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Ceramic Consumption in a Boston Immigrant Tenement Andrew J University of Massachusetts Boston ScholarWorks at UMass Boston Graduate Masters Theses Doctoral Dissertations and Masters Theses 8-31-2016 Ceramic Consumption in a Boston Immigrant Tenement Andrew J. Webster University of Massachusetts Boston Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umb.edu/masters_theses Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Webster, Andrew J., "Ceramic Consumption in a Boston Immigrant Tenement" (2016). Graduate Masters Theses. 390. https://scholarworks.umb.edu/masters_theses/390 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Doctoral Dissertations and Masters Theses at ScholarWorks at UMass Boston. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at UMass Boston. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CERAMIC CONSUMPTION IN A BOSTON IMMIGRANT TENEMENT A Thesis Presented by ANDREW J. WEBSTER Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies, University of Massachusetts Boston, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS August 2016 Historical Archaeology Program © 2016 Andrew J. Webster All rights reserved CERAMIC CONSUMPTION IN A BOSTON IMMIGRANT TENEMENT A Thesis Presented by ANDREW J. WEBSTER Approved as to style and content by: ________________________________________________ Christa M. Beranek, Research Scientist Fiske Center for Archaeological Research Chairperson of Committee ________________________________________________ David B. Landon, Associate Director Fiske Center for Archaeological Research Member ________________________________________________ Judith F. Zeitlin, Professor Member _________________________________________ Stephen W. Silliman, Program Director Historical Archaeology Program _________________________________________ Tim Sieber, Chairperson Department of Anthropology ABSTRACT CERAMIC CONSUMPTION IN A BOSTON IMMIGRANT TENEMENT August 2016 Andrew J. Webster, B.A., University of Notre Dame M.A., University of Massachusetts Boston Directed by Dr. Christa Beranek In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Boston’s North End became home to thousands of European immigrants, mostly from Ireland and Italy. The majority of these immigrant families lived in crowded tenement apartments and earned their wages from low-paying jobs such as manual laborers or store clerks. The Ebenezer Clough House at 21 Unity Street was originally built as a single-family colonial home in the early eighteenth century but was later repurposed as a tenement in the nineteenth century. In 2013, the City of Boston Archaeology Program excavated the rear lot of the Clough House, recovering 36,465 artifacts, including 4,298 ceramic sherds, across 14 site-wide contexts. One context, the main midden, has been interpreted as a multi-use household trash deposit dating from the 1870s to the 1910s, during which the tenement was home to a rotation of over 100 working-class families, most of them immigrants. This project couples ceramic analysis with in-depth archival research to illuminate the consumption iv strategies of Boston’s immigrant working class. I conclude that tenants primarily used decorated but mismatched and older ceramic ware types, valuing thrift and prioritizing family needs while consuming differently than their middle-class counterparts. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project would not have been possible without the patient support of many people and organizations. I would like thank my committee members Christa Beranek, David Landon, and Judith Zeitlin, Joseph Bagley and the City of Boston Archaeology Program, Suzi Spitzer, Stephen Silliman, Stephen Mrozowski, Jerry Warner, Jennifer Poulsen, Kristen Swett and Boston City Archives staff, Sean Casey and the Boston Public Library Rare Books and Special Collections staff, the Old North Foundation, Andrea Cronin and the Massachusetts Historical Society, Robert Johnson Lally and the Archives of the Archdiocese of Boston, Betsy Webster, and Stephen Brighton. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................... xi CHAPTER Page 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1 Archival Research Methods ................................................... 4 Outline of the Thesis .............................................................. 5 2. SITE BACKGROUND .................................................................. 9 The Clough House and its Occupants .................................... 9 Irish Immigrants ..................................................................... 18 Snapshot: The Clough House in 1880 ................................... 29 Italian Immigrants .................................................................. 32 Snapshot: The Clough House in 1910 ................................... 37 A Note on Religion ................................................................ 40 The Later History of the Clough House ................................. 42 3. CLASS AND CERAMIC CONSUMPTION ................................ 43 Consumption and Victorian Values among Middle- and Working-Class Communities ............................................ 46 Historical Archaeology of the Working Class in Urban Massachusetts ................................................................... 54 4. PROJECT METHODS AND CERAMIC ANALYSIS ................. 60 Archaeological Investigation and Site Formation Processes . 60 Laboratory Methods ............................................................... 68 Results of the Ceramic Analysis ............................................ 70 Main Fill................................................................................. 70 Clay Layer .............................................................................. 75 Jane Franklin Layer ................................................................ 77 Mixed C-Soils ........................................................................ 79 Main Midden .......................................................................... 81 5. CONSUMPTION PATTERNS, ECONOMIC STRATEGY, AND WORKING-CLASS VALUES ......................................... 90 Comparison to Victorian Assemblages .................................. 90 Comparison to Working-Class Assemblages ......................... 96 vii CHAPTER Page Access to Ceramics and Locations of Purchase ..................... 98 Conclusion: Reasons for the Clough House Consumption Strategy ............................................................................. 100 APPENDIX 1. CLOUGH HOUSE POLL TAX RECORDS ............................... 106 2. CLOUGH HOUSE CENSUS RECORDS ................................... 136 3. CLOUGH HOUSE CERAMIC VESSEL CATALOG ................ 152 REFERENCES .............................................................................................. 173 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. The Clough House from Unity Street in 2013. Photo by Joseph Bagley .................................................................................... 10 2. Location of the Clough House in Boston on Bonner's 1723 map, with detail in the lower left. Note Old North Church directly behind the Clough House. Map from Levanthal Map Center, Boston Public Library ....................................... 11 3. Location of 21 Unity Street on the present-day USGS base map. Boston's shoreline has dramatically changed from the eighteenth century dues to many landfilling projects ............ 12 4. The Clough House in before (left) and after (right) the addition of a third story around 1810. Figure by Joseph Bagley, based on Cummings and Overby 1961 .................................. 13 5. Number of adult males at 21 Unity Street from 1780 until 1917. (Source: BTB 1780-1817; USBC 1790-1910; BVB 1818- 1821; BPTR 1822-1917) ........................................................ 15 6. Number of inhabitants at 21 Unity Street from 1810 until 1920. (Source: USBC 1810-1920; BPTR 1890) .............................. 16 7. Number of families at 21 Unity Street from 1780 until 1920. (Source: BTB 1780; 1780; 1800; USBC 1790-1920; BPTR 1890) ...................................................................................... 16 8. The rear apartment (outlined) c. 1961 (Cummings and Overby 1961) ...................................................................................... 26 9. The Clough House and vicinity in 1874. The shape of the house (in white) shows the new addition protruding from the bottom-left. Note how William Dillaway is shown as owning many nearby properties. Map by G.M. Hopkins & Co., from Ward Maps LLC .................................................... 27 10. The Clough House floor plan (Cummings and Overby 1961) ..... 28 11. A North End tenement c. 1961. Photo from the Boston Public Library.................................................................................... 36 ix Figure Page 12. The Miraculous Medal, a Catholic object of adornment. Photo by Joseph Bagley ................................................................... 41 13. The rear lot of the Clough House with the project area outlined. Photo by Joseph
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