Did You Know? Language Nuances
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“Lead Us Not Into Temptation” *
A sermon delivered by the Rev. Timothy C. Ahrens, senior minister at the First Congregational Church, United Church of Christ, Columbus, Ohio, Lent 5, April 10, 2011, dedicated to Jane Werum on her birthday, to David and Martha Loy as they established a new home this week, and always to the glory of God! “Lead Us Not Into Temptation” * Matthew 6:13a (Part VI of VIII in the sermon series “The Lord’s Prayer”) +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Let us pray: May the words of my mouth and the meditations of each one of our hearts be acceptable in your sight, O Lord, our rock and our salvation. Amen. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ “Lead us not into temptation.’’ The Lord’s Prayer appeals to our God. This word “temptation” is often lost to us. Neil Douglas-Klotz in his book Prayers of the Cosmos, translates the prayer from the Aramaic, the original language of Jesus. “Lead us not into temptation translates: “Don’t let us enter into . that which diverts us from the inner purpose of our lives.” In the Greek, the word “temptation” translates “test.” So temptation is not so much about getting caught up in evil as it is about having our strength and resolve being tested. Often, we hear, “Lead us not into this time of testing.” We have come to a great and uplifting truth. What we call temptation is not meant to make us sin. It is not designed to make us fall. Temptation is designed to help us conquer sin and make us stronger and better women and men. Temptation is not designed to make us bad, but it designed to make us good. -
Gospel of Mark Study Guide
Gospel of Mark Study Guide Biblical scholars mostly believe that the Gospel of Mark to be the first of the four Gospels written and is the shortest of the four Gospels, however the precise date of when it was written is not definitely known, but thought to be around 60-75 CE. Scholars generally agree that it was written for a Roman (Latin) audience as evidenced by his use of Latin terms such as centurio, quadrans, flagellare, speculator, census, sextarius, and praetorium. This idea of writing to a Roman reader is based on the thinking that to the hard working and accomplishment-oriented Romans, Mark emphasizes Jesus as God’s servant as a Roman reader would relate better to the pedigree of a servant. While Mark was not one of the twelve original disciples, Church tradition has that much of the Gospel of Mark is taken from his time as a disciple and scribe of the Apostle Peter. This is based on several things: 1. His narrative is direct and simple with many vivid touches which have the feel of an eyewitness. 2. In the letters of Peter he refers to Mark as, “Mark, my son.” (1 Peter 5:13) and indicates that Mark was with him. 3. Peter spoke Aramaic and Mark uses quite a few Aramaic phrases like, Boanerges, Talitha Cumi, Korban and Ephphatha. 4. St Clement of Alexandria in his letter to Theodore (circa 175-215 CE) writes as much; As for Mark, then, during Peter's stay in Rome he wrote an account of the Lord's doings, not, however, declaring all of them, nor yet hinting at the secret ones, but selecting what he thought most useful for increasing the faith of those who were being instructed. -
How Did Halacha Originate Or Did the Rabbis Tell a “Porky”?1 Definitions Written Law the Written Law Is the Torah Or Five Books of Moses
How Did Halacha Originate or Did the Rabbis Tell a “Porky”?1 Definitions Written Law The Written Law is the Torah or Five books of Moses. Also known from the Greek as the Pentateuch. (What status is the Tanach?) Oral Law An Oral Law is a code of conduct in use in a given culture, religion or community …, by which a body of rules of human behaviour is transmitted by oral tradition and effectively respected, ...2 lit. "Torah that is on the ,תורה שבעל פה) According to Rabbinic Judaism, the Oral Torah or Oral Law mouth") represents those laws, statutes, and legal interpretations that were not recorded in the Five lit. "Torah that is in writing"), but nonetheless are ,תורה שבכתב) "Books of Moses, the "Written Torah regarded by Orthodox Jews as prescriptive and co-given. This holistic Jewish code of conduct encompasses a wide swathe of rituals, worship practices, God–man and interpersonal relationships, from dietary laws to Sabbath and festival observance to marital relations, agricultural practices, and civil claims and damages. According to Jewish tradition, the Oral Torah was passed down orally in an unbroken chain from generation to generation of leaders of the people until its contents were finally committed to writing following the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, when Jewish civilization was faced with an existential threat.3 Halacha • all the rules, customs, practices, and traditional laws. (Lauterbach) • the collective body of Jewish religious laws derived from the Written and Oral Torah. (Wikipedia) • Lit. the path that one walks. Jewish law. The complete body of rules and practices that Jews are bound to follow, including biblical commandments, commandments instituted by the rabbis, and binding customs. -
