The NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY JULY 1953 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, INC.
1600 Bladensburg Road, Northeast Washington 2, D. c.
OFFICERS Presiden;t: Dr. John L. Creech, Glenn Dale, Maryland First V ice-President: Mr. Arnold M. Davis, Cleveland, Ohio Second Vice-President: Mrs. Robert Woods Bliss, Washington, D. C. Secretary: Dr. Francis de Vos, Washington, D. C. Treasurer: Miss Olive E. Weatherell, Olean, New York Editor: Mr. B. Y. Morrison, Pass Christian, Mississippi Managing Editor: Mr. James R. Harlow, Takoma Park, Maryland DIRECTORS Terms Expiring 1954 Terms Expiring 1955 Mr. Stuart Armstrong, Silver Spring, Mary- Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox, Mount Kisco, New land York Dr. Fred O. Coe, Bethesda, Maryland Mr. Frederic P. Lee, Bethesda, Maryland Mrs. Walter Douglas, Chauncey, New York Mrs. J. Norman Henry, Gladwyne, Penn- Dr. Brian O. Mulligan, Seattle, Washington sylvania Dr. Freeman A. Weiss, Washington, D. C. Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott, Media, Pennsyl Dr. Donald Wyman, Jamaica Plain, Massa- vania chusetts
HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS Mrs. Edna Korts, President Mrs. Otto Zach, President American Begonia Society, Inc. American Primrose Society 3628 Revere Avenue 1172 Southeast 55th Avenue Los Angeles 39, California Portland 15, Oreg. Mr. Calder W. Seibels, President Mr. Harold Epstein, President American Camellia Society American Rock Garden Society 800 Sweetbrier Road 5 Forest Court Columbia, South Carolina Larchmont, New York Mr. C. E. Little, President Dr. C. Eugene Pfister, President American Delphinium Society American Rose Society Box 660, Richmond Hills Route 2, Box 60 Ontario, Canada Mundelein, Illinois Dr. Ralph C. Benedict, President Mr. W. Taylor Marshall, President Emeritus American Fern Society, Inc. Cactus & Succulent Society of America 2214 Beverly Road Box 647 Brooklyn 26, New York Tempe, Arizona Mr. William F. Christman, President Mr. C. R. Wolf, President American Peony Society Holly Society of America, Inc. Northbrook, Illinois Millville, New Jersey
AFFILIATED SOCIETIES-1953 American Association of Nurserymen Garden Center of Greater Cincinnati American Begonia Society Garden Club of Alexandria (Virginia) American Begonia Society, San Francisco Garden Club of Chevy Chase, Maryland Branch Garden Club of Danville (Virginia) American Begonia Society, Santa Barbara Garden Club of Fairfax (Virginia) Branch Garden Club of Virginia American Camellia Society Garden Library of Michigan American Gesneria Society Georgetown Garden Club (D. C.) American Gloxinia Society Gulfport Horticultural Society American Iris Society Herb Society of America American Rhododendron Society, Middle Houston Horticultural Society Atlantic Chapter Iowa State Horticultural Society Bel-Air Garden Club, Inc., (California) Michigan Horticultural Society Birmingham Horticultural Society National Capital Dahlia Society Cactus and Succulent Society of America North American Lily Society California Horticultural Society Northern Nut Growers' Association, Inc. Chestnut Hill Garden Club, (Massachusetts) Perennial Garden Club (D. C.) Chevy Chase (D. C.) Garden Club Plainfield Garden Club (New Jersey) Fauquier and Loudoun Garden Club Potomac Rose Society (D. C.) (Virginia) San Francisco Garden Club Federated Garden Clubs of Cincinnati and Tacoma Rhododendron Society Vicinity Takoma Horticultural Society (Maryland) Worcester County Horticultural Society Robert L. Tayl01'
Edit01' Benja1%in Y. M 01'1"is 011., on the occasion of his relinq'wishing the Dire~t01' ship of the United Sta.tes Nati01~al A1'bol'etuI1'b in 1951. lVIr. Mon'ison retired fl'oln civil sel'vice to his l'es'idence in Mississippi whe1'e he cO'I'btinues an extrem.ely active life in the pU1'Suit of 1na'ny sj,£bjects, a11d where he rem.ains on call of the U, S. Depart11'lel'bt of Ag1'int.lture as ([ C011s1fltal1t. Arthur Hoyt Scott Garden ..A ,ward
The Executive Committee and the Mrs. James Bush-Brown, Director, Board of Directors of The American School of Horticulture. Horticultural Soceity are honored to The Gold Medal executed by Sculp record for the information of readers tor Walker Hancock, in collaboration of The N a,t1:011 al H o1'ticu.ltuml M aga with Architect W. Pope Barney, per zine the presentation of the Arthur sonifies the spirit of Arthur H oyt Scott Hoyt Scott Garden Award to Benja in the a.pp lication of horticulture in min Y. Morrison. This award was gardening. The purpose of the Award made on June 8, 1953. is to promote a greater love of nature, The Arthur Hoyt Scott Garden and niake the nation more c~nscio u s of the Horticultural Award was established beauty of the outdoors, develop a in 1929 by Margaret Scott Moon and greater knowledge and love of plants Owen Moon, Jr. It consists of a Gold and fl owers, spread the gospel of better Medal and One Thousand Dollars, and planting and design, and arouse a is awarded at irregular intervals, wider interest in better planting and . Swarthmore CoIlege is the custodian more beautiful gardens a.mong all and trustee of the endowment funds. citizens. Provisions of the trust stipulate the The Committee considered over Committee on Award shall consist of forty persons, and made the Award to nine m@mbers, representing seven spe Mr. Morrison because of his work with cific organizations and two members at many differ~ent 'plants and ,in many large. These organizations and their fields of horticulture. 1953 representatives are as fo llows: His recognized horticultural works To Chairman the Committee: Pn~ s i include hi s early participation in the dent of Swarthmore College, J ohn VV. organization of the American Iris So Nason; Pennsylvania Horticultural So ciety in 1920. His work in Iris breed ciety, John M. Fogg, Vice Provost, ing in the 1920's was sponsorshi p of Univers,i,ty of Pennsylvania; Massa Iris Shows in the N ew York A rea in chusetts Horticultural Society, Amo those years. The ConJmittee considered H . N ehrling, Executive Secretary; also hi s work wtih Daffodils in that Horticultural Society of New York, same period, when he imported into :Mrs. VV. Redmond Cross, President; a this country varieties then but little nationally known garden or nature or known, including B,eersheba. His work ganization, National Council of State work with this Society and his E ditor Garden Clubs, Mrs. Lewis M. Hull, ship of The Nalional Horticu.ltural Former President; a nationally known lVI agazine since 1926 were considered fl ower society, American Rose Society, next. For many years he was Editor R. C. Allen, Executive Secretary ; an of The American Iris Society, begin editor within the P hiladelphi a zone, ning about 1934, and continuing for Robert Reed, Editor, The Count1'Y some years. Gentle11'w11.. The two annual members T he Committee also recognized Mr. at large appoin ted by the President of Morrison's connection with the U. S. Swarthmore College for 1953, are Department of Agriculture, which J ohl1 C. \i\l ister, Director, Arthur Hoyt dates from 1920 when he accepted em Scott Horticultural Foundation; and ployment in the Bureau of Plant In- [11 7] 118 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1953 dustry as a specialist in ornamental now may be seen in spectacular display plants. During his first ten years, while over a sixteen acre planting at the still untrammeled by administrative U. S. National Arboretum. Many of chores, several basic studies on orna the later selections have not yet been mentals were completed. He was par offered to the public as some years must ticuLarly interested in the many new pass before the nurserymen have suffi and little known o.rnamentals coming cient stock for distribution. in through the federal plant introduc The Arboretum was fortunate in tionprograms, but groups such as Iris, having Mr. Morrison in charge during Dahlia and Azalea received consider its formative period. His academic able attention. About 1930 he joined background as a landscape architect, the staff of the Division of Plant Ex combined with his great wealth of ploration and Introduction and became knowledge of plants and their habits its head in 1934. of growth, has given to the Arboretum In 1937 the development of the U. S. a basic planting plan for years to come. National Arboretum was also placed Also, through his position as head of under his administration. He held the plant introduction group, he was both responsibilities until 1948, when able to give the Arboretm'lJ priority at he became full time Director of the tention in the placement of woody orna Arboretum, leaving the Department's mentals little known in the United important plant introduetiOI:l "work to States. others. \iVhile he administered the Division His travels abroad began as a grad of Plant Exploration and Introduction, uate student w:hen he went to the appropriations for operations were lean Orient as a Sheldon (Harvard) fellow and costs sharply on the upgrade. Per in landscape architecture. In 1931 he sonnel of the Division were halved in was sent abroad to study the botanical nunlber and many services to the pub gardens and arboretums of northern lic were all but discontinued. Yet, it Emope and the British Isles. He was is to his outstanding eredit that during a delegate to the International Hotani that period, he managed to bring into cal Congress in Amsterdam in 1935. the country 92,000 plant introductions In 1941, and again in 1943, he was from all parts of the world, largely sent to Peru and Columbia respectively throug'h his voluminous correspond to assist those countries in planning ence. About one in every 250 of these an agricultural program. has contributed to advances in horti Probably, as the years pass, Ben culture and fanning, either as new Morrison, will be most remembered things for the garden or as breeding through his development of the mag stock carrying some new quality of use ' nificent series of cold-hardy, large to the plant breeder. flowered Azaleas which llavecome to The Commitee recognized his ulany be known as the Glenn Dale Hybrids. other government projects, and in all, He began this prograa1l in the 1920's it was felt that he perfectly exemplified and the first named selections were dis the work in horticulture which the tributed about 1940. In all about 400 Medal was established to encourage. named clones were placed with ,com The Award has been given nine mercial nurserymen. Most of these times since 1929. Irrigation In Utah's Landscape
ERNEST F. REIMSCHIISSEL1
The supplementing of water to lands tain from where it 1S conveyed by by means of irrigation is not new. The natural streams to the valleys below Egyptians, four thousand years ago (See illustration). The supply may lifted water by means of a well-sweep come from natural springs, from wells (shadoof or shaduf) to irrigate their or from man-made storage ponds and c·rops and gardens. In some parts of lakes. No matter what its source, man Egypt this method is still a common has to direct the life-giving water to the practice. The Assyrians under Sen plant. The method of applying the nacherib's rule developed one of the water may be by flooding, ridge and first great water systems. The usual furrow, or by sprinkling. custom of the age was for the king to The Utah pioneers had little choice receive the water first for his garden; as to the method of applying the water. afterwards it was directed into the city. The afternoon they arrived, many N umerous water systems and devices planted their corn and potatoes, not of o-reat note that were created in the b stopping to eat until finished. They past still exist. Parley R. Neeley, ~rea dammed up the streams and forced engineer, of he Bureau of Redamatl~n , water onto the l1ewly-planted areas. stated in the Provo Herald Centen11lal They adopted the 111ethod of flooding issue, March 23, 1947 that: "A system and the ridge and furrow, as these were still in operation today, was established the easiest to construct and to apply. about 2,300 years ago on the Ming The water was ,diverted from the River in China by Lin Pang, a Chinese natural streams by community organ en.gineer. Made up of some 550 miles ization into supply canals and ditches of main canals and 2,200 miles of (See illustration), then ration~d out ac laterals, this system furnished water to cording to shares with time 111111tS. By 500,000 acres of lands supporting more the end of the Civil War, some fifteen than 2,000 inhabitants per square years later, as stated by Gates in the mile." L~t e Story of B1riglWil1lt Young: t.here Modern irrigation, however, had its had been developed "277 canals 1rngat beginnin.g in 1847 when the Mormon ing over 150,000 acres of what would pioneers entered Salt Lake Valley. The ha ve been otherwise unusable land." leader of the group, Brigham Young, had the foresight to keep the natural Man has gained much since the be o streams as public property. This has o'innin ' of modern irrigation through proved extremely beneficial. ~rial :nd error. Flooding is well adapted for use on lawns or pastures Irrirrationb is most variable. The methods used depend on the water sup- where water can be forced to spread ply, the topography, the type of soil, over an area. This is good as long the plant grown, and the method of as there is enough water in the stream. applying the water. The source of \iVhen the stream decreases in fl ow, water may have its origin in the moun- some parts of an area may not obtain sufficient water. The flow of water 'Landscape Architect, Brigham Young Univer sity, Provo, Utah. needs to begin at the highest point of [119] 120 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE July 1953 an area so that, even though the stream an area, such as lawn or ground covers is decreased, all parts of the area can under trees; then it is even more im be watered during a specific time. portant to raise the moisture content to Another method of irrigation is the near field capacity. The soil should be forcing of water into corrugations or t1?oroughly moist ·but not waterlogged, furrows. The new technique of siphon S1J1ce frequent waterlogging causes the plants to become stunted or to die. ing the water by means of a tube aids in the controlling the rate of flo w into Portable systems, the type of system each furrow. Its advantages are that in which the pipes can be easily dis less labor is required, and less soil mantled and moved, are successfully erosion takes place. This method is used on uneven topography, in the field widely acclaimed by the commercial of agriculture. Portable sprinkling sys vegetable and flow er growers. It is tems are now available under various highly recommended for the property trade names. The svstem used whether owner who has a small plot of ground portable or perma~ent, may 'have ro with a water-right and who desires to tating-head sprinklers or fixed-head grow his own produce. sprinklers. The area which can be covered by each sprinkler-head varies Irrigation by sprinkling is the most with the type of sprinkler, the water common method used for the growing of pressure and the operato'r, ranging ornamental plants and lawns. Sprinkl from fifteen feet to two hundred feet ing irrigation uses piped water in which diameter. SOtTle sprinkler-heads are there is pressure to spray water on the mechanically constructed so that they plants. The pressure is developed by can be moved. Different settings can gravity flow or by means of a pump. thus be had from the same type of O utlets ' are placed so that a garden nozzle. hose may be attached and water ap Sprinkling irrigation offers a number pli ed by hand or by means of rotatino' . b sprinkler-heads. In the permanent sys- of advantages. The effer::ts are like rain tem, the water is conveyed in pipes in which the fo liage gets washed. through distributing lines to nozzle Sprinkling gives better water distribu outlets. The sprinkler or nozzle outlet tion and the rate of supply is easier to should spray the water on the soil only control. Less supervision and labor are as fast as the soil can fully absorb required to start and stop the flow. The and only until the moisture content eroding of soil can be held to a mini reaches field capacity. Field capacity mum. Finally, sprinkling irrigation has as defined by ]. E. Christiansen of the University of California Experiment Top: Top of MMlnt Ti111pal1ogos look Station, " is t he amount of moisture a ing west. Tlf1 est NIonnt and Ophir soil will retain against the downward MMmts 1:n distamce. liVest Lake L eft. force of gravity, or the upper limit of " The snow bu!ilds up in th e 11w111'1tains the available moisture range." Often and through w/,elti11g keeps the wo.ter not enough time is allowed to build up 1:n th e streams for the valleys below." the moisture content: the roots then B ott011'l.: M oun.t Ti111,pa.110gos in. U tnh stay near the surface, and when not Valley and Provo R-iver. The source watered every day, the lawn soon re of water may ha.ve its origin in the veals ~ffec ts of drought. Sometimes mou1'1ta:ins . two plants compete fo r the moisture in Biddlliph Stlldios Photographs
122 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1953 a lower maintenance cost. The dis 85 to 90 per cent water. An oak tree advantages lie in the high cost of initial with about 700,000 leaves gives off installation and the fact that certain 120 tons of water in a season. A good diseases start on the foliage of certain sized tree may take up as much as 125 sprinkled plants. gallons of water a day, while a medium The amount of water to apply by sized tree will use about 75 gallons of each method of irrigation depends upon water a day. A vigorous, mature apple a number of factors: precipitation, tem tree will use from 15 to 20 tons of perature, wind movement, humidity, water per year wh,~n making food soil fertility, available water supply, growth and producing a good crop. type of soil, and type of plant. A plant These facts are most astounding when in the shade requires less water than a it is realized that 90 to 95 per cent similar plant in the sun. More water is of the water is transpired by leaves needed in the early growing season through the stomata. The stomata are than during the time the plant is the small openings, usually entirely or maturing. Each nop or plant has its largely confined to the lower surface of own water requirement. The amount leaves. There may be 100,000 or more of water needed is also influenced by to the square inch. various local conditions. The major An acre of grass gives off as much factor in determining the time to as six tons of water in a single day. irrigate is the need of water by the A lawn grown in an average loam soil plant. The plant usually indicates the can lose about one-fourth inch of water need for water by wilting; if the wilting in three days during the summer, ac persists too long the plant is in danger. cording to studies made by the Scott It is known that water is one of the Lawn Seed Company. This amounts to primary essentials for growth. Water a loss of fifty gallons per one thousand is necessary for respiration, conduction, square feet in twenty-four hours. The transpiration, photosynthesis and other length of time needed to replace the synthetic processes. The dependence water lost depends upon the sprinkler of plants on water can readily be seen and water pressure. A good sprinkler from the fact that all soil nutrients must at 20 pounds pressure would need to first be dissolved in water before they run about two hours. The best time can be taken into the plant. If it were to apply the water is early in the morn not for water these nutrients could not ing. Most turf fungi are active at night be transported up and through the and their activity is increased if the plant. The water supply and the re lation of nitrogen to the available Top: ]r'Y'bgation Canal ~t Hwrruame, carbohydrates seem to be of special Utah. Man has to direct the life giving significance in the process of flower bud water to the plant. Tlte natuml streams fonnation in woody plants. \i\Then there were diverted into su.pply canals and are no flowers there is no fruit for ditches. beauty or for use. Dr. D. Eldon Beck Photog'raph Plants require prodigious amounts of water. It has been estimated that Bottom: B1'igham Young Unive·rsity about 250 to 1000 pounds of water are Call1.pu.s. An eXa11lbple of Utah's beauty used for each pound of dry matter pro as a 1'es~blt of sp1'inkling irrigation~ .duced by plants. Fruits contain from Bidditlph St'ndios Plwtogmph
124 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1953
grass is watered in the evening. High blooming perennials like Chrysanthe humidity and high temperatures induce mums or the tender Dahlias. fungi growth. It is the lack of water that limits the Other plants are attacked by fungi distribution of plants more than does when sprinkled and kept damp. Roses any other single factor, Drought re and Delphiniums are very susceptible duces the size, vigor, and yield of plants to mildew. These plants do best if and, when periods of drought occur, watered by the furrow metbod and growth is impaired. Supplementing the soaked thoroughly. Peony plants and supply of water by means of irrigation most bulbs are very susceptible to rots is then important. if the soil is kept too wet. They require Irrigation water has certain in good drainage and prefer early morn fluences on the soil: the soil contracts ing watering. The flowers of some and expands on drying and wetting; plants become blotched when sprinkled thawing and freezing cools the soil; at the wrong time. reduces soil aeration by removing the Man can improve the water balance soil gases. With too much moisture the of plants by improving the environ soil ,becomes waterlogged, requiring ment. The loss of water can ·be re drainage; in fact irrigation and drain duced by means of mulches, good culti age go hand in hand, depending upon vation, windbreaks, by providing shade the soil and the subsoil. Improper and by the use of drought-resisting drainage builds up alkalinity, creating plants. Those plants which make the other problems. Research studies have best growth with the least amount of been made on drainage, waterlogged water are the most valuable where the lands, alkalinity, and the consumptive water supply is limited. use of water as related to soil and There are a number of ornamental plants. While most of the studies have plants that have a low consumptive use applied to agricultural crops, few , of water and have been adapted to the studies have been made of the orna arid conditions of Utah. The native mentals. plants are of course the best, but In the west, rain and snow in the Gaillardia a,rista.ta,) Yu.cca jila711,entosa) mountains are the primary sources of Salvia az'u,rea" and Anchusa italica water supply upon which the success are first-rate perennials. The Siberian of irrigation depends. The snow builds Elm, Ulmus pq,m"ila, Russian Olive, up in the mountains and through its Elaeagrllu,s angustifolia, Siberian Pea gradual melting keeps the water in the shrub, Ca1'agana arb01'escens, Green streams for the valleys below. Snow Ash, Fraxinus peJ1;l'Isylv(J;l1ica lanceo survey studies enable researchers to !Ma" and Poplars, Popu.lus sp. are forecast seasonal water yields of among the best drought-resistant de streams. Trained men working in se ciduous trees. In other plants the lected stations keep the records. When consumptive use of water is reduced the total depth of water contained in early and the plant becomes dormant. snow is below average, forecast of a Such is the condition in Tulips, Daf "dry" year ahead is given. For ex fodils, h'is, Oriental Poppy and Bleed ample, a record kept at a station at an ing Heart. Some plants require more elevation of 8,300 feet showed there water as autumn nears, as in most fall- were 44.6 inches of snow at the end July 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 125
