DOCSLIB.ORG

Commitments and Progress:Layout 1.Qxd

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Commitments and Progress:Layout 1.Qxd COMMITMENTS AND PROGRESS A fieen-year journey implemenng the Beijing Plaorm for Acon Shirkat Gah WOMEN’S RESOURCE CENTRE asr resource centre 1 Copyright © Shirkat Gah and ASR 2011 Edited by Shahina Hanif Designed by Muhammad Asim Printed by Art Impact Printers Published by Shirkat Gah - Women’s Resource Centre, P.O. Box. 5192, Lahore - Pakistan E-mail: Lahore: [email protected] Karachi: [email protected] Peshawar: [email protected] Web: www.shirkatgah.org This publication has been made possible through the generous support of UNIFEM (now part of UN Women). The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of UN Women, the United Nations or any of its affiliated organizations. 2 Acknowledgements This dynamic and integrated process would not have been possible without the active involvement and support of all those who participated. Their enthusiasm played an essential role in maintaining the continuity and momentum. ASR and Shirkat Gah would like to acknowledge the generous support of UNIFEM (now part of UN Women) for the international processes. We would also like to acknowledge EED (Germany) for their support to ASR, and The Royal Norwegian Embassy, Oxfam-Novib and SDC for their support to Shirkat Gah for national mobilization and national consultations. This publication has been made possible with the generous support of UN Women. UN Women is the UN organization dedicated to gender equality and the empowerment of women. A global champion for women and girls, UN Women was established to accelerate progress on meeting their needs worldwide. 3 Contents 1. Acronyms . 7 2. Introducon . 9 3. Secon I: Beijing +15 in Pakistan . 13 1.1 The Process . 13 - Weaving Wisdom: Where Are We Now? A Naonal Survey 1.2 The Naonal Consultaon on Confronng Crises and Forging the Future . 14 - Beijing +15: Pre and Post the Fourth World Conference on Women - Connuing the Journey: 1995-2000 - 2000: The Beijing +5 Review - 2005: The Beijing +10 Review - 2010: The Beijing +15 Review - Naonal Consultaon ‘Weaving Wisdom, Confronng Crises, Forging the Future’ Lahore, September 2009 - Beyond Beijing +15 - The Process and the Outcome of the Naonal Consultaon 4. Secon II: Asia Pacific NGO Forum on Beijing +15 . 39 The Plenary Sessions The Pakistani Conngent: Through the Process and Feedback 5. Secon III: High-level Intergovernmental Meeng to Review the Regional Implementaon of the Beijing Declaraon and the Plaorm for Acon . 43 6. Secon IV: South Asian Regional Consultaon on Beijing +15 in Delhi, India . 47 7. Secon V: NGO Global Forum and the 54th Session of the Commission on the Status of Women in New York, USA . 49 8. Secon VI: Naonal Meeng on Beijing +15: Moving Forward Together . 53 ANNEXURES: Annex 1: Template for the Survey on Acvies in BPfA’s crical areas . 68 Annex 2: Praccal Needs of Women . 69 Annex 3: Begum Nusrat Bhuo’s Address at Internaonal Women’s Year Moot . 70 Annex 4: Agenda of Weaving Wisdom, Confronng Crises, Forging the Future: Naonal Consultaon on Beijing +15 . 74 Annex 5: List of Speakers . 75 Annex 6: Press Release . 76 5 Annex 7: List of Parcipants . 77 Annex 8: Agenda of the APWW-NGO Forum, Manila . 78 Annex 9: Keynote Address by Dr. Noeleen Heyzer (Under-Secretary-General of the United Naons and Execuve Secretary of UNESCAP) . 80 Annex 10: List of Parcipants . 85 Annex 11: Agenda of the High-Level Intergovernmental Meeng to Review Regional Implementaon of the Beijing Plaorm for Acon and Its Regional and Global Outcomes . 85 Annex 12: Welcome Address by Dr. Noeleen Heyzer (Under-Secretary-General of the United Naons and Execuve Secretary of UNESCAP) . 