Point of Sale: the Heart of Retailing

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Point of Sale: the Heart of Retailing POINT OF SALE: THE HEART OF RETAILING Analysis and insights on the latest trends in retail: artificial intelligence, Quick Service Restaurants, and more Capgemini has deep expertise in retail and digital transformation. This is a proficiency developed over countless projects, including those centered on a critical element of retail technology: the Point of Sale. Whether it is called Point of Sale, Point of Service, Point of Contact, or some similar name that encompasses both online and offline purchases, the goal is a financial transaction and, regardless of the name, the interaction with the customer is what ultimately matters most. The market for Point of Sale (POS) evaluation of their POS solution Intel has positioned solutions has changed dramatically only once every 10 to 15 years, over the last couple of years. there is limited knowledge and the following Acquisitions, omnichannel strategy, experience available to complete market trends as demand for a lower Total Cost of the evaluation internally. Ownership (TCO), introduction of influencing the need cloud-based POS solutions, and To help retailers accelerate the for innovative POS the need for real-time analytics POS vendor selection process, capabilities have transformed the Capgemini has developed a proven solutions: industry. As a result, retailers are methodology. The Capgemini POS increasingly confused about the tool, supported by Intel, is a crucial • New store experience-focused route to take when selecting a part of this process. Using this tool capabilities in an era of new POS solution. Just taking the and Capgemini’s methodology, omnichannel commerce most recent Forrester Wave: Point retailers are able to reduce the of Service report or Gartner Magic time taken from identifying a long • Customer demand for Quadrant can provide a starting list of potential vendors to making frictionless experiences, point with some insight on leading their final selection. More than including self-service and POS vendors, but do these lists 10 years ago, Capgemini started contact-free payments. identify the solution that fully collecting data about POS solutions. meets the retailer’s requirements? Initially a local initiative with just a The refreshed version of the tool Because of the lack of both time few global POS vendors, over the incorporates artificial intelligence and resources, retailers tend to years Capgemini has expanded (AI) as well as Quick Service select POS vendors recommended this process and incorporated all Restaurant (QSR) considerations by Forrester and/or Gartner. global and select regional vendors. and insights. Even then, comparing solutions An extensive questionnaire is sent against retailer requirements every two years to the market, remains a time-consuming task. and the acquired data is added to Since most retailers perform an Capgemini’s POS tool. 2 Point of Sale: the heart of retailing Retail industry consolidations, omnichannel strategies, demand for lower Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), cloud-based Point of Sale (POS) solutions, and the request for real-time analytics capabilities have transformed the industry. POS: generating targeted data For decades, the role of the cash of registers. Customers now can register didn’t change much. It be served in any part of both the was only in the last 25 years, with physical and the online store using the arrival of the Internet, that mobile technology. POS became capable of doing much more than just registering Looking back in history, we can still transactions and keeping revenue see that the essence of POS hasn’t secure. POS is now at the heart changed. However, the Internet of retailing and connects to all of Things and other technologies downstream and side-stream like AI deliver capabilities that systems. address the growing need for real- time data across POS. This creates Fast forward to today’s retail actionable insights on the spot as environment, new technology conditions change. The targeted has massively changed the look data that is generated will then and feel, as well as the usability, result in happier customers. 3 There are many different vendors with different solutions that target customer and market needs. But what are the diferentiators and which vendor will suit the client’s requirements best? For example, are there unique elements in offering an omnichannel solution and what are the common threads between vendors? This section provides a unique insight into the Capgemini POS tool, its wealth of information, and an analysis of key aspects from 20 different POS vendors. Globalization Given the mature state and slow Global presence demands a growth of domestic retailer markets, worldwide organizational structure global expansion has become one and associated connecting processes of the hottest growth strategies. and IT solutions. If the target market Gaining access to new customers doesn’t differ much from existing and growing markets will boost markets, it can be a good choice sales that strengthen a company’s to deploy a single, multilingual- purchasing power via programmatic ready, POS vendor solution that promotions and access to larger consistently meets varying country- volume discounts. specific requirements across international deployments. We notice that international retailers are struggling with the questions: “Should I deploy one single solution across the globe?” and “Can I use a single template for my global business?” It’s clear that international retailers looking to the future prefer to have a single solution to support their business but are also reserved More than 50% of the vendors because of local differences. included in the Capgemini Point of Sale (POS) tool currently have a clear global presence. 