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PDF En Inglés Report No. 63786-SD Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Republic of South Sudan: Issues in Urban Development Phase 1 – An Overview of the Urban Landscape in South Sudan Final Report, November 2011 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Urban and Water Unit Sustainable Development Department Africa Region Acknowledgements This paper was prepared by Zara Sarzin and Barjor Mehta, and draws substantially on a background paper prepared for the World Bank by Dr. Gamal Hamid, Deputy Dean and Head of the Planning and Urban Design Department, Faculty of Architecture, University of Khartoum, Sudan. The authors received valuable advice and comments from a World Bank peer review committee consisting of Christine Kessides (ECSS6), Sylvie Debomy (LCSUW), and Sanjeev Ahluwalia (AFTPR). The authors also wish to thank the following World Bank colleagues for providing assistance, helpful comments and contributions: Ian Bannon (AFTCS), Laura Kullenberg (AFMJB), Greg Toulmin (AFCET), Bill Bataille, Gabriel Demombynes (AFTP2), Anand Rajaram, Rupert Bladon, Nataliya Bugayova (AFTPR), Jack W. Van Holst Pellekaan (IEGCR), Jeeva Perumalpillai-Essex (EASTS), Jaime Biderman (IEGCS), Junaid Kamal Ahmad, Alex Bakalian, Roland White, Tesfaye Bekalu, Solomon Alemu, Gunther Gutknecht, Jerry Chen, Marie Claire Li-Tin-Yue, Carolina Dominguez (AFTUW), Tatiana Sviridova, Michael Lokshin (DECPI), Asif Faiz (SASDT), George Banjo (ECSS5), Nouma Dione (CICAF), Negede Lewi, Tesfamichael Mitiku, Mohamed Beshir (AFTTR), Mohamed Osman Hussein (AFTAR), Maisoun Badawi (AFTFE) and Akwii Anne Kennox (AFMJB). 2 Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... 6 I. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 7 II. Urbanization in South Sudan ........................................................................................................... 8 A. Contemporary Demographic and Urbanization Trends ............................................................... 8 B. Population Growth in Juba......................................................................................................... 17 C. The Urban Profile: Poverty and Access to Services in Urban Areas ......................................... 18 D. Economic Contribution of Urban Areas .................................................................................... 27 E. Policy Implications .................................................................................................................... 28 III. Legal and Institutional Composition of Urban areas ..................................................................... 32 A. Constitutional and Legal Basis for Local Government.............................................................. 32 B. Roles and Responsibilities for Service Delivery ....................................................................... 38 C. Local Government Financing .................................................................................................... 44 D. Urban Land and Housing ........................................................................................................... 45 E. Policy Implications .................................................................................................................... 47 IV. Conclusions and Recommendations .............................................................................................. 50 A. Priorities for the Urban and Local Government Sector ............................................................. 50 B. Options for Future World Bank Engagement ............................................................................ 53 ANNEX A: Juba Case Study .................................................................................................................... 57 A. Population Growth ..................................................................................................................... 57 B. Institutional Arrangements......................................................................................................... 58 C. Land, Housing and Urban Planning ........................................................................................... 59 D. State of Urban Infrastructure ..................................................................................................... 61 E. Municipal Finance ..................................................................................................................... 63 Works Cited .............................................................................................................................................. 64 3 Tables Table 1: Population Density—Sudan, Sub-Saharan Africa and Africa ...................................................... 8 Table 2: Population, Population Growth Rate and Population Density by State........................................ 9 Table 3: Agglomeration, Urbanization and GDP Per Capita in Selected Countries ................................ 11 Table 4: Population Growth and Intercensal Growth Rates ..................................................................... 12 Table 5: Urban Population Growth ........................................................................................................... 12 Table 6: Urbanization Rates by State........................................................................................................ 13 Table 7: City Population and Population Growth Rates ........................................................................... 15 Table 8: Components of Urban Population Growth in South Sudan and Sudan ...................................... 15 Table 9: Population Growth in Juba ......................................................................................................... 17 Table 10: A Framework for Urbanization Policies ................................................................................... 30 Table 11: Grading of LGCs ...................................................................................................................... 36 Table 12: Constitutional Powers and Functions of National and State Governments .............................. 39 Table 13: Population Growth in Juba ....................................................................................................... 58 Table 14: Allocation of Responsibilities for Service Delivery in Juba .................................................... 59 Table 15: State of Urban Infrastructure in Juba ........................................................................................ 61 Table 16: Real Estate Taxes in Juba ......................................................................................................... 63 Boxes Box 1: Density and Economic Growth ..................................................................................................... 10 Box 2: Chronology of Constitutional and Legislative Developments Shaping the Local Government System in Sudan ........................................................................................................................................ 32 Box 3: Supporting Local Governance in Sierra Leone ............................................................................. 56 Figures Figure 1: Population Density by State and County ..................................................................................... 9 Figure 2: Urbanization and economic growth .......................................................................................... 10 Figure 3: Urban Population Growth ......................................................................................................... 13 Figure 4: South Sudan Urban Hierarchy (Counties above 50,000) .......................................................... 14 Figure 5: Consumption per person per month (SDG) ............................................................................... 18 Figure 6: Consumption per person per month (share in %) ...................................................................... 19 Figure 7: Poverty Incidence (% of total population) ................................................................................ 19 Figure 8: Main Source of Livelihood (percentage population) ................................................................ 20 Figure 9: Main Source of Livelihood—Poor vs. Non Poor (percentage population) ............................... 20 Figure 10: Access to Improved Drinking Water (percentage population) ................................................ 21 Figure 11: Time to Water Source (minutes) ............................................................................................. 22 Figure 12: Main Type of Toilet Facility (percentage population) ............................................................ 22 Figure 13: Solid Waste Disposal Methods (percentage population) ........................................................ 23 Figure 14: Energy Source for Lighting (percentage population) .............................................................. 23 Figure 15: Energy Source for Cooking (percentage population) .............................................................. 24 Figure 16: Housing Characteristics (percentage population) ...................................................................
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