Whitelands College, West Hill, , London Borough of

An Archaeological Evaluation

for Crest Nicholson Residential (South) Ltd

by Sian Anthony

Thames Valley Archaeological Services

Ltd

Site Code WEI 02

September 2002 Summary

Site name: Whitelands College, West Hill, Putney, London Borough of Wandsworth

Grid reference: TQ 24440 74025

Site activity: Evaluation

Date and duration of project: 9th–16th September 2002

Project manager: Steve Ford

Site supervisor: Sian Anthony

Site code: WEI 02

Area of site: c.5.5 ha

Summary of results: No archaeological features or finds were discovered.

Monuments identified: None

Location and reference of archive: The archive is presently held at Thames Valley Archaeological Services and will be deposited with the in due course.

This report may be copied for bona fide research or planning purposes without the explicit permission of the copyright holder

Report edited/checked by: Steve Ford9 23.09.02 Steve Preston9 23.09.02

i Whitelands College, West Hill, Putney, London Borough of Wandsworth An Archaeological Evaluation

by Sian Anthony

Report 02/74

Introduction

This report documents the results of an archaeological field evaluation carried out at Whitelands College, West

Hill, Putney, London Borough of Wandsworth, (TQ 24440 74025) (Fig. 1). The work was commissioned by Mr

Christian Gattesco, Planning Manager, Crest Nicholson Residential (South) Ltd, Nicholson House, 41 Thames

Street, Weybridge, Surrey, KT13 8JG.

Archaeological field evaluation is being carried out in advance of planning permission for a residential development on the site of Whitelands College. Although a definitive development scheme has not yet been determined, some existing structures will be maintained and reused, others will be demolished and some new buildings will be constructed.

This takes into account the recommendations of the Department of the Environment’s Planning Policy

Guidance, Archaeology and Planning (PPG16 1990), and the Borough policies on archaeology. The field investigation was carried out to a specification approved by Catherine Cavanagh, Archaeological Adviser,

Greater London Archaeology Advisory Service. The fieldwork was undertaken by Sian Anthony and Danielle

Colls between the 9th and 16th September 2002 and the site code is WEI02. The archive is presently held at

Thames Valley Archaeological Services, Reading and will be deposited at the Museum of London in due course.

A desk-top assessment of the site (Bull 2002) concluded that the site lay in an area of low to medium archaeological potential for the prehistoric period and low potential for other periods. There have been no archaeological sites or finds on the site although several prehistoric artefacts are known from locations nearby.

Location, topography and geology

The site is located to the south west of Wandsworth between the promontory of and the valley of the river Wandle. The site slopes steeply down from 33.5m above Ordnance Datum from West Hill on the north-west to the south-east where the elevation is 19.27m AOD. The site has been raised and levelled considerably above the height of Sutherland Grove which runs along the east of the site, which lies at 18m AOD.

(Fig. 2). The site also slopes gently down from west to east. The natural topography has been severely altered by landscaping features that cover the entire site; the southern portion currently being used as a sports field has been

1 raised and levelled using large dumps of modern rubble. Garden landscaping has resulted in the construction of large banks of ground surrounding this area. The middle and northern portions of the site have been extensively landscaped in the form of small banks of earth and modern building rubble. Underlying geology is London Clay with some Head deposits (BGS 1981), geology noted in trenches consisted of Head deposits, colluvium and clay.

Archaeological background

Although no archaeological features or finds have been noted for the site, several Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and

Neolithic artefacts have been discovered from nearby (Bull 2002). There are only isolated Roman and medieval finds from the vicinity. The area remained undeveloped until into the 18th and 19th centuries. Construction of buildings associated with the estate started in the 1700s, and much landscaping occurred towards the end of the 18th century. The hospital to the west of the present site was founded in these buildings in

1854 with the main hospital constructed 10 years later. Whitelands College bought the garden area to the west of the hospital in 1924 with most of the present buildings and chapel being built at this time.

Objectives and methodology

The purpose of the evaluation was to determine the presence/absence, extent, condition, character, quality and date of any archaeological deposits within the area of development. The trenches were to be excavated with a machine fitted with a toothless ditching bucket under constant archaeological supervision. Trenches were then hand cleaned. All spoilheaps were monitored. All potential archaeological features were hand–dug and recorded.

