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United States Army Aviators' Clothing, 1917-1945

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United States Army Aviators' Clothing, 1917-1945 Also by C.G. Sweeting United States Army Aviators’ Equipment, 1917–1945 (McFarland, 2015) United States Army Aviators’ Clothing, 1917–1945 C.G. Sweeting McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers Jefferson, North Carolina This book is a republication of Combat Flying Clothing: Army Air Forces Clothing During World War II (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1984). LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGUING DATA ARE AVAILABLE BRITISH LIBRARY CATALOGUING DATA ARE AVAILABLE e-ISBN: 978-1-4766-1809-8 © 2015 C.G. Sweeting. All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. On the cover: Type A-2 summer flying jacket originally worn during the war by Lt. Col. (later Brig. Gen.) Robert W Waltz, 390th Bomb Group, Eighth Air Force (Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum); World War II airplane (Melissa Madia/Thinkstock) McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers Box 611, Jefferson, North Carolina 28640 www.mcfarlandpub.com Contents Preface Introduction 1. Problems in the Development of Flying Clothing 2. The Manufacture and Supply of Flying Clothing 3. Research and Testing of Flying Clothing 4. Heavy Winter Shearling Flying Suits 5. Electrically Heated Flying Suits 6. Other Types of Flying Suits 7. Other Items of Body Clothing 8. Headgear 9. Handwear 10. Footwear Appendices A. “Program of the Personal Equipment Laboratory,” The Personal Equipment Officer 2, no. 2 (c. 1946), p. 1. B. “Kit, Clothing and Equipment, Flyer,” Technical Order no. 00-30-41, Headquarters, Army Air Forces, Washington, D.C., April 16, 1942. C. “Kit, Flyer’s Clothing and Equipment,” Technical Order no. 00-30-41, Headquarters, Army Air Forces, Washington, D.C., October 20, 1945. D. Clothing—Refinishing Sheep Shearling Type Flying Clothing,” Technical Order no. 13-1-10, Headquarters, Army Air Forces, Washington, D.C., October 16, 1943. E. “Preliminary Tests on Durability of Flying Clothing ” Memorandum Report no. ENG-49-695-2S, Aero Medical Laboratory, Materiel Command, Wright Field, Ohio, April 12, 1944. F. Type Designation Sheets, Wright Field, Ohio, 1920s through World War II. G. The Preservation of Vintage Flying Clothing and Accessories. Abbreviations Notes Bibliography List of Names and Terms Preface Since 1945 almost every aspect of air operations in World War II has been examined in detail. The aircraft, aces, and air combat in particular have been discussed in numerous books and articles. A notable exception to this growing store of knowledge is the subject of flying clothing and accessories, particularly the items worn by American airmen during their many hard-fought campaigns around the world between 1941 and 1945. This gap in information, however, is not due to disinterest in flying clothing and its important role in winning the war. Rather, it indicates the absence of reference sources on the development and manufacture of flight materiel. This book is my attempt to document the development, procurement, and utilization of the flying clothing worn by the airmen of the U.S. Army Air Forces (AAF) during World War II. I hope it will stimulate further research that will bring to light additional information of value. Space limitations prevent the inclusion of the countless variations, modifications, and unauthorized items of flying clothing and equipment that were used by the AAF. Many garments that did not conform exactly to the original specifications were made—and will frequently be found today. This is mainly because numerous minor changes and improvements were introduced during the manufacturing process, or in the field, without changing the type numbers. In general, service uniforms and mechanics’ clothing also fall outside the scope of this study. Additional articles of clothing and equipment will be covered in a subsequent work to be published at a later date. That work would include such items as ballistic protective gear, oxygen masks and devices, parachute systems, anti- g garments, and survival equipment. For the collector, a word of caution is in order. As the economics of supply and demand dictate, when the market values of historic items increase beyond their current manufacturing costs, reproductions appear. Some reproductions serve a useful purpose: for example, they allow the owners of vintage aircraft to wear appropriate apparel without wearing out scarce original garments. Copies of AAF shearling jackets and Type A-2 leather jackets, with authentic looking labels, are currently being produced. Other replicas —including helmets, goggles, badges, and insignia—are also in wide circulation. Copies of the CBI