Afghanistan Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia And

Afghanistan Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Iran (Islamic Republic of) Kazakhstan Kosovo (under UNSCR 1244/99) Kyrgyzstan Montenegro Pakistan Republic of Moldova Serbia Tajikistan The former Yugoslav Rep. of Macedonia Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan

Updated March 2016

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Contents

Introduction...... ……………………………..5 Afghanistan (Islamic Republic of) ...... 7 Republic of Albania ...... 18 Republic of Armenia ...... 23 Azerbaijan (Republic of) ...... 29 Belarus (Republic of) ...... 37 Bosnia and Herzegovina ...... 44 Georgia ...... 49 Iran (Islamic Republic of) ...... 56 Kazakhstan (Republic of) ...... 64 Kosovo (under UNSCR 1244/99) ...... 74 Kyrgyzstan (Republic of) ...... 79 Montenegro ...... 86 Pakistan (Islamic Republic of) ...... 91 Republic of Moldova ...... 101 Serbia (Republic of) ...... 107 Tajikistan (Republic of) ...... 113 The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ...... 123 Turkmenistan ...... 130 Ukraine ...... 134 Uzbekistan (Republic of) ...... 141

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Introduction

The field-based network of the Paris Pact Research and Liaison Officers is made up of national staff based in UNODC offices in Paris Pact “priority countries” in West and Central Asia as well as South Eastern Europe. Funding permitting, an expansion of the network along key trajectories of the southern route is envisaged to increase the coverage of UNODC’s research capacity.

All Paris Pact data collection and research related activities are carried out under the oversight of the Research and Trend Analysis Branch, Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs (DPA). The close cooperation between Research and Liaison Officers and the Drug Research Section in the Research and Trend Analysis Branch guarantees consistency in the data collection process which ultimately contributes to the UNODC World Drug Report.

Paris Pact and AOTP research staff positioning along the major trafficking routes

This compilation of country fact sheets consolidates data collected by the Paris Pact Research and Liaison Officers, based in the Islamic Republics of Iran and Pakistan, the Central Asian Republics of Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, Serbia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, with the support of Afghan Opiate Trade Project (AOTP) staff located in Afghanistan and the Ukraine.

The preparation of the country fact sheets also benefited from the work and expertise of staff in UNODC Headquarters and the Offices of the West and Central Asia region as well as South Eastern Europe. Furthermore, UNODC is grateful to the national and international institutions, in particular the Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Centre (CARICC) in Almaty, Kazakhstan, that shared their knowledge and data. The ability to draw on their expertise and experience, along with their continued support, has been invaluable for the Paris Pact Initiative. The work of the Research and Liaison Officers has been facilitated by the financial contributions of the donors to UNODC’s Paris Pact programme (GLOY09): Austria, France, India, Norway, the Russian Federation, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.

The maps featured in the fact sheets were generated on the Drugs Monitoring Platform (DMP – http://drugsmonitoring.unodc-roca.org/), the online tool for collecting, monitoring and mapping drug-related data, initiated jointly by the Paris Pact programme, AOTP and the Regional Office for Central Asia (ROCA), and operated by the Coordination and Analysis Unit in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

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Core Team

Coordination / Data Collection and Validation Rakhima MANSUROVA (Research and Liaison Officer, Paris Pact; ROCA / Uzbekistan: Coordination and Analysis Unit)

Data Collection Leila AHMADI (Research and Liaison Officer, Paris Pact; Country Office in the Islamic Republic of Iran) Valentina ANCHEVSKA (Research and Liaison Officer, Paris Pact; Programme Office in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) Hamid Ullah AZIZI (Research Assistant, AOTP; UNODC Headquarters Vienna) Volodymyr BEZNOGYKH (National Research Officer, AOTP; Programme Office in the Ukraine) Sinisa DURKULIC (Research and Liaison Officer, Paris Pact; Programme Office in Serbia) Radmir KHAJBAKHTEEV (Project Clerk, Paris Pact; ROCA / Uzbekistan: Coordination and Analysis Unit) Amanullah KHAN (Research and Liaison Officer, Paris Pact; Country Office in Pakistan) Sayed Jalal PASHTOON (National Research Officer, AOTP; Country Office in Afghanistan) Sevil QANBAROVA (Project Assistant; Regional Office for Central Asia / Azerbaijan) Denis TOICHIEV (Research and Liaison Officer, Paris Pact & AOTP; Programme Office in the Kyrgyz Republic)

Mapping Support Irina TSOY (Database Specialist, AOTP; ROCA / Uzbekistan: Coordination and Analysis Unit)