of February, 1953, with a. 16.4 inch of a natural stream have been ap water content, as compared to last propriated, the appropriator acquires year's record of the same time of 105 a vested right in the stream to the inches of snow containing 38.5 inches extent of his appropriation, and such of water. A " dry" year could have a right carries with it an interest in been forecast had no additional pre the stream to the source from which cipitation fallen as the average is 66 the supply is obtained." inches with 29.9 inch water content. Various bills have been addecl to the The alarm of insufficient water becomes C ollstitution of the U lI,ited States which greater when there is a low water sup assist in the irrigation problems of the ply indicated at all stations in the state. west. One of the first was the Desert Research has been carried on for Lancl Act passed by Congress in 1877; several years to increase the yield of then the Carey Act of 1894, followed year-around water supply by studying by the important Reclamation Law of the problems of watershed manage 1902. The Bureau of Reclamation ment. This research is carried on by created by the law of 1902, made pos the Division of Forest Research of the sible the direct use of federal funds Intermountain Forest and Range Ex without interest for the construction of periment Station. Much of the research large irrigation projects. The projects work done by the Forest Service has are ultimately owned and operated by demonstrated that if the proportion of the irrigators. Usually an irrigation vegetation on the ranges falls below organization is created to conduct and two-thirds, there is trouble ahead. assume control of the constructed ir The conservation program is most rigation projects. important since seven acres of forest Recently in the central part of Utah and range land in the mountains are there was turned over to the Water needed to provide water for each acre Users Association the responsibility of of irrigated land below. Water con administrating the Deer Creek Reser servation needs to be practiced in the voir Area. The reservoir was con mountains to avoid erosion, floods, and structed in Provo Canyon, Utah to preserve the watershed. The water County, Utah, by the Bureau of Re shed makes the storing of water pos clamation. In 1951 some 41.8 miles sibLe so that it can be collected, saved of aqueduct to Salt Lake City, and in and rationed out. May, 1952, custody of certain C011- Laws were passed to assist in the structed features of the Deer Creek regulating of the natural water supply Division was assumed by the associa that originates in the mountains. At tion. The certain constructed features present, Article XVIII, Section I, of included 23 miles of Provo Reservoir the Constitution of Utah, "confirms and canal and 9 miles of Weber-Provo recognizes all the existing water rights Diversion Canal. The Provo River to the use of the waters in the state Project consists of three phases: L for any useful or beneficial purpose." Construction of Deer Creek Reservoir Under this provision no one can use in Utah County; 2. The Salt Lake a stream of water in which he has ac Aqueduct, bringing Deer Creek waters quired no right, nor interfere with ex to Salt Lake City; and, 3. The isting rights, or cut off or destroy the Duchesne Tunnel, bringing waters ource of supply. Also, "when waters from Duchesne River into Deer Creek 126 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1953
Reservoir from the Colorado River Bridger, made a boast to Brigham Basin, some 100 miles distant. Young when he learned of the pioneers The Deer Creek Reservoir Area was going to the Great Salt Lake Region. finished October 20, 1941 at a cost of He said, " Mr. Young, I would give a . $3,550,000. Here SOBJe 150,000 acre thousand dollars if -1 knew that an ear feet of water are stored for irrigation of corn could be ripened in these moun tains. I have been here twenty years use, providing water for 50,000 acres and have tried it in vaitl over and over of arable land. The project has been again." Horace Greeley descri·bed the beneficial to half the population of area as being "parched, glistening, Utah, according to the reclamation blistering, blitlding sterility." He de project engineer, and has resulted in clared that if the Mormons had paid the an annual increase of crop values in the government a penny an acre for it they area served by about $4,500,000. would have been swindled. Legislators will cOlltinue to draft and Now, 106 years later, the parched, propose bills approving construction of blinding, sterile soil has produced reservoirs, which provide water for many bushels of corn, potatoes, grains, domestic and agricultural purposes to sugar beets and beauty. MOHl than open up new farming and livestock 1,176,116 acres are now under culti grazing areas. Provisions are usually vation. Through the use of irrigatioll made in the bills for full development the desert has been made " like the Gar of recreational potentials, profitable den of Eden." Brigham Young him hydro-electric energy, and the preserva self declared: "-we shall be blessed in tion of natural scenic attractions. living here and shall make it like the The well-known frontiersman, Jim Garden of Eden." Propagation Of Hybrid Rhododendrons By Stem Cuttings
BERNARD BRIDGERS1
The Rhododendron is becoming one ing the rooting of Rhododendron cut of our most important ornamental tings, however, at the present time the plants. Its color range is being fur absolute causal factor of inhibition is ther expanded, fragrance has been undetermined. added to the flowers, and the diameter Conventional methods uf propaga of the flower clusters has been in tion by stem cuttings have been un creased greatly. These improvements, satisfactory; s eve r a I extraordinary techniques have been tried with various combined with comparative freedom results. Zimmerman and Hitchcock from insects and diseases, have made (11) reported heavy rooting when cut a remarkable increase in demand for tings of Catawbiense hybrids were the Rhododendron in the general land treated with a series of root inducing scape of ,the home. chemicals. Applications of potassium In the wild the Rhododendron grows permanganate and acetic acid to the luxuriantly and reproduces itself rap rooting media gave unfavorable results idly from seeds. \,yith these American as described by Chadwick and Gunesch species, however, the color range falls (1). When cuttings of mature wood into white and pale magenta, and the were treated by solution immersion brilliant colors are found only in the with 0.05 per cent potassium. perman hybrids. Since these hybrids do not gaf1ate for 15 hours, there was an in come true from seeds, propagation by crease in per cent rooting. Kirkpatrick vegetative methods must be used. (4) and Skinner (7,9) used various Many nurserymen feel that grafting Catawbiense hybrids and Rhododen is the most satisfactory method of prop dron ponf,:cu177 and found treatment agation. This is an expensive opera using 40 to 100 milligrams per liter of tion which requires considerable labor indolebutyric or indoleacetic acids was and specialized equipment. Simple and advantageous. air layering are slow processes, and Leaf-bud cuttings were used by Skin usually only a relatively few plants may ner (8) who showed that cuttings of be obtained from a layered mother Roseum Elegans, taken in June and plant at anyone time. treated with root promoting substances in liquid or powder forms, were 100 Plants produced in such manner are per cent rooted in 12 weeks; cuttings costly and are thus not available to the of R. 77'w"r:i1nU7n, taken in July and average home owner. The best method treated with 90 milligrams per liter of of lowering ·the price of the Rhodo indolebutyric acid for 24 hours, were dendron plant is by propagating by 100 per cent rooted within 13 weeks as stem cuttings. Attempts have been made compared to 20 per cent rooted for the made to determine the factors inhibit- untreated cuttings. Doran (2) and
lNational Academy of Sciences - National Re Kirkpatrick (4) have reported that a search Council, Handbook of Biological Data, different type of leaf-bud cuttings, the \\'ashington, D. C. [127) 128 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1953 leaf mallet, was superior to terminal and it was believed that an oxidation cuttings. of this acid might be a cause of the Approaching the study from environ discoloration. It is understood that cer mental viewpoints, Skinner (8) re tain species and varieties produce corded that a day1ength of 18 hours in heavier root systems than others; there creased root formation. A 20 per cent fore, a quantitative study of tannins increase in rooting was obtained when seemed necessary in order t() discover such treatment was given to cuttings a possible correlation between difficulty of Album E1egans. Nearing and Con of rooting and amount of tannin pres nor (6) developed a method which was ent. Analyses were made separately of dependent upon using a stratified root the leaf, petiole, bark, and wood of ing medium and a special type of prop several species and varieties. agation frame that would provide an Ther:esults indicated that tannic acid adequate amount of north light. Omd is found in greatest concentration in wick and Gunesc;:h (i) aDd Eckstein the 1 year old stem, but no factor indi (3) concluded that a rootingmeclium cated tha.t rooting difficulty was influ of half sand and i).ali-peat was better enced by the amount present. than sand alone. A prevention of this discoloration Work has been done in wounding seemed so important that a further cuttings, that is cutting or il1juring the study was performed. It was believed bark at tb.e base of the cuttings, and that citric acid might retard oxidation beneficial results have been reported of tannic acid, and a wax emulsion from such treatment. Wells (10) de such as "Brytene" (Franklin Research scribed a method whereby the bark of Company, Philadelphia) might have a the cuttings was slit vertically for a similar action. Cuttings were prepared distan~e of 1 Yz inches upward from the 6 to 8 inches in length and placed in base. Kruyt (5) considered another groups, 30 cuttings in each group. One method of wounding, the bark at the group was treated with citric acid, a base of the cutting was scrapped on one second group received a combination side. Eckstein (3) showed there was of citric acid and wax, and a third an increase in per cent rooting when group was subjected to wax alone. An the bark was removed for a distance other group was untreated and served of 1 inch at the base of the cutting. as controls. That is, these cuttings This paper is a report of chemical, served as a check on the treatments, environmerota1, anatomical, and physiol thus a comparison of -the results from ogical studies. the treatments could be made with cut Che111,ical Studies tings receivit1g no treatment. Observations from time to tirne of The citric acid, U.S.P. grade, was cuttings in the propagation bench have used in the crystaline form; the wax shown that a great percentage become was diluted in a ratio of 2 parts wax blackened at the basal 1 to 2 inches. to 1 part water. The procedure for A typical example is illustrated. Since treatment consisted of dipping the basal seldom did these cuttings show signs end of the cutting into the citric acid to of root development, the idea was a depth of 1 Yz inches. This was fol formed that this trouble might be a lowed by a similar dip into the wax factor causing slow rooting. Tannic solution. acid is present in the Rhododendron, After treatment the cuttings were in- July 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 129
! I r
I-I "-_ .. - -'-- -_...... -~-...... J ALL 1:llustrations accompawying this article we1'e p1'epG1'ed fro'in photographs made by the anthol"
C1,ttting of Rhododel1d1'on 111Q,1'211'1Um rOSI".I11~ shmc)ing typical discolomt1'011 at basal end. serted into a rooting medium of half The results were somewhat variable, sand and half peat in a greenhouse but this treatment did not prevent the bench with bottom heat controlled at blackening and rooting was not stim 75 degrees Fahrenheit. Air tempera ulated to be of practical importance. ture was approximately 65 degrees, Tannic acid did not provide an explana and relative humidity was from 60 to tion for the blackened condition. The 65 per cent. These conditions were fo l possibility that this was the result of lowed throughout the investigations, cell injury in making the cutting and unless otherwise indicated. delayed healing was then explored, STRIPPEO SLiCED sLlr
C%ttings of Rhododendron 111(J;,,,i11'LUlIn L. showi11g the va1'iolls 'Wo%n.d t'reat1'JIl ents.
Anatom,iwl St%dies the bark. These cuts were made just Studies of stem structure usmg dif through the bark, not into the woody ferent ages of growth were made, but portion of the stem. The wound treat no factor which might inhibi,t rooting ments are illustrated above and are could be formulated. The stem of the referred to throughout the paper as slit, Rhododendron has a waxen coating, stripped, and sliced. and it was believed that this might be For a preliminary investigation to an inhibiting factor to rooting. The determine the effect of wound treat waxen epidermis prevents water loss ments when used alone, cuttings of in plants, and it was felt that it might Catawbiense varieties of Duchess of inhibit moisture uptake by the cuttings, Edinburgh, Gomer Waterer, and Ro thus causing wilting. seum Elegans were made in August. The wound treatments were performed, Hl onnd Treatments and unwounded cuttings were used as To eliminate this possible inhibitory controls. There were 48 cuttings for effect to rooting caused by the waxy each treatment. The cuttings were coating on the stem, the bark at the then placed in the propagation bench. base of the cutting was interrupted by Observations showed that roots were various wound treatments. One meth not developing, and the characteristic od was used whereby the bark at the blackened areas were common. These base of the cutting was slit vertically discolored areas were removed, and the for a distance of 10 inches upward. respective wound treatments again A second type of wound consisted of were made. At this time the wound removing the bark for a distance of 1 treatments were followed by treatment .inch from the base of the cutting, and with Hormodin 3. Application of this another procedure was that of making powder was made in the usual manner, 3 upward slices, each al~ proximately ~ the base of the cutting being dipped inch in length and 3- ~ inch apart, into into the powder for a distance oJ 1 inch [130] July 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL 'MAGAZINE 131 and exce s powder was removed by score should ,be considered synony gently tapping the cutting with the fin mous. The author feels the type of ger. The cuttings were then re-inserted root fo rmation is of such importance in the medium, that it should be considered along with Results were tabulated in terms of the actual per cent rooting. per cent rooting and rooti ng score. To Results, as shown in Table 1 and obtain the average rooting score, cut illustrated below, indicated a marked tings were graded into 5 groups, each increase in rooting, in both heaviness group having a specific score. Cut and per cent rooting, when the cuttings tings living but not callused received were wounded. The wound treatments 1 point; cuttings callused but not root gave a better distributed root system ed, 2 points; lightly, medium, and than the unwounded cuttings, and ex heavily rooted . cuttings received 3, 4, treme basal callusing and subsequent and 5 points respectively. The aver weak rooting--the item that many nur age score was obtained by div,iding the serymen hold again st propagating by sum of the individual scores by the ini cuttings-was eliminated. The root tial number of cuttings used in the system was quite strong, and in lifting treatment. This method was fo llowed the cuttings from the bench no trouble throughout the investigation, and heavi was noticed with Typical rooting of cHttings of Rhododendron wtawb'iense 'Roseum Elegans' when subjected to the stripped WOLlnd treat11'!ent a11d H01'11ifOdin 3 (top 1'OW) and u/1,wou.,nded and H orm,odin 3 (bottom, row) , 132 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1953 Table 1.-The Effect of Wound Treatment with Hormodin 3 upon the Rooting Response of Various Catawbiense Hy,brids (Cuttings taken August 10, retreated November 5, final data recorded January 20) A verage Rooting Per Cent Variety Name Treatment Score Rooting Gomer Waterer Unwounded + Houmodin 3 1.2 25 Wounded + Hormodin 3 2.1 42 Duchess of EdilJburgh Unwounded + Hormodil1 3 0.9 8 Wounded + HormodiR 3 1.5 44 Roseufl1 Elegans Unwounded + Hormodin 3 1.6 33 Wounded + Hormodin 3 2.5 61 Flower B-~~ds vs. Vegetative B~£ds; system was extremely weak, and it was 011,e YeaQ' vs. Two Yea.r Wood very difficult to lift the cutting from the bench without breaking the roots. It has been suggested that flower If, however, SUGh a cutting may be buds may be detrimental to root initia potted satisfactorily, it will produce a tion and development and that matur nicely branched plant as there will be ity of wood might be a factor. To in from 1 to 4 si.de branches to develop vestigate these factors an experiment at the point of the bud. But this one was designed to learn the rooting re factor in favor of flower buds is com sponse of cuttings with and without pletely outweighted by slow rooting' flower 'buds using 1 and 2 year old and the extremely weak root system. wood. In November groups of cut Along with investigating these dif tings of R. 11,/;Gr%i1%~t1n 1'oseum were col ferent types of cuttings, certain chem lected. One group consisted of cuttings ical treatments wel'e investigated. Cut with flower buds cut at the junction of tings were grouped for treatment, 15 1 and 2 year wood, and another group cut,tings per group. One group re was made with the cut 1 inch below ceived only the wax treatment; another this point, in 2 year wood. Similar group, Hormodin 3; a third group was groups without flower buds were pre treated with Hormodin plus the wax pared. dip; a fourth group, Hormodin 3 and Cuttings taken at the j unction of 1 Fermate (ratio of 3 parts Hormodin to and 2 year wood with or without flow 1 part Fermate) ; a fifth group received er bud" rooted heavier aud showed an the same treatment and then the wax increase of 40 per cent rooting at the dip. Untreated cuttings served as con end of 11 weeks over cuttings made of trols. When the wax was used in com 2 year wood. Treatment with Hormo bination with the other treatments, the din 3 did not improve rooting response cuttings were first dipped into the "hor of these 2 year cu,ttings. Further ob mone" powder and t hen dipped into servations revealed that flower buds the wax. In using Hormodin and Fer were detrimental to root formation. mate the 2 powders were thoroughly This apparent effect of flower buds mixed, and then the treatment was may be seen on Page 135. The root made as in the case of Hormodin alone. July 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 133 CORTf:X SL,T CHECK DUCHESS OF EO'''8URGH COl! T[X STRlf'flt:1l CHECK GOMER WATE~ER Rooting 1'esponse of cu"tt'ings of Catawbiense hyb'r·ids showing th e increase 1,/t heavi11ess of rooting wken s~l, bject e d to the variMls wound treal1neNts 1·n com bination. w i.th H onnodin 3. 134 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1953 The Fennate was used to possibly nearly 20 per cent as compared to un serve 2 purposes: if this discoloration treated cuttings. And an increase of was caused or promoted by certain soil 47 per cent was obtained with the com fungi , the Fermate would act as a fun bination of Hormodin and Fermate. gicide, and also a certain boost in root The wax treatment proved to increase ing has been observed with other spe heaviness of rooting. Summarized re cies of plants when Fermate was used. sults are shown in Table 2. It was felt Very definite conclusions were drawn that these treatments speeded cal1usmg from tbese treatments. The Hormodin of the cutting, and the blackened areas when used alone increased rooting by were less C0111mon. Table 2.-Th€ Effect of Various Root Growth Regulators upon the Rooting Response of Rhododendron 1'I1a.-vimI/Jn rosen/It (Cuttings taken November 12 ; final data recorded February 6) Average Per Cent Treatment Rooting Score Cutting Untreated 1.3 13 Honnodin 3 ._.... _____ .. ______.______.__ 2.5 4{) Hormodin 3, then waxed ______3.0 47 Hormodin 3 + Fermate (3: 1) ______.______3.4 60 Formodin 3 + Fermate, then waxed.______3.8 60 C 01npa:rison of Van:MfS /iV ound a.nd Cuttings of R. 7.f.'atereri Vhls. were C he111ical Treat111,ents obtained 111 February. They were An experiment was designed to com divided into groups (90 cuttings per pare various wound treatments when a group) and the slit, stripped, and sliced series of root promoting substances, wound treatments were made. In or with and without the wax, was used. der to subject the cuttings to the chem Shoots with vegetative buds were used ical treatments, each of these groups and were cut approximately 10 inches was again divided into 5 groups (18 above the junction of the current sea cuttings per group). The following son's growth and that of the previous treatments were then made: (1) Hor year. l110din 3 plus Fermate (3:1); (2) July 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 135 WITH FLOWER BUD WITH VEGETATIVE BUD HORMODIN .... F£8tU.TE Top: C011'l,parison of 1'00ting response of Rhododendron, 11WJxi1%Wm roseU711- n~t - tings as influenced by the p1'esence of flower or vegetat'ive buds. BOtt011'~: Rooting resp011se a,t end of 8 weeks of R. watereri Wils. CUtt-il1gS sub jected to the slit wM/nd t1'eat1nellt and treated with H o'l'1l1odi1'l 3 albd Fer111,ate (3:1) or indolebu,tyr'ic acid, solution 1:11'1.1'lle1'sion treatlllellt 24 hours, fOO 1m:tli- gra111s per liter, 'with or "with01lt wax. 136 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1953 t.. OOLEBOTYRI'- >Clt> ACfO .of. WAX July 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL IvIAGAZINE 137 Hormodin 3 plus Fermate, then waxed; solution immersion for 24 hours. That (3) indolebutyric acid ; (4) indolebu is, the cuttings were placed in the solu tyric acid, then wax. A fifth group re tion in such a manner that the basal ceived no treatment and were thus ends were submerged in the solution used as controls. for a depth of 1y:; inches. They were Treatment with Horl1l0din and Fer allowed to remain in the solution for mate was used as previously described. 24 hours. The wax treatment was Indolebutyric acid was applied, con then applied. centration 100 milligrams per liter, by Results are shown in Table 3. It is ~ Rooting Tesponse at end of 8 weeks of RhododeI1'I'don wcvte1'eTi \iVils. cuttings s'Ulbjected to th e sliced wOU'I ~d trealmen,t ( top) amd the stTipped wmmd tTeatme'l7t (bOtt011tJ;). Che1n£cal treat1ne11,ts we1'e Honnodin 3 and F e-r1'l'wfe (3:1) or indole butYTic (J;cid, soll, ~tiol/. i11'l,11'I .ersion treat11~e 'l7t 24 how's, 100 1111:tlig'ran1'l-s pe1' liter, with or without WM':. Table 3.-The Effect on Rooting Respon e of Cuttings of Rhododendron watereri Wils. and R. catawbiense Roseum E legans when Subjected to Various Wound and Chemical Treatments Average Per Cent Treament Rooting Score Rooting Cuttings of R. wa·terer'i (Cuttings taken February 18, final date recorded June 1) Slit: U ntreated ______.______.______.__ _ 0.8 5 Horrnodin 3 + Fermate (3 :1) ______1.2 17 Hormodin 3 + Fermate, then waxed.______.______1.7 22 Indo·lebutyri c acid ______.______2.5 50 Indolebutyric acid, then waxed ______.. ______1.2 33 Stripped: U ntrea ted ______0.8 22 Hormodin 3 + Fermate (3 :1) ______. 2.7 55 Hormodin 3 + Fermate, then waxed.______3.0 50 Indolebutyric acid ______.______1.8 39 Indolebutyric acid, then waxed ______3.3 33 Sli ced U ntreated ______1.1 11 Hormodin 3 + Fermate (3 :1 ) ______3.1 60 Hormodin 3 + Fermate, then waxed ______4.1 66 Indolebutyric acid ______2.3 33 Indolebutyri·c acid, th~n waxed ______1.9 38 Cuttings of Roseum Elegans (Cuttings taken March 21 , fi nal date recorded June 15) Stripped Untreated ______: ______0.2 10 Hormodin 3 + Fermate (3 :1) ______2.1 40 Hormodin 3 + Fermate, then waxed ______2.9 43 Indolebutyric acid ______------0.6 3 Indolebutyric acid, then waxed ______0.4 0 Slicoo U ntrea ted ______.