4 Point of Sale: the heart of retailing Leading innovation In response to the changing where store automation is an retail market, being able to important element. The POS quickly adapt to new trends and solution is considered the heart opportunities is increasingly critical of operations and is seen as for retailers. Creating a smart a single point of information retail environment that offers a by both store employees and seamless customer experience customers and should provide a is also becoming key for most consistent picture across all sales businesses. A POS solution must channels. Some of the trends not only adapt to the new trends identified by the Capgemini POS in retail but can also be a real tool are related to actionable change driver. Offering a mobile real-time data insights, customer POS and self-service checkout is loyalty integration, omnichannel 40% of the analyzed vendors no longer a unique differentiator. solutions, and innovations based already offer a solution based To be the leader in the sector, on cloud technology. See the continuous innovation is required cloud section below. on cloud technology. Implementation A new POS implementation can The roll-out period Furthermore, POS vendor upgrade have significant impact on the can vary from four lead time and frequency can business. Business processes to 12 months. hinder solution development and should be evaluated to determine can cause inflexibility. Capgemini, whether they need to adapt to a Capabilities and vendor maturity therefore, strongly believes in a new business model, whether the should also be taken into model with a limited number of POS solution should be tailored to consideration when kicking off a versions throughout a roll-out the existing one, or a combination POS evaluation. Today for example, program while maintaining optimal of both. This contradicts the trend of the number of vendors that can flexibility and striving towards staying with minimal changes using provide a POS cloud solution is standardization. out-of-the-box systems. Regardless, very limited. On the other hand, the implementation may be complex are retailers ready to run their POS It’s key to modern and should not be underestimated. from the cloud? The answer will retail that vendors Most of the reviewed vendors offer differ per type of retailer, location, can respond quickly end-to-end support services during connectivity, and solution design. the roll-out phase. Others rely on to new requirements. the customer’s capabilities, with or Version control without external resources from an experienced system integrator. Upgrades to a POS solution are The lead time is another important essential to keep up with business consideration. Adapting to the and consumer needs. Retailers business needs and the chosen vendor, should ask whether their company the roll-out period can vary from four can take advantage of innovations to 12 months. Capgemini offers over made for other customers by 20 years of implementation experience bringing these into the commonly and often serves as the integration used core version, or whether they partner on behalf of retailers or are better off developing their own vendors, using its standardized solution totally separate from the multi-phased approach. others. 5 Support Support for store automation Furthermore, it’s essential (such as POS) can be organized to manage the support on in different ways. As automation peripherals, e.g. Electronic begins to impact second- and Funds Transfer (EFT) terminals third-line support, it’s crucial to and scanners, in-house. From have access to the right system a store employee point of view, knowledge either in-house or it’s recommended to have a using third-party specialized single point of contact for all service companies. 90% of POS POS-related questions or issues. vendors included in the POS Retailers look increasingly tool offer first, second, and third to reduce support costs by 90% of the vendors do include lines of support. Very few POS enabling remote management. in-house first-line support. vendors outsource their first-line support to third parties. Artificial intelligence While the trend towards self-service used to automatically categorize retailers to look into upgrading their is enabling retailers to deliver better the items in the customer’s basket, POS systems.
Recommended publications
  • TARGET MARKETS for RETAIL OUTLETS of LANDSCAPE PLANTS Steven C
    SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS JULY 1990 TARGET MARKETS FOR RETAIL OUTLETS OF LANDSCAPE PLANTS Steven C. Turner, Jeffrey H. Dorfman, and Stanley M. Fletcher Abstract male shoppers by age and education as an effective Merchandisers of landscape plants can increase retail strategy. With respect to landscape plants, the effectiveness of their marketing strategies by Turner investigated the influence of socioeconomic identifying target markets. Using a full information characteristics on retail purchases, while Gineo ex- maximum likelihood tobit procedure on a system of amined the characteristics of plants that influence three equations, target markets for different types of landscaper and retailer purchases. retail outlets in Georgia were identified. The results The objective was to investigate the socioeco- lend support and empirical evidence to the premise nomic characteristics of consumers that can be used that different retail outlet types have different target by different types of landscape plant retailers to markets and thus should develop different market segment their markets. This information can be used strategies. The estimated target markets are identi- in identifying different target markets, which could fled and possible marketing strategies suitable for lead to more efficient allocation of marketing and each type of retail outlet are suggested. advertising resources. Key words: landscape plants, target markets, THE MODEL simultaneous equations, tobit. Identifying target markets is important to retailers rT' u-, o ea of landscape plants (Phelps; Altorfer). The success he success of retail merchandisers in identifying of various retailer decisions, such as store location, target markets is important to plant growers. Orna- product pricing, and advertising strategies, are de- mental horticulture grower cash receipts grew from pendent on a better understanding of clientele.
