The English Press and Anglo-German Football, 1954
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Crossing The Line: The English Press and Anglo-German Football, 1954 – 1996 Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) De Montfort University Christoph Wagner Submission Date: December 2014 Content Abstract ................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................. 5 Glossary .................................................................................................................. 7 Terminology ............................................................................................................ 8 Notes on Translations ............................................................................................. 9 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 10 England and Germany since 1945 ........................................................................ 13 Anglo-German Relations: the wider context ......................................................... 16 Anglo-German Football Rivalry: recent work surveyed ....................................... 21 Methods and Sources ............................................................................................ 27 Thesis structure and chapter summary ................................................................. 38 CHAPTER ONE: Post-War: Anglo-German Football in the 1950s ..................... 43 Wembley Stadium, London, 1 December 1954 ..................................................... 58 Olympic Stadium, Berlin, 26 May 1956 ................................................................ 68 Other aspects of Anglo-German football relations in the 1950s .......................... 74 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 79 CHAPTER TWO: ‘Of course, a little chauvinism was in order’: England and Germany in the 1960s .......................................................................................... 81 ‘Tin soldiers’: the English press and the German team in 1966 .......................... 96 Wembley Stadium, London, 30 July 1966 ........................................................... 104 England’s ‘fatal victory’: 1966 and all that ....................................................... 123 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 127 CHAPTER THREE: ‘For the loser now will be later to win …’, 1968 – 1978 .... 132 Niedersachsenstadion, Hanover, 1 June 1968 .................................................... 138 World Cup Quarter-final, León, Mexico, 14 June 1970 ..................................... 144 The European Championship quarter-final ........................................................ 154 London 29 April 1972; Berlin, 13 May 1972 ...................................................... 154 ‘Friendlies’: 12 March 1975; 22 February 1978 ............................................... 171 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 187 1 Chapter Four: ‘Let’s Blitz Fritz’: England versus Germany in the 1980s and 1990s ................................................................................................................... 191 World Cup, 29 June 1982, Estadio Santiago Bernabeu, Madrid ....................... 197 Football in the Dark Ages: England v Germany in the 1980s ............................ 209 World Cup Semi-Final, Turin, Italy, 4 July 1990 ............................................... 220 European Championship Semi-Final, 26 June 1996, Wembley .......................... 236 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 248 CHAPTER FIVE: The German Response ............................................................ 253 1966: ‘Welcome them like World Champions!’ .................................................. 257 The ‘miracle’ of León, 14 June 1970 .................................................................. 270 The New Germany: Wembley 1972 ..................................................................... 281 ‘Rummenigge and ten robots’: World Cup 1982 ................................................ 294 World Cup Semi-Final 1990: ‘Dear Maggie …’ ................................................ 301 Rettungsgriff zum Teekessel: EURO 96 Semi-Final, Wembley ........................... 309 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 320 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 324 Bibliography ....................................................................................................... 341 Primary Sources – Newspaper Articles .............................................................. 341 Secondary Sources .............................................................................................. 357 2 Abstract The primary focus of this thesis is on representations of Germany and Germans in the sports pages of English newspapers from the mid-1950s to the mid-1990s, when EURO 96 generated press coverage that prompted much comment and criticism, both in England and in Germany. Studies focusing on media representations from the mid 1990s onwards, such as those by Maguire, Poulton and Possamai (1999), Garland and Rowe (1999) and Garland (2004) have been helpful in deconstructing the language used by football journalists and in identifying negative national stereotyping. More recently, however, Ramsden (2007) and Young (2007) have developed our understanding of Anglo-German cultural relations and how they have changed since 1945. In the light of these recent developments this thesis seeks, firstly, to analyse the discourses embedded within the ‘Two World Wars and One World Cup’ meta-narrative which has characterized press coverage of Anglo-German football since international fixtures between the two countries were resumed in 1954 and, secondly, to contextualize them in the broader history of Anglo-German cultural relations and how they developed over the forty years or so that followed. Though drawing on some insights from both cultural and media studies the methodology employed is essential historical. This does not mean, however, that press reports and comment are regarded as unproblematic primary sources. Recent methodological approaches the history of sport, notably by Booth (2005) and Hill (2006), have pointed to the importance of viewing such sources as texts which are 3 thus open to deconstruction. A complementary emphasis on historical context is nevertheless justified, principally because it is important to explain variations that have occurred over time. Though there were some similarities in the way that Anglo-German football was covered in 1954 and 1996 – and at various points in between - there are also striking differences which it is argued here are primarily explained by conditions prevailing at the particular historical junctures at which representations were generated. The relationship which existed between Britain and the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s was significantly different to that which existed between Britain and re- unified Germany in the 1990s. This was an important contingent factor and helps to explain variations in the deployment of journalistic discourses over the years. Thus this thesis breaks new ground in that it emphasizes the historical contextualization of representations over a long period and seeks to counter any tendency to look backwards from the viewpoint of the mid 1990s. The discussion proceeds chronologically from the 1950s to the 1990s in order to demonstrate variations in the way that discourses were deployed over the years. Thus the representations generated provide a way of reading the state of underlying Anglo-German cultural relations at any given point. One chapter is devoted to representations of the 1966 World Cup Final on account of its significance in press discourses relating to Anglo-German football and in what in is popularly referred to in England as the ‘thirty/forty years of hurt’ that followed. Whereas academic attention in relation to football-related representations has previously concentrated on the downmarket tabloid press, this study is equally concerned with quality and middlemarket titles. Thus The Times and the Daily 4 Express are considered alongside the Daily Mirror and the Sun. Finally – and in contrast to previous accounts which have considered the English press in isolation – a chapter on German newspaper coverage (principally Bild, Die Welt and Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung) has been included to allow some comparisons to be made and to point to directions in which future research might be pursued. 5 Acknowledgements A number of individuals have been vital in the process of producing this thesis and without whom this effort would not have been possible. The first person to thank is my first supervisor Professor Dilwyn Porter. He advised, encouraged and supported me throughout the past six years in equal measure. His expertise was immensely helpful in the gathering of the material and under his careful guidance this