Twenty-five trenches were originally proposed, positioned to evaluate the whole site including areas in the north that have previously been developed. However, access to these northern parts of the site was not possible whilst the active use of the college and following consultation with Mr Robert Whytehead of Greater London

Archaeological Advisory Service, a number of the trenches were not excavated.

A complete list of trenches giving lengths, breadths, depths and a description of sections and geology is given in Appendix 1.

Results

Trench 1

2 The stratigraphy consisted of topsoil of 0.26m overlying a brown, fine-grained clayey silt which was Head deposit (0.1m deep). A test pit was excavated at the southern end to confirm the depth of the natural clay beneath the Head deposits, the natural clay was reached at 17.67m above Ordnance Datum.

Trench 2 (Plate 1)

The stratigraphy consisted of topsoil (0.15m) overlying a brown silty clay subsoil (0.11m). This was truncated at the south-west end of the trench by a hard-packed chalk layer and dark silty clay of 0.5m depth. To the north- east end of the trench a large layer of redeposited Head or colluvium mixed with brick and tile lay on top of undisturbed Head deposits. Potential archaeological features were hand cleaned and excavated in this trench

(Fig. 4).

Feature (1) was rectangular in plan, 1.6m long and 0.9m wide with a V-shaped base that was 0.08m deep; the fill was a grey-brown silty sand. Although there was a slightly irregular base, the regular shape indicates it was caused by human activity. Finds of post-medieval pottery, clay pipe stems and tile indicate it to be a post- medieval feature possibly connected with the extensive landscaping done to the site in the 18th and 19th centuries. Feature 2 was a curvilinear feature, 1.9m long, 0.5m wide. When excavated it proved to be shallow

(0.12m deep) with a flattish base. Clay pipe stems were also found in the fill which was a dark grey-brown sandy silt; this also is considered to be a post-medieval landscape feature.

Trench 3

Extensive tree root action was present in this trench with a modern brick-lined drain aligned south east- north west. Several patches of irregular mixed dark soils were investigated by hand to confirm they were tree holes.

Trenches 4 and 5 (Plate 2)

These trenches contained large deposits of brick, tile and concrete rubble at their southern ends; there were also two possible layers of Tarmac, these all were up to1.06m deep. These truncated the natural levels of redeposited

Head colluvium although not the undisturbed levels of natural Head deposit. Two service pipes and two field drains were evident in Trench 4 but none were present in Trench 5. A further natural feature in the far south of

Trench 5 consisted of a thin layer of green-grey clay (0.13m thick). This seemed to be a discrete deposit that continued up to 5m through the trench. It was not observed in any other trench.

3 Trenches 6–9 and 12

The stratigraphy consisted of topsoil between 0.19m and 0.35m deep overlying undisturbed sandy clay variations of Head deposits. These were relatively shallow trenches that contained only tree root action that were investigated by hand. There were no colluvial soils and no redeposited head deposits.

Trench 10

The stratigraphy consisted of topsoil (0.18m deep) onto a modern rubble and soil mix (0.52m) onto undisturbed

Head deposits. Several modern foundation walls were uncovered, two aligned north east- south west and one between these two aligned west- east. All were of modern red brick material 2-3 courses high over a foundation rubble. Modern white-glazed willow pattern pottery was found in the cuts for these walls. A metal box shape was found next to these walls. Only 0.6m square made of lead with large metal rivets, the sheet metal was bent over in one edge to create a box-shape, this was filled with modern rubble, tiles and glass. It is thought that this was remains of part of the drainage system connected with the brick structure. A dump of modern rubble lay at the eastern end of the trench in a square cut, again this was filled with modern rubble, tiles and glass.

Trench 11

The stratigraphy consists of 0.33m of topsoil overlying a redeposited Head colluvium mixed with modern brick rubble, onto an undisturbed Head deposit. Substantial modern brick foundation walls and brick drains were found in this trench, all associated with modern porcelain pottery and glass. In the far southern end of the trench the corner of a small red brick structure was uncovered. Running out from underneath these at 19.33m AOD were two brick built drains aligned South west- north east. Towards the middle of the trench were two more substantial brick walls, two brick-lengths wide and going to the level of the natural at 19.33m. The walls were six courses high rising to just below the current ground level of 21.16m AOD. A further large brick wall was encountered at the far northern end of the trench. This was of similar construction as the two larger walls, going to a depth of 20.12m AOD.

