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JSFD Vol 4 Issue 7 Dec 2016 Volume 4, Issue 7, December 2016 www.jsfd.org Table of Contents Evaluation protocol: Netball to promote physical and mental health in 1 Samoa and Tonga Richards, Sherry, Philpott, Keane, Schulenkorf, Bauman Called to serve: Exploring servant leadership in the context of sport-for- 12 development Wells, Welty Peachey Examining the role of life skills developed through Salvadoran physical 25 education programs on the prevention of youth violence Mandigo, Corlett, Ticas Challenges and strategies for success of a sport-for-development 39 programme for First Nations, Métis and Inuit youth Halsall, Forneris ‘A phone call changed my life’: Exploring the motivations of sport for 58 development and peace scholars Welty Peachey, Cohen, Musser www.jsfd.org Volume 4, Issue 7, December 2016 1 Journal of Sport for Development Evaluation protocol: Netball to promote physical and mental health in Samoa and Tonga Justin Richards1, Emma Sherry2, Olivia Philpott3, Lewis Keane4, Nico Schulenkorf5, Adrian Bauman1 1 University of Sydney, School of Public Health & Charles Perkins Centre 2 La Trobe University, Centre for Sport and Social Impact 3 Netball Australia 4 Cricket Fiji 5 University of Technology Sydney, Department of Sport Management Corresponding author email: [email protected] BACKGROUND Evaluation Rationale It is widely accepted that physical activity has health Increasing physical activity and preventing non- benefits and that it is a critical component of addressing the communicable diseases are stated objectives of the One global emergence of non-communicable diseases.1 This Netball Pacific program in Samoa and Tonga.11 These may be particularly pertinent in Samoa and Tonga where programs commenced in 2009 in Samoa and 2011 in Tonga almost 50% of adults are insufficiently active,2 the and have received ongoing strategic and resource support prevalence of overweight is among the highest in the world from Netball Australia, enabled through Pacific Sports (i.e. >80%)3,4 and the costs of related non-communicable Partnership funding.11 Despite concurrent qualitative diseases are escalating.5 However, the promotion of evaluation of program delivery, there has been limited physical activity may also have broader implications in quantitative evaluation of intervention processes or its Samoa and Tonga. Specifically, there is growing evidence impact on netball participation, physical activity levels and that physical activity participation can prevent mental other health-related indicators.11 Furthermore, we are not illness (e.g. depression) and is associated with mental well- aware of any published evaluations assessing the impact of being (e.g. happiness).6,7 It is also evident that mental netball participation on body composition, mental well- health may be an important mediating factor for preventing being or the subsequent reduced risk of other non- early mortality due to non-communicable diseases.8 communicable diseases. Despite a paucity of data on the mental health needs of Pacific Island Countries, suicide rates are higher than the The purpose of this evaluation is to address a gap between global average, suggesting that mental illnesses may be current practice and existing evidence in the sport-for- prevalent.9,10 Consequently, addressing this apparent development sector. Despite pervasive positive rhetoric mental health need through physical activity interventions about the health implications of sport programs that may also play an important role in reducing the burden of continues to attract ongoing international investment, the non-communicable diseases in Samoa and Tonga. evidence base remains limited.12 Keywords: Physical activity, Sport, Health, Well-being, Pacific Islands www.jsfd.org Volume 4, Issue 7, December 2016 2 Richards et al. Journal of Sport for Development Therefore, we aim to conduct a process and impact typically involves: evaluation of the One Netball Pacific program in Samoa - Separating the selected teams into two equal-sized pools; and Tonga. Specifically, we aim to assess the - One or two games of organised netball per week for each organisational objectives of “creating more opportunities team at a central location (30minutes/game); for women and girls to take part in physical activity - Additional voluntary training sessions that are self- through netball” to “improve health-related behaviours” organised. and “reduce the impact of non-communicable diseases in these communities”.11 (NOTE: Social Mixed teams typically comprise people with mixed abilities representing local workplaces). Evaluation Objectives Grassroots Netball Development To assess the delivery and reach of One Netball Pacific programs and its impact on program registrant: netball The local netball federations have adopted a multi-faceted access; netball participation; recreational physical activity; program approach for promoting netball participation by body composition; mental well-being. adults throughout Samoa and Tonga. Grassroots Netball Development typically includes: METHODS -Providing equipment that enables communities to participate in recreational netball; Intervention -Delivering coach, player and administrator development workshops designed to build capacity and encourage local The overall objectives of the netball programs in Samoa autonomy for promoting sustained netball participation; and Tonga are to build local governance capacity, provide -Organising mass participation short tournaments/ carnivals leadership opportunities for women and sustainably (e.g. one-day competition) that attract participants from increase recreational physical activity to improve health multiple villages to a central location for playing and across all age-groups. We propose to focus on the health- promoting netball; related objectives and evaluate two components of the -Facilitating a home & away netball series where teams programs being delivered for adults: from several neighbouring villages play one game against each other at home and one game away; Social Mixed Netball -Supporting club netball series where registered clubs are graded and compete against each other. The Social Mixed Netball League is known as “Business House” in Samoa and the “Corporate Cup” or “Fiefia” in (NOTE: The tournaments / carnivals, home & away series Tonga. Despite minor differences between countries, it and club netball series typically cater for all genders and typically comprises two or three playing “seasons” each include both open and senior age categories. In Tonga, the year that go for six to ten weeks and are conducted in the senior category is known as “Over 35” and only includes major towns of Samoa (Apia) and Tonga (Nuku’alofa). participants whose age or body mass index are higher than Groups of individuals representing local organisations self- 35). select 12 team members and then voluntarily register to participate in a netball league that welcomes all genders. The proposed actions, outputs, impacts and outcomes of the Previous iterations have often been over-subscribed with Social Mixed Netball League and the Grassroots Netball approximately twice as many teams registering as places Development program are consistent with a published available in the competition. Selection of the participating theoretical framework for sport-for-development teams in each “season” is decided on a “first-come, first- programs.13 Although there is some overlap with the stated served” basis and the number of teams included is objectives of governance and empowerment, we have determined by locally available infrastructure and developed a logic model that focuses on the health-related resources. Participation in the Social Mixed Netball League outcomes (Figure 1).14 www.jsfd.org Volume 4, Issue 7, December 2016 3 Richards et al. Journal of Sport for Development Figure 1 - Logic model for health components of the One Netball Pacific Program in Samoa and Tonga Evaluation Design given priority entry to the subsequent “season”. All adults Social Mixed Netball League (Figure 2) in the registered teams will have their netball access, netball participation, recreational physical activity, body The oversubscription of registered teams provides an composition and mental well-being assessed before and opportunity to conduct a natural experiment. The first after the program. Further follow-up assessment will occur teams to register will be allocated to the intervention group after a six-week “wash-out” period. We will also conduct until local infrastructure and resource capacity is reached. a parallel process evaluation for intervention delivery and All subsequent teams that register will be wait-listed and reach in the participating teams. Figure 2 - Evaluation design for the Social Mixed Netball League in each country www.jsfd.org Volume 4, Issue 7, December 2016 4 Richards et al. Journal of Sport for Development Grassroots Netball Development (Figure 3) Sample Size and Selection We will conduct periodic monitoring in an evaluation of All sample size and selection procedures will be multiple intervention communities. Six communities determined by pragmatic considerations of program targeted by the Grassroots Netball Development program structure and capacity. The following calculations provide in each of Samoa and Tonga will be identified. People guidance and a recruitment target. from each of these communities will have their netball access, netball participation, recreational physical activity, body composition and mental well-being assessed at 12- Social Mixed Netball
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