______. ______0.8 13 Hormodin 3 + F ermate (3: 1) ______._____ .. ______2.2 58 Hormodin 3 + Fermate, then waxed ______.______3. 1 75 Indolebutyric acid ______.______. ______------0.7 13 Indolebutyric acid, then waxed ______1.1 13 138 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL :MAGAZINE July 1953 easily seen that the stripped and sliced fluenced by variable conditions of light, wound treatments were significantly temperature, and humidity a raised better than the slit. Furthermore, a bench in the greenhouse was used. Bot study of the effects of the various chem tom heat was provided as above. The ical treatments revealed that Hormodin greenhouse had a partial shade but no and Fermate with wax gave best re attempt was made to control tempera suits. The three preceding illustra ture and humidity. During the experi tions show early rooting responses of ment the day temperature was often these treatments. above 90 degrees, and night tempera From the above work the sliced and ture ranged from 65 to 70 degrees. stripped wound treatments appeared to Relative humidity was seldom above 50 be better than the slit. The next prob to 60 per cent. No artificial light was lem was to make a further comparison provided, the normal daylength being of the sliced and stripped methods. approximately 12 hours. Cuttings of Roseum Elegans were pre Results were inconsistent; however, pared in March, and the same chemical they showed an average percent root treatments as above were used. ing of the controlled conditions ,to be Results showed the sliced wound 39 per cent as compared to 16 per cent treatment to give an average increase for the uncontrolled conditions. Since of 15 per cent rooting over the stripped results were somewhat variable, more And the Hormodin treatment gave an work should be done before recommen increase of 40 per cent over the indole dations can be made. butyric acid. Results for each treat Another study of the environment ment are shown in Table 3. as it affects rooting was carried out by changing the atmospher E: of the root EnviI'01'11'JIlental St1.td'ies ing medium. This investigation had a Possible factors of inhibition to root two-fold purpose: to observe the pos ing were considered by studies of the sible protection given the cuttings by propagating environment. For many the wax trea,tment against oxygen and years the plant propagator has consid to discover if oxygen might be a limit ered controlled envi ronmental condi ing factor in root initiation. It has been tions for difficult-to-root plants, and it reported that with many species of was fe lt that certain conditions might plants, increased oxygen concentrations influence the rhododendron. in the rooting medium have proved Controlled conditions of light, tem beneficial. Observations by the author perature, and humidity were provided have shown that cuttings treated with by the refrigerated room equipped with the wax to develop roots in a shorter fluorescent type daylight illumination of period of time than cuttings not waxed, 26 foot candles. The lights were hung and the idea was formulated that per at a distance of 2 feet above the tops of haps the Rhododendron did not need the cuttings, and a daylight of 18 hours this increase in oxygen. was provided. Temperature was held An experiment was designed using at 50 degrees Fahrenheit while relative 3 metal propagating pans with a differ humidity was from 90 to 95 percent. ent oxygen concentration in each, des Bottom heat was regulated at 75 de ignated as high, medium, and low. As grees. observation had shown average rooting To study the rooting response as in- medium to have about 18 per cent oxy- July 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 139 gen, a high concentration was consid Further studies of the effect of ered to be 38 per cent and a low con wounding revealed that respiration was centration to be 5 per cent. These pans increased by such treatments. The were placed in the refrigerated room, stripped and sliced trea'tments again previously described. showed a greater increase over the slit, Nitrogen gas was used in combina and the slit treatment showed an in tion with oxygen in order to maintain crease as compared to the unwounded the desired concentration of oxygen. stems. Hence, with a low oxygen concentra It was concluded that the beneficial tion of 5 per cent, nitrogen was used in effects in roo-ting obtained by wound the quantity of approximately 95 per ing the cuttings might be explained by cent. increased respiration and water ab Cuttings of R. ma,'t:imu11"/. 1'OSel,m! sorption. That is, increased respira were prepared for this work in April. tion caused greater activity in the cam At the end of 8 weeks observations bium area of the stem, the area from showed that 40 per cent of the cuttings which roots develop in the majority of in the high oxygen pan were rooted as plants; and increased absorption held compared to 28 per cent in the normal the cuttings in a turgid condition. An pan and 2 per cent for the low oxygen explanation for the increase in heavi A low concentration proved to be detri ness of rooting often noticed by the mental as most of the cuttings were wax treatment is not offered. dead at the end of 6 weeks. This work is of great interest and more investiga C ol1clu.sions tions of a similar nature should be per From ,the results of these investiga formed. Preliminary observations at tions the following conclusions may be the end of 3 weeks showed that 20 per drawn: cent of the cuttings in the high oxygen 1. The greatest concentration of pan ,to have roots developing. tannic acid was found in the 1 year old stem, and there was no correlation ob Physiological Stu,dies served between tannic acid content and Certain physiological studies were ease of rooting. performed in search for a possible ex 2. Treatment with citric acid did planation as to the reason wounded cut not prevent the basal stem discolora tings rooted heavj@r and at a higher tion and did not improve rooting to be per cent than unwounded cuttillgS. of pra.ctical importance. It was thought that perhaps mois 3. Cuttings taken from 1 year old ture uptake might be increased when wood rooted heavier and showed an cuttings were wounded, and that the increase of 40 per cent rooting at the increase in rooting might be due to a end of 11 weeks over cuttings made of corresponding increase in water up 2 year wood. Treatment with Hor take. Measurements showed -that cut modill 3 did not improve rooting of 2 tings wounded by the slit method ab year wood. Flower buds' proved to be sorbed more water than the unwounded detrimental to rooting. cuttings; and both the sliced and 4. Wounding the stem in combina stripped treatments showed a gain over tion with root growth regulators is the slit. The wax treatment showed beneficial to increased rooting per cent little or no effect on moisture uptake. and to formation of a well distributed 140 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGA;Z:INE July 1953 root system. The sliced wound treat ment, treated with Hormodin 3 and ment proved to be better than slit and Fennate ( 3:l), then waxed, and root stripped methods. ed in a medium of half sand and half 5. A combination of Hormodin 3 peat with a average atmosphere and and Fermate, 3 to 1 ratio, gave an in under uncontrolled conditions of light, crease in heaviness of rooting and temperature, and humidity. showed an increase of nearly 15 per For the complete work, the reader cent rooting over Hormodin alone; is directed to A1I'I.erican Rhododendron there was an additional increase in Society Q~tarterl)1 Bulletin, October 15, heaviness of rooting when wax was 1952 and January 15, 1953. used with these treatments. The author is very grateful to Pro 6. Hormodin 3 appeared to be bet fessor Pardon W . Cornell, formerly of ter than indolebutyric acid at the con the University of Maryland, for his centration tested. untiring assistance during these investi 7. Controlled conditions of light, gations. temperature, and humidity gave an SELECED REFERENCES average of more than 20 per cent in rooting over uncontrolled conditions 1. Chadwick, L. C, and W. E. Gunesch. P;'oc. A111e1'. Soc. Hart. Sci. 34 :t'i07. 1937. but results were inconsistent. Addi 2. Doran, W. L. Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta. tional work needs to be completed be Bill. 382. 1941. fore recommendations may be made. 3. Eckstein, M. M. Unpublished thesis. Univ. of Md. 8. Enriched oxygen cencentration 4. Kirkpatrick, H. A llier. NnrserY11la H in the rooting medium increased root 71:9.1940. ing response by 10 per cent over aver 5. Kruyt, W. Med. Direct. Tri1~bow. 7: 255. 1946. age concentration. Low concentration 6. Nearing, G. G., and C H. Connor. of 5 per cent oxygen definitely proved N . .T. Agr. Exp. Sta. Hili. 666. 1939. detrimental. 7. Skinner, H. T . Prof. Amer. Soc. Ho?,t. Sci. 35 :830. 1937. 9. Wounding the stem increases 8. Skinner, H. T. Proc. A11'le·r. Soc. Hart. moisture uptake and respiration. Sci. 37 :1013. 1939. 10. The greatest rooting response 9. Skinner, H . T. Plollts alld Card. 5 :13. 1949. in terms of both heaviness and per cent 10. Wells, J. F. Allier. ).l,lrseryman 91: rooting was obtained when cuttings of 16. 1949. 1 year wood without flower buds were 11. Zimmerman, P. \lIl., and A. F. Hitch cock. Contri. B031ce Tholllpson Inst. 10 :461. subjected to the sliced wound treat- 1939. Have You Tried Small Trees? CLARENCE E. LEWIS! There has been a definite increase in Before proceeding further it may be the demand for small deciduous trees, well to indicate my interpretation of a not o-nly by the home owner, but by small tree. It is a woody plant that, the landscape man or woman who under average home grounds growing specifies what is to be planted. Just conditions, (not a woodland or na what has brought on this greater in ture's conditions) , does not exceed a terest? Some of the reasoning is ap height of forty feet. It is usuall y of a parent. Many homes today are of one single trunk but clump growing spe story, and others are only a story and cies are also desirable for some land a half, both necessitating a greater use scape effects. of small trees in order to keep the There are additional uses other than home in scale with its surroundings. those already mentioned. A tree ad This type of structure is also evident vantageously placed on the front lawn now in new schools, office buildings, gives a feeling of depth to the home, factories, printing firms and the like. or makes the home seem farther from Streets are often too narrow to accom the front walk or street. The form of modate the standard shade tree but such a specimen should be informal especially well suited to trees that do and with a more or less lateral branch not exceed a height of forty feet. If ing habit. Trees with strong upright the homes on this street are also low branching habits and such dense forms then the need for small trees is doubly that they are bulky attract too much necessary. When houses are placed so attention and defeat the purpose of the close to the front walk (25 to 30 feet), intended overall planting. The reason that the front lawn area is limited, ing is that trees with lateral habits pro again the small tree is the answer to vide temporary interest and have the tree planting problem. enough openings to encourage you to There are many other reasons which look through to the home beyond. An I will briefly enumerate-small trees upright dense form is like an e~clama or groups of them are easier to main tion point drawing the eye to It as an tain than masses of shrubs, and are individual rather than to the well plant often more effective. Outdoor living ed home that it is supposed to comple has encouraged the building of small ment. terraces and consequently small trees A painter or a photographer applies are needed for shade, or to beautify the same technique. He places a tree, them. The fl owers and fruits of a tree overhanging branches, a gate, or some agai nst a blue sky will always intrigue thina similar in the immediate fore- b .' anyone, whether they are students of ground which gives you the 1:11presslOn art and nature, or otherwise. Yes, the that the main part of the pIcture has reasons go on and on and most of them real depth, or he has created an illu are logical in their demands for trees sional third dim ension. of small er stature. Small trees with horizontal branches l Long I sland Ag l-i clIltural and Technical Ins ti are indispensibl e to the small terrace tute, F armingdale, New Y ork. [141) 142 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1953 or back porch. They not only cast the but either nearer the house or the dis shade that is needed, but by placing tant end of the border. If you wish them advantageously they make the to have the border appear shortened, distant garden, shrub border, or pool then the height should be near the dis seem even more in.viting. This advan tant end, but if the purpose is to make tageous position is in the immediate the border appear longer than it actu foreground. When the tree is in this ally is then the tree should be near thE location the person sitting in the porch house or living area end of the border. or terrace has to look underneath its The uses of small trees are unlimited sweeping branches in order to see the and vary with the imagination of each landscape beyond. A wisely selected of those who plan their placement. small tree in the right position makes \iVhether you live on a SOxlOO foot all the difference in the world in how property, or one as extensive as the much people enjoy their garden or ho'w city park, the small tree can make your pleasing the living area appears to home a more pleasing and restful place those who view it fro111 the garden or to live. lawn area. The distant garden is the Clump forms of small trees can be picture being framed and the terrace the key plants for many plantings. The or porch is also framed for those who Gray Birch (Betula popv£lifol·ia) is one see it from the garden. of the most C01111110n examples. These Foundation plantings willingly and multiple stemmed desirables, when ac generously accept small trees in order companied by groundcovers, are all the to make the house a home in its sur plants that are needed to make some roundings of trees, lawn and shrubs. foundation plantings complete. This is If th@ home is blessed by having exist particularly true of many single story ing large trees, then it is often impera homes, both small and extensive. The tive that a Flowering Dogwood, a Sour upright stems of a Gray Birch or Shad wood, or some other comparable infor blow are effective with broadleaved mal tree be used in the foundation evergreens, or in areas where drifts of planting. or closely allied to it. A Narcissus and other bulbous plants are house setting among large trees and used. Such formed trees add a certain with only shrubs around it looks like spark to your plantings that make them a lost urchin, but small trees may be enjoyed during the winter months when added to the planting to make the hOtTle viewed fr0111 your picture window, or in scale with its surroundings, and a fr0111 "any old window." restful picture to those who see it from N ow that the need has been estab the street. Remember, you are not lished and we know that the uses are planting so that only your neighbors unlimited, let's examine the various will approve your landscape-you, too, species and varieties. I have selected must live with it. the following deciduous small trees and The shrub border can often use a have given each a brief description in small tree, and sometimes large trees, order to help you choose the one, or depending on the height and length of ones, best suited for your planting the border. The tree not only supplies problem. Some trees, a few of which a form contrast to the shrubs but a are evergreen, that are adapted to height that must be properly placed. Coastal California below San Francisco It should not be exactly in the middle, and the warmer areas of Florida have July 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 1-l3 been included, but no attempt has been AceI' ca/'/'lPestTe - Hedge Maple. made to fo rm an extensive list, or to Oval to rounded head that that may at make adequate descriptions. This ar tain a height of twenty-five feet. Pos ticle applies primarily to the lands east sibility as a small street tree. of the Mississippi River and above the AC€'1' wppadocicu111,--Coliseum Ma Mason-Dixon line. It includes those ple. A nicely shaped tree with a round h-ees purchasable in nurseries, a few umbrella-like head of clean 5-7 lobed bei ng more difficult to obtain than oth leaves that does not usually exceed a ers, but nevertheless obtainable. height of 35 to 40 feet. Acer pah1'la.tu1n-Japanese Maple. A AceI' gr 'iseul1l~Paperbark Maple. short trunked informal lateral branched The cinnamon-brown peeling bark of tree 'whose umbrella-like head seldom this twenty-five-foot tree makes it in exceeds a height of twenty feet. There teresting throughout the year. are several variations but the species is AceI' g1:nnala-Amur Maple. Grows 'the easiest to adapt to most home with several main trunks to twenty feet plantings. and displays a fall color of brilliant AceI' cMpinifolium-Hornbeam iVIa scarlet. Could be used in place of gray pIe. Vase shaped to about thirty feet birch, but wi1\ spread 15-20 feet if not and with unlobed leaves. restrained. The eff ective use of Bet'L~la popul-ifolia clU11'/,PS in contmst with low gro'wing eve1'greens, displayed in House B ewutiful' s 1953 Pace Setter's Landscape. MaYll ard L. Parlzer Photograph 144 THE NATIONAL HORTI CULTURAL MAGAZINE July 191)3 A1%elamclvier laevis-Alleghany Shad fl owering as prolifically as the species. blow. Usually a clump- grower of sev C ornus kousa-Kousa or Japanese eral light gray, clean, stems that reach Dogwood. Similar to C Or1'bUS flO1'ida a height of thirty feet. The new foliage in its branching habit but usually not in early spring is bronzy and interest over twenty feet. The cream to white ing in contrast to the white flowers. bracted fl owers appear in June with The species A1%ela:n.chier canade-nsis the leaves which have a diffused red ( Downy Service-berry) is a larger fall color. Older trunks show a mot plant but often with the sa1:ne shrub-like tled appearance adding to the interest habit. It reaches a greater height than of the tree. This plant will often flow the Allegheny Shadblow, but either er in colder clim a t ~s where C Or1'b~tS might be considered good alternates flor Idesia polycarpa--Idesia. An open petalled flowers and scarlet stamens quick growing tree of about thirty to come in late spring and are produced thirty-five feet that has very attractive for several weeks. long panicles of orange-red to orange MwgnoliaSoulangeal11. .ar-Sa ucer Mag brown fruits. It is questionably hardy nolia. A coarse foliaged plant of as far north as New York City, al about t·he same height and habit with though growing well in some situations large saucer shaped flowers in mid on Long Island. spring. There are many good varieties H alesia. carolina - Carolina Silver varying in color from white, rose-pink bell. It is often more shruhby than to rose-purple and purple. This is tree-like to a height of about twenty more widely used than any others of five feet. It has a coarse and open ef Asiatic origin but its coarse appear fect and is valued for its white to ance is often not well suited to small pinkish-white bell shaped flowers in home plantings. mid-May. There are better formed Magnolia vi1'gtmana (glauca) trees for small home planting, but it Sweet Bay Magnolia. When grown as has something additional to offer with a clump in northern regions it rarely its quick growth and broad head. exceeds thirty-five feet and is just as K oel1'euteria paniculata - Golden effectively used in this form as gray rain or Varnish tree. A tree of about birch. The persistent Rhododendron twenty-five feet with an umbrella-like shaped leaves are green above and ·head. The foliage is very unusual, white beneath, emphasizing the creamy with its broad fern-like appearance and white fragrant flowers of late spring a fresh bronzy-green in early spring. or even early summer. The bark is The wood is brittle, but the tree does sometimes subject to winter sun in well on poorer soils and shows a good jury on its south side, particularly display of small yellow flowers in when the plant is grOWl! with a single early summer. stem. Laburnum Watereri ( V ossii) M alus-Crabapples. This is one of Vlaterer Laburnum or Golden chain the finest groups of small trees, because tree. A rather open appearing tree they are hardy and there is an extreme after many years and more wisely used variation in plant form-low spreading in a garden or with other plants rather types to upright growers, vase forms, than as an individual specimen. Its arching or round headed, and all sizes long clusters of yellow pea-like flowers from eight feet to as much as sixty in mid-spring make it popular. feet or more. The flowers and fruits Laburnum alpinum (Scotch Labur are colorful and a sequence of bloom num) is more shrubby than L. Water may be attained, with proper selection, eri and does not have as showy flowers. for the period of late April or early It has shown a tendency to be more May to late May and early June. The compact than the Waterer Laburnum flowers vary from white to deep pink in Long Island plantings. The list is long, but I will list twelve Magnolia Sieboldii (parvifiora) crabapples that are good. and vary in Oyama Magnolia. A broad-headed tree form, flower color, and fruit color and of some twenty five feet that is not as persistence. The colors listed are for coarsely textured as some of the other the flowers when they are fully open, Asiatic species. Its fragrant white and the heights are at maturity. 146 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1953 Flowe/' Fruit Height Malus Arnoldiana White Yellow with red cheek 15' - 20' " atrosanguinea Pink Red and small 15'- 20' "Bob White" White Yellow-orange, persists all winter 15'- 20' "Dorothea" Rose Yellow- persists to eady winter 20'- 25' floribunda White Red or yellow 25'- 30' "Hopa" Rose Orange and red 25' - 30' ioensis fimbriata Double light pink Greet:l, of little value 25'- 30' "Katherine" Double light pink Red 15'- 20' "Prince Georges" Double light pink No value 20'- 25' Sargentii White Red 6'- 8' Scheideckeri Double light pink Yellow 15'- 20' Zumi calocarpa White Red .and persistent 15'- 20' Pn611-US serrulata--Oriental Cherry. small tree for fifty years or more, and There are many varieties of this spe even at this age it does not usually cies, varying in habit, but all have brit exceed thirty feet. The long peach tle wood and are more subject to frost like leaves have a brilliant scarlet color injury than the crabapples. The height in fall, and cuttings of them are ex is about twenty feet. Five varieties cellent for indoor arrangements with are: Chrysanthemums and such berried "Amanogawa"-upright habit, flow specimens as porcelain ivy (Ampelop ers semi-double light pink. sis brevipedunculata). "Fugenzo"-spreading with large Betula populifolia--Gray Birch. This double pink flowers. tree of many stems was incorrectly "Kwanzan"-broad vase-like habit, named Gray Birch because its bark is large double pink ,flowers. actually white. The maximum height "Shirotae" - semi-upright - large varies, but under cultivated conditions pure whi.te semi to double flowers. it does not usually surpass twenty-five "Washi-nioi" - broadly vase-like, feet. The leaf miner ha£ caused se fragratlt single white flowers. rious damage in recent years, but Styrax japonica--Japanese Snow if sprays of Lindane are applied to the bell. A very interesting lateral branched foliage when the leaves are first fully tree which attains a height of about formed in the spring and again six thirty feet. It deserves greater usage. weeks later, the foliage remains intact. The bark is light tan, finely lined and Do not wait too long before applying smooth, sometimes having a tendency the first spray. Chlordane h<;1s also been to loosen in a thread-like arrangement. effectively used but the spraying must The abundance of dark green average be timely. This tree has improved sized leaves partially conceal the fra many a planting and home with its grant white hanging flowers of early white stems. It will continue to be June. Like White Fringe, this too is planted in great quantities by the artis slow to leaf out. tic landscape designer who realized its o :r:ydendrum arboreum-Sourwood potentialities. or Lily-of-the-ValIey tree. It is grace fully pyramidal and as it matures, de Additiona'! Small Trees velops a rounding to the top and the M aackia lJJ1Inurense-Amur Maackia masses of outer branches. Its height is (20' 25'). White summer flower and unfortunately listed as sixty feet and early interesting silver-green spring upward. The slow growth makes it a foliage. July 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 147 Rham~ 'I1'/.