patch originally made some forty years ago are being manufactured today in the Far East. Unfortunately, these reproductions are frequently offered as originals and must be examined very carefully, so that the buyer realizes that a modern reproduction is being purchased. Information and photographs for this study were obtained from a number of sources, as well as through the examination of original specimens in the collection of the National Air and Space Museum (NASM). I wish to thank the individuals who assisted me and to express my appreciation for the special contributions made by Donald Huxley of Johnstown, New York, former chief of the U.S. Air Force Clothing Branch, and Robert Lehmacher of Burbank, Illinois, a well-known authority on flying clothing and accessories. Both generously offered their expertise and kindly consented to review my final manuscript. Walter J. Boyne, the director of NASM, provided suggestions and encouragement. George A. Petersen of Springfield, Virginia, furnished useful reference material, while Dr. Von D. Hardesty, associate curator of the NASM Aeronautics Department, offered valuable advice. Last, but not least, Donald S. Lopez, deputy director of NASM, was particularly helpful since, as a flyer with the AAF during World War II, he used or wore many of the types of items discussed in this book. Introduction In the early days of aviation flying airplanes was fraught with many hazards and difficulties. The open aircraft of that era usually caused pilots and passengers great discomfort with their deafening roar, splattering oil, and icy wind, not to mention the lashing rain or snow. The first civil and military aviators braved the elements in whatever clothing they considered appropriate. Leather coats and goggles, such as those worn by motorcyclists, and football helmets were a few of the items of apparel that proved useful in the early years of flight. By 1911 helmets and other special items of clothing for aviators were being offered for sale by various firms, and by 1913 entire catalogs devoted to flying clothing and equipment were available from companies in the United States and Europe.1 The beginning of World War I in 1914 created a great demand for military uniforms in Europe, and this included flying clothing for the services. The thousands of army and navy aviators entering service needed suitable garments, so new designs were produced to meet the requirements of wartime flying. A similar situation confronted the U.S. Army when the United States entered the war in April 1917. The small Army air arm, then part of the Signal Corps, expanded immensely and required quantities of flying clothing suitable for winter and summer use. These needs were supplied at first by allied nations and by civilian clothing purchased off-the-shelf. The origins of many items of flying clothing used in World War II can be traced back to military developments initiated in World War 1.2 During the period between the wars the development of aviation clothing was determined almost entirely by the progressive changes and advances made in military aircraft. As new aircraft could fly increasingly higher and faster, their crewmen required improved types of flying garments and accessories. During World War II advanced aircraft designs, changing tactics, and the pressing demands of worldwide combat operations not dreamed of even a few years earlier also accelerated the development of suitable clothing for the Army Air Forces. But research and development were only part of the story. Manufacturing and supplying so great a variety of flight gear in such huge quantities during the war provided American industry with one of its greatest challenges. As a spin-off of technology, flying clothing has an evolution that is an important part of the broader history of aviation. Flight materiel must be available in adequate quantity when and where it is needed, but most important, it must be rigorously practical: it must work and be effective, even in the crucible of combat. The fact that almost all important difficulties were overcome so that adequate quantities of serviceable flying clothing and accessories could be supplied to the Army Air Forces during the war is a tribute to the dedicated civilian and military personnel concerned with development and procurement, as well as to the members of the American clothing industry. 1 Problems in the Development of Flying Clothing From the freezing temperatures of the Arctic to the sweltering jungles of the South Pacific, Army Air Forces (AAF) personnel flew countless combat missions throughout World War II. Providing the clothing worn by the various crewmen aboard the many different types of aircraft was a monumental task, to say the least. The development and production of flying clothing
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