    [Show full text]
  • Restaurant Business Plan Template
    Restaurant Business Plan Template 2021 The restaurant business plan is a crucial first step in turning an idea for a restaurant into an actual business. Without it, investors and lenders will have no way of knowing if the business is feasible or when the restaurant will become profitable. Business plans span dozens (or even hundreds) of pages, and due to the stakes that lie within the document and the work required to write it, the process of writing a restaurant business plan can threaten to overwhelm. That’s why BentoBox has created a restaurant business plan template for aspiring restaurant owners. This template makes creating a business plan easier with section prompts for business plan essentials like financial projections, market analysis and a restaurant operations overview. Download the Template Restaurant Business Plan 2 Table of Contents Executive Summary 04 Leadership Team 05 Restaurant Business Overview 06 Industry & Market Analysis 07 Marketing Strategy 08 Operating Model 09 Financial Overview & Projections 11 Appendix & Supporting Documentation 12 Business Plan Glossary 13 Restaurant Business Plan 3 Executive Summary The executive summary provides a 1-2 page overview of the restaurant and its business model. While the details of how the restaurant will succeed will be explained throughout this business plan, this section will both prove the legitimacy OVERVIEW of the restaurant idea while encouraging investors to enthusiastically read through the rest of the plan. Some specific topics that might be covered in the executive summary include: • Restaurant name, service type and menu overview. • A quick mention of why the leader of the restaurant business is positioned to help it succeed.
    [Show full text]
  • Downtown Lebanon Market Analysis & Business Development Plan
    Downtown Lebanon Market Analysis & Business Development Plan May 2011 Acknowledgements This project was made possible in part by financial assistance provided by USDA Rural Development and by in-kind contributions from the City of Lebanon and Lebanon Partners for Progress. Downtown Lebanon Retail Market Analysis & Business Development Plan i Contents Introduction................................................................................................... 1 Methodology...............................................................................................................1 Survey Research........................................................................................... 2 Shopper Survey Summary ...........................................................................................2 Business Owner Survey Summary...............................................................................3 Downtown Assessment............................................................................. 4 Overview of Downtown Lebanon Environment ...........................................................4 Competitive Assessment..............................................................................................5 Market Supply............................................................................................... 7 Market Demand..........................................................................................10 Target Markets ..........................................................................................................10
    [Show full text]
  • Selling the Abercrombie and Fitch Image
    Driessen UW-L Journal of Undergraduate Research VIII (2005) Message Communication in Advertising: Selling the Abercrombie and Fitch Image Claire E. Driessen Faculty Sponsor: Scott Dickmeyer, Department of Communication Studies ABSTRACT Advertising is a frequently used influential and persuasive means of communication, especially on teens and young adults. Abercrombie and Fitch is a corporation whose advertising methods have been controversial because of the profound effect its message has on the target audience of teens and young adults. Research found Abercrombie and Fitch used its new campaign to communicate four prevalent messages: The look of an Abercrombie & Fitch Person, The one and only Abercrombie & Fitch, The Abercrombie & Fitch life of luxury, and Not making the Abercrombie & Fitch cut. These messages were communicated through numerous venues, and persuaded consumers to purchase the products through identification with the Abercrombie & Fitch image. Keywords: content analysis, message communication, Abercrombie & Fitch, identification INTRODUCTION Less than one year ago Abercrombie & Fitch decided to remove its main form of advertising, the magalog A&F Quarterly, from the market. The controversy created around this company’s advertising is intriguing. The way a company communicates its image to consumers is an interesting method of message communication. Image by itself is “multidimensional constructs containing cognitive and emotional elements” (p. 86). Corporate image also includes “the extent to which each marketing instrument contributes to the brand image and the extent to which that image enhances desired economic behavior of markets” (p.83). Additionally it encompasses “the quality of management, corporate leadership, and employee orientation” (Haedrich, 1993, p.83). This research study will examine the messages communicated to sell the Abercrombie and Fitch image, this will be done by analyzing the messages sent through Abercrombie & Fitch’s advertising and how these messages are packaged.