~£S frang~£lClr-Alder Buck ating, but I believe this list represents thorn ( 15') . Excellent glossy green the upper class of this category. A few foliage. small narrow leaved evergreens might Parrotia persica-Persian Parrotia also have been included but it was not (35'). Witch hazel like leaves on clean possible to entertain them in this ar gray stems that become mottled on ma ticle. turity. For areas comparable to coastal Cali Viburnum Sieboldii-Siebold Vibur fornia and sections of 'Florida: num (25'). Large glossy leaves on a Camell1'a japonica-Common Camel plant that takes drought graciously. lia (40'). Many good varieties, but be Needs training to tree form. sure to get one that makes a tree; many Syringa Q;111,urensis japonicClr-J apa do not. nese Tree Lilac (25'). A quick growing C erato17;ia siliq%Clr-Carob Tree (40'- small tree with a cherry-like bark and 45'). Rounded head, flowers red in large thyrsi of white flowers in late sprmg, excellent glossy evergreen June and early July. leaves. E%ony111.o%s e%ropae{J) - European ] aca,randa acutifo1ia-Sharpleaf J aca Spindle Tree (20'). Vase-like form and randa (40'-45'). Abundance of blue producing brilliant clark pink valve-like flowers in July-fine textured foliage. fruits in the fall-subject to Euonymus Eucalyptus ficifoliClr-Redgum Euca scale - variety, Aldenha,111,ensis - has lyptus (40'). Excellent brilliant red good possibilities. flower, round head. S01'bus a%cuparia-European Moun S chinus molle-California Pepper tain Ash or Rowan Tree (35'-40'). tree (35'-40'). Excellent under dry con Valued for its brilliant orange-red ditions but somewhat messy. fruil's in late summer and early fall, Delonix regia - Royal Poinciana subject to borer. (35'-40'). Popular in southern Florida, Stewartia koreana- Korean Stewar brilliant scarlet and yellow flowers in tia (30'). Often shrubby, and upright the summer. habit, white flowers and yellow stamens Eugenia pani culata - Brush-cherry in late June or month of July, interest Eugenia (40'). Excellent green foli ing bark-like the planetree. age, often tinted bronze. Stewa.,-tia ovata (pentagyna) grandi jlo1'a - Large Flowering Stewartia Cassl:a fist,£tla-Golden Shower (25'). Similar to Ste'W Earliest illustration of Tmdescantia vlirginiana, from Piene Vallet's "L e Jardin du roi tres dwestien L ays X III," Pwris, 1624. Tradescantia MARJORIE F. VI ARNER The other day I saw modern named campi [sic] ," thus recogmzmg its varieties of Tmdescantia in a spring source. About this time, or possibly planting catalog: very neat, with full earlier, a specimen that bloomed in the petals, and apparently free from the Robin garden was drawn by Pierre projecting leaves that sometimes ob Vallet, "Brodeur du Roy," who pub scure the bloom of the "wild" plant. lished it in his Le jar din du roy t1'e.s But the weedy clumps of Spiderwort chrestien Loys XIII, which is not scattered among tall grass and lush dated, but has a dedication signed weeds have a charm for me. The few, January 10, 1624. As many of the new frail flowers in the midst of their plants first figured here were un ambus,cade have an indescribable bril doubtedly draw1'l some time before the liancy, and we may well realize how issue of the volume, we can have no they caught the eye of a "Virginia" idea how early Robin received this colonist or traveller, who took them from Tradescant, but at any rare we home to "that painfull and industrious know the first illustration of the searcher, and lover of all natures Spiderwort appeared in Paris some nve varieties, Iohn Tradescant." This first years before the' plant was described definite introduction from Virginia was in England, in Parkinson's Pamdisus fitly named for him. (1629, p.152-153.) Through Tradescant's generosity it Parkinson's work is so familiar and was soon and rapidly distributed to the French sources so little known that lovers of plants. In 1621, "Phalangium 1629 is often taken as date of introduc de Virginea [sic]" appeared in the tion for this plant. Mordant de Launay, Catalogusof Rene Morin of Paris, who ought to have known about its and the Robins must have had it in early introduction in France, wrote in their Paris garden about the same time, Bon Jardiwier for 1813 that the because Kaspar Bauhin in Basel got "Ephemerine de Virginie (Trades it from there in 1622. His Pinax ca11Jtia v'irginica [sic]) " was introduced theat1'i botamici (1623, p. 520) notes to England in 1629 by John Trades the receipt of "Allium sive Moly cant. And more recently, the erudite Virginianum" from Georgius Sparlinus Scottish gardener, R. P. Brotherstol1, (Georg Sperling), who had sent it in Jowrnal of Horticulture (3rd ser., from the garden of Jean Robin in the v.49, p.S48, 1904) , gave its date of year 1622, under the name "Phalan introduction as 1609, obviously a typo gium Virginianum." In the following graphical error, probably for 1629, year a catalog of the Robin Garden was though if 1619 had been intended, it printed, with the title, Enchiridion would not have been so far wrong. isagogicum,o ad facil e1% notitiam stirpium, Noone has found the exact date, but . . . in horto D . D. Joannis et Ves it is thought the Spiderwort was pasiani Robin" (Parisiis, 1623) , where brought back by someone whose ex this plant is given as "Phalangium penses were paid by Tradescant as a A mericanum flore violaceo Trades- passenger with Captain Samuel Argall, [149] 150 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1953 who went out to Virginia about 1617. in his "The(JJtrum botanicum" (1640, N a specific documents are cited, but the p.41S), where he described the flower idea is entirely reasonable, as Trades of the Spiderwort as "of a deepe cant's "Phalangium" appeared so soon purplish blewe colour, whereunto may afterwards in several European collec be added of later knowledge one with tions. Tradescant himself throws no a white flower, and another with a light on it. His Catalogus of 1634 reddish or Carnation." The last may (printed by R. T. Gunther in his have been one of the typically rose Early British botanists and their gar colored species, and could have been a dens, Oxford, 1922), lists "Phalan later introduction, though I think gium virginianum tradescanti," but he "pink" or "reddish" blossoms are some had probably had it continuously; times, though not often, found in while " Phalangium virginianum flore colonies of the common TrOidescam,tia albo," listed in his accessions for 1633 virginiana. But in my own unscienti.fic (Gunther, I.c., p.333), may have been observation, white Spiderworts are a fresh acquisition, although it seems frequently found, though usually singly to me unlikely that it was an altogether or in small clumps, in colonies of the new plant. common blue, and may not always have Some early citations indicate the been noted either by the original col color of the flower, but all of them re lectors, or later gardeners. fer to Tmdescantia virgiruiana. The References to this plant are almost plants first flowering in the Robins' innumerable, and few need comment. garden were blue, being described in A historical puzzle was posed by Sebas- - their Enchiridion (1623), and in Val tian Killermann in Naturwissenschaft let's Jardin du roy Loys X I II (1624), liche Wochenschrift (n.s., v.S (v.24), as "flore violaceo." In his Catalogue p.195-200, 1901). He discovered a (1636) of the Jardin royal des Plantes breviary of the period between 1550 Medicinales, Guy de la Brosse gave and 1574, with a ,flower he identified both "flore violaceo" and "flore albo." as Tradesc(]i11JtiaJ virginica [sic] on its It seems likely that the white form oc illuminated binding. I would not dare curred in some of the first material to say this plant could not, in some way brought from America. Rene Morin's or other, have entered Europe in that Catalogus of 1621 gives "Phalangium period, but it seems unlikely; and ramosum flare albo" following his moreover, the figure on the illuminated "Phalangium de Virginea," and la cover is not, to my eye, a good repre Brosse's "flare alba" may have come sentation of our common Spiderwort. to the Jardin des Plantes, as did the One cannot be sure about such stylized major portion of its original collection, figures in decorative art, but in this from the garden of Jean and Vespasien case it seems to me the resemblance is Robin. The color variations noted by too slight to serve as evidence. How Vorstius (Adrian van V oorst) of Lei ever, we cannot merely flout Killer den, in his Catalogus Plantaru111, horti mann's idea, because he was usually ac acade111,ici Lugduno-Batavi (1633, p. curate, and made some good contribu 252), are "flare caeruleo" and "flore tions to plant history . . violaceo." The Spiderwort illustrates several The rose-colored or "red" flowers factors in nomenclature: the urgent were first noted, I think, by Parkinson need of a vernacular name; the attempt July 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 151 to fit the new plant into existing bo It was usually associated with tanical classification; the use of real or Tradescant. The Enclviridion (1623) fancied resemblances or properties as of Jean and Vespasien Robin entered descriptive characters; and the custom it as, "Phalangium Americanum, flore of honoring distinguished personages. violaceo Trandescampi," the last be As the plant was first known to the ing a purely typographical slip . . La English, the vernacular name, Spider Brosse gave two forms, "flore albo" wort, was probably adopted at the out and "flore violaceo," followed by set. It never occurred to me that it had "tradescanti," in his Catalogue (1636, anything to do with spiders; but it may p.83) of the Jardin royal des Plantes have been suggested by the cluster of medicinales. But it was not until 1726 fuzzy stamens, faintly resembling a that the generic name, Tradescantia, curled-up spider. The German "Spin was published in ,the "Flora; jenensis" nenkraut" was probably a direct trans lation from the English, although it (1726, p.48) of Ruppius, who cited might have ·been from the Latin both Tournefort's "Ephemerum Vir "Phalangium." ginianum," and Parkinson's "Phalafl gium ephemerum, Virginianum." The "Phalangium" was Greek in ong111, formerly used f(f) r an ancient plant spelling, Tradescantia virginica, as thought to be a cure for the bite of a quoted several times in this paper and venomous spider called "·Phalangion." not infrequently used by early authors, It was ready-made for the new Spider is purely a synonym for Tradescantia wQrt, whiGh must have been sent out virginiana L. under it. "Phalangium" occurs in the I have not tried to follow the Spider early French publications, and is men wort in its travels through Europe, tioned by Bauhin in his Pinax (1623, which must have been rapid. Many p.520), though he chose to call it of our native American plant~ did poor "Allium sive Moly Virginianum." "Al ly in EUl'opean gardens; the climate lium" suggested relationship with the of England and the region around Lily family, but "Moly" was a Greek Paris lacked the sunshine needed by name for an unkm)wn plant mentioned some of our native Virginians; and on by Homer and the subject of botanical the other hand, some less luxuriant speculation throughout the ages. Park species throve and blossomed abundant inson, in his Paradisus (1629, p. 152), ly when transplanted from Paris to calls it "Phalangium Ephemerum Iohannis Tradescanti. The soone Rome. Biut the Spiderwort was com fading Spiderwort of Virginia," and paratively tough, and not too selective th€ word, "Ephemerum," also from the in its native habitat, and as it was easy Greek, was later used as its generic to propagate, it spread in British gar name. It was appropriate to the dens and, possibly distributed through transiency of the flower, and the the Robins in Paris, it was soon found French adopted "Ephemerine, and in the botanical gardens of the Conti later "Ephemere" as vernacular names. nent. As was natural, "Phalangium Tournefort, in his Institutiones rei virginianum" was listed in Hoffmann's herbariae (Ed.2, v.!, p.368, 1719) , Florae Altdorffinae deliciae hortenses assigned to it the technical name, in 1660, and in Elsholz's Flora Mar "Ephemerum Virginianum." chica in 1663. Ferns As A Garden Hobby RALPH C. BENEDICT! The American Fern Society has It is issued as a quarterly with a mini reached the ripe age of sixty years; it mum of thirty-two pages per issue, but was founded in 1893 with nineteen sometimes with a good many more. members. Two of our present mem Dr. Conrad Morton, Smithsonian In bers date from that first year, and are stitution, is Editor-in-Chief. honored as our sole remaining "Char So much for the barest background. ter Members." Dr. Campbell E. Who are members of the Society? Waters, of Washington, and Miss What are their general and special Elmira E. Noyes, of Norfolk, Vir interests? What are the qualifications ginia. It is pleasant to report that our for membership? How does an inter Society's quarterly, the American Fern ested person go about joining? Does Journal, still receives and publishes the Society offer anything of value to sprightly contributions from these the beginner in fern interest? Perhaps pioneer members. Miss Noyes has the best approach in answering these recently sent in her report of "Sixty questions will be to start with the last. Y ears in the A111,erican F eTn Society," From its start, with a bare score of which is due to appear sometime this members until now, when it numbers year. One of the first things the early over five hundred, I believe ferns have Fern Society d~d was to publish a been a real hobby to most if not all printed journal as a better means of the members. Hobbyists are never communication among members than happier than when interesting others to correspondence. This became the Fern adopt their specialty. While, with the Bulletin, controlled and edited by Wil gradual increase in numbers, the So lard Nelson Clute. At the approach ciety's membership list, which is revised of the twentieth volume of the FeTn and published every two or three Bulletin, Mr. Clute signified his inten years, had tended to become too much tion of discontinuing it. Members of an impersonal list of names and ad the American Fern Society in 1910 dresses, steps have recently been taken initi.ated the first issues of the Ameri to place the information of the well can Fern J ourn,al, which was adopted informed at the disposal of the begin as their official organ after two issues ner. The first or second Journal for and it has been managed and edited by 1953 is due to carry a list of expert and for the Society ever since. The members named as "information cen J o"U,1'nal is now in its forty-third vol ters" to whom others may send speci ume, with a total of over five thousand mens for identification. This list of pages dealing with fern lore covering about thirty names, includes some quali a wide variety of phases: gardening, fied to identify ferns from any part of natural history, conservation, distribu the world, as well as others, whose tion, taxonomy, economic aspects, et al. spheres of knowledge cover single 'Professor of Biology, Brooklyn Colleg e, Brook· Iyn, New York (Retiring in 1953). A founder of states or continuous groups of states. th e AmeTic(l,n Fe'rn Jou/rnal ; current Presid ent of The American F ern Socie t y. I t is expected that this list will be [152] July 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 153 amplified until there will be no part of Of the total membershi p a fair pro the country without some nearby mem portion consists of p rofessional bot ber on call to help, ani sts associated wi th colleges or In general, the officers of the society scientific institutions, but, without any have always been on call , and the pages exact analysis, I beli eve a much larger of the A 'I1'l,erican F ern l ournal are al proportion has entered the Society ways open to queries, even simple ones, purely from a non-technical, hobby the answers to which may be of interest in terest, as lovers of nature, coll ectors, to any app reciable number of members, who found fern leaves the ne p l~.s ultra W hile the pages of the l ournal offer for variety, beauty, and ease of p reser regularly articles which are chiefl y of vation, Among these are garden lovers interest to t he technical botanist, even who may have begun with a shady some of these are written in a style back yard corner where some native which robs them of the stiffest termi fe rn species added more beauty than nology and makes them fa irly intel any available fl owering plant could ligible to the reader with no botanical contribute, Many mem bers have gone background, fr0111 such amateur beginnings to T he ingenu,ity of Dr, Benfaymin A, Allison tmnsfor1'l1ed an a,bandoned cella?', w hich had been used as a dU1npin.g grounds fo r generati01ls, into this 1'nspiring fern garden, 154 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1953 achieve proficiency and authority, with or sanctuaries, and a final visit in the extensive collections of growing ferns, fall to a commercial fern grower who as experts on the species of some given raises some hundred species and has area, and (lven to the extent of finding been in the business for fifty-five years. and describing hitherto unrecognized or Details of these trips may be obtained "new" species. from the author at Pilot Knob, New Besides the development of informa York. A six day field trip will be the tion centers, the members of the Ameri highlight of this year's tours. It will can Fern Society always enjoy field be made August 30 to September 6, get-togethers to which interested visi through northern Michigan to precede tors are welcomed. During 1952, such the American Institute of Biological a meeting was held as an extended tour, Sciences meetings at Madison, Wis starting in Vermorrt, touching New consin. Details of this excursion may Hampshire, and then, returning to be obtained from Mrs. Kathryn E. Vermont, enjoying the fern richness of Boydston, Fernwood, Route 3, Niles, this "fernland of the north" as Teall has Michigan. called it, through north and south val The American Fern Journal has leys, to Mansfield and over Smugglers' dealt with house plant ferns as one of Notch, to Lake Champlain. Into New its interests. York, the travelers stopped on the Application for membership should shor,es of Lake George, climbed White be sent to Mr. M. D. Mann, Jr., face at sunset, past the Fulton Chain Treasurer, American Fern Society, of Lakes, and reached the Clark State 625 Locust St., Roselle, N ew Jersey, Reservation at Jamesville, New York, accompanied by $5.00 for a sustain where the rarest fern in the United ing membership, or $2.00 for general States, the hart's tongue, enjoys strin membership. fent protection as a ward of New York It is time, now, that the phase of State. The tour ended at Ithaca, in as fern interest stressed in the title of this sociation with the convocation of the paper, "Ferns As A Garden Hobby" American Institute of Biological Sci received its due attention. It is proba ences. The Society held a meeting for ble that every Society member who the presentation of papers, and a field does not live in an apartment, who has trip in the Ithaca region. any sort of a back yard, has some of A full account of the trip is sched his fern friends in a shady corner. uled for publication in the American From such a start, the fern enthusiast Fern Jour11JOJl in an early issue. A is likely to find excuses for encroaching "guesstimate" of the total species and more and more on areas formerly de other significant types met would run voted to flowers. The few species of the upwards of sixty or seventy. With shady corner grow to a score, and may experienced fern students as leaders of then double, re-double, and double each part, what an opportunity for again. Such a multiplication was the learning ferns had those participants actual course with Mr . .Mann's back who began their fern study and Society yard garden at Roselle, and Mrs. M. membership in connection with this grieves that the area for flowers is trip! For 1953, three similar trips are still furtQ~r threatened. The last re in prospect, touching other areas, plus ported total of different kinds was several one-day-visits to fern gardens over one hundred and fifty, and Mr. July 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 155 Mann is the proud possessor of an den. He has descri'bed the garden and effective "robot greenhouse," a fluo its development with great enthusiasm rescent-lighted box kept in his cel and interest in a recent number of New lar where he carries on Ithe intriguing Hampshire Pro files, entitled "Why Not and fascinating process of raising po Grow Ferns?" Dr. Allison includes in tential thousands of fern plants each his article six rules for the beginning winter; with an actual production which fern gardener: ( 1 ) , find your own mostly finds its way into the gardens of ferns yourself; (2), you will need good other members of the Society. reference books, preferably weB-illus But a shady yard or wooded area is trated ones which will help in identifi not a sine qua non for a good fern cation; (3), you have to learn some of garden. The Edward D. Thurstons of the "lingo"; (4), you will have to Sharon, Connecticut, took an acre of study the fern's "anatomy" and learn a sunny meadow and transformed it into little about its sex life; (5), learn the most favorable situation for the where to expect to find certain ferns; widest variety of ferns I have ever seen. and, (6), join the American Fern So Lath shading, supported by two-by ·ciety. Dr. Allison joined in 1950. His fours, and a close planting of thick article ends: "If you are lucky enough hemlocks as a windbreak have provided to live in New Hampshire the year perfect conditions for some of the lush aroul1d, you will have great fun watch est fern growth, and with an arrange ing the ferns unroll in the Spring, then ment which makes the acre a bower of pass on to the fruiting season. If you beauty. can spend but a short vacation with The Thurstons had previously car your ferns, you will enjoy thinking .ried out a very ambitious project which about them all winter." also involved a good-sized collection of One of the most notable of hardy native hardy fern species. Following a fern gardens is the pride of a year faU @xhibit of these plants before the round New Hampshire resident, Harold Millbrook Garden Club in the fall of Goddard Rugg, just retired as Li 1937, they assembled and forced into brarian of Dartmouth College, after early leafage a collection of some sixty serving that institution since 1906. Mr. species, and exhibited these under the Rugg's garden occupies a five acre tract auspices of tfue Milbrook Garden Club on the edge of Dartmouth. With some at the International Flower Show in open space, and botanic-garden variety New York City. Their experiences in of woody plants and flowering types, the preparation of this exhibit were the natural shaded portions furnish the described in the No. 3 issue of the setting for one of the richest collection Americam Fern Journal for 1939, in of well-grown plants of native and associ has been designated as one of the chief It should serve as a good conclusion "information centers" for the western for this aCCQunt to present briefly some New England states, and was one of recommendations