UNODC Headquarters in Vienna Chloé CARPENTIER (Chief Drug Research Section, DPA) Marie-Anne MENIER (Paris Pact Coordinator, Division for Operations (DO)) Kamran NIAZ (Statistician; Drug Research Section, DPA) Thomas PIETSCHMANN (Research Officer; Drug Research Section, DPA) Umidjon RAKHMONBERDIEV (Statistical Assistant; Data Development and Dissemination Unit, DPA) Ali SAADEDDIN (Research Assistant; Data Development and Dissemination Unit, DPA) Katharina KIENER-MANU (Programme Assistant, Paris Pact; DO)

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The individual fact sheets as well as this compilation are available for download on ADAM, the Paris Pact’s online information hub, www.paris-pact.net, under the menu item: Reference >> Country Fact Sheets. To access this page, you are required to register yourself on the platform and sign in with your user credentials.

Please contact the Paris Pact Coordination Unit by email – [email protected] – with any queries related to the fact sheets or the Paris Pact Research and Liaison Officers.

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The country fact sheets are not official documents of the United Nations and have not been formally edited. The boundaries, names and designations used in this publication do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

Updated March 2016 6

FACT SHEET AFGHANISTAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)

Borders: China: 76 km, Tajikistan: 1,206 km, Uzbekistan: 137 km, Turkmenistan: 744 km, I.R. of Iran: 936 km, Pakistan: 2,430 km (Durand line) Source: Annual Report 2013-2014, Ministry of Interior Affairs of Afghanistan

Area and administrative divisions Provinces Districts Density Area (sq.km) (sq.km) 34 368 41 652,864 Source: Central Statistics Organization (CSO) of Afghanistan1

Settled population by age and sex group March 2011- March 2012- March 2014- March 2015 – March 2012 March 2013 March 2015 March 2016 Total estimated population, including 28,650,036 25,500,100 26,556,754 27,101,365 refugees Male 12,524,700 13,044,400 13,585,933 13,865,015 Female 11,960,900 12,455,700 12,970,821 13,236,350 Kuchi, male and female 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,0002 n/a Refugees 2,664,436 (Jan 2012) 2,552,208 (June 2013) n/a n/a Source: Central Statistics Organization (CSO) of Afghanistan- 2010-11 National Census, Population Statistics; UNHCR (refugees) http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486eb6.html

UN estimates of annual total population (thousands) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total 27,962 28,809 29,727 30,683 31,628 32,527 15-64 aged 14,019 14,575 15,220 15,930 16,666 17,398 Source: UN World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision

1 Afghanistan Statistical Yearbook 2014-2015, Central Statistical Office, Kabul, 2015 2 Statistical indicators of Afghanistan 2014-2015, Central Statistical Office, Kabul, 2015

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POPPY CULTIVATION, ERADICATION AND PRODUCTION

Opium poppy cultivation (after eradication) and potential production of opium, 2001-2015

Cultivation (thousand ha) 250 25 Opium production (mt) 224 209 193 200 183 20 165 157 154 150 15 131 123 123 131 104 100 80 7.4 10 74.1 6.4 5.3 5.9 5.8 5.5 4.2 4.1 4 50 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.3 5 7.6 0.2 0 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2015, UNODC and MCN Annual Opium Survey reports, 2001-2015

Eradication and casualties 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Verified eradication 5.1 15.3 19.5 5.5 5.4 2.3 3.8 9.7 7.3 2.7 3.7 (thousand ha) Percentage of area 4 9 10 3 4 2 3 6 3.5 1.2 2.1 eradicated Personnel fatalities n/a n/a 15 78 21 28 45 102 143 13* 5** Personnel injuries n/a n/a 31 100 52 36 20 127 89 26* 18** Source: UNODC and MCN Annual Opium Survey reports, 2001-2015, Afghanistan Drug Report 2013 Note: * 13 lives were lost and 26 persons were injured at the results of security incidences in 2014. ** 5 lives were lost and 18 persons were injured at the results of security incidences in 2015.

Global potential production of oven-dry opium in Afghanistan and other countries, 1991-2015

Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2015 Note: Estimation of opium production in “Other” countries is not available.