    [Show full text]
  • Specialty Foods Marketing & Packaging
    SPECIALTY FOODS MARKETING & PACKAGING 101 Shermain Hardesty, UC Davis Ag Economics & UC Small Farm Program MARKETING IS ALL ABOUT…. Market research & Pricing planning Advertising, demos, Target market public relations, identification promotional events Product development Distribution Label & packaging Evaluation design SPECIALTY FOODS Specialty foods are niche products Specialty food categories Cottage Foods http://ucanr.edu/sites/cottagefoods/ Organic, sustainably produced, local ingredients, farmstead Ethnic GMO-free/no artificial ingredients Special health needs COMPETITION Fierce competition in the food industry for shelf space & the consumer’s dollar Differentiation is essential 4Ps of the marketing mix are tools for effective differentiation PURPOSE OF DOING MARKET RESEARCH Understand marketplace consumer characteristics, needs & attitudes competitors' products, strengths & weaknesses Guide in developing marketing plan New product testing BASIC TYPES OF MARKET RESEARCH Sales trends by product category Taste testing Consumers’ product usage and attitudes Specialty Foods Trends source: 2015 State of the Specialty Foods Industry Hot Healthy Ingredients Jackfruit is catching on as a fiber-heavy meat alternative to use in tacos, wraps Avocados are showing up in alternate forms, such as dips, dressings and portable mini meals Grain-free wraps based on almonds, cassava, vegetables and coconuts offer alternatives for people avoiding grains Local Now…?? Tomorrow DISTRIBUTORS ON: Appeal of Local Food Offers greater transparency and trust Is fresher and more seasonal Tastes good Supports the local economy and community The Why Behind the Buy • Innovative and exciting attributes appeal to specialty food consumers, but taste is consistently the No. 1 reason for trying a new product, cited by 65% of survey respondents. • 62% noted they like to try new things.
    [Show full text]
  • Module Note—Market Segmentation, Target Market Selection, and Positioning
    9-506-019 REV: APRIL 17, 2006 MODULE NOTE Market Segmentation, Target Market Selection, and Positioning As described in the “Note on Marketing Strategy” (HBS No. 598-061), after the marketing analysis phase, the next stage in the marketing process consists of the following three steps: • Market segmentation • Target market selection • Positioning These steps are the prerequisites for designing a successful marketing strategy. They allow the firm to focus its efforts on the right customers and also provide the organizing force for the marketing-mix elements. Product positioning, in particular, provides the synergy among the four Ps (product, price, place, and promotion) of the marketing plan. This note elaborates on each of the three steps. Market Segmentation Market segmentation consists of dividing the market into groups of (potential) customers—called market segments—with distinct characteristics, behaviors, or needs. The aim is to cluster customers in groups that clearly differ from one another but show a great deal of homogeneity within the group. As such, compared with a large, heterogeneous market, those segments can be served more efficiently and effectively with products that match their needs. It is important that the segments are sufficiently different from one another. In addition, it is critical that the segmentation is based on one or more customer characteristics relevant to the firm’s marketing effort. A thorough analysis of the customers is essential in that regard. We can distinguish two (related) types of segmentation: • Segmentation based on benefits sought by customers • Segmentation based on observable characteristics of customers In an ideal scenario, marketers will typically want to segment customers based on the benefits they seek from a particular product.