regarding the selec the leaders of the Society fern tour tion of appropriate species with which through Vermont last summer. to start a new outdoor fern garden Top: Left) the Sensitive-Fern shows its fertile leaves evelfb dwring the winter. These leames) beadlike in appearance) have given this fen1! the na1ne of B ead F e1'n. It is not really sensitive, except to early f'rosts. Right) Fiddleheads of the Ostrich-Fern, shipped in from Maine and sold on Madison Ave11;ue in New York City. They a·1'e also sold in cans. Botton,": L eft) the Polypody, a C0111,7%0 '1fI, eastern 1:nhabitan;t of rocky slopes. It can beautify a garden si111!ilairly at all tvmes of th e 3Iea1'. Right) Had s T ong'u,e, photog1'aphed in JU11,e when the young leaves were Just u%1'olli'n.g and last yea?"; s lea,ves st1:U g1'een but prostnr,te. All ill~ISh·atio1'ls acco111pa.ny1ng this article we1'e made from photographs f~w1vished by the cl/uthor ,4#.:' ., -- ' ~ 7. ;' July 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 1~7 venture. The selection will, of course, ten best ferns for northeastern ga r vary according to the part of the coun dens," but it may be noted defensively try concerned. Four major areas in advance that there are sure to be probahly constitute a fairly satisfactory disagreements with some of the choices. division for the United States and Perhaps the objections will be met by Canada: northeastern and north cen the addition of the few "alternates" tral, including the adjacent Canadian which are named as supplements. areas; southeastern, but Florida prac 1. Marginal Shield-Fern. Dryop tically an added area in itself; north teris 111/;arginalis western; and southwestern, including 2. Interrupted-Fern. 0 s m u n d a Texas. Texas, it should be noted, can Claytoniana boast one hundred and twenty dif 3. Royal-Fern. OS111/,und(]) ,yegalis ferent species within its borders, being 4. Goldie's-Fern, or "Giant Wood surpassed only by Florida, which with fern." Dryopteris Goldiana its southern tropical part. can list over 5. Ostrich-Fern. Peteretis Penn one hundred and fifty species, with sylvanica almost unlimited additional possibili ties of further introductions from other 6. Christmas-Fern. Polystichum acrostichoides tropical areas. Our northwestern states and the Canadian Pacific provinces to 7. American Maidenhair-Fern the north, with their copious rainfall, Adiantum p.edatu11/1/; are a paradise for what is probably the 8. Sensitive-Fern. Onoclea sensz lushest Qf fern growth in the whole bilis country, and adapted in addition for 9. Lady-Fern. Athyrium Filix the introduction of many English fe"YJltina species and varieties which do not 10. Dryopteris erythrosora, A Jap thrive in the drier atmosphere of other apese species for which I know no parts of the United States. widely used common name; literally While full concurrence is given to Dr. however, it is "red-doted fern." Allison's first rule for the fern gar Alternates: dener, quoted. earlier, this rule may be Fancy-Fern. Dryopteris interql/l/;edia relaxed, as he agrees, after a good as Male-Fern. Dryopteris filix-mas semblage of species has been installed. Cinnamon-Fern. Osmunda cznna- For the benefit of its members, the m0111/,ea Ameri,can Fern Society has assembled Variegated Lady-Fern. Athyrium a list of dealers in different parts of the Goringianum pictum. Another Japa country who can be recommended for nese entry. their stock and their services. Berry Bladder-Fern. Cystopteris As to an actual selection of ap bulbifera propriate species, a short list has recent As indicated a:bove, I am sure the ly been prepared for the Americam above list will bring out comments in Fern Journal covering the northeastern the American Fern Jowrnal of dis regions. The species included are such agreements with some of the selections. as may be expected to grow well in Furthermore, I believe we may be sure an average back yard garden, with that similar lists, appropriate to the reasonable care. other regions of the country will also The list has 'been designated "The be forthcoming. Daffodil Section ROBERTA C. WATROUS, Editor Miniature Daffod1:ls lowed. The impression of smartness There is no doubt that the smaller we get from a l<1rge ·flower of perfect daffodils have increased greatly in form and balaDce may be enjoyed on popularity in recent years. Some critics a smaller scale, but some features not imply that admirers of the so-called always admired in larger flowers may miniatures like them simply because seem acceptable, even attractive, in they are small, and do not apply other very smaIl ones-for instance reHexed criteria in judging them. Although this perianths or narrow and twisted may have been true in the past, because periantm. segments. Delicacy and jaunti of the limited amount of material avail ness are qualities that seem more ap able, a more critical attitude is in order propriate to small flowers than to large now that more and more hybridizers ones. Stems should be strong enough are turning their attenti.on to this type to support the flower without bending. of flower. Some of us believe that L@ngth of stem and the relation be miniature daffodils can be judged just tween length of stem and size of flower as dispassionately as the larger ones, depend on where the flower is to be but that an the points of excellence used. For plants grown in rock gar need not and should not be the same dens or in pots for use indoors very as those used in judging larger show short stems with comparatively large varieties. flowers may be desirable. For use in With the hope that readers of this garden borders, for naturalizing in Section will cooperate by reporting semi-wild conditions, or for cutting a their opinions of the varieties with longer stem (possibly at least three which they are familiar, a list of minia times the larger dimensiON of the flower ture daffodils has been oompiled. In or cluster) seems essential. Although commenting on these varieties, let us a height of twelve inches is usuaIly con see if we can agree on how the various sidered the limit for miniatures this standards used in judging daffodils seems over-generous; perhaps a separ shoultd be applied for miniatures. First, ate category of "intermediates" IS color: In small daffodils as in larger needed. As for the flower, shape as ones we value clean whites and clear, well as measurements must be con bright yeIlows and reds. Delicate sidered: a flower with narrow re cream, straw; and primrose tints are flexed or drooping perianth does not also admired, and a hint of pink is wel seem as large as one whose perianth come. Biut dinginess or streaks should segments are wide and flat. not be tolerated in small flowers any In the list that foIlows the height, more than in large ones. Second. Sub name of breeder, date of registration, stance: here, too, we can follow the and parentage are given, so far as avail standards established for larger flowers. able. As the heights are takeD from EspeciaIly to be avoided are flimsy various printed sources some incon perianths. Next, Form: It is in this sistency is to be expected. Notes on characteristic that the widest departure parentage are given in the hope that from large-flower standards will be al- they will inspire amateur hybridizers [158] July 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 159 Wale?' H. Cannawa), Photograph N arciss~£s F I 011'I·a y 160 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1953 to go and do likewise. Surely work ,Xit, 5-6" (Gray, 1948; N. watieri X a with the small species is the most re large IIc). warding field for small-scale hybrid IV: Kehelland, 6-8" (Gray, 1946); izers. Pencrebar, 6" (Unknown 0 rig in, Additions to the list, as well as com 1929.) ments of all kinds, will be gratefully Va or Vb (?) : Auburn, 9-12" (D. received. Blanchard; Goldbeater X N. triandrus Ia : Charles Warren, 5" (Unknown aurantiacus); Johanna, 9" (W. Back origin, introduced 1948; form of house) . NMCissus pu11'l1ilus) ; Sneezy, 4" (Alec Va: April Tears, 6" (Gray, 1939; Gray; N . asturiensis X obvallaris); N. jO'J1)quitla X tria1'bdrus concolor); Tanagra, 5-6" (Gray, 1946; N. astu Dancing Fairy (S. S. Berry, 1937; N. riensis X obvallaris); Wee Bee, 5" triandrus albus X Bernardino); (G. Zandbergen-Terwegen; sport from Hawera, 8" (W. M. Thomson, 1938; N. nanus). N . jonquilla X triandrus albus) ; Ken lb. Apricot, 12" (de Graaff, 1898) ; ellis, 8" (Gray, 1948; N. triandrus Bambi, 6" (Dutch origin, 1948); and bulbocodiwnlf,); Phyllida Garth, ]. B. M. Camm, 5" (W. Backhouse, 9-12" (Gray, 1948); Raindrop, 4" 1884) ; Rockery Beauty, 4-6" (W. J. (Gray, 1942; N. dubius X triandrus Eldering, 1928) .. calathinus); Sennocke, 4" (F. R. Ic: Ali,ce Knights, 8" (Barr & Sons, Waley, 1948; N. tria'J1)drus X bulbo 1905) ; Rockery Gem, 9" (R. A. Van codium) ; Trimon (A. W. Tait, 1899; der Schoot, 1930) ; Rockery White, 6" N. tr1:andrus albus X bulbocodium (G. Zandbergen-Terwegen, 1936; from monophyUus) . N. nt1II1JUs); W. P. Milner, 9" (W. V.b: Arctic Morn, 6-8" (Gray, Backhouse, 1890). 1949); Cobweb, 10" (Gray, 1938); lIa: Goldsithney, 8" (Gray, 1949); Dawn, 11" (Engleheart, 1907; N. Marionette,4" (Gray, 1946) ; Mustard triandrus and a Poeticus?); Frosty seed, 3-4" (Gray, 1937) ; Nor-Nor, 9" Morn, 6" (Gray, 1941); Ivory Gate, (G. L. Wilson, 1941); Pepper, 12" 9-12" (Gray, 1949). (J. C. Williams, 1933). VIa or Vlb (?): Golden Chimes lIb: Seville, 10-14" (P. D. Wil (Berry, 1937: N. jonquiUa X cycla liams, 1908); Strongbow, 7" (G. H. mineus) ; Jack-be-Nimble (Mrs. K. L. Englehart, 1899) . Reynolds, 1939) ; Jack-be-Quick (Rey IIc: Angie, 8" (Gray, 1948; N. nolds, 1939; Lady Hillingdon X N. dubius X a lIla). cyclannineus) . II or III (?): Picarillo, 4" (Mrs. VIa: Chicopee, 5" (E. C. Powell, G. Anley; N. watieri X pumilus); 1946; N. obvallaris X cyclamineus); Tweeney, 6" (Gray; a large IIa X N. Estrellita, 12" (G. E. Mitsch; Mite X 'Watieri) . Malvern Gold); Golden Cycle, 6" IlIa: Belle Chinoise (A. M. Wilson, (H. G. Hawker, 1916); Minicyda, 3" 1930) . (A. M. Chapman, 1913; N. 111f,ini11'I.uS X IIIb: Elizabeth Ryan, 7"; Fairy cyclamineus) ; Mite, 4" (Booth) ; Tete Circle, 12" (The Brodie of Brodie, a-Tete,4-6" (Gray, 1949) ; Cydataz X 1913) ; Lady Bee; 10" (Barr, 1929); self) . Picador (P. D. Williams, 1910) ; Ruby, Vlb: Beryl, 8" (P. D. Williams, 10" (Sir Charles H. Cave, Bt., 1907) ; 1907; N. cyclamineus and a Poeticus) ; J ul y 1953 THE NATIONAL I;:IORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 161 • Water H. Ga:nna.wGlY PhOtOg1'a.jlh. Na1'Cissus Ap1'il Tears 162 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1953 Fairy Wings (G. S. Cro1:1ch, 1938; N . three stems: Chinese White. Second cyclafJ1lLineus X poeticus) ; Little Witch, best flower in show: Blarney. 9" (Mrs. R. O. Backhouse, 1929); Award winners by classes: Perconger, 10" (Gray, 1941). Ia: Gold-digger, Bur go m e i s t e r VIla or VIIb (?): Kidling, 6" Gouverneur, Counsellor, Lord Nelson, (Gray; N . j01'/;q~~iUa X juncifolius); Irish Luck, Royalist; Ib: Sincerity, Larkelly, 10" (P. D. Williams, 1930) ; AnjoLl, Straight, President Lebrun; Yamolf,4" (Gray). Ie: Beersheba, Robert Berkeley, Gaza, VIIb: Beebop, 5-6" (Gray, 1949; Chastity, Milo, Mt. Hood. N. rupicola one parent) ; Bobbysoxer, IIa: Tinker, Velveteen, Aranjuez, 7-8" (Gray, N . 1'upicola one parent) ; Crocus, Rustom Pasha, Rosslar€, Cop Cora Ann, 10-12" (W. F. Mitchell, per Bowl; IIb : Fedora, Green Island 1939) ; Flomay, 4" (Gray, 1946); La Grayling, Menton, Carnalea, Flamenco, Belle, 6" (Ban, 1937; N. juncifolius Monique, Coverack Perfection, Rose of and a PO€tiCllS?) ; Lintie, 7-8" (Barr, Tralee ; IIc: Dunlevy, Hera, White 1937 ; N. l uncifohus and a Poeticus?) ; Duchess, Silver Bugle ; lId: Biinkie. • Orange Queen, 7-9" (Cartwright & lIla: Chungking, Spring Beauty, Goodwin, Ltd., 1908 ; form of N. Mangosteen, Granville; IIIb: Blarney, odont.s?); Peaseblossom, 4" (Gray, Hardy, Misty Moon, Franz Liszt, The 1938 ; N . jwn.cifolius X t1'iandrus al Governor, Picador,- Crenver, Lough bus) ; Pipers Barn, 8" (,Gray, 1947) ; A reenla, Grey Lady ; IIIc: Chinese Sea Gift, 6" (Unknown origin, 1935 ) ; \t\T hite, Portrush, Silver Salver, Si lver Sun Disc, 6" (Gray, 1946; N. ru,p1:cola ITlme. one parent). IV: Cheerfulness, In g 1esc 0111 b, VIII: Halilagy, 6" (Gray, 1948; Daphne, Camellia, Mary Copeland. Scilly White one parent) ; Shrew, 2-3" Va: Rippling Waters, April Tears, (Gray; N. ca;nalic'/;£latus X minor). Pearly Queen, Niveth, Moonshine; X : Cyclataz, 6" (Tait, 1932; N . Vb : Silver Chimes, Dawn. cyclamineus and SoleiJ d'Or). VIa: Le Beau, March Sunshine; X I: Elfhom, 4" (Gray, 1941 ; N . Vlb: Beryl. b",tlbocodiu111. hybrid); Nylon, 4" (D. VIla: Aurelia, General Pershing, Blanchard, 1949; N. bulbocodiu1n Golden Sceptre, Tunis X J onquilla 1'01nieuxii X bul'bocodi%1'1,/; 1nonoph,)ll seedling, VIIb, Golden Perfection, l%s); Pango, 8" (Gray, 1949; N. Trim, Cherie. d",~bi'/;~s X a IIIa). VIII : Martha Washington, Spark ling Eye, Sot. Agnes, Hermanii, Gerani Win11ing Varieties i1'/;Specime1'/; Classes, um, La Fiancee. Fourth Nat1:onal Capital Na1'Cissus IX: Cantabile, Sidelight, Actaea, Show, Chevy Chase, Md., April 18-19, Eifina. 1953. X: N. jonquilla Si1%plex, N . junci Best flow er in show and best vase of folius, N . gracilis, N. t1'iandrus alb1,f,s. Rooting Azalea Cuttings E. J. KRAUS It has been stated frequently that watered thoroughly, and the covers cuttings of deciduous azaleas are closed down. Frequent waterings notoriously diffilCult to propagate. This were given during the summer. There is true under certain circumstances but was very slight wilting at any time. not particularly so under other concli Although the bed was equipped with a tions for certain species and clones. heatil1g cable buried in the rooting Also it has been said that, although Inedium, it was not connected, no bot rooting the cuttings is not too difficult, tom heat being necessary. getting the cuttings to break into new By August 28 all the cuttings had growth and continue development im rooted well. On this date they were poses very great difficulty. taken up and transplanted to 2 x 2 x 3 Because of these statements, the re inch plant ·bands, held in greenhouse sults of certain experin1ents tried in flats. The clump of roots on some of 1932, may be of interest to others who the cuttings nearly filled a band, but may wish to try the method involved. there was ample room to fill in around On May 25, 1952, the following the roots with a mixture of soil and kinds of cuttings were taken. These peat moss. After transplanting, the were (a) 3 clones of Rhododend?'on entire flat of cuttings was watered well 11'!ollis; namely Anthony Koster, AI and again put under cover on the phOL1se Lavalle and an unnamed pink benches. N one of the cuttings had form, (b) a double flowering form of formed terminal flower buds while in R. 11udifionml, and (c) a selected large the rooting medium. Cuttings taken flowered clone of R. occidentale, orig later, on July 5, did do so. Some of the cuttings pushed out a few tiny inally brought in from its · native hab termanal leaves but none made any ap itat. preciable growth. At present, the first After takiNg, the bases of most of week of February 1953, all the cuttings the cuttings were dipped lightly in are still fresh in appearance and are be Hormodin No. 2 then inserted in an ginning to start growth from the termi out-of-doors cutting bench containing nal buds and a few of the lateral buds a mixture of one-half peat moss and near the tip. one-half sharp, river sand. The benches In contrast to the cuttings taken on had hinged wooden frame covers over May 25, others were taken on July 5, which a light-green tinted plastic had when the bases of the new shoots were been stretcbed. beginning to turn brown and felt woody At the time of taking the cuttings the to the touch. A number of cuttings flowers on the bushes from which they were taken from the same clones as came had just faded, the cuttings them already mentioned, treated the same selves were still green to their bases way and inserted in the rooting medium and had just begun to harden slightly. of the benches. Of these, many withered After firming the sand and peat moss and died during the ensuing days and mixture following planting, the bed was weeks; a few of them finally formed [1 63] 164 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1953 terminal flower buds which were double rose pink flowers of the petaloid pinched out as soon as they could be type. B is prostrate. After nearly 4 manipulated. Despite the removal of years in the garden it is still not more the terminal buds, the cuttings con than 4 to 6 inches tall and bears single tinued to die, and from time to time salmon pink flowers in great profusion. were pulled out of the cutting beds and C is intermediate in growth habit and discarded. At present, early February has single salmon pink flowers. Vlish 1953, less than 2% of the original cut ing to secure additional plants of clones tings taken on July 5, 1952, remain A and B, cuttings were taken from alive. The latter have a few small roots them on May 25, 1952. Of these cut on them. They resemble cuttings tings one-half of each lot were dipped handled in a similar manner in 1951. in Hormodin No.2, the other half un Of these latter about 1 % finally grew treated. All were then put into the during the sumer of 1952. rooting medium. On August 28 the From these experiences it would ap cuttings were taken up to be trans pear that several types of deciduous azaleas can be rooted and started into planted. All the cuttings of clone A slight growth the same season they are were equally well rooted ~ whether they taken; provided that the cuttings are had been dipped in Hormodin powder taken early in the season, and can be or not; those of clone B which had no gotten into slight vegetative growth as Hormodin No. 2 applied were well soon as possible, instead of allowing rooted; those ""hich had had the them to produce terminal flower buds. Honnodin applied had produced no If they do form such flower buds such roots, the leaves were yellowed and fell buds should be removed at as early a from the cuttings as they were lifted stage of developm.ent as they can be from the sand. nipped out. Apparently there is a decided dif While not a deciduous form, another ference in sensitivity of azalea clones experience may be of interest. This per to this growth regulating powder. Be tains to the 11,w,c1'an.tha Azalea. In the fore using anyone of the various so garden there are three seedling forms called rooting compounds too ex which are distinctly dissimilar in tensively, it would be well to determine growth habit, hence they have ·been the degree of sensitive to any par designated as clones A, B, and C. A is ticular root inducing compound to be vigorous, tall growing and bears semi- employed. Choice Begonias For Window.. Gardening STANLEY SPAULDING, Editor Five Easten~ Tnt1'oduch:ol1s which are ovate, smooth, light green, \Vhile the choice of eastern B eg01via deeply veined, with a slightly ruffled originations is nowhere near as wide as edge, and up to five inches long, but those from the west, some interesting the stems are stiffer; therefore some varieties have been raised in this part of the branches may grow upright of the country. Since I am partial to while others may trail ; my specimen the Rex Begonias, I have been very has the asymmetrical balance made interested in growing 1'e% C'ulto 1'um '~ popular by flower arrangers. Its Solid Silver, an origination of Mrs. W. crowning glory is the four months of D. N isbet of Brooklyn, Connecticut. bloom, from December to April, with The large, slightly serrated, pointed leaf clusters of beautiful large deep coral is "solid silver" with a red underside ; rose flowers, edged white, suspended the stems are dark red; the fl owers are from every tip. The five-petalled fe a beautiful pale pink in large clusters. It is a compact upright grower and male fl owers are especially handsome thrives in the southeast corner .of the with their three-keeled ovaries, one of sun porch. It is a worthy member of a which is larger and more colorful than Rex collection and is very effective the other two. Need I add that every when placed between two dark red one who sees this variety wants it. varieties such as King Edward and Mrs. Shippy's Marie B. Holley is the The Black Knight. maple leaf type with leaves similar to From the same hybridizer comes a but more deeply lobed than those of most attractive plant called Orange Richardsiama. The staminate flowers Dainty. The leaves are rhomboid with their two petals bloom simultane elliptic, medium green, five or six ously with the pistillate flowers, which inches long with raised veins, and are have five petals and a three-lobed similar in quality to those of dich1'oa. ovary. U nlike many of the white The beautiful soft orange flower start flowered Begonias, which generally from the tips ; f the branches in early prefer an east window, this variety spring. \Vhile it is not a real trailer, thrives in a sunny position in the it is a very graceful grower with the south window and has borne flowers branches growing down and out prac continuously from October through tically horizontally, and shows itself to April. very good advantage placed on a side A cross of Boweri X Sunderbruchi shelf of myoId-fashioned woven wire by Percy 1. Merry of Needham, Mass plant stand in front of a southwest achusetts, in February, 1952, has pro window. duced some very promising seedlings. A distinct addition to the list of trail A selected specimen, Merry 52-1, not ing Begonias is Shippy's Garland from yet named, bears very stiff seven-lobed Mrs. Bess L. Shippy of Florida, olive green leaves about three inches formerly of Lockwood, New York. long, with dark brownish green streaks The leaves of this variety closely re extending from the white hairy mar semble those of gloocophylla scan dens) gms toward the depressed light green [165] Pe1'CY I. Mer1'y Photog·raph Begonia 'ShiPPY's Garland' veins. The many pink flowers rise, like maturity and the manner of growth re those on Sunderbruchi, in great pro mains the same, it should be a very de fusion from the rhizome. At present sirable va-riety for the small home. all the plants of this cross are husky, The begonia lover will enjoy grow full of flowers, and compact, larger than ing all of these varieties. Boweri, but much smaller than Stmde1' RUTH PEIRCE MERRY) bruchi, with the good qualities from Needham, Massachusetts each parent. If .the leaves do not grow A contribution f1'011'l, the American much larger as the plant grows to Begonia Society. [166) Recent Advances In Horticulture FREEMAN A. \ t\TE I SS, Edit01' Of all the amazing developments of To be sure, the results obtained with the last decade in the field of chemical the selective herbicides have not always aids to agriculture the one evoking equalled the claims made for them and, most general acceptance seems to be when mishandled, they have sometimes the chemical control of weeds, especial damaged other plants tban the despised ly by selective lethal action, for we have lawn weeds. Only Athena, however, long had poisonous chemicals that can was born mature and perfect in all her destroy vegetation in toto. parts, so wby should we expect the The organic gardeners will, of same of a mere weed-killer ? N ever course, have none of chemical fe rti tbeless, notable improvements have lizers, not even those furnishing the es been made in tbe efficiency and con sential trace elements which might be venience of applying the 2, 4-D type lacking in the lushest compost, as of herbicides. First their killing power various commercial planters discovered was increased and tbeir range of ef when they first attempted to cultivate fectiveness was broadened by fo rmulat mucklands. Firm in the -belief that an ing them as esters, or "organic salts" attack by fungus diseases and insect -in this case compounds of 2, 4-D acid pests is only a manifestation of faulty with organic alcohols and amines, and nutrition of the plant, specifically due by including tricholoroacetic acid (2,4, to lack of OFganic matter in the soil or 5-T ) which is particularly effective the presence of poisonous chemicals, the