87 Annex 13: Eliminang Gender-Based Violence: Lessons from Pakistan and Beyond (Presentaon by Farida Shaheed) . 91 Annex 14: Bangkok Declaraon for Beijing +15. 100 Annex 15: Highlights of Progress and Challenges in Implemenng the Beijing Plaorm for Acon: Good Pracces, Obstacles and New Challenges . 107 Annex 16: Press Release . 125 Annex 17: List of Parcipants . 126 Annex 18: Agenda of the South Asia Consultaon on Beijing +15, Delhi . 127 Annex 19: South Asia Statement adopted at the South Asia Consultaon on Beijing +15 Weaving Wisdom, Confronng Crises, Forging the Future . 129 Annex 20: List of Parcipants . 131 Annex 21: Statement by Anis Haroon Chairperson Naonal Commission on the Status of Women and Head of the Pakistan Delegaon at 54th Session of the United Naons Commission on the Status of Women: New York 3 March 2010 . 132 Annex 22: Declaraon on the occasion of the fieenth anniversary of the Fourth World Conference on Women . 135 Annex 23: Asia Pacific Caucus Statement . 136 Annex 24: Agenda of the Naonal Meeng on Beijing +15: Moving Forward Together . 138 Annex 25: Press Release . 140 6 Acronyms AJK Azad Jammu and Kashmir AMP Anjuman Muzareen Punjab APDC Asia Pacific Development Centre APWW Asia Pacific Women’s Watch ASR Applied Socio-Economic Research BPfA Beijing Platform for Action CBO Community Based Organisation CCB Citizen Community Board CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women CONGO Conference of NGOs CSO Civil Society Organisation CSW Commission on the Status of Women DAW Division for the Advancement of Women FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas FWCW Fourth World Conference on Women GB Gilgit-Baltistan GEAR Gender Equality Architecture Reform GMO Genetically Modified Organism GRAP Gender Reform Action Plan HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome IDP Internally Displaced Person MDGs Millenium Development Goals MNA Minister of National Assembly MPA Minister of Provincial Assembly MOWD Ministry of Women’s Development NAWO National Alliance of Women NCSW National Commission on the Status of Women NFLS Nairobi Forward Looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women NGO Non government organisation NIC National Identity Card NPAs National Plans of Action OSAGI Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues 7 PEMRA Pakistan Electronic Media Regulation Authority PODA Potohar Organization for Development Advocacy SAARC The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SAPs Structural Adjustment Programs SAWW South Asia Women’s Watch SG Shirkat Gah UC Union Council UNESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific UNGASS United Nations General Assembly Special Session UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women UN-INSTRAW United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women UNSCR United Nations Security Council Resolution VAW Violence Against Women WAF Women’s Action Forum WCW World Conference on Women WEDO Women’s Environment and Development Organisation WG Working Group WIPSA Women’s Initiative for Peace in South Asia WWHL Women Workers Help Line 8 Introducon The 15-year review of the Beijing Platform of Action in Pakistan was undertaken as a collaborative programme by Shirkat Gah Women’s Resource Centre and the ASR Resource Centre to bring together national, regional and international processes. The Beijing Platform of Action for Equality, Development and Peace was adopted in 1995 at the Fourth UN World Conference on Women. This document served as a guideline through which a Manifesto and blueprint for the empowerment of women was presented. The Beijing Platform for Action (BPfA) addresses twelve critical Areas of Concern from a women’s perspective with strategic objectives and proposed actions. It entails a sustained and long-term