HEBREW MATTHEW and MATTHEAN COMMUNITIES By
HEBREW MATTHEW AND MATTHEAN COMMUNITIES by DEBRA SCOGGINS (Under the Direction of David S. Williams) ABSTRACT Shem-Tob’s Even Bohan contains a version of the Gospel of Matthew in Hebrew. By comparing canonical Matthew to Hebrew Matthew, the present study shows that Hebrew Matthew displays tendencies to uphold the law, support the election of Israel, exalt John the Baptist, and identify Jesus as the Messiah during his ministry. These tendencies suggest that Hebrew Matthew reflects a less redacted Matthean tradition than does canonical Matthew. The conservative tendencies of Hebrew Matthew reflect a Jewish-Christian community with characteristics in common with other early Jewish Christianities. The significance of studying such communities lies in their importance for “the partings of the ways” between early Judaisms and early Christianities. INDEX WORDS: Hebrew Matthew, Shem-Tob, Even Bohan, Jewish-Christian Community, Jewish Christianity, Matthean Communities HEBREW MATTHEW AND MATTHEAN COMMUNITIES by DEBRA SCOGGINS B.S., The University of Georgia, 2001 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2003 © 2003 Debra Scoggins All Rights Reserved HEBREW MATTHEW AND MATTHEAN COMMUNITIES by DEBRA SCOGGINS Major Professor: David S. Williams Committee: Will Power Caroline Medine Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia December 2003 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you, my family, my friends and colleagues, and, my teachers. Family, thank you for your patience and unending support. Lukas, you are a great teammate, we are a great team. Among my friends and colleagues, I give special thanks to Jonathan Vinson and Christi Bamford. -
Textbook (Academic Version) the Beatitudes Course: the Beatitudes of Jesus (Nt303)
E M B A S S Y C O L L E G E TEXTBOOK (ACADEMIC VERSION) THE BEATITUDES COURSE: THE BEATITUDES OF JESUS (NT303) DR. RONALD E. COTTLE THE BEATITUDES : THE CHRISTIAN'S DECLARAT ION OF INDEPENDENCE by Ronald E. Cottle, Ph.D., Ed.D., D.D. © Copyright 2019 This specially formatted textbook, the Academic Version, is designed for exclusive use by students enrolled in Embassy College. Please do not distribute the PDF file of this book to others. This text is intended as a complement to the course syllabus with the recommendation that the student print this textbook in a two- sided format (duplex) and with a three-hole punch for binding with the syllabus in a notebook folder. Beatitudes Academic Version – Page 2 DEDICATION To Joanne Cottle She has never wavered in her love and devotion to Christ or to me. For that I am grateful. - Second Edition - Easter, 1999 Beatitudes Academic Version – Page 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS THE BEATITUDES: THE CHRISTIAN'S DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE ................................... 1 DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................................................... 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 1: HOW MANY BEATITUDES ARE THERE? ................................................................................ 5 CHAPTER 2: THE CHRISTIAN'S DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE: MATTHEW 5:1-12 ....... 22 CHAPTER -
Dngd Zkqn Massekhet Hahammah
dngd zkqn Massekhet HaHammah Compiled and Translated with Commentary by Abe Friedman A Project of the Commission on Social Justice and Public Policy of the Leadership Council of Conservative Judaism Rabbi Leonard Gordon, Chair [email protected] Table of Contents Preface i Introduction v Massekhet HaHammah 1. One Who Sees the Sun 1 2. Creation of the Lights 5 3. Righteous and Wicked 9 4. Sun and Sovereignty 15 5. The Fields of Heaven 20 6. Star-Worshippers 28 7. Astrology and Omens 32 8. Heavenly Praise 41 9. Return and Redemption 45 Siyyum for Massekhet HaHammah 51 Bibliography 54 Preface Massekhet HaHammah was developed with the support of the Commission on Social Justice and Public Policy of the Conservative Movement in response to the “blessing of the sun” (Birkat HaHammah), a ritual that takes place every 28 years and that will fall this year on April 8, 2009 / 14 Nisan 5769, the date of the Fast of the Firstborn on the eve of Passover. A collection of halakhic and aggadic texts, classic and contemporary, dealing with the sun, Massekhet HaHammah was prepared as a companion to the ritual for Birkat HaHammah. Our hope is that rabbis and communities will study this text in advance of the Fast and use it both for adult learning about this fascinating ritual and as the text around which to build a siyyum, a celebratory meal marking the conclusion of a block of text study and releasing firstborn in the community from the obligation to fast on the eve of the Passover seder.1 We are also struck this year by the renewed importance of our focus on the sun given the universal concern with global warming and the need for non-carbon-based renewable resources, like solar energy. -