against woody plants. Next the danger devotees of this cult are reluctant to ous drift of vapor, which often resulted use fungicides or insecticides for pro in damage to neighboring and cherished tection against these enemies. It is dif plants, was greatly lessened by pro feren.t with weeds, which are loved only ducing a variety of esters of low by God and children of pre-gardening volatility. Even so, the right selectlOn age. Even in soil managed according of herbi.cide fo r any particular purpose to the best tenets of organic gardening, must be made from the variety of prod such persistent interlopers as chick ucts now offered, but in an impressive weed, crabgrass, and others must sure range of agricultural and horticultural ly grow, for how could they pass up so applications the honnone type of weed rich an opportunity to fl ourish and killers have made the difference be multiply? tween econ0111ical crop production on This writer has no.t personally seen the one hand, or abandoning the land any organic gardeners using 2, 4-D to to weeds on the otber. rid thei r lawns of dandelions, but he There are also SOlTte important de suspects that any convincing demon velopments in other selective weed stration that S01ne chemicals poison killers, for example, isopropyl phenyl only certm:n plants, leaving others ap carbamate (IPC), the berbicidal action parently unscathed, would appeal to of which is practically the antithesis of them as a better way of eliminating that of tbe 2, 4-D compounds. In other weeds than the use of shovel and hoe. words, it is chiefl y toxic to weedy an- [167] 168 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1953 nual grasses and much less so to non been carried out on maleic hydrazide gramineous plants, as beans, beets and . (MH) once it was found that this onions. UL1like 2, 4-D it is applied to compound had remarkable properties the soil and exerts its action on the of inhibiting the growth, flowering, and tiny £eedlings as soon as germination setting of seed of all kinds of plants, occurs. Another group of herbicides coupled with negligible hazards to ani having similar properties is composed mals and minimal tendency to build up of the alkali salts of trichloroacetic acid toxic residues in the soil. MH is the (which you may have used on occasion basis of the herbicides that have been to destroy warts!). City dwellers con publicized as "chemical lawnmowers." fronted with the annual problem of Where it is desirable to curtail the crabgrass eradication from lawns, and growth of grass (and other weeds) as farmers whose fields are invaded by a long fence, roadsides, garden paths, £uch aggressive and i)@rsistent weeds as and shrub borders, the use of maleic wilt oats and quackgrass, will know hydrazide has proved practicable and how little help to them are the herbi economical with no serious disad cides of the 2, 4-D type wnich are in vantages. It has much more than paid nocuous to grasses, and how welcome its way when used to slow down the one would be that reverses this se growth of grass in the lane-separation lectivity. In this category also are the strips and banks of 1'l.10dern highways, crabgrass specifics that have been were mechanical mowing was becom- familiar for several years but still leave ing an expensive chore. . something to be desired in efficiency. The use of maleic hydrazide as a These are phenyl mercury acetate "growth-stopper" is distinctly not ad (PMA) which is the active ingredient vised as yet as a substi.tute for the of the much publicized Scutl, and potas lawn mower on lawns where smooth ap sium cyanate, which is marketed U11der pearance is an important requirement. such designations as P.e. 80. They are It is prac:tically impossible to apply it effective to a considerable degree pro so evenly that the growth of grass is vided applications are begun early uniformly checked, and repeated ap enough and repeated often enough, but plications will weaken the root growth are prohibitively expensive for applica of the grass to an extent that top tion on a field scale. On the other hand, growth, winter survival, and resistance IPC and its 3-chloro derivative have to weed invasion may all be adversely found cOJ:IJ.l11ercial applications in the affected. . control of crabgrass in cotton, wild oats There are a number of other de in sugar beets, and noxious annual velopments in her-bicides that are still grasses in pastures. in the experimental stage. One of the It; might be expected that neither new compounds that has reached the plant growers nor chemists would be stage of commercial availabillty is satisfied with herbicides that do only sodiun:J. 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyethyl sul half a job, effective against either fate as used in Crag Herbicide. It is grasses or broad-leaved weeds but not a non-selective type as far as a dif both. The weeds themselves seldom ob ferential effect on grasses and broad serve this selective pattern of invasion. leaved weeds is concerned, but is se To meet the demand for one-shot weed lective in a different sense, in that it killers an extensive research project nas can be used on deep rooted, estab- July 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 169 lished crop plants to destroy the host effective chiefly on very young seed of annual weed seedlings that appear lings it is best applied just before the with the first warm weather of sum weeds are expected to appear or just mer. An example is the destruction of after cultivating the soil and before a such weeds in a strawberry or aspara new crop of weeds can get started. gus bed. It remains practically on the Readers wishing to inquire further surface of the ground, hence does not into this subject will find the book reach the deeper roots of the established Weed Contl'ot, which was reviewed in plants, but it does a good job of elimi January, 1953 number of this Maga nating the pernicious "little fellows" zine, very helpful. An article on Grass which are often so numerous and' so Herbicides in Today's Agricultural intricately associated with the crop Economy, by Roger M. Blouch, in the plants that mechanical removal is dif January, 1953 issue of the Scientific ficult and costly. As this material is Monthly, is also very timely. Concerning Isolomas PEGGIE SCHULZ, Edit01' Window gardeners who enjoy intro constant growth. I have a plant of I. ducing novelty plantings into their hil's~~tu71~ that has never had a dormant indoor gardens would do well to look period in three years. Of course the into the possi'bilities of growing old stalk is somewhat bare in places Isolomas. Colorful foliage, distinctive near the soil line but so many new growth habits, and gay flowers are all stalks constantly appear that they make traits that help make them worthwhile a camouflage for the denuded portions house plahts and greenhouse subjects. of the older stalk. These tropical plants be'long to the Due to their extreme brittleness, the GESNERIACEAE and are closely related rhizomes often arrive from dealers in to Achimenes. Much confusion has re a broken condition. If this should sulted in nomenclature and you will happen to any you receive be sure to find them listed under Tydea, and save all the pieces as each one is a po Kohleria in many instances. Only re tential plant-maker. Isolomas prefer a cently l:ave botanists given the go friable soil. One that has been found ahead on the use of the name I soZoma satisfactory for Gloxinias or African to cover the entire genus. And I must viD lets is recommended. However, this say, it simplifies matters considerably. mixture has proven to be a good one: There are about fifty species of these Equal parts of rich loam, sand, leaf herbaceous plants and they grow from mold, and peat moss. I have had the spiraling rhizomes or thickened, scaly, best luck with Isolomas when I started' rootstocks closely resembling Achi the rhizomes in small flats of vermicu menes tubers. Like many allied Ges lite or sand and later transplanted neriads they can be safely tucked away them into individual pots. I found that during the winter months and revived if the rhizomes were planted directly in the ea rly spring. Some, however, can into the prepared growing mixture they be treated as perennials and kept in were apt to rot away before good top 170 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1953 growth showed. After planting moisten before they will favor you with flowers the growing medium slightly and set instead of dried and blasted buds. the flat in a warm place. In a green During the summer months Isolomas house they could be hastened into can vacation outdoors under shrubs or growth by applying bottom heat to the in a lath house and the plants will flat. Rhizomes planted in early spring prosper and produce many offsprings. often show signs of top growth in about Watering requi·rements approximate two weeks. Those planted in January those of the African-violet. And of or early February are slow Cf.bout push course, if water is spilled on foliage, ing their top-knots into sight. and the plant should immediately be taken should be watered sparingly to avoid out of the sun to prevent burned and decay. As soon as flecks of green show, marred spots on leaves. give a more generous watering and Isolomas, like most all vegetation, bring into the light. Transplant these have their enemies. Mealy bugs, the rhizomes into individual 3-inch pots cottony little spots that sometimes ap when the stalk is about an inch tall. pear in leafax~ls and on undersides of 1solomas grow rapidly and appreciate leaves can be routed by touching them with alcohol on a cotton swab. Thrips bi-weekly feedings of any reliable ferti and red spider can be controlled by lizer, if it is not given in the excess. spraying occasionally, according to di When the plants are about three rections, with D-X Aero-Spray. This months old buds begin forming in leaf product is sealed in a low pressure axils and on some varieties a heavy bomb and pressure from a thumb is all cluster of buds form at the top of the that is needed to release the spray. plant. The buds 011 1. hi1' SU-tU11't are so There are several other sprays on the well coated with red hairs that they market that will also make short work resemble minute balls of fur tucked in of pests that choose to live on 1solomas leafaxils. Some species and varieties or other Gesneriads. are protected with a covering of silvery 1solomas are easy to propagate. The hairs. The flowers are tubular, five tops of the plants can be nipped out, set petaled, flecked, or spotted so heavily in moistened sand or vermiculite, in a in some varieties that they appear fish bowl or other covered and venti nearly striped. lated container and they soon take root. Like most tropical plants 1solomas Individual leaves can be handled like grow to perfection in a humid atmos AfricalJ-voilets or Gloxinias and rooted phere. Increase humidity in the window in water or any other medium that has garden by setting the potted plants on been proved satisfactory. lThey are dishes filled with moistened sand or slower to strike root from single leaves pebbles, by slipping the potted !saloma than from heavier cuttings. into another pot lined with damp Sturdy, flowering plants, can be pro sphagnum moss, or by setting plants duced in about a year fr0111 seeds. The atop wooden blocks in a water-filled seed is sown on any partially sterilized trap. Smaller plants grow and bloom medium, or vermiculite, covered, venti beautifully in a terrarium but they lated, and placed in a warm spot. If the have to be kept cropped constantly to seed is fresh, germination will take fit into such a space. These plants must place within two weeks. By the end of have humidity of forty to fifty per cent a month most of the late comers should July 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 171 have put in an appea'rance and the top deep red. The plant stems, petioles, of the planting will be well dotted with peduncles, and buds are heavily haired. green, \iVhen the little seedlings have And this plant isn't stingy with its four good leaves they 'can be safely flowers! The light red bells are marked pricked out and potted in community with deeper red in the petals and the pots or, if space is no object, indi flowers are produced over a period of vidually into "thumb" pots, They will six weeks to two months. \iVhen several be ready for 3-inch pots when they are plants of different ages are growing in about five months old, An east or the same pot the planting will show tempered south light is desirable but some flowers at most any season of fluorescent lights suspended above the the year, Single plants grown from: plantings will produce very healthy erect plants. Sixty-eight would be a rhizomes started in late February or desirable temperature for these plants early March can be expected to produce but if precautions as to supplying ad flowers from May until mid-June or ditional humidity are observed some early July. Many large greenhouses varieties are quite at home in the aver that stock Gloxinias also have a few age living room. pots of this species for sale and they After plants have finished blooming, can usually be purchased for about fifty water may be withheld and the pots cents a pot. stored in the basement or some other I. a11'l.abile (Syn., KohleTia semanii) : cool, dry spot. When cared for in this This is a favorite among Gesneriad manner, the soil they are resting in collectors. The soft green leaves are should be sprinkled with water a:bout thinner and more fragile appearing than once a week. If allowed to become too those on some of the other Isolomas. dry the rhizomes dehydrate and dis Veins are purplish brown and this color appear. Rhizomes can also be stored in is diffused into the leaves. Flowers are sand or vermiculite in a ventilated box deep rose outside shading into a soft or jar with holes punched in the lid. pink interior and the throat and petals If they have been left in their original are dotted with wine flecks. Many pot they should be knocked out and ex growers let this Isoloma trail over the amined before planting time. Plants edge of the pot and use it as a hanging that have had good care during the basket planting. growing season grow many additional I. bogotense (Syn. I. pict'us or rhizomes and these can be broken apart K ohle1'ia pieta): Leaves on this plant and planted separately or the entire are 'l'l1arbelized silvery-green and well root ball may be left intact and -repotted grown specimens sport a heavy flush into a 4- or 6-inch pot, depending on of brown, The lower part of the flower how rapidly the root system expanded. is yellow dotted with red and the upper It is usually safest to wait until spring portion is bright red. to separate them 'but with care in I. eeeiliae: This is one of the most handling they can be divided any time choice of all the genus. Leaves are of the year. green stained with brownish patches I. hir sntmn (Syn. I. erianthum): and flower buds are encased in downy This is the species most commonly hairs, As the bud elongates it turns grown. The ovate, fleshy, dark green into a blush pink tube and the flower leaves are edged attractively with face and throat are deep rose. This. 172 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1953 plant is not quite so rapid a grower as The D'l:ctionary of Gardening, by The are other species. Roya l Horticultural Society, lists The Sta~1 , dard Cyclopedia of H orti twenty-nine Isoloma species and hy cultu,'e, ,by L. H. Bailey, lists two other brids. Surely this must be an indica species ,but I have not been able to find tion that these are favored pot plants them listed by a dealer nor have I in other parts of the world, found a private colledor who has grown them. A contribution fro11~ the A11~erican I . ocellatwl%: Green leaves, tubular Glox:inia Society. A 1'eview of Mrs. red floweTS whose petals are marked Schulz's '1 ew booll "Gloxinias-And with white and black dots. How To G,'ow Them" appeal's in this I. jalisCal1JU111. : Downy leaves and issue of The National H01'ticultural scarlet flowers. Ma.gaziI1e. Ed. A Book Or Two Reviews ·in this issb{.e WC1'e p'repared by: Freeman A. vVeiss, Frederic P. L ee, Victor R. Boswell, B. 17. Mon'ison, and the Manag'l'l'lg Ed,itor. Year B OOll of the Rose Society of The Rhododendron Handbook, 1952. Onta:rio, 1952. Arthur J. \i\Tebster, Editors N . K. Gould and P. M. Editor. Synge. The Royal Horticultural So An interesting feature is "The Clear, ciety, London, England. 1951. 331 ing House," devoted to appraisals of pages, not illustrated. $3.25 post recent (since 1947) introductions of paid. rose varieties by a group of 15 con V/hen the British Rhododendron As tributors from various localities in sociation was converted during the Ontario. There is also a Rose Analysis, War into the Rhodondendron Group in which rose varieties are rated for of the Royal Horticultural Society, the different purposes or qualities, such as Association's Yearbook published an exhibition, bedding, autumn blooming, nually from 1929 to 1939 became the fragrance'; likewise the relative popu Rhododendron Group's Handbook pub larity of varieties in the different types lished by the Society on a quinquen of roses-H: T., Climbers, Polyanthas nial basis, first in 1947. This is the sec -is shown. Valuable for its informa ond quinquennial edition. The H and tion on the performance of roses where book covers not only the true Rhodo the winters are generally on the severe dendrons but also the Azaleas. side, but the summer climate ( together On the whole the various editions of with good rose culture) is conducive the H andbooll (and its predecessor to the production of really fine roses. Year boo k ) have been uniform as to July 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 173 content : a li st of Rhododendron species ever, the Azalea grower can obtain con with British hardiness and merit rat siderably more informati on from the ings, identified by series and subseries, comprehensive Azalea Handbook pub and described by height of plant and lishedlast year by the American H orti color of fl ower ; a list of sy nonyms cultural Society and limited to the among Rhododendron species names; plants of the Azalea Series among the collection numbers of R hododen Rhododendrons. dron species collected by Forrest, Far rer, Kingdon-\Vard, Rock, Ludlow and Gloxin£as-Alld How To Grow Them. Sheri ff, Hu, and McLaren and in Peggie Schulz. M. Barrows and cultivation in Great Britain; a li st Company, Inc. New York. 1953. of hybrid Rhododendrons and Azaleas 128 pages, 28 illustrations, 4 in color. in the nursery trade with color of $2.95. fl ower and British hardiness and merit For the reviewer, concerned with ratings; a li st of newer Rhododendron format, typography, design, etc., (also hybrids and parentage and name of contents) he wondered upon opening raiser or exhibitor and date; and a list the opus why so much space was re of Rhododendron crosses alphabetized served under the F irst Printing date by names of parents. line on the copyright page. As he closed The Rhododendron Group is sus the book, on conclusion, an hour or so pending activities and winding up this later he was not only ashamed of those year. On the assumption that the Royal long legged tree-like things amongst Horticultural Society will continue the which he sat but he had the format Handbook, possibly suggestions fo r the puzzle solved. It was the sole anticipa next quinquennial edition are permis tion of a very smart printer-he knew si bl e : Expansion on an extensive scale that there would be a second, third, to make the li sts of deciduous and fourth and so on printing and all of the evergreen Azalea hybrids in terms of efforts on hi s part wo uld be to add the adequate; color references in terms of new date line to his plate and start the the Society's own H orticultural Colour press rolling. Chart; extending the distincti on be Mrs. ' Schulz has done what appears t ween hybrid groups and hybrid clones, to be a completely thorough job on the whenever possible, to the list of hybrid culture of Gloxinias. She treats their Rhododendrons and Azaleas available hi story, species, nwclern fluorescent in the nursery trade ; more detail as to li ghting as an aid to the basement height and other habit aspects of grower, propagati on, diseases, even hybrids, as to time of bloom of species sources of supply fo r the popular plant and hybrids, and as to type of fl ower and the problems and their solutions and flower cl uster; greater attention to for the greenhouse and commercial Dutch, Belgian, and Ger111an hybrids. grower. The Handbook has been a bible for The paragraphs on colchicine read many Rhododendron g r ower sand almost in a philosophical realm of the breeders in our Pacific northwest where metaphysical and should incite all cul tural conditions are simil ar to those readers to research this subject-the in England. The Hal7dbool< is also a current literature is voluminous. worthwhile aid to thei r kin in other An interesting endi ng tells of other regions of the United States. How- members of the GESN ERIACEAE Family 174 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1953 that are charming as house plants. the garden of E. H. M. Cox on the east These are certainly lesser known today coast of Scotland. and the reviewer feels sure will bestir Leading articles cover notes (first most of us to make a try with them. installment) on Rhododendron species Amazingly, throughout the entire and hybrids by the late Lionel N. de book one can find any number of elec Rothschild, very early flovvering hy tive ways for cultu'ring this plant brid hardy Rhododendrons by Freder which is good for all readers wherever ick Street, propagation by tip grafting Gloxinias may be grown, It leaves the by J. S. Y@ates of Palmerston North, grower with several ways in which to New Zealand, and propagation by stem reach the ultimate goal of successful cuttings by Joseph S. Wells of Bridge flowerings to be reached in the fashion ton, New Jersey. Two briefer articles most pleasing and adaptable to the indi concern the trial garden of the Ameri vidual plant's habitit and its tender's can Rhododendron Society of Portland, whims. The colored and black-and Oregon and the 1952 show of the white illustrations are very good. Tacoma, Vvasbington, Rhododendron To those of you familiar with the Society. N Cbtio17(}Jl H o,rticultuml 1\1 a;gCbzine and Ge01'ge F o1Test: J Mwneys Cbnd PlCbnt ~ith NIrs. Schulz' section on the GES Int1'oduct1:ons. Editor, Dr. J . Mac NERIACEAE vou will find the same de Queen Cowan with the assistance of lightful ea~; reading verbiage in her the staff of the Royal Botanic Gar book. By all 111eans grab a copy of the den, Edinburgh, and E. H. M. Cox. First Printing while it may still be Royal Horticultural Society, Lon available. don, England. 1952. 252 pages with 110 illustrations, 5 colored, and a The Rhododendro'n Yea1'bool~ 1953, map of the country covered by For No.7. Editors N. K. Gold and rest. $5.00' postpaid. P. M. Synge. Royal Horticultural George Forrest was not a gifted or Society, London, England. 1952. voluminous author like his fellow plant Vvith one colored and 43 line illus explorers \i\TilsolJ , Farrer, and King trations. $2.40 postpaid. don-Ward. In fact he could rarely be The 1953 number of the Rhododen induced to write of his work save dron Yearbook continues such custo incidentally in letters to .his family and mary features as reports of the discus the sponsOFs of his journeys. This vol sions of the meetings of the Rhododen ume -fills the gap by a brief account of dron Group, reports on exhibits at the his journeys (from 1904 until his death British Rhododendron Show, and de in 1932) in Northwest Yunnan, China, scriptions of various well known and southeast Tibet. These journeys Rhododendron gardens. One of the took place in the deep valleys of the gardens this time is the Royal Botanic Salween, Mekong, Yang.tze, and east Garden, Edinburg, Scotland. Not only ern branch of the Irrawady and the its plantings but its work in the intro high mountain ranges between these duction of species and early hybrid rivers, an area of around 50,000 square Rhododendrons over the past century miles. and a half is related. Others are the Forrest's colJections of Rhododendron gardens of Sir John Ramsden at Mun (309 new species) were the finest of caster Castle in western Scotland and all in quantity and quality. His P1'im- July 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 175 ula with 40 odd new species and his V ege,f}able Growing. James Sheldon Gentians came next. These with his Shoemaker, John Wiley and Sons, collections in some 58 other genera, Inc., New York. 1953. 