Finds

Three clay pipe stems were found from Features (1 and 2). They were carefully manufactured and bored with a very small hole. A fragment of late post-medieval white glazed pottery rim was found in Feature (1); it comes from a small jar. The finds were not retained

4 Conclusion

The features excavated in Trench 2 are clearly of a relatively recent (late 18th century or later) date. Their shallowness indicates ephemeral features probably connected with the extensive landscaping associated with the buildings and later hospital to the west of the site. The depth of the features (18.47m AOD compared to the current ground level of 19.27m AOD) shows how much recent landscaping has been applied to the southern portion of the site. The large brick structures are modern, indicated by the bricks and the associated finds. They have potentially destroyed any features that may have occurred in the older ground levels. With only natural features in the rest of the site, it seems that there is no archaeological potential in this part of the site.

References BGS, 1981, British Geological Survey, 1:50 000, Sheet 270, Solid and Drift Edition, Keyworth Bull, R 2002, Whitelands College, West Hill, Putney, SW15, London Borough of Wandsworth, Museum of London Archaeology Service, London PPG16, 1990, Archaeology and Planning, Dept of the Environment Planning Policy Guidance 16, HMSO

5 APPENDIX 1: Trench details 0m at south or west end

Trench No. Length (m) Breadth (m) Depth (m) Comment 1 22.8 1.8 1. 6 Topsoil (0.26m) overlying a mid brown fine grained clayey silt Head deposit (0.1m deep). A test pit was excavated at the southern end to confirm the heights of the natural clay beneath the Head deposits, the natural clay was reached at 17.67m above Ordnance Datum. 2 19.5 1.8 0.8 Stratigraphy consisted of topsoil (0.15m) overlying a brown silty clay subsoil (0.11m), this was truncated at the south west end of the trench by a hard-packed chalk layer and dark silty clay of 0.5m depth. To the north east end of the trench a large layer of redeposited Head deposit/ colluvium mixed with brick and tile lies on top of undisturbed Head deposits. Undisturbed Head deposits lay at 18.47mAOD. [Plate1] 3 20 1.8 0.82 Topsoil (0.16m) overlaid redeposited Head colluvium (0.54m) which overlay undisturbed head deposits (0.12m) which lay at 18.45m AOD. 4 19.1 1.8 1.16 Stratigraphy consisted of topsoil (0.25m) overlying redeposited Head colluvium(0.4m) at the north west end. This was truncated by modern rubble dumps at the south east end(0.75m) onto undisturbed Head deposits which lay at 18.11m AOD. 5 20.2 1.8 1.3 Stratigraphy consisted of topsoil (0.2m) overlying a disturbed Head deposit colluvium of maximum 1m depth, overlying a natural Head deposit which lay at 18.32m AOD at the north end. The southern end consisted of rubble layers (0.8m) onto a thin Tarmac layer (0.08m) onto a darker rubble and soil layer (0.08m) onto a greenish grey alluvial clay (0.13m) onto undisturbed head deposits. These lay at 17.97m AOD. [Plate 2] 6 20.4 1.8 1.25 Topsoil (0.35m) overlay a sandy Head deposit natural which lay at 18.92 AOD. A test pit was dug at the south west end to confirm the undisturbed nature of the head deposit. 7 19.7 1.8 0.35 Topsoil (0.25m) overlay a mid brown sandy clay natural which lay at 18.92m AOD 8 20 1.8 0.7 Topsoil (0.55m) overlay a mid brown sandy clay natural which lay at 21.62m AOD 9 19.9 1.8 0.6 Topsoil (0.35m) overlay a mid brown sandy clay natural which lay at 20.15m AOD 10 20.6 1.8 1.04 Stratigraphy consisted of topsoil (0.18m deep) onto a modern rubble and soil mix (0.52m) onto undisturbed Head Deposits which lay at 19.14m AOD at the west end and 18.3m AOD at the east end. 11 19.5 1.8 1.64 Stratigraphy consists of 0.33m of topsoil overlying a redeposited Head colluvium mixed with modern brick rubble (0.8m), onto an undisturbed Head deposit (0.51m) which lay at 19.52m AOD at the north end and 18.73m AOD at the south end. 12 20.2 1.8 0.42 Topsoil (0.22m) overlay a thin layer of rubble (0.08m) onto natural mid yellow brown clay which lay at 27.26m AOD.