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DRUG SEIZURES

Seizures of illicit drugs and precursors (kg) and destroyed labs 1 Jan-28 Nov 2011 2012 2013 2014 20153 (CNPA) Opioids: Heroin 10,983.44 7,262.48 7,156.67 3,514.70 4,438.0 Opium 49,343.84 123,939.70 115,690.40 65,274.0 25,689.0 Illicit morphine 64,028.08 43,518.91 23,979.96 6,368.70 17.80 Cannabis-type: Hashish (resin) 62,132.19 160,530.10 31,925.95 36,662.0 78,488.0 Marijuana (herb) n/a 42,201.2 n/a n/a n/a ATS: Amphetamine n/a 0.03 10.89 n/a 25.2 Methamphetamine n/a n/a n/a 3.85 n/a Non-specified drug group: Poppy/cannabis seeds (kg) 28,643.0 103,780.3 13,696.5 29,359.7 8,908.0 Precursors: Non-specified precursors 185,783.06 118,185.01 n/a n/a 1,392.0 (kg) Non-specified precursors (lt) 49,266.70 40,853.44 65,186.50 89,239.58 4,115.0 Number of clandestine 42 74 n/a 41 n/a laboratories detected Destroyed heroin labs 42 74 71 n/a 2 Source: Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan and Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan, UNODC World Drug Report 2013-2015

Seizures of heroin, opium and illicit morphine in Afghanistan, 2002-2014 (tons)

Drug and precursor seizures from Afghanistan’s borders (kg), 2013 Precursors Border to Morphine Heroin Opium Hashish Amphetamine kg lt I.R. of Iran 148.1 1,739.4 21,169.3 643.9 1,274.8 2,699.6 15.1 Central Asia 0.3 441.5 7,160.4 791.3 2,515.8 250 0.147 Pakistan 8,203 1,955.9 37,780 19,890 22,534.9 7,228 0.371 Source: Ministry of Interior/Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan

3 Data of Afghanistan Country presentation, AOTP/EC HR-II/CARICC workshop on the Northern Rote of drug trafficking, 2-3 Dec 2015, Almaty

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Seizures of hashish (resin) in Afghanistan, 2002-2014 (tons)

Counter narcotics operations

Oct-Dec 2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total operations (cases) n/a 1,235 3,005 3,086 2,571 n/a Controlled Delivery 1 - - 1 4 5 operations led by CNPA (China) (India) (Tajikistan, RF) (Tajikistan)4 Source: Ministry of Interior of Afghanistan, Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan (Tactical Operation Centre-TOC)

Controlled Delivery (CD) operations with foreign countries, Counter Narcotics Police Afghanistan, Oct 2008-Mar 2015 Russian China India Tajikistan Federation (RF) Number of CD operations 1 1 6 1 Total seized drugs (kg) 2.6 10.0 222.8 3.0 Heroin (kg) 2.6 10.0 1.0 3.0 Opium (kg) - - 51.9 - Hashish (kg) - - 169.9 - Source: Ministry of Interior of Afghanistan, Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan

4 Tajikistan Drug Control Agency report on activities in 2015

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Map of heroin seizures in Afghanistan, 2010-2014

Source: DRUGS MONITORING PLATFORM, joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact programmes, http://drugsmonitoring.unodc-roca.org. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY

Wholesale prices of illicit drugs (US$ per kg) 2011 2012 2013 Feb 20155 Feb 20166 Heroin (unknown 3,651 3,453 2,123 2,038 (medium) 2,345 (medium) purity) Heroin (high purity) n/a n/a 3,243 3,091 3,412 Opium n/a n/a 164 144 226 Marijuana (herb) 271 227 211 n/a n/a Hashish (resin) 138 112 103 n/a n/a Source: UNODC/MCN Surveys, UNODC ARQs Note: Comparisons of drug wholesale prices from different years need to be made with caution as they are influenced by changes in the exchange rates and may not necessarily reflect changes.

5 Afghanistan Drug Price Monitoring Monthly Report, February 2016, MCN/UNODC, Kabul. High and medium quality heroin prices are the averages of all observations. Opium prices reflect the trader prices of dry opium. 6 The same data source and comment.

Updated March 2016 11

Retail prices of illicit drugs (US$ per gram) 2011 2012 2013 Feb 20157 Feb 20168 Heroin 5.9 6.4 5.3 4.9 5.5 Marijuana (herb) 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 Hashish (resin) 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Source: UNODC/MCN Surveys, UNODC World Drug Report 2015 Note: Comparisons of drug wholesale prices from different years need to be made with caution as they are influenced by changes in the exchange rates and may not necessarily reflect changes.

Adulterants used in drugs in the country, 2010-2013 Heroin Paracetamol, caffeine, sucrose, benzocaine (anaesthetic), methorphan (analgesic and antitoxic), diazepam, (anxiolytic), chloroquinine Opium Fresh dates, poppy leaf Hashish Caffeine Source: UNODC Research

DRUG RELATED CRIME

Drug-related arrest statistics (investigation, prosecution and conviction by the Criminal Justice Task Force), March 2010-March 2015 2010-2011 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 Criminal cases initiated9 485 635 419 711 529 Total crimes investigated 631 817 669 906 742 and prosecuted Including against persons by gender: Male 628 811 667 890 724 Female 3 6 2 16 18 Including against: Afghan nationals 604 774 637 877 595 Public officials