    [Show full text]
  • 5 Market Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning
    Market Segmentation, 5 Targeting and Positioning Ng Lai Hong It is impossible to appeal to all customers in the marketplace who are widely dispersed with varied needs. Organisations that want to succeed must identify their customers and develop marketing mixes to satisfy their needs. This chapter considers the steps in the target marketing process, including how to divide markets into meaningful customer segments, evaluating each segment, deciding which segment(s) to target, and design- ing market offerings to be positioned in the minds of the selected target market. The target marketing process The target marketing process provides the basis for the selection of target market – a chosen segment of the market that an organisation wishes to serve. It consists 84 Fundamentalsof the three-step of Marketing process of segmentation, targeting and positioning (Figure 5.1). Marketers utilise this process due to the prevalence of mature markets, greater diversity in customer needs, and its ability to provide focus for an organisation’s marketing strategy and resource allocation among markets and products (Baines and Fill, 2014). Segmentation Positioning Targeting Develop positioning that Identify bases for Evaluate segments will create competitive dividing a market into and decide which to advantage in the minds of smaller segments serve best the chosen market segment Figure 5.1: Steps in target marketing process. Adapted from Solomon et al. (2013). 86 Fundamentals of Marketing The benefits of this process include the following: Understanding customers’ needs. The target marketing process provides a basis for understanding customers’ needs by grouping customers with similar characteristics together and for the selection of target market.
    [Show full text]
  • Market Segmentation
    Ch11-H8566.qxd 8/8/07 2:04 PM Page 222 CHAPTER 11 Market segmentation YORAM (JERRY) WIND and DAVID R. BELL All markets are heterogeneous. This is evident from the focus of a significant part of the marketing observation and from the proliferation of popular research literature. The basic concept of segmenta- books describing the heterogeneity of local and tion (as articulated, e.g. in Frank et al., 1972) has global markets. Consider, for example, The Nine not been greatly altered. And many of the funda- Nations of North America (Garreau, 1982), Latitudes mental approaches to segmentation research are and Attitudes: An Atlas of American Tastes, Trends, still valid today, albeit implemented with greater Politics and Passions (Weiss, 1994) and Mastering volumes of data and some increased sophistica- Global Markets: Strategies for Today’s Trade Globalist tion in the modelling method. To see this, consider (Czinkota et al., 2003). When reflecting on the nature the most compelling and widely used approach to of markets, consumer behaviour and competitive product design and market segmentation – con- activities, it is obvious that no product or service joint analysis. The essence of the approach out- appeals to all consumers and even those who pur- lined in Wind (1978) is still evident in recent work chase the same product may do so for diverse rea- by Toubia et al. (2007) that uses sophisticated geo- sons. The Coca Cola Company, for example, varies metric arguments and algorithms to improve the levels of sweetness, effervescence and package size efficiency of the method. Other advances use for- according to local tastes and conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 2: 2-2 Micro Trends Emphasizing the Target Consumer
    Part 2: 2-2 Micro Trends Emphasizing the Target Consumer The microenvironment consists of: a) the company, b) suppliers of the company, c) marketing intermediaries, d) other groups impacting business, e) employees and management, f) competitors, and g) target consumers. The buyer must constantly track all these factors. Each impact, in some degree, decisions concerning the creation of a profitable Six Month Merchandise plan. The Company This scan begins with observing what is happening in the company itself, especially with top management’s philosophy and direction. Since executive management approves or sometimes sets the parameters for the business operations, buyers must consider all happenings in the store and then determine the type of impact any actions or activities may have on their particular departments or the product classifications which they are purchasing. The retail store is organized into five divisions: management, merchandising, sales promotion, finance, and human resources. Executive management must ensure that all employees have the same concept of the store image, the target consumer, and their merchandising and management philosophy, as well as the marketing strategy for the store. It is very important for the buyer to understand how to work with executive management and with store management in order to achieve the highest gross margin and profit for her/his specific departments. For example, if management must eliminate job positions or trim employee hours in order to meet payroll, the buyer must determine the impact on the functioning of, and sales in, the department. Buyers always want to work closely with the sales promotion division (i.e., advertising, visual merchandising, special events and promotions, fashion training, publicity) in order to make major decisions concerning the marketing of their products – media type, how many spots to be purchased, when to schedule the media, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • ETHICS of EROTIC STIMULI in ADVERTISING Kozhouharova V