THE SYRO-ARAMAIC MESSIAH: the HEBRAIC THOUGHT, ARABIC CULTURE a Philological Criticism
THE SYRO-ARAMAIC MESSIAH: THE HEBRAIC THOUGHT, ARABIC CULTURE A Philological Criticism Moch. Ali Faculty of Letters, Airlangga University, Surabaya Abstract: Artikel ini mengeksplorasi wacana mesianisme melalui text Semit bertradisi Arab, dan sekaligus mengkritisi para akademisi literal dan liberal yang tak berterima tentang eksistensi Mesias Ibrani apalagi Mesias Syro-Arami. Di kalangan politisi Muslim, agamawan rumpun Ibrahimi, maupun akademisi kultural Semit, tema sentral mengenai mesianisme masih menjadi tema kontroversial. Pada era milenium ketiga ini, terutama di kalangan ‘Masyarakat Berkitab’ – mengutip istilah Dr. Muhammad Arkoen, pakar sastra Arab Mesir - perdebatan politiko-teologis tema tersebut masih mengacu pada tiga ranah sub- tema kontroversial; (1) politisasi ideologi mesianisme yang dianggap ‘a historis’ akibat tragedi politico-social captivity, (2) misidentifikasi personal Mesias Syro- Arami yang sebenarnya mengakar dan pengembangan dari konsep Mesianisme Ibrani, (3) pembenaran teks sakral Islam terhadap Yeshô’ de-Meshîho sebagai Mesias Syro-Arami dalam kultur Arab melalui cara kontekstualisasi iman dan tradisi Semit liyan. Tulisan ini mencoba untuk mendekonstruksi ‘keberatan rasional akademik sekuler’ dan komunitas iman yang mengusung ‘Arabisme’ terhadap kesejatian Mesias Syro-Arami sebagai manifestasi dan pengejawan- tahan Mesias Ibrani, terutama dengan menggunakan pendekatan linguistik historis (filologi) dan data historis. Keywords: Hebraic Messiah, Syro-Aramaic Messiah, Eastern Syriac, Western Syriac, Semitic, Arabic, -
The Adjudication of Fines in Ashkenaz During the Medieval and Early Modern Periods and the Preservation of Communal Decorum
The Adjudication of Fines in Ashkenaz during the Medieval and Early Modern Periods and the Preservation of Communal Decorum Ephraim Kanarfogel* The Babylonian Talmud (Bava Qamma 84a–b) rules that fines and other assigned payments in situations where no direct monetary loss was incurred--or where the damages involved are not given to precise evaluation or compensation--can be adjudicated only in the Land of Israel, at a time when rabbinic judges were certified competent to do so by the unbroken authority of ordination (semikhah). In addition to the implications for the internal workings of the rabbinic courts during the medieval period and beyond, this ruling seriously impacted the maintaining of civility and discipline within the communities. Most if not all of the payments that a person who struck another is required to make according to Torah law fall into the category of fines or forms of compensation that are difficult to assess and thus could not be collected in the post-exilic Diaspora (ein danin dinei qenasot be-Bavel).1 * Bernard Revel Graduate School of Jewish Studies, Yeshiva University. 1 See Arba’ah Turim, Ḥoshen Mishpat, sec. 1, and Beit Yosef, ad loc. In his no longer extant Sefer Avi’asaf, Eli’ezer b. Joel ha-Levi of Bonn (Rabiah, d. c. 1225) concludes that the victim of an assault can be awarded payments by a rabbinic court for the cost of his healing (rippui) and for money lost if he is unable to work (shevet), since these are more common types of monetary law, with more precisely assessed forms of compensation. -
Taljaard L 2014.Pdf (1001.Kb)
An analysis of the nature, effectiveness, and reliability of the Bahnsenian method of Presuppositional Apologetics when applied to the South African context L. Taljaard 25711989 Mini-dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Magister Theologiae in Apologetics at the Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University Supervisor: Prof Henk G. Stoker November, 2014 Abstract The debate amongst Christian apologists regarding which apologetical method is most useful, continues, and church history not only testifies to this fact, but also displays the variety of ways in which apologetics has been approached by theologians of old (Craig, et all., 2000:7). Closer analyses of the Presuppositional method of Apologetics sheds cardinal light on this debate, and offers possible conclusions and recommendations regarding the way forward for Apologetics (Bahnsen, 1998:467). The nature, effectiveness and reliability of Presuppositionalism become evident through careful analyses of the Bahnsenian method. The views of two South-African opponents of Christianity are apologetically evaluated with the Bahnsenian method. So doing, the Presuppositional method as interpreted by Bahnsen is not only proven effective, but also indispensable to the defence of orthodox Christianity also in South Africa. i Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………… i List of Abbreviations……………………………………………………………………………. vi Chapter 1: Introduction……………………………………………………………………….... 1 1.1 Background……………………………………………………………..………. 1 1.2 -