commitment from governments requiring them to develop national plans of action (NPAs). Structured within the framework of equality, development and peace, the NPAs are devised at national levels to create equality between men and women as a fundamental human right, to remove obstacles and to ensure women’s active participation in public and private spaces by making them equal partners in economic, social, cultural and political decision-making. The process of reviewing the progress on the implementation of BPfA at a regional level has been an ongoing one. The continued and persistent lobbying and advocacy by women’s movements and civil society organisations of the Asia-Pacific region has been relentless. Despite these efforts, women and girls continue to face enormous challenges particularly in the sectors of health, education and agriculture. Democracies in distress, political crises, unstable governments, frequent military rule, a sharp rise in extremism, the violation of human rights with impunity, violence against women and discriminatory customary practices impact adversely on the security, livelihoods, displacement and well-being of women. Additionally, women now also have to contend with the consequences of inter and intra-state conflicts fuelled by globalised militarization. The vested interests of international finance agencies and UN bodies play a major role in impeding developmental endeavours. The combined forces of a market driven economy, the ecologically destructive activities of foreign corporations and climate change negatively affect sustainable development and nutritional security. Fifteen years after governments of the region committed to the BPfA the situation of women remains largely unchanged. In the face of these challenges, the women of the Asia-Pacific region stand united and demand of their respective governments equality of citizenship; policies and programmes focussed on sustainable development; security in the home and workplace; education and health facilities; livelihood security; political leadership and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Simorgh Annual Report 2007
    Annual Report Simorgh Women’s Resource and Publication Centre 2007 Contents Page 1. Asia Pacific Advisory Forum on Judicial Education on Equality Issues – the next five year plan. 2. Bayan – a regional socio-legal journal 3 1.a Spreading the Word: The Najma Sadeque Lectures 3 3. The World Court (AWHRC-Simorgh) 5 4. The Lahore Walled City Project: Planting the Seeds of Change III 6 5. Women’s Empowerment in Muslim Contexts 15 6. Asia-Pacific Advisory Forum for Judicial Education on Equality Issues 15 7. Kaleidoscope and Phuljhari Primers: Planting the Seeds of Change I 17 8. Publications 17 9. Conference and Publication Project 18 10. Simorgh Diary 18 11. Earthquake Relief 18 Year in Review Along with ongoing and new activities, this has been a year for planning for the future. The ongoing activities fall into two categories, viz non-funded and to a degree self- sustaining, and those that have funds to sustain them. The Human Rights School Texts Project: Planting the Seeds of Change I, comprising the Kaleidoscope Primers (English) and Phuljhari (Urdu) and the socio-legal journal, Bayan fall in the former category; in the latter there is the Lahore Walled City Project and the Pathways research project. 2007 has also been a year of activism. The summary dismissal of the Chief Justice of Pakistan by General Musharaf triggered of the Lawyers Movement Continuing with its policy to maintain its focus on awareness-raising, with one critical exception of the Lahore Walled City Project: Planting the Seeds of Change III, the bulk of Simorgh’s work in 2006 has also been with the production and dissemination of information.