    WEB ISSN 2535-0013 SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE "HIGH TECHNOLOGIES. BUSINESS. SOCIETY 2017" PRINT ISSN 2535-0005 ETHICS OF EROTIC STIMULI IN ADVERTISING Kozhouharova V. Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski” [email protected] Abstract: The use of erotic stimuli in print advertising has become almost commonplace in the advertising practices. But the employment of erotic communication appeals in advertising continues to be a controversial topic. While the use of such stimuli may draw additional attention to the ad, the outcome of the use of such high degrees of erotic stimuli may, in fact, be negative. Sexuality in advertising is a major area of ethical concern, through surprisingly little is known about its effects or the norm of its use. The article is focused on providing a basis for making ethical choices about the use of sexual appeals in advertising. Keywords: EROTICS, EROTIC STIMULI, ADVERTISING, PSYCHOLOGY OF ADVERTISING, BRAND 1. Introduction Teleology focuses on the effects and consequences of behavior on individuals, while deontology focuses on the moral rightness or Erotic stimuli in advertising invoke any message which, wrongness of behavior, regardless of the consequences (Gould, whether is brand information in advertising contexts or persuasive 1994). appeals in marketing contexts, is associated with sexual Teleological philosophies are defined as philosophies concerned information. It has long been an accepted believe that this form of primarily with the moral worth of an individual behavior. Their advertising is very effective at attention-grabbing, considered by focus is on the consequences of individual actions and behaviors in some commentators as a powerful step in reaching one’s target the determination of "worth".
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Marketing Research
    CHAPTER 1 The Role of Marketing Research LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you should be able to 1. Discuss the basic types and functions of marketing research. 2. Identify marketing research studies that can be used in making marketing decisions. 3. Discuss how marketing research has evolved since 1879. 4. Describe the marketing research industry as it exists today. 5. Discuss the emerging trends in marketing research. Objective 1.1: INTRODUCTION Discuss the basic types Social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and LinkedIn have changed the way people and functions communicate. Accessing social media sites is now the number-one activity on the web. Facebook of marketing has over 500 million active users. The average Facebook user has 130 friends; is connected to research. 80 pages, groups, or events; and spends 55 minutes per day on Facebook. In 2011, marketers wanting to take advantage of this activity posted over 1 trillion display ads on Facebook alone. Facebook is not the only social media site being used by consumers. LinkedIn now has over 100 million users worldwide. YouTube has exceeded 2 billion views per day, and more videos are posted on YouTube in 60 days than were created by the three major television networks in the last 60 years. Twitter now has over 190 million users, and 600 million–plus searches are done every day on Twitter.1 Social networks and communication venues such as Facebook and Twitter are where consumers are increasingly spending their time, so companies are anxious to have their voice heard through 2 CHAPTER 1: The ROLe OF MARkeTIng ReSeAR ch 3 these venues.
    [Show full text]
  • Retail Management and Merchandising
    RETAIL MANAGEMENT AND MERCHANDISING SAMPLE EXAM QUESTIONS These test questions were developed by the MBA Research Center. Items have been randomly selected from the MBA Research Center’s Test-Item Bank and represent a variety of instructional areas. Performance indicators for these test questions are at the prerequisite, career-sustaining, and specialist levels. A descriptive test key, including question sources and answer rationale, has been provided. Copyright © 2014 by MBA Research and Curriculum Center®, Columbus, Ohio. Each individual test item contained herein is the exclusive property of MBA Research Center. Items are licensed only for use as configured within this exam, in its entirety. Use of individual items for any purpose other than as specifically authorized in writing by MBA Research Center is prohibited. Posted online March 2014 by DECA Inc. SAMPLE RETAIL MANAGEMENT AND MERCHANDISING EXAM 1. Which of the following is a characteristic of debtor-creditor relationships: A. Designed to monitor accounts C. Intended to increase competition B. Controlled by industry standards D. Regulated by various laws 2. Which of the following is a benefit of the business-format franchise arrangement: A. Strict operating hours C. Limited number of vendors B. Reduced risk of failure D. Uniform store appearance 3. The total number of members in a channel is called A. channel length. C. distribution pattern. B. distribution intensity. D. channel width. 4. For which of the following markets would producers use a short channel of distribution: A. Baby boomers C. Local consumers B. Generation X D. Senior citizens 5. Channel members' sharing inventory and order-processing information through databases and computer systems is an example of the use of technology in A.
    [Show full text]