CS Lewis and the True Myth: a Reconciliation of Theology
LIBERTY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF DIVINITY C.S. Lewis and the True Myth: A Reconciliation of Theology, Philosophy, and Mythology A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the School of Divinity in Candidacy for the Degree of Master of Divinity School of Divinity By Courage Lowrance August 21, 2018 Abstract C.S. Lewis was both a student of pagan philosophy and mythology and a Christian. He never was divided between these two pursuits in his life, though he gave the latter its proper priority. What allowed Lewis to keep this balance was his idea of the gospel as the True Myth, an idea that helped lead to his conversion and remained at the core of his thinking throughout his life. By this idea of True Myth, Lewis was able to not only unite the pagan myths to Christian truth, but also the rest of human thought as well. Thus, in order to understand the nature of this key idea in Lewis’s thinking, this paper outlines what Lewis thought of mythology in general as a human phenomenon that bears explaining. The way in which Lewis saw mythology is analyzed in the first chapter according to the categories of the nature, the origin, and the function of mythology. In the second chapter, Lewis’s thoughts concerning the idea of the True Myth itself are considered. That various dichotomies of thought were united in Lewis’s mind by receiving this new idea is demonstrated. After this, the third chapter shows how Lewis’s thought fits in with historic and Evangelical orthodox Christian theology. -
The Jew of Celsus and Adversus Judaeos Literature
ZAC 2017; 21(2): 201–242 James N. Carleton Paget* The Jew of Celsus and adversus Judaeos literature DOI 10.1515/zac-2017-0015 Abstract: The appearance in Celsus’ work, The True Word, of a Jew who speaks out against Jesus and his followers, has elicited much discussion, not least con- cerning the genuineness of this character. Celsus’ decision to exploit Jewish opinion about Jesus for polemical purposes is a novum in extant pagan litera- ture about Christianity (as is The True Word itself), and that and other observa- tions can be used to support the authenticity of Celsus’ Jew. Interestingly, the ad hominem nature of his attack upon Jesus is not directly reflected in the Christian adversus Judaeos literature, which concerns itself mainly with scripture (in this respect exclusively with what Christians called the Old Testament), a subject only superficially touched upon by Celsus’ Jew, who is concerned mainly to attack aspects of Jesus’ life. Why might this be the case? Various theories are discussed, and a plea made to remember the importance of what might be termed coun- ter-narrative arguments (as opposed to arguments from scripture), and by exten- sion the importance of Celsus’ Jew, in any consideration of the history of ancient Jewish-Christian disputation. Keywords: Celsus, Polemics, Jew 1 Introduction It seems that from not long after it was written, probably some time in the late 240s,1 Origen’s Contra Celsum was popular among a number of Christians. Eusebius of Caesarea, or possibly another Eusebius,2 speaks warmly of it in his response to Hierocles’ anti-Christian work the Philalethes or Lover of Truth as pro- 1 For the date of Contra Celsum see Henry Chadwick, introduction to idem, ed. -
Akkadian Healing Therapies in the Babylonian Talmud
MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FÜR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE Max Planck Institute for the History of Science 2004 PREPRINT 259 M. J. Geller Akkadian Healing Therapies in the Babylonian Talmud Part II of the article will appear in a conference volume entitled, Magic and the Classical Tradition, edited by W. Ryan and C. Burnett (Warburg Institute, London) AKKADIAN HEALING THERAPIES IN THE BABYLONIAN TALMUD M. J. Geller Abstttracttt The Babylonian Talmud preserves some of the very latest traditions from Babylonia from the period when cuneiform script was still legible, and one of the last uses of cuneiform tablets was to consult the ancient 'sciences' of astronomy (including astrology), mathematics, omens, and healing (medicine including magic). The present study will argue that throughout the third century CE rabbis in Babylonia continued to acquire technical information from Babylonian scholars who could read cuneiform, and some of this information was translated into Aramaic and was recorded haphazardly in the academic discussions of the Talmud. The nature of the Talmudic sources and the final redaction of the complex work meant that traditions from Graeco-Roman Palestine were mixed in with local traditions from Babylonia, and the dichotomy is particularly evident in fields of medicine and magic, in which clear distinctions can be made between Greek and Akkadian approaches to healing. The present work, in two parts, is an attempt to sort out the source material according to whether it originates from Babylonia or not, and to focus on Akkadian parallels