    [Show full text]
  • WHITHER PAKISTAN Map Remove.Pmd
    WHITHER PAKISTAN? GROWING INSTABILITY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR INDIA Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses New Delhi 1 Whither Pakistan? Growing Instability and Implications for India Cover Illustration : Maps on the cover page show the area under Taliban control in Pakistan and their likely expansion if the Pakistani state fails to take adequate measures to stop the Taliban’s advance, which may lead to the fragmentation of Pakistan. Maps drawn are not to scale. © Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, sorted in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA). ISBN: 81-86019-70-7 Disclaimer: The views expressed in this report are of the Task Force and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute and the Government of India. First Published: June 2010 Price : Rs 299/- Published by: Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses No.1, Development Enclave, Rao Tula Ram Marg, Delhi Cantt., New Delhi - 110 010 Tel. (91-11) 2671-7983 Fax.(91-11) 2615 4191 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.idsa.in Printed at: A.M. Offsetters A-57, Sector-10, Noida-201 301 (U.P.) Tel.: 91-120-4320403 Mob.: 09810888667 E-mail : [email protected] 2 CONTENTS FOREWORD..............................................................................................................................5 LIST OF A BBREVIATIONS.........................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Simorgh Annual Report 2008
    SIMORGH Women Resource and Publication Centre, Lahore Annual Report 2008 Contents 1. Bayan 2. A public Lecture by Najma Sadeque 3. The Lahore Walled City Project Planting the Seeds of Change 4. Pathways of Women’s Empowerment: Research Program in Collaboration with BRAC University, Dhaka Bangladesh 5. Tracking Change impact of women’s religious gatherings on their lives supported by Heinrich Boll Foundation (HBF) 6. PUBLICATIONS i. Primers ii. Nayee Soch Naye Qadam iii. The Romance of Raja Rasalu and Other Tales Year in Review 2008 was a lean year for Simorgh, as the impact of global recession combined with policy shifts among donor agencies made access to funding more difficult. The situation was further exacerbated by the falling through of a major project due to at source policy changes based on a shift in priority issues. Simorgh was not alone in having to face sudden cut backs, but this was small comfort. However, in so far as our work was concerned, the year was marked mainly by the finalization of on-going projects drawing to a close, applying for new projects and awaiting news about those already applied for. The year’s focus was on field research, mainly in the area of women’s empowerment in relation to new and old spaces with reference to old and new religious practices and the impact of modern information technologies on their lives. Publications included our ongoing human rights school texts series, the socio-legal journal Bayan and our desk research folktale project, The Romance of Raja Rasalu and Other Tales. I Lahore Walled City Community Project: Planting the Seeds of Change III Planting the Seeds Change III is a community project for women in Lahore’s Walled City.
    [Show full text]
  • Women and Human Security in South Asia: the Cases of Bangladesh and Pakistan
    WOMEN AND HUMAN SECURITY IN SOUTH ASIA: THE CASES OF BANGLADESH AND PAKISTAN Saba Gul Khattak, Kiran Habib And Foqia Sadiq Khan Submitted by Sustainable Development Policy Institute SDPI Table of Contents Chapter I The Theory and Practice of Gender and Security in South Asia 1 Chapter II The State and Human Security Discourses in Bangladesh and Pakistan 20 Chapter III Situation Analysis of Women‟s Status in Pakistan and Bangladesh 39 Chapter IV Policies on Women 89 Annexure 109 Chapter I THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF GENDER AND SECURITY IN SOUTH ASIA I. INTRODUCTION The crisis of development in South Asia in combination with the deepening patterns of conflict —political, ethnic, and religious—underscore the need to develop an alternative perspective on security in the region. We believe that one important initial step toward creating an alternative discourse on security will be first to privilege the experience and voices of women who speak from a women sensitive perspective on their security and whose ideas must form an integral part of a revised discourse on security. Such a discourse has already been articulated in its initial theoretical forms and now needs to be supported by country-specific data. The purpose of this manuscript, therefore, is to bring a gender sensitive approach into the discourse and practice on human security in Bangladesh and Pakistan. Within this broad framework our specific objective is: a) To provide an intellectual understanding of the concept of gendered human security through synthesis of academic discourse and scholarship, good practices and policies; b) To document and analyze prevailing practices on gendered human security; c) To contribute to the building of standards and norms of measuring human security by developing a conceptual basis for the rationale behind the need for a separate framework for women‘s insecurity through the introduction of (direct and structural) violence against women into the framework.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Islamization on the Christian Community in Pakistan
