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Current Situation with Respect to Regional and Subregional Cooperation

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Current Situation with Respect to Regional and Subregional Cooperation UNODC/SUBCOM/52/3 31 August 2017 Original: English* Subcommission on Illicit Drug Traffic and Related Matters in the Near and Middle East Fifty-second session Beirut, 13-17 November 2017* Item 3 of the provisional agenda** Current situation with respect to regional and subregional cooperation Current situation with respect to regional and subregional cooperation Report of the Secretariat I. Introduction 1. The area under opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan in 2016 was 221,000 ha, a 10 per cent increase compared with the previous year (183,000 ha) and the same level as in 2014. Large increases were observed in the northern region and in Badghis province, where the security situation has deteriorated since 2015. Potential opium production was estimated at 4,800 tons in 2016, an increase of 43 per cent from the 2015 level (3,300 tons). The increase in production was a result of an increase in the area under opium poppy cultivation and, more important, an increase in opium yield per hectare. The average opium yield in 2016 amounted to 23.8 kg per ha, which was 30 per cent higher than in 2015. The number of provinces affected by opium poppy cultivation has increased from 14 to 21 since 2009 (of a total of 34 provinces), with the increase seen mainly in the northern region. The vast majority (93 per cent) of opium poppy cultivation took place in the southern, eastern and western regions of the country. 2. Estimates for 2016 by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) suggest that 57 per cent of opium is processed into heroin, with the remaining 43 per cent being left unprocessed. In 2016, opium prices increased in all regions of Afghanistan. At almost $0.9 billion, or the equivalent of roughly 5 per cent of the estimated gross domestic product (GDP) of Afghanistan, the farm-gate value of opium production increased by 57 per cent in 2016 with respect to the previous year (not adjusted for inflation). The increase in farm-gate value was due mainly to the 43 per cent increase in opium production in 2016. In 2015, owing to very low levels of production, the farm-gate value reached its lowest level since 2009. __________________ * Available only in Arabic, English and Russian, which are the working languages of the subsidiary body. ** UNODC/SUBCOM/52/1. V.17-06219 (E) *1706219* UNODC/SUBCOM/52/3 3. The huge decrease in eradication activities in 2016 was a consequence of the security situation. Eradication is risky and requires human and economic resources whose opportunity cost increases in times of instability and when there is a high insurgency rate. Eradication in 2016 was limited to only 355 ha, 91 per cent less than in 2015. The 18,000 ha increase in opium poppy area cannot be explained by the reduction in eradication; however, the perception of a lack of control could have spurred many farmers towards illicit cultivation. 4. The Ministry of Counter Narcotics of Afghanistan, together with UNODC, designed and conducted a National Mobilization against Narcotics campaign. The four main areas of focus were: (a) government responsibilities and actions; (b) community engagement; (c) religious platforms; and (d) engagement with the development sector. The campaign saw posters and banners bearing anti-drug messages being printed and distributed, public debates being conducted, messages from religious scholars being shared and sporting events being convened, with equipment provided to participants. 5. On 27 January 2017, UNODC released the first assessment of the synthetic drug situation in Afghanistan, which indicated that methamphetamine use was establishing itself among opiate users. Not only is methamphetamine increasingly being seized by law enforcement officials in Afghanistan, but there is also evidence of manufacturing facilities in the western part of the country. 6. The majority of Afghan heroin is trafficked via the Balkan route (namely, through the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkey via South-Eastern Europe to Western and Central Europe). Changes in seizures, supported by intelligence reports, suggest that the smuggling of Afghan opiates via the southern route (namely, leaving Pakistan or the Islamic Republic of Iran by sea for shipment to the Gulf region, Africa (in particular East Africa), South Asia and, to a lesser extent, South-East Asia, Oceania and North America) has increased in recent years. 7. In the Near and Middle East, UNODC promotes integrated strategies to address trafficking in and the consumption of illicit drugs, in particular opiates originating in Afghanistan, but also amphetamine-type stimulants and tramadol, which are affecting the whole region. In addition to strengthening national capacities and promoting regional cooperation, UNODC aims in particular to link initiatives and platforms for regional and subregional cooperation, to address trafficking in Afghan heroin and precursor chemicals and to impede the emerging sea-based drug-trafficking routes towards the European market. II. Regional and subregional cooperation 8. Regional cooperation continues to be recognized as the most viable way forward to effectively tackle illicit drug cultivation, trafficking, use and the related political, security, development and socioeconomic harm in Afghanistan, West and Central Asia and the wider international community. The Brussels conference on Afghanistan, held on 5 October 2016, was a useful forum in which to review efforts by the Afghan Government and the international community to support peace, security and development by fighting drugs and crime. 9. The focus of UNODC technical assistance in the region remains directed at introducing improved control at borders, coordinating efforts aimed at combating the smuggling of precursors, developing the professional capacities of investigation and prosecution agencies and addressing the proceeds of crime and corruption by countering money-laundering. The overall strategy of UNODC includes forms of cooperation such as the Paris Pact initiative; the regional programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries; the Triangular Initiative between Afghanistan, Iran (Islamic Republic of) and Pakistan; the Afghanistan-Kyrgyzstan-Tajikistan initiative; and the control of precursor chemicals and the exchange and analysis of information/intelligence (formerly TARCET) through the Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Centre. UNODC also advocates stronger synergy in 2/16 V.17-06219 UNODC/SUBCOM/52/3 drug control with the Economic Cooperation Organization, the European Union- funded Heroin Trade II project, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the World Customs Organization and other relevant regional and international organizations such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. 10. Under the law enforcement pillar, UNODC has continued to strengthen its linkages to some key regional mechanisms and organizations, such as the Heart of Asia Process (Istanbul Process) on Regional Security and Cooperation for a Secure and Stable Afghanistan, OSCE, the European Union Heroin Route Programme, the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) and the United Nations Regional Centre for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia. In 2016 and 2017, UNODC launched new regional working groups for operational cooperation on precursors as well as on forensic capacities. Those hands-on forums are aimed at joint operations and the exchange of intelligence among law enforcement officials of the region and destination/origin countries, and thus support South-South, as well as North-South operational cooperation. 11. In 2016, UNODC regional law enforcement initiatives allowed for the diffusion of best practices and knowledge throughout the region. Numerous working groups and regional training initiatives have increased capacity and information-sharing in areas such as precursors, forensics, law enforcement training, control delivery and joint operations. In particular, the Triangular Initiative, the Afghanistan-Kyrgyzstan- Tajikistan initiative and the Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Centre recorded progress in their respective areas of work and simultaneous or joint operations, including large numbers of arrests and seizures, with substantial quantities of drugs and other illicit goods seized. The regional law enforcement training conducted at the Domodedovo Training Centre of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation benefited 71 officers, while the Container Control Programme in South-Eastern Europe further expanded its operations and recorded important results. 12. UNODC conducted more than 24 initiatives to harmonize legislation, improving the capacity of more than 550 practitioners (including more than 120 women) in areas such as money-laundering and cybercrime. In 2016, UNODC established the foundations for the asset recovery inter-agency network and held important meetings among federal intelligence units under the CASH initiative. UNODC organized successful regional initiatives aimed at strengthening relations within families and the school systems in order to address the challenges and threats associated with drug abuse faced by children and adolescents in the region. Examples include the Families and Schools Together, the Strengthening Families Programme, the Lions Club International Foundation and training of trainers initiatives. UNODC formed partnerships and co-organized several activities with 12 different counterparts. UNODC contributed to efforts in the areas of the Sustainable
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