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Xolani Dlwati THE CHURCH AS A SOCIAL CONSCIENCE: THE QUEST FOR HUMAN DIGNITY by XOLANI DLWATI submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF THEOLOGY in the subject of SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: DS D F OLIVIER AUGUST 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 – Introductory Remarks 1.1 Social conscience 1 1.2 Focal points of the dissertation 2 1.2.1 The Anglican Church of Southern Africa 2 1.2.2 The biblical and theological substantiation for the struggle 2 1.2.3 The archbishops of the Anglican Church of Southern Africa 3 1.2.4 The focus on human dignity 4 1.2.5 The Anglican parish of St. Thomas in Kagiso 1 5 1.3 Two major sections 6 1.4 The various chapters 7 1.5 Concluding remarks 8 Chapter 2 – Historical background of ACSA 2.1 Early missionary developments (1799-1855) 10 2.2 The years 1855-1870 11 2.3 Formation of the province (ACSA) 12 2.4 Splits from ACSA 16 2.5 Provincial expansion of dioceses 17 2.6 Change of provincial name 18 2.7 Theology of the Anglican Church 18 2.7.1 Canon of scripture 19 2.7.2 The creeds 20 2.7.3 The sacraments 22 2.7.4 Episcopate and three-fold apostolic ministry 23 2.8 Theological influences in ACSA 27 ii 2.8.1 Scriptural teaching 27 2.8.2 Traditional teaching 31 2.8.3 Contextual experiences teaching 35 2.9 Structure and governance 39 2.10 Concluding remarks 41 Chapter 3 – Apartheid (1948-1994) 3.1 Introduction 44 3.2 Definition of apartheid 45 3.3 Purpose of apartheid 45 3.4 History and background of Apartheid 46 3.5 Apartheid legislations 50 3.6 Concluding remarks 54 Chapter 4 – Response and Contribution in facing the challenge of apartheid 4.1 Introduction 57 4.2 Overview of Anglican Church since 1948 58 4.2.1 State theology 59 4.2.2 Church theology 59 4.2.3 Prophetic theology 60 4.3 Anglican Churches response & contribution 61 4.3.1 Bishop Trevor Huddleston 61 4.3.2 Bishop Ambrose Reeves 64 4.3.3 Archbishop Geoffrey Clayton 68 4.3.4 Archbishop Joost De Blank 72 4.3.5 Archbishop Robert Selby Taylor 80 iii 4.3.6 Archbishop Bill Burnett 83 4.3.7 Archbishop Phillip Russel 85 4.3.8 Archbishop Desmond Tutu 88 4.4 Concluding remarks 98 Chapter 5 – Challenge and Impact of HIV/AIDS and Poverty in society 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 HIV/AIDS 103 5.2.1 Origin and Background 103 5.2.1.1 Terminology 103 5.2.1.2 Discovery 103 5.2.1.3 Infections 105 5.2.1.4 Transmission of Virus 105 5.2.1.5 Progression of Virus from HIV to AIDS 106 5.2.2 Factors that Impacted & Influenced the Spread of HIV/AIDS 108 5.2.2.1 Theology 108 5.2.2.2 Stigmatisation 110 5.2.2.3 Poverty and gender inequality 112 5.2.2.4 The pandemic media coverage 114 5.2.3 Impact of HIV/AIDS 116 5.2.3.1 Statistics 116 5.2.3.2 Impact in society 117 5.2.3.3 Impact on private and public services 119 5.3 Poverty 120 5.3.1 Understanding poverty 120 5.3.1.1 Definition 121 5.3.1.2 Conceptualization of poverty 122 iv 5.3.1.3 Causes of poverty 123 5.3.2 Impact of poverty 124 5.3.3 Overcoming poverty 126 5.4 Concluding remarks 129 Chapter 6 – Response and contribution to facing the challenges of HIV/AIDS & Poverty 6.1 Introduction 130 6.2 Biographical information 130 6.3 Archbishop Ndungane’s contribution 132 6.4 Perspectives on HIV/AIDS – Archbishop Ndungane 135 6.4.1 Building hope through a compassionate & just society 135 6.4.2 Building a generation without Aids 137 6.5 Worldwide Anglican Communion’s response on HIV/AIDS 137 6.6 ACSA’s strategic plan on HIV/AIDS 140 6.6.1 Leadership 140 6.6.2 Care 141 6.6.3 Prevention 141 6.6.4 Counselling 141 6.6.5 Pastoral Care 142 6.6.6 Death and dying 142 6.6.7 Synod resolution 142 6.7 Response initiatives on HIV/AIDS and Poverty 144 6.7.1 HIV/AIDS 144 6.7.1.1 Anglican Aids & Health Care Trust 144 6.7.2 Poverty 149 6.7.2.1 Hope Africa 149 6.8 Team conference outcomes 154 v 6.9 Local and global leadership views on Ndungane’s contribution 157 6.10 Concluding remarks 159 Chapter 7 – The local congregation as a social conscience in its quest for human dignity 7.1 Introduction 162 7.2 Challenges faced by the community 164 7.3 Outline of practical parish mission and ministerial initiatives 165 7.3.1 Background 166 7.3.2 Outreach ministry projects 166 7.4 Concluding remarks 172 Chapter 8 – Closing Remarks 8.1 Theological basis for challenging injustice 173 8.2 Analyses of the ACSA’s contribution 176 Bibliography 181 vi DECLARATION “I declare that THE CHURCH AS A SOCIAL CONSCIENCE: THE QUEST FOR HUMAN