    The Impact of Islamization on the Christian Community in Pakistan Patrick Sookhdeo School of Oriental and African Studies University of London Ph.D. 1999 ProQuest Number: 11010520 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010520 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Abstract Christianity arrived in the area which is now Pakistan well before the advent of Islam, but was extinguished for a while by Muslim persecution, before being re-introduced by Western missionaries. The Pakistani Christian community of today numbers about three million people, who are mainly the descendants of mass conversions of Chuhra people about a century ago. Consequently the community has a low socio-economic status on average. Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, apparently intended equality for all citizens, but there has been a range of other opinions as to the place of Islam in Pakistan and the status of non- Muslim minorities. The passing of the Objectives Resolution in 1949 began a process of Islamization, which included changes to the legislation and constitution and an increasing level of discrimination against Christians at many levels of society, significantly by zamindars and the police.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Insecurity
    HUNGER Pakistan’s PAINS: Food Insecurity Edited by Michael Kugelman and Robert M. Hathaway HUNGER PAINS: Pakistan’s Food Insecurity Edited by Michael Kugelman Robert M. Hathaway HUNGER PAINS: Pakistan’s Food Insecurity Essays by: Zafar Altaf Kaiser Bengali and Allan Jury Gautam Hazarika Michael Kugelman Kenneth Iain MacDonald Roshan Malik Sohail Jehangir Malik Abid Qaiyum Suleri Saadia Toor Edited by: Michael Kugelman Robert M. Hathaway ©2010 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C. www.wilsoncenter.org Available from : Asia Program Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars One Woodrow Wilson Plaza 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington, DC 20004-3027 www.wilsoncenter.org ISBN 1-933549-91-2 The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, es- tablished by Congress in 1968 and headquartered in Washington, D.C., is a living national memorial to President Wilson. The Center’s mis- sion is to commemorate the ideals and concerns of Woodrow Wilson by providing a link between the worlds of ideas and policy, while fostering research, study, discussion, and collaboration among a broad spectrum of individuals concerned with policy and scholarship in national and international affairs. Supported by public and private funds, the Center is a nonpartisan institution engaged in the study of national and world affairs. It establishes and maintains a neutral forum for free, open, and informed dialogue. Conclusions or opinions expressed in Center publi- cations and programs are those of the authors and speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Center staff, fellows, trustees, advi- sory groups, or any individuals or organizations that provide financial support to the Center.
    [Show full text]
  • SLAVE TRADE Trafficking of Women and Children in Pakistan by Carol Rose
    N oT' FOR PUBLICATION/ CVR- 32 INSITIUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS Karachi, Pakistan October 1992 SLAVE TRADE Trafficking of Women and Children in Pakistan by Carol Rose Fatima Mushkali was 12 years old when her widowed mother gave her in marriage to a man almost twice her age. Like many rural Bangladeshis, Fatima's family lacked dowry money to find a more desirable husband for their young daughter. Nor did they have the money to keep her at home. "Mother wanted us married off and my husband promised to keep me well, " says Fatima Her "husband" turned out to be a pimp who took Fatima to Pakistan and sold her to another man, a heroin addict who regularly beat her. She had a daughter by this second "husband" and toiled daily in a carpet factory to earn enough to feed herself and the child. But when she heard that the two "husbands" were planning to sell her to a third man, Fatima begged to return to her home in Bangladesh. "They told me 'No' You won't go' " says Fatima, now 25 years old. "Then they beat me." After one particularly brutal beating, Fatima sought shelter in the home of a distant Bangladeshi relative in Karachi. That night, her. first "husband" arrived with the police. They Carol Rose s an ICWA fellow writing on Northwest and South Asa. Snce 1925 he InsSmte of World Aff (e CrnRogem ovi g- feUows m k oum m m five USm t . by lm fimm nm vu fo CVR- 32 2 arrested the relative and beat him unconscious.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Women: a Human Rights Perspective