6 Appendix 2: GLSMR/RCHME NAR Archaeological Report Form

1. TYPE OF RECORDING

Evaluation

2. LOCATION

Borough: Wandsworth

Address: Whitelands College, West Hill, Putney, SW15

Name: Whitelands College, West Hill, Putney, SW15

Site Code: WEI02

National Grid Refs: TQ24440 74025 Centre of site: TQ24440 74025

3. ORGANISATION

Name of archaeological unit: Thames Valley Archaeological Services

Address: 47-49 De Beauvoir Road, Reading, Berkshire, RG1 5NR

Site director/supervisor: Sian Anthony

Project manager: Steve Ford

Funded by: Crest Nicholson Residential

4. DURATION

Date fieldwork started: 9/9/02

Date finished: 16/9/02

Fieldwork previously notified? y/n: No

Fieldwork will continue? y/n/ not known: No

5. PERIODS REPRESENTED

Palaeolithic: - Roman: -

Mesolithic: - Saxon (pre-AD 1066): -

Neolithic: Medieval(1066-1485): -

Bronze Age: Post-Medieval: Yes

Iron Age: - Unknown: -

6. PERIOD SUMMARIES (use headings for each period (ROMAN;MEDIEVAL; ETC.) and additional sheets if necessary). Garden or landscaping features of 18th century or later date.

7 7. NATURAL -

Type: London Clay and Head

Height above Ordnance Datum: 33m-19m

8. LOCATION OF ARCHIVES a) Please tick those categories still in your possession:

Notes Yes Plans Yes Photos Yes Ngatives Yes

Slides Yes Correspondence Yes MScripts (unpublished reports, etc.) All b) All records will be deposited in the following museum, record office, etc. Museum of London c) Approximate year of transfer: unknown d) Location of any copies: Microfiche copy to be deposited with RCHME, and one to be kept by TVAS e) Has a security copy of the archive been made? y/n: No, but will be microfiched in due course

If not, do you wish RCHME to consider microfilming? y/n: no

9. LOCATION OF FINDS: a) In your possession (All/Some/None): None b) All finds will be deposited with the following museum: Museum of London c) Approximate. year of transfer: unknown

10. BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Anthony, S, 2002, Whitelands College, West Hill, Putney, London Borough of Wandsworth, Archaeological Evaluation, Thames Valley Archaeological Services report 02/74 Bull, R 2002, Whitelands College, West Hill, Putney, SW15, London Borough of Wandsworth, Museum of London Archaeology Service, London

NAME: Sian Anthony DATE: 23rd September 2002

8 SITE

75000

74000

SITE

73000

TQ23000 24000 WEI 02 Whitelands College, West Hill, Putney, London Borough of Wandsworth, 2002

Figure 1. Location of site within Putney and Greater London.

Reproduced from Ordnance Survey Pathfinder TQ27/37 1:25000 Ordnance Survey Licence AL52324A0001 74200

74100

74000

SITE

73900

73800

TQ 24300 24400 24500 WEI 02 Whitelands College, West Hill, Putney, London Borough of Wandsworth, 2002

Figure 2. Detailed location of site in West Hill, Putney, London. Whitelands College, West Hill, Putney, London Borough of Wandsworth

ill t H es W N

74200

74100

24300 12

S u t h e r l an

d

G

r o v e

Whitelands College 11

74000

Shrubs

10

9

6 Tennis courts 8 7

Sports field 5 73900 1 4 2

3

TQ24400 24500

0 100m

Figure 3. Detailed location of trenches in site. WEI 02 Whitelands College, West Hill, Putney, London Borough of Wandsworth

N

0m 10m

2

Patch of silt spread

Tree root action 1

0 5m

Topsoil Topsoil Subsoil Subsoil

Dark brown silty clay Redeposited Head mixed with brick and tile

Chalk layer Dark brown silty clay 51 52 Undisturbed Head Undisturbed Head 1 2

0 2m

Figure 4. Plan and sections of Trench 2 and post-medieval features. WEI 02 Plate 1. Trench 2, facing south west, horizontal scales 2m and 1m.

Plate 2. Trench 5, section facing east, horizontal scale 1m, vertical scale 2m.

WEI 02