515 pages, are fully described along with Forrest's illustrated (2nd ed.). $6.00 conJments and surrounding incidents. In his second edition of Vegetable The excellence of illustrations, many Growing, an unusual and very popular Forrest's own, and the writing itself text, several significant changes and afford lnuch pleasure. The book is additions have been made. The over both an interesting, as well as valuable, all length of the book is not materially coutribution to horticultural literature greater than that of the first edition, on plant explorers and their introduc but in effect its content has been ap tions. preciably expanded. The general organization of the work in 15 chGlJpters remains unchanged ex M a:/1Ju.al of the North A111,e1-ican S11'l"ut cept that certain material on insects and hmgi. George William Fisher. The diseases found in the last chapter of Ronald Press Co., New York. 1953. the first edition has been broken up and 343 pages, 136 halftone illustrations. placed in the respective crop sections $8.75. along with other specific data and di A book about the smut fungi by rections revealing to each crop. George Fischer carries about the same The expansion of information and degree of authenticity that the name bringing it up" to date through 19S1 Webster does on a dictionary. This is have been effected mainly by dropping strictly a taxonomic work and a very out some of the less significant details thorough one, ,covering 22 genera and of the first edition, replacing them with 276 species (without splitting!) of l:J.ewer and more significant material. smut fungi, occurring on species of 242 Some oondensation has also been ef host genera. It is prohtsely illustrated fected without omission of salient facts in order to add newer or more signifi with reproductions of photographs cant information. The Jist of publica showing the gross morphology and the tions -cited has been tripled to more microscopic details of most of the smut than 450. sp€cies treated. This feature distin Special attention has been given to guishes the pres~mt work from its variety .classification, bringing the American predecessors in this field, variety lists as nearly up-to-date as is Clinton's monographs of 1904 and possible. New problems or difficulties 1906, and Zundel's "Additi011s and in production that result from changing Correcti011,s)) of 1939. Another im circumstances have been dealt with in portant innovation is the index to some detail. New sections have been smuts ,based on the genera of hosts added on coated seeds, and on herbi they infect. A second key is based on cides. A short section on tampala has the morphology of the sorus a nd of the been replaced by one on zucca melon. spores without t11e use of germination The author's treatment of research characters. As an exemplary contribu findings and their applications reflects tion to the taxonomy of a large and wide familiarity with the recent as well economically important group of fungi as the older vegetable research and this work is outstanding. practice. 176 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1953 Most authors of books on vegetables are perennial students, and all of them or other groups of crops devote the live in a world in which the activities first few, or even several, chapters to of fungi play an increasingly recognized such general and background informa part. In the words of the author, tion as history and geography of the "With the discovery of antibiotics, with "industry," botany of the crop involved, the recent strides in the genetics and climate, soils, principles of fertiliza the biochemistry of the fungi, and with t ion, irrigation, soil management, the realization of the role which fungi propagation, and pest control. The play in the causation of allergies and author, however, except for the opening parasitic diseases of man, the need for chapter on seed production, proceeds a textbook written on the @lementary directly with the details on each vf the level has become greater * * * for some numerous vegetabls included. By dis knowledge of mycology is now not pensing with those · general chapters, only necessary to the biologist in gen and by use of an economical style, he eral, but is becoming a part of the has been able to pClick into 515 pages cultural background of every educated also an unusual number of revelant facts, and well-informed individual." significant statements, interesting odd This book aims to give "an insight ments and helpful bits of know-how into the importance of fungi to man and not commonly encountered in most text into the structure, life history, and books in this field. ~T ith few excep classification of fungi in general" with tions, information on the genetics of out "the innumerable details and ex vegetables is not included. ceptions which make the study of fungi Designed primarily as a text for stu so fascinating for the specialist, but so dents who will have received elsewhere bewildering for the beginner." It pri some knowledge in such related disci marily stresses morphology, but pre plines as soils, botany, plant pathology sents the subject in easy conversational and entomology, emphasis is directed terms with a minimum of technical vo to the production and management cabulary. There is an extensive glossary problems of the individual crops. For however. The diagrams of the struc the reader or student possessing some ture and the life cycles of fungi are ex- reasonable elementary background on cellent. . plant production it is an unusually exhaustive reference and guide. House Plants. Everyday Q~£estio 'ns A17S'" that are commonly asked by home gar Miscellaneous features are a chapter deners, and answers in terms that all on two genera closely related to gardeners understand, on the names, Colchicu111 s, Bulboco diu11'L andn M eren h a bi t s, c ui t u r e, propagation and dera " cri ti'cal bibli ographies on Crocuses troubles, are given for most of the and Colchicums; and a discussion of plants adapted to indoor use. Easy to the nomenclature of Crocus ve1'1~u.s bv fi nd the plant of your special interest Mr. B. L. Hurtt. Both format and if you know any name for it at all , and presentation are similar to the author's the information given leaves the house well known A Hamdbool? of Narcissus. plant culturist with little need for any Few genera among the bulbs contain thing more than the experience of ap so many hardy species and varieties plying it. blooming over so many months of the year as do the CrocHs and Colchuculn. A Ha11dbook of C1'Ocus a"/ld Colchicum, T he famili ar Crocuses of early spring f01' Ga1'de11,e1's . E. A. Bowles. D. are only part of the Crocus and Colchi Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Lon CU?1'/; picture. A serious minded gar don, E ngland, 1952. 222 pages with dener will fi nd the H andbooll both 32 illustrations, 12 in color . $6.00. comprehensive, scholarly, and interest Mr. Bowles' H andbooll is the au- ing. It will be of great help in under thoritative horticultural work on Cro standing and growing the many species cuses and Colchicums. George Maw's and varieties in these two genera. comprehensive and magnificent :Mono graph of the Genus Crocus, published T he A111.erican Rose Anmwl, 1953 . in 1886, has been long out of date and E dited for the American Rose So costly. ciety by R. C. Allen, assisted by This new edition of the Handbook, Margaret R. Snyder. H arrisburg, while a revision of the original 1924 Penna., 1953. 279 pages, illustrated. edition, has been almost completely re T o members only. written. Following introductory chap T hi s is a particularly interesting ters on the cultivation and botanical issue for in addition to the usual quota cha racteristics of Crocuses, M r. Bowles of articles fo r the beginner who has to gives a -c hapter each to the Spanish be reached apparently through the ' group, the eastern species fl owering in emotions, there are several very worth the autumn without leaves, the autumn while articles that will never raise an species fl owering with leaves, the saf emotional quiver. T he articles on rose fron group, the vermIs group, the breeding, Mr. Thompson's " Looking imperati group, the eastern reticulate F orward," a title that does not tell of species, the aureus group, the an the interest in species that may be the nulate Crocuses, and the mi scellaneous points of new departure, Mr. Brownell's spring fl owering species. " F orty Years of Rose R esearch," Similarly a general discussion of "Chromosome N umbers in Rosa" by Co lchicu111s is fo llowed by chapters on Morey and "\iVessig, Dr. Lawrence's C olchicu11'b autu,male and its allies, "H istory and Nomenclature of the ci hcic~m~, byzanti"/1u11'b, and speCiOSU11'L Fairy Roses" while not strictly in this and its varieties, the tesselated species, category touches the borders none the the garden hybrids, and the small less, Morey's "The Bourbon Rose," fl owered species. and J enki n'S "Rose Research Project" 178 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1953 all invite the closest reading and gation, hedges, and insects and diseases. thought. There are lists of shrubs by color of For the person who is concerned flower, color of fruit, color of foliage, with cultural matters there is the color of twigs, and autumn color; inevitable review of troubles, neatly put height; suitability for shade, seashore, and with little modicum of hope, false far south, city conditions, and dry and hope .that is. There are also reports wet sites; and hardiness. from various parts of the country with The sixth edition adds some shrubs differing climates and degrees of suc for the Gulf states and California. The cess. The only trouble with these re Azalea and F~Khs1:a texts are rewritten ports is that you probably will not find and other substantive revisions have your climate there. The Reviewer did been made. not find his. The Bool? of Shntbs does not stand H you do not belong to this Society, alone in its general field. Among its you should. several competitors Slv)"u,bs and Vines f01' A'1'berican Gardens by Donald The Book of Shru.bs, 6th Ed'ition. Wyman, horticulturist of the Arnold Alfred Carl Hottes. De La Mare Arboretum, published in 1949, is an Company, Inc., New York, New equally readable and a more ·compre York 1952. 438 pages with 190 hensive and informative treatment of illustrations. $2.00, . the subject, although somewhat more The Book of Shn£bs is probably the expensive in price. best known small popular volume on deciduous and evergreen broad leaf An Introduct£01'b To Statistical Science shrubs for the. general gardener or In Ag1'iculture. D. Finney. John home owner, particularly in the north J. Wiley and Sons, Inc., N ew York, eastern part of the United States. The 1953. 179 pages. $3.75. author is a former professor of horti culture at Ohio State University and An aid to the efficient planning of presently associate editor of Better agricultural resources and production, H 01'11-eS and Gardens. setting forth general statistical princi Many important genera of shrubs are ples and concentrates on their applica dealt with to varying extents. Brief tion in solving agricultural problems. non-technical descriptions are given of Dr. Finney, a lecturer in the design and outstanding species in the genus, their analysis of scientific experiment at the uses, soil preferences, pruning and University of Oxford, has been engaged transplanting requirements, and propa in agricultural research and teaching in gation, together with helpful critical England, the United States, and abroad comm.ents. In a few instances horti for many years. cultural varieties are mentioned, as in the case of Fuchsias, Weigelias, and The Years In My H erb G(//}'den. Helen Philadelphus, but not, for example, in M. Fox. The Macmillan Company, the case of Camellias, Azaleas, or Rho New York, New York 1953. 185 dodendrons except for a few Cataw pages, illustrated. $3.95. biense hybrids. This is a very personal book and one Many special topics are compactly that is enhanced in value by that very treated, as foundation plantings, soil fact. It has the further value in this acidity, transplanting, prumng, propa- case of having been written after many July 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 179 years of gardening, after other books lished and widely grown. Some 41 written perhaps under more urgency of specialists assisted the editor including gardening and experiment. a handful from the United States. It has the still further virtue of a Work is underway on a supplementary clear statement of what the author in fifth volume that will list subsequently tends to put in it, as clear a limitation introduced species and recommended of the field as has been the pleasure of garden varieties of the principal kinds this reviewer to read for years. "It of plants that are constantly ·being im has not been my intention to write a proved by hybridization and selection. complete herbal, but-" This is just The Dictionary has as its basis what the author has done and delight George Nicholson's The Illustrated fully, persuasively doubtless for many, Dictiona1'y of Gwrdening published be though not for all. tween 1884 and 1888 and long out of The pictures are charming, both date. The comparable publications in those from the new garden at High and our country are Liberty Hyde Bailey's Low and the old garden in Foxden. the Sta11.dard Cyclopedia of H 01,tic%l The portraits of plants are nicely posed ture published in 1917 in six large and placed. The pictures of other herb volumes and the recent one volume re gardens varied enough to hold any vised edition of his Mam£al of C~dti interested reader's attention and the vated Pla11ts. plans intriguing particularly in the The Dictionary of Gardening was somewhat limited planting lists. Except edited by Frederick James Crittenden, for one garden in California, and one technical advisor and editor of the from Missouri, all the gardens shown Royal Horticultural Society. Critten and planned are eastern and really den's editorial work on the Dictiona1'y northeastern. At the very end, there extended over the period 1939 until his are four pages of recipes, no more, for death in 1950. Mr. P. M. Synge and which some readers will feel regret, Mr. W. T. Stearn completed the some relief! Dic tionm'y. This is by far Mrs. Fox's best book In the main the Dictionary is ar and one looks forward with something ranged alphabetically by genera. Each more than anticipation to her promised genus has a description of its charac volume on Le Notre. teristics accompanied by cultural di rections, a key to its species, and a list The Royal Horticultuml Society's ing of the species with brief descriptions Dictiona1'y of Gardening. Edited by of each species and of some hybrids. Fred J. Chittenden assisted by Plant families are also listed alphabeti specialists. Oxford University Press, cally with a brief description of the Amen House, London, England, family and references to the more im 1951. 4 vols., 2316 pages with portant genera within the family. Inter numerous line illustrations. Large spersed are many articles of a general crown 4to., printed in double col character on diseases, pests, fertilizers, umns. $31.50 postpaid. and miscellaneous horticultural sub The Dictionary of Ga1'denin.g is a jects. British encyclopedic work on plant The Dictiol1ary is one of the great species in cultivation and some of the horticultural works of this generation. plant hybrids and forms long estab- It is of immense value to gardeners in 180 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1953 the United States with due allowance Hydrazime. Charles C Clark. Mathie fo r differences in requisite cultural son Chemical Corporation, Baltimore, conditions outside the Pacific N orth Md. 1953. 133 pages, with graphs west. and diagrams. A Flom of. Santa B a1'ba:ra. Clifton F. The versatile chemical which this Smith. Santa Barbara Botanic Gar book descfi.be s has a composition some den, 1952. 100 pages, illustrated. what akin to that of ammonia, but it $1.50. enters into vastly more different com pounds. It first ,came into industrial This is a very useful flora for local prominence early in \ I\T orld War II as use in the area studied. It deals only a fuel for rocket planes. By now it with "the vascular plants growing with has given rise to about 50 classes of out cultivation in the yicinity of Santa organic compounds, with numerous Barbara." This means of course those varieties of each, and the list is still many exotics are . included, some growing, These have found applica that escaped, some planted but un tions in the manufacture of dyes, plas- tended. 6cs, textiles, rubber, antiseptics, and For the causal gardener it will seem pesticides. Of greatest interest to horti a dull book, but do not be confused. culturists, however, is the new plant It is excellent and no one \'vho has not g r ow t h-stopper, maleic hydrazide, attempted a similar project can possi known for short as MH. Recent de bly imagine the work that piles up velopments in chemical control of mountain high before so simple a vol weeds and of the growth oj lawn grass ume can be born. by the use of MH are discussed else The Gentle Ki'ngdom of Giac01no. where (see p 167). The present book Evleyn \ I\T ells. Doubleday and Com is for chemists rather than horticul pany, Inc., New York, New York. turists and seems to 'cover about every 1952. 375 pages. $3,95. thing that was known of hydrazine and its compounds up to There are A novel about the flow er growers of 195 0. over literature citations. California. 150 Cyclamen Penicu1n: Its Nat'ural a11 d Cultivated Fonns. Walter C Blas dale. Stanford University P ress. Stanford, California, 1952, 49 pages, illustrated. Readers of this Magazine will recall Prof. Blasdale's contributions on the subject of Cycla11'lel1 , vari ous species. This booklet adds to what he has al ready written and wi ll be a welcome addi tion to our files, as it must be for anyone who is concerned with C')lcla m en in any other than a purely com mercial fashion. The Gardener's Pocketbook Notes from Pass Christian, l11ississippi fl owers the next day. T here is no in O ne of the first camellias to open in tention of making a catalogue of fa this garden where the collecti on is still vorites or t hat much more precarious small, is Appleblossom, assigned to business a list of the "ten best," as if Camellia saluenensis. It was very anyone could! But the longer one deliberate in making up its mind to sees Camellias, the 111 0re he appreciates grow and fl ourish but seems now to be the variations that may appear on one entirely at home. If it had no other and the same plant. In the neighbor virtue here, its very long blooming sea hood is a :fine old plant of EleO"ansb , son is greater than that of any other c0 111 1110nly if erroneously known as Camellia grown here. The fi rst fl owers Chandleri and by the even less careful opened in late October and the fi nal as "chandelier" rs ic] . T hi s varies not fl owers fe ll the third week in Jall uary, only in color pattern but in the degree with a good garden show effect through of doubling, and has given rise to varia Decemb er and J anuary. It is true that tions that appear to be fi xed by graft the fl owers are small, pitifully small if ing from the single scion that started one compares them to the fl owers of the whole busine s. In the garden some of the largest varieties of C. ja po here, the original is represented by a nica, but they are large enough and so plant in which there is almost no white much more numerous on the plant that mottli ng. There have been added a they make a better garden plant than white fo r111 and C. M. \Ni lson which is some of the japonica varieties. T he pink with some white on the margins. flowers are sweet-scented and those B. Y. M. with keen sense of smell in ist Concerning O. B owiei there is only seven and one-half per cent of which is one li ne: "This species has been culti in cultivated crops. Forest reserves vated as a border flower in England." amount to 1,211,535 acres. Both O. pU1'purea L., that was O. The Hawaiians consider that home va1'ia,b'ilis acq. the name under which J ::,crrown veo::,' etables are low in minerals, our plants were purchased, and O. and also in vitamins, so frozen peas, hirta L. are what the author prefers beans, asparagus, broccoli, spinach and to call "group species" into which are brussel sprouts which are shipped from put all the species of other authors that the Mainland may be purchased in the writer believes to be variants of the Honolulu. Cattle and sheep graze on type. These include variations in flower 1,533,000 acres. There are 220,380 color, leaflet shape, the degrees of hairiness chiefly. His field observations acres in sugar cane, 70,723 in pine seem to warrant his conclusions, but as apples, and 47,000 in diversified crops. he himself says repeatedly, in his book, The livestock consists of 54,400 of the whole genus needs much 111.0re swine, 30,000 head of beef cattle. study in the field and in cultivation to There are produced 3,707,000 dozen be sure that the variants are variants chicken eggs annually. and nothing more. If the white and yellow colored fl ower forms of p~wp '~wea SO'it ChGfracte1'istics are as handsome as the rose colored The newcomer to Honolulu is im flower we have here, they must be pressed by the reddish brown to red splendid. His form "C"- "Corolla soils which may be seen on the hillsides pale salmon fading to yellow and then and slopes. They reminded the writer, white in drying" is reported from two when in Brazil, of Marbuts and localities only but from a gardener's Glinkas' descriptions of some of the point of view seems worth a collecting soils in Brazil. trip. No mention is made as to whether They are reported by the Hawaiian or n6t the species is free-flowering, but SlJO"ar P lanters' Experiment Station to there is no suggestion that it is not if be ::, strikingly deficient in available the weather and other conditions are calcium, the pH values ranging from faborable, so cultural practices here 4 to 8, and to respond to nitrates must be worked out for better fl ower the or::,o'an ic matter content being very ing, perhaps even some modification to low- superphosphate and to some ex- offset "our" weather. tent potash. Upon examination when For the last species also, O. hi1'ta L., wet by the finger test they are not one finds reported the same sort of sticky, yet are very fine in texture, be variables. H1:rta, however, is caules ing similar to artists' modeling clay cent, and here again the gardener or colloidal clay. would like most to know and see the T hey are characterized by the free best of the rose-colored forms, the few dom with which water escapes or pene whites and yell ows. trates through them, causing much loss B. Y. M. of water from irrigation canals and ditches. The writer discovered that Food Production ·in Hawaii such may be stopped by spraying the The land area of the Territory of bottoms and sides of reservoirs, laterals Hawaii comprises 4,089,840 acres, and irrigation ditches with a latex. 