    SOUTH Global Financial and ASIA Economic Crisis REGIONAL and its Impact WORKSHOP on Women A Human Rights Perspective August 22-23, 2010, New Delhi, India DD-29, Nehru Enclave, 2nd Floor, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India A Report Tel: +91-11-40536091-93 • Fax: +91-11-40536095 • [email protected] • www.pwescr.org A Report Global Financial and Economic Crisis and its Impact on Women: A Human Rights Perspective © 2011 by PWESCR, all right reserved Written by: Shipra Nigam and Dr. Shalini Mishra Published by: PWESCR (Programme on Women’s Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) DD-29, Nehru Enclave, Kalkaji, 2nd Floor New Delhi 110019, India Ph: +91-11-40536091-93 Fax: +91-11-40536095 [email protected] www.pwescr.org Designed and Printed by: Systems Vision [email protected] 4 ABBREVIATIONS 5 INTRODUCTION 7 MESSAGE FROM OUR PARTNERS 8 THE CONTEXT 13 THE CRISIS : PERSPECTIVES FROM SOUTH ASIA 32 CONFLICT AND ISSUES OF INTERNATIONAL AID EXPERIENCES FROM AFGHANISTAN Contents 36 CRISIS AND WOMEN’S NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 44 POLICY RESPONSE TO THE CRISIS : THE INDIAN EXPERIENCE 52 THE WAY FOrward 57 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 58 ANNEXURE : BIOGRAPHIES OF PARTicipanTS Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank MMR Maternal Mortality Ratio BPL Below Poverty Line MNCs Multinational Corporations BPO Business Process Outsourcing NGO Non-Governmental Organisation CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination NREGA National Rural Employment Guarantee Act against Women NSSO National Sample Survey Organisation EPZ Export Processing Zone NTFP Non Timber
    [Show full text]
  • Whither Pakista: Growing Instability and Implications for India
    WHITHER PAKISTAN? GROWING INSTABILITY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR INDIA Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses New Delhi 1 Whither Pakistan? Growing Instability and Implications for India Cover Illustration : Maps on the cover page show the area under Taliban control in Pakistan and their likely expansion if the Pakistani state fails to take adequate measures to stop the Taliban’s advance, which may lead to the fragmentation of Pakistan. Maps drawn are not to scale. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, sorted in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA). ISBN: 81-86019-70-7 Disclaimer: The views expressed in this report are of the Task Force and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute and the Government of India. First Published: June 2010 Price : Rs 299/- Published by: Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses No.1, Development Enclave, Rao Tula Ram Marg, Delhi Cantt., New Delhi - 110 010 Tel. (91-11) 2671-7983 Fax.(91-11) 2615 4191 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.idsa.in Printed at: A.M. Offsetters A-57, Sector-10, Noida-201 301 (U.P.) Tel.: 91-120-4320403 Mob.: 09810888667 E-mail : [email protected] 2 CONTENTS FOREWORD..............................................................................................................................5 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.........................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Surviving Crisis
    SEMINAR IV POLITICS OF TRAFFICKING AND SEX WORK Speakers: Natasha Ahmad, Independent Researcher, Bangladesh, Dr. Jyoti Sanghera, GAATW and CFLR India, Reshmi Ghosh, DMSC, India In Search of Dreams: Study on the Situation of the Trafficked Women & Children from Bangladesh and Nepal- Natasha Ahmed, Bangladesh During the course of the study it was found out that for every trafficked person there were hundreds of people who have migrated to India illegally and are subjected to human rights’ violation and live in constant fear. The study therefore, broadened its sphere by including the undocumented migrants smuggled into India from Bangladesh. Some of the objectives of the study were: · to study trafficking in women and children with a view to see how people from Nepal and Bangladesh are trafficked to India, what they do after their arrival, their present situation and future plans, · to investigate into the socio-economic background of these people, · the circumstances under which people decide to leave their country of birth and move to an unknown place and, · to understand the pull and push factors and also the reasons why these migrants continue to live in India. Reasons Behind Trafficking: · Main reason for trafficking or illegal migration (among men and women) is poverty and lack of opportunities. · Socio-political situation or the decision to migrate is also responsible for trafficking. · Pressure on young girls in Bangladesh to get married also leads them to being trafficked. · Divorced or widowed women also have limited options to live their own life. Migration for a better life is a common phenomenon world wide, some are doing it legally and some illegally.
    [Show full text]