we began the self-study we were suggest some directions for future develop­ already clearly aware of many of our prob­ ment. The project was very ably handled by lems, particularly in the area of research and Dr. Carl Phagan as principal investigator, and publication. This is not to say that the study was funded by a grant from the Ohio Historic was unnecessary, since it provided a mechan­ Preservation Office with additional support ism for obtaining opinions from a wide variety from the Society and the Ohio Archaeological of sources and for developing an overview of Council. A critical source of information, in all the Society's archaeological activities. The addition to Society records and interviews real worth of the project, however, will be with people in other states, were the opinions measured by our ability to act upon its con­ of Ohio archaeologists, both professional and clusions. Improving our archaeological pro­ amateur. Detailed questionnaires were de­ grams will involve some shifting of priorities veloped for distribution to the members of and increasing the number and qualifications the Ohio Archaeological Council and the Ar­ of staff members, both of which require time chaeological Society of Ohio. I would like to and additional funding. Our budget for the thank the members of the ASO for their assis­ next two years, which was drawn up nearly a tance and to summarize the results of the year ago, provides only for a continuation of ASO questionnaire which was included with our current programs; it does not allow for the Winter 1979 issue of the Ohio Archaeolo­ extensive increases for expanding our activi­ gist (21 [1]). ties or staff. Nevertheless, we do expect to We received responses from 138 ASO make improvements where possible and to members residing in 61 Ohio counties with develop plans that should ultimately end with Franklin County providing the largest repre­ a multi-faceted archaeological program that sentation (14). The average length of interest will be responsive to amateurs and profes­ in Ohio archaeology among those returning sionals alike, and, most important, will fulfill the questionnaire was 16.1 years. After tabu­ the Society's responsibility to preserve and lating the results we learned that most ama­ interpret the remnants of Ohio's past cultures. teurs are involved with the Society by visiting In the meantime, I want to thank all the our museums, purchasing and using our pub­ ASO members for their continuing interest in lications, and by communicating directly with Ohio archaeology and the activities of the the Department of Archaeology staff. Many Ohio Historical Society, and for their partici­ people would be interested in instructional pation in the self-study program. We shall programs on artifact analysis, field survey, continue to cooperate with amateurs in Ohio and excavation techniques. As with most by providing information on archaeology, arti­ archaeologists today, the ASO members are fact identification, and preservation, by allow­ particularly concerned about the preserva­ ing access to our collections for research tion of sites in the face of continuing con­ purposes, and by keeping lines of communi­ struction and development. In terms of the cation open between us. Your support is relative strengths and weaknesses of the So­ important and appreciated. ciety's archaeological program, those re­

51 o\w;i7i

> \\4vX

OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better under­ standing among students and collec­ tors of archaeological material, pro­ fessional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to dis­ seminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology Membership in this society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon ac­ ceptance of written application and HI of dues