184 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1953 The flat lands upon which vegetables powered with Diesel lllotors. This crop are produced are black in color, afford is irrigated in Hawaii. ing evidence that they allusively sup Sugar cane matures in 22-24 months. ported grasses. \iVhen a crop is cut it grows again from Honolulu gardeners grow carrots the roots. This growth is called the throughout the year. It has been found, rattoon crop. From two to four of however, that they do best in soil these rattoon crops are obtained from temperatures ranging from 56-72 de each normal planting of seed cane. grees, or at higher elevations, where Seed cane stalks are from one to three the soils are warmer. Also, that best feet in length. This is cut and planted results are derived when the seed is by machinery. The pieces are covered planted in January and the crop with one to three inches of soil. \iVhen harvested in March or April. They are full grown, the stalks are 15 to 20 feet poor in color if the soil is not well in length. drained. There are several large sugar cane Local commercial fertilizer and cul plantations in Hawaii. The average tural practices should be followed. The size is 8,000 acres. Each plantation is fertilizer "is placed in bands, two inches a complete community with its homes, to the side and one inch below the seed. schools, churches, playgrounds, medical The plants are thinned to a distance of facilities, theatres, independent mer one inch apart in the row. chandising and several businesses. . The production of bananas is inter Commercial fertilizers are used by esting. It should be noted that they are sugar cane growers. They are applied rather delicate, and that they ripen best in solution by means of a helicopter. when the bunches are green. Insects Repetitions are made as the ap are most damaging to the fruit if it is of the plants indicate that plant food is permitted to soften on the bunch. It needed by them. should be cut before the fruit bunches The pineapple industry is one of the begin to change color. Each tree pro two leaders in Hawaii. Pineapples are duces one bunch of bananas in its life produced on 70,900 acres of land on time. If the tree is tall it is cut down the Islands. Its output is valued at one and the bunch removed before it begins hundred million dollars annually. It is to change color. It is considered to be a remarkably delicious fruit when the best practice to hang the bunches properly ripened. Eighty-three per cent of the nation's supply of pineapple in a screened place, or cover each bunch products are produced in Hawaii. with cloth, such as cheese cloth. It is It is not grown from seeds for very lowered gently by the use of a forked few have seeds. It will grow roots from stock, thus prQtecting the fruit. fruit when it is buried in the soil. These The production and marketing of plants fruit in 18 to 24 months. They sugar cane in Hawaii is a huge and do not produce additional fruit. The interesting industry. One million tons ll1ature plants range from 2 to 4 feet in of sugar are produced here annually. height. Every part of the plants is About 10 million tons of cane is moved utilized, nothing is wasted. The shell from one million acres of land to sugar is ground and dried for use as pine mills annually. This is accomplished apple bran for feeding livestock. The by the use of huge units which are leaves of the plant are returned to the July 1953 "THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 185 soil. The writer however, ground them When the fruit is harvested, a me finely, added latex and pressed the mix chanical harvester, drawn by a truck ture into lumber. This is not attacked has a conveyor belt which extends by termites or other insects, fungi and horizontally into the field about thirty -bacteria. feet. The conveyor belt carries the The Dole Pineapple Company is the fruit, which is placed on it by laborers, largest food canning factory in the to a moving bin. The bin is so arranged world, having 37Yi acres of floor space. that it may ·be replaced by another one A maximum of 80 million cans of when it is full of fruit. The bins or pineapple can be stored here. It is boxes of fruit are taken to the p lant thoroughly modern and mechanized from the field. Here the fruit is dumped throughout. The 41 Ginaca Machines remove the shell and core, also cut off on conveyor belts which take it to the the ends which leaves the fruit in cyl desired location for processing. indrical form. The cylinders move on M. M. MCCOOL conveyors to the timmers. The tim mers discard all fruit that does not meet the Dole high quality standards. Two New Roses T/f11:n Award The cylinders now go through All-America Rose Selections marks slicers. These are sorted by packers its Fifteenth Anniversary with the an and placed in cans. Inspectors check nouncement that two magnificent new the quality of the fruit and the grading. roses have won its coveted All-America Fifteen minutes only, are required Rose award for 1954. This award is for a pineapple to be processed after the highest honor in the flower world. it reaches the factory. It is graded To reach this top, the brilliant new mechanically and moved to the cannery winners competed against the best new on two 48 inch conveyors. A maximum rose introductions of the United States of 175,000 pineapple an hour are con and Europe. After two years of rigid veyed to the cannery. testing in twenty different trial gar The preparation of the land for the dens, they proved their superiority over crops begins six to eight months before all the other roses entered in the All it is planted. The fields are plowed and America trials. The new titleholders harrowed until the surface is broken are: up into good tilth. At the last plowing the soil is fumigated by organic chemi LILIBET, a dawn pink floribunda, cals, such as DD and others. and . Since much of the soil is rolling to hilly, soil terracing and contour crop MO J AVE, a warm apricot-orange ping have to be practiced. hybrid tea. The crop is planted in rows. When These two new roses are the proud the plants are about three feet in height, results of more than six years work the soil is hidden from view by the by hybridizers who discarded thousands leaves. Weeds are removed by use of of seedlings in their search for varieties chemical sprays, mulch paper and by worthy of the A.A.R.S. award. tillage machinery and hoes. The com mercial fertilizers are appli ed in solu The new holders of the horticultural tion alongside the rows. This is done "Oscar" are the 38th and 39th varieties by machinery. to be named to the Royal Family of 186 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1953 Roses since the inception of All-Ameri formed foliage, make Lilibet a model ca Rose Selections fifteen years ago. rose. The first announcement of the All At a distance, Lilibet appears as a America award was made in 1940 fol uniform rose pink, but closer inspec lowed by an annual award each year tion reveals shadings of several clear since with the exception of 1951. In pink tones. Before the calyx breaks that year, none of the roses entered in the buds are Empire red, but rapidly the trials was able to meet the high turn to pink as the petals unfold. The standards set by the A.A.R.S. Instead plant blooms continually. Buds are of announcing a winner, the National uniquely high centered and symmetri Rose Jury picked the ten best All cal, opening into well formed blooms. America roses named up to that time. Occasionally flowers are borne sing The All-America title is the most ly, but .the characteristic "cluster important honor which can be awarded bouquets" of the floribunda are the to roses in this country. The two major feature. The fragrance is spicy winL1ers were placed under test in 1951 and pronounced. in competition with most of the world's Lilibet has fine leathery foliage with other important new varieties. Test better than average disease resistance. plants were grown in each of the twenty Leaves are bronze green when ' new, A.A.R.S. trial gardens which are so turning to a deep glossy green. located as to provide the greatest varia MOJAVE derives its name from the tion of soil and climate conditions. rich bright colors of the Painted Desert. During the two year testing period, The dominating color of this hybrid tea each plant was carefully ,checked on is a glowing apricot-orange which is some thirteen different points under a highlighted with warm tints of nastur uniform gardening system. These in tium red, scarlet and vermilion. Its clude hardiness, disease resistance, luminous color becomes more intense fragrance, flower form, color, and other under artificial light. characteristi.cs which we r e closely The richly colored bud of Mojave is watched and scored by qualified judges. long and slender, producing a large At the end of the testing period, the double flower of about 25 petals which total scores were submitted to the Na have a pleasant fragrance. Nearly every tional Rose jury which compiled data bloom is ·borne singly on a long straight from all twenty of the trial gardens. stem, making it ideal for cutting. The In its fifteen years, All-America Rose plant is tall and upright, covered with Selections has made L11arked progress large glossy, handsome foliage. True toward its goal of creating higher orange colored roses are very rare in standards for roses in general and safe deed and Mojave is the finest orange guarding the public by developing colored garden rose offered to the pub varieties which will produce outstand lic. ing results in any section of the coun Both of these magnificent new All try. America roses will be available to the LILIBET, is an enchanting dawn public for planting in the fall and will pink floribunda which commemorates lend their color and charm to gardens the childhood nickname of Queen throughout the United States in the Elizabeth II. Soft pink masses of following season. They may be obtained flowers combined with vigorous, well- next fall and spring from all leading July 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 187 nurserymen although supply during the viduals with blue calyces) are very first year is limited. conspicuous. The flower including the L. RICHARD GUYLA Y calyx is 2 inches long. The calyx is ~ inch long. When one sees them for Aech111ea FilicClJulis the first time high over one's head, The pineapple, the most widely slightly swaying in an updraft and with known member of the family BROMELI the thin supporting stalks almost in ACEAE, sets to a certain extent the pat visible, they suggest butterflies rather tern for the general appearance of than flowers. most of the others. This is a more or This species was first described in less cup-shaped, tight cluster or rosette 1864 by Griesebach as Billbe1'.91·a of hard narrow leaves, from the center filicClJulis and has since been known only of which arises the inflorescence. The from herbarium specimens. As far as pineapple with a few close relatives is in known to the writer, the plants col so far an exception as the whole in lected in ,the fall of 1951 by the writer florescence swells up into a globe and his ,companion, Mr. Mulford B. shaped fleshy "syncarp," resembling a Foster of Orlando, Florida, were the fruit. first to be introduced into cultivation, Most of the Bromeliads have up while the accompanying photograph right flower spikes or panicles, fre taken in February 1953 in the green quently covered with colored bracts houses of the Montreal Botanical Gar which contrast brilliantly with the den-shows one of the first two plants colors of the flowers or of the ripening of this species to flower in cultivation. fruit capsules. Best known among those The first flowering of a new plant with drooping flower panicles are prob under controlled greenhouse conditions ably the Billbergias some of which are offers, of course, a valuable opportunity exceedingly handsome. However, the for observations which cannot be made Aech111,ea shown in the accompanying in the natural habitat and which com illustrations is undoubtedly unique, not plement the information so far avail only in this particular genus but also able. One of these was the interesting in the whole family, since its panicles fact that the long inflorescence of are suspended on wire-thin. stalks to a Aech1%ea filica~~z.is develops only very length of 5 to 6 feet. They present a ~Iowly, 6 to 7 weeks being required truly spectacular sigh.t wl1en en from the .time it is first seen to emerge countered in the jungle forests of from the center of the leaf cup before Northeastern Venezuela, where in the first flower opens. Thereafter, October-November 1951 it was the flowers ·open intermittently 1 to 5 or privilege of the writer to see them in more at a time, without any apparent their full glory. sequence as to location on the panicle, The plants usually grow attached to and over an additional period of 8 to the bare trunks br branches of high 9 weeks. The first flower is likely to trees-most commonly near the 3,000 open somewhere in the middle of the ft. level of the coastal mountain range panicle, followed by others near the (cordillera costanera )-, and the bright beginning and near the tip. Sometimes red, horizontally extended bracts sup no flowers at all open for several days. por.ting each whorl of flowers, as well Each individual flower lasts for only as the relatively large pure white one day. The 5 ft. panicle of one of flowers themselves (on some indi- our plants carries 78 buds. 188 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1953 Individual plants of Aech11~ea jili or syringing. The leaf cup of the plant cauris vary in leaf color. Some are and its leaf bases should be kept filled bright red, some are entirely fresh with water which is important with all green and some are dark green with epiphytic bromeliads of this growth red shadings. Apparently this dif type. 'lve have observed furthermore ference is not caused by light or shade, that a once weekly spraying with a since three plants at the Montreal Bo completely soluble, highly diluted com tanical Garden-one each of the above plete fertilizer (1 teaspoon per gallon three types-have maintained their of water) results in increased vigor of original coloration also in their offsets, growth and a much greater readiness in spite of the fact that they are grow to flower. Actually, this procedure ing side by side under identical con merely represents a lesson learned from ditions. nature, since the daily jungle shower Because of its long hanging flower brings with it dust from the atmosphere panicle Aech111ea jilic(];u.hs is best grown as well as dissolved bird droppings and in hanging baskets, and tightly packed other matter from the upper branches Osmunda fiber serves very satisfac of .the trees, therewith amounting in torily as a supporting medium. Its fact to a mild daily feeding. One should habitation in the "cloud forest," where further realize that these plants do not a daily shower is the rule even during inhabit the dark depth of the jungle but the so-called dry season (October-Feb seek light in the crowns of the trees. ruary) , suggests liberal daily spraying Growing them in hanging baskets July 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 189 1I1trrior and exterior v£rnCJs of the new' ah£11vil1u,1n lath house M the Los Angeles State a I1d C OU'11 ty Arboretu1II, 190 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE July 1953 makes it possible to suspend them near n1.oving our old unit and attaching it the roof of the greenhouse, where light to two new units recently installed. conditions are more favor?-ble for them Our new house consists of one unit 40' than on the greenhouse bench. X 120' long, 8' high plus another unit H. TEUSCHER 30' X 60' and 12' high. Expansion room has been provided to later attach Lath H M~ses of Alu11'~inU111, another 40 X 120 foot unit. About three years ago the Los Details of construction may be seen Angeles State and County Arboretum through the accompanying illustration. was instrumental in trying a new type In essence the aluminum alloy used of Lath House. is durable against various adverse A local company was ready to go climatic conditions and withstand heavy into commercial production of alumi winds. Maintenance of these houses is num lath house and was awarded the almost nil. They are easy to install, ·bid for its construction by the County light in weight and always neat in ap of Los Angeles at our Arboretum. pearance. Double adjustable roof Sjnce the construction of that first panels are available for easy regulation house, others have been installed at of light control. such institutions as Rancho Santa Ana Initial installation cost compares Botanic Garden, Desert Botanic Gar favorably with similar houses con dens, U. C. L. A., Huntington Botanic structed of wood and the subsequent Gardens, University of California, maintenance is very greatly reduced. Berkeley; Fresno State College, Los Besides the standarcl 10 X 10 foot Angelel? County Fair Grounds, as well as at a number of commercial nurseries clear span units, there also are manu and private collections. factured similar prefabricated package Over a period of three years many units for domestic use raging in sizes advanced ideas and improvements have from 6' X 8' to 10' X 12, in two foot been incorporated into the construc increments. tion, yet it was a simple matter of R. J. SEIBERT List of Reprints from The National Horticultural Magazines Available for Sale, Prepaid Orders should be sent to: Secretary, The American H orticul tura l Society, Inc. 1600 Bladensburg. Road, N . E. Washington 2, D . C. BOSWELL, V. R. Crushed stone for lilies .05 SLATE, GEORGE L. Sweet potatoes in Japan .10 An interesting variety of Lilium Lily notes: BREAKEY & COURTNEY superbulll .05 Minor species of Asbtic lilies .10 Fascination in the Easter Lily .10 Varieties of lilium superbum .05 Minor species of European lilies .10 BRIERLEY, P. HOUSER, H. A. Raising lilies from seeds .05 '-Vhat can be done about lily mosaic .05 Methods gf raising garden lilies Some random lily notes .05 BUCKLEY, A. from seed . 10 SLATE & IMLE Seed lings of the gold en rayed lily .0; HUME, H. HAROLD Living with lily mosaic .05 CAMPAU, E. L. Correlation of classification and dis- SPINGARN, ]. E. Phlox, the new garden :uistocrats .05 tribution in zephyranthes .10 Large fl owered clematis, tentative CASAMA]OR, R. check list .10 The story of Camellia reticulata .05 IHLDER, L. Gardening in shade .05 COOK, O. F. STEVENSON, F. ]. Household palms :lOd related genera JONES, K. D. Breeding potatoes resistant to dis- Part I .10 Acacias in California .25 eases .05 Part II .10 Plants of New Zealand grown in STOUT, A. B. A diminuthre palm from Maryland .10 Cali fornia .25 Memo re nomenclature of lilies .05 Cascade Palms in S. Mexico .10 KILLIP, E. P . STOUTEMYER, V. T. Oil palms in Florida, Hani and Bomarea, a genus of showy Andean Propagation of Chinanthus retusus Panama . 10 plants .10 by cuttings .05 Climbing and creeping palms in KRAUS, E. ]. Propagation of muscari by leaf Mexico .10 Develop ing new clones of chrys- cuttings .05 A -new commercial palm in anthemums .10 Starting and growing plants in Ecuador . 10 LOOM IS, H. F. sphagnum moss .05 CREECH, ]. L. New crape myrtle for Florida .05 THOMAS, C. C. Genus Lycoris in the Mid-Atlantic New palms in Florida .05 Propagation of some deciduous States .10 Nipa palm of Orient .05 trees from so ft wood cuttings .05 Philadelphus notes . 10 Virgin orchid .05 Some factors influencing rooting of CUMMING, ALEX. LORENS, KARL K. cuttings of Chinese holly .05 Garden chrysanthemums .LO A seven year study of oriental VARGAS, CESA R C. CURTIS, A. E. poppies .05 Two new bomareas and a new Papaver orientale .05 stenomesson .05 EASTWOOD, A. McCLELLAND, T. B. A new device for layering .05 WARNER, R . M. T he true species of fuchsia cul- Success with Lilium japonicum .05 tivated in C:tlifornia . 10 McILHENNY, E. A. Bamboo growing for the South .10 WEDDLE, CHARLES ENG LISH, EDITH H. The elegant zinnia .10 Iris aureonympha .10 Bamboo, a must for the South .10 WHERRY, E. T. ESSIG, E. O. McKELVY, SUSAN DELANO Arctomecon ca lifornicum .05 Our native phloxes and their hor- Fuchsias . 25 ticultural derivatives .10 FOOTE, F. E. McRAY & WARNER List of plants requiring circum- A well considered schedule for Historical sketch of tulip mosaic .1 0 neutral soils .05 jUdging narcissi .05 MORRISON, B. Y. FOSTER, M. B. Achimenes) preliminary notes .10 WILSON, WARREN C. My flower has a temperature .05 More about African violets . 10 Collecting alpines in the Shick· FOX, H. M. New quinine from this hemisphere . 10 shocks .10 Chinese lilies discovered by French Notes on old varieties of Indian Collecting western alpines by air .10 missionaries .1 5 azaleas .10 WYMAN, D. GRAVES, GEORGE NELSON, IRA S. Hedges for North America .10 The beach plum , its written record . J 0 A review of Louisiana irises .10 YOUNG, ROBERT A. Verschaffe lt's Nouvelle icon. des OPITZ, K. W. Bamboos for American horticul- camellias .05 Hybrid clivias for distinction and ture: GROFF, G. WEIDMAN beauty . 10 I. Sma ller hardy bamboo .10 If. Medium size ha rdy bamboo .10 Standardized metal marc at box for REED, C. A. plant propagation .10 Beginning pecan growing as an III. Larger hardy bamboo .10 IV. Tropical type .10 HAWKES, A. D. orchard industry .05 Mascarena vershaffeltii .05 1946 status Chinese chestnut grow- V. Tropical type .10 HENRY, MARY G. ing in Eastern U . S. - .05 The Chayote .10 Collecting plants in northern Brit· ROBERTS, EDITH A. YOUNGMAN, W. H. ish Columbia (Bound) .50 American ferns, how to grow them . 10 The United States vegetable seed Some eastern penstemons .05 SAUNDERS, SILVIA industry .05 Lilium canadense .05 Portfolio of peony species (pic- Gardens an important cog in Ger· Lilium bakerianum .05 tures on ly) .1; ll1:\n food supply .05 r191) List of the Back Numbers of The National Horticultural Magazine Available for Sale, Prepaid Orders should be sent to: Secretary, The American Horticultural Society, Inc. 1600 Bladensburg Road, N. E. Washington 2, D. C. Vols. 3 & 4, 1924-26, Vol. 19, 1940, No. L ______.•75 No. *------.------.25 No. 2.______.75 Vol . 5, 1926, No. *------.25 No. 3.. ______.75 Vol. 6, 1927, No. 2-______.75 No. 4 ______.75 No. 3 ______.75 Vol. 21, 1942, No. L ______.75 No. 4 ______. _ .75 No. 2______.75 Vol. 7, 1928, No. 1______.75 No. 4 ______._ .75 Vol. 22 , 1943, No. 1.. ______. ______.75 No. 2 ______~_ .75 No. 3 ______.75 No. 2 ______.75 No. 4 ______.75 No. 4 ______. ___ .75 Vol. 23, 1944, No. 1... ___ . ____ . ______.75 Vol. 8, 1929, No. 3 _____ , ______.75 No. 2-______.75 Vol. 9, 1930, No. L ______.75 No. 3 ____ .75 Vol. 10, 1931, No. 2 __ _. ______.75 No. 4 __. ______.__ .75 No. 3 ______.75 Vol. 24, 1945, No. L ______.75 No. 4.______. ______.75 No. 2 ______.75 Vol. II, 1932, No. '-______. ___ .75 No. J ______.75 No. 2 ______.75 No. 4 ______.75 No. 3 ______.75 Vol. 25, 1946. No. 2------.7"----.------.----..75 No. 4 ______. __ ._ .75 No. 3 ______.75 Vol. 12, 1933, No. 1.._.. _...... __. ____..• 75 No. 4 ______. ___ ._ .75 No. 2._... __ ._. _____ ._.. ____ .___ .75 Vol. 26, 1947, No. L ______. __ .75 No. 4 ____ .__ ... _. __ .___ .__ ....._ _ .75 No. 2 ______.______.75 Vol. 13, 1934, No. L ___ .... _... ______._ .75 No. L __ ~ ______._ ___.. 75 No. 2.__ .. ______. __ ..... __...... _ .75 No. 4 ______._. ______.75 No. 3 ___ ...... _ ..__ ._._ .. _._ ... _._ ..75 Vol. 27, 1948, No. 2.______.75 Vol. 14, 1935, No. 2.__ . __ .. ______. __ ...... ______.75 No. 3 ______.75 No. 3 __. _____ ... ___. ___ .•75 No. 4.__ ._. ______.75 No. 4. __ ..... _. __ . _____. __ ._ .75 Vol. 28, 1949, No. 1... ____ . __ __ . ______1.00 Vol. 15, 1936, No. '-_.. . _. ______. __ ..... ____ .. __ . __ .75 No. 3.. ______1.00 No. 2 .. __ ._. ______.. _._ ..75 Vol. 29, 1950, No. '--- ______. ______.___ 1.00 No. 3.______. _____ ._. ______.75 No. 2 ______1.00 No. 4.__ .. _._ ..... ______. ___ _.. __ .75 No. 3.. ______.1. 00 Vol. 16, 1937, No. 2 ______.. _._._._ ...... __ .75 No. 4.______._1.00 No. 3.__ . ______.._ ...... ___ .75 Vol. 30, 1951, No. '-_. ______. ______. ______1.00 No. 4.___ . ____ ._ ...... ____ ..... _. __ .75 No. 2 ______. ___ 1.00 Vol. 17, 1938, No. I ___ . ______.. ______. __ .75 No. 3.. ______. __.1.00 No. 2 ______.75 No. 4 ______1_00 No. 3.______. ______.75 Vol. 3 I, 1952, No. 2.. ______. ______1.00 No. 4.______.75 No. 3.__ ._. ______._._._. ___ . ____ 1.00 Vol. 18, 1939, No. '-____ . ______.. _. ______. ______.75 No. 4 _____ . __. ______.. ______. 1.00 No. 2.______.75 Vol. 32, 1953, No. '-. ______... ______._. ____ 1.00 No. 3.______.75 No. 2. ___ . ___ . __ . ______.. ______._. 1.00 No. 4 ______.75 No. 3 ___ .. ______.. _____ . ______1.00 ·O"e complete issue. 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