DIGNITY is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. Signature: Date: 01 st August 2011 vii SUMMARY THE CHURCH AS A SOCIAL CONSCIENCE: THE QUEST FOR HUMAN DIGNITY Key Terms: dignity, apartheid, church, archbishops, prophetic, liberation, conscience, contribu- tion, struggle, injustice, poverty, HIV/AIDS, mission, ministry, Anglican. This dissertation focuses on the role of the church as a social conscience in its quest for human dignity. It specifically explores the role played by the Anglican Church of Southern Africa in the restoration of human dignity through the contributions made by the various bishops and archbishops in addressing the challenges of socio-economic and political injustice faced by soci- ety. Furthermore, this dissertation explores the practical mission and ministry of the parish of St Thomas in Kagiso 1, Krugersdorp in its quest for human dignity aimed at addressing the contex- tual socio-economic and political injustices and to alleviate suffering. Special emphasis in this dissertation is put on the biblical and theological substantiation which necessitated the various prophetic mission and ministries. viii Chapter 1 Introductory remarks 1.1 Social conscience This dissertation is titled “The church as a social conscience: the quest for human dignity ”. As a reflection of the content of this dissertation, this title calls attention to one of the roles of the Church of Christ in society, namely, to contribute to the development and continued existence of a social conscience in a specific community or society. The sub-title, “the quest for human dignity” here indicates the core concern of a social conscience, namely, the establishment of conditions in a society or community that would enhance human dignity. But what do we mean by social conscience? Dictionaries such as the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, the Civic Dictionary, and the Encarta Dictionary, are in agreement that social conscience refers to (1) a sense of right or wrong that governs somebody’s thoughts and actions – a sense of right and wrong that (2) urges the person to do right rather than wrong. In short: when speaking of social conscience we refer to a person or group’s attitude of sensitivity and understanding of a responsibility regarding rectifying situations of injustice and suffering in a given society. In essence social conscience is about an individual’s or a group’s concern about the needs of society as a whole especially in relation to matters of injustice and suffering; recognizing that caring about, and being responsive to the needs of others is an obligation and an integral part of citizenship, and most importantly, of sharing humanity. Therefore in speaking about the Church as a social conscience, we are speaking about the Church that recognizes the injustice and suffering of people in society as a result of individual and structural sin 1, and thus makes a conscious decision to take action in various ways and means towards ensuring the eradication of injustice and suffering. The Church in so doing fulfils its mission and ministerial obligation as instructed by Christ of ensuring that all are liberated from the bondage of sin and thus have abundant life on this planet earth. In the gospel of Luke chapter 4 verses 18-19, Jesus quoting the prophet Isaiah, accounts His and the church’s ministerial mandate as bringing good news of liberation to the poor and the captives, 1 This is a type of evil perpetuated by organized structures or organisations in society such as governments, compa- nies, church etc. e.g. Apartheid, holocaust, women oppression etc that undermines or removes the dignity of people. 1 and to proclaim the year of the Lord’s favour. Furthermore, the gospel of John chapter 10 verse 10 speaks of Jesus having come here on earth to bring abundant life. This thus is the churches mandate. 1.2 Focal points of the dissertation In the discussion of the issue of the Church as social conscience in society I concentrate on the following defining entities. 1.2.1 The Anglican Church of Southern Africa My focus in this dissertation is on researching the topic of this dissertation within the context of the extent to which the Anglican Church of Southern Africa has made a contribution in the struggle against the challenges faced by many in our society, firstly, pre- Apartheid South Africa, secondly, the Apartheid period, and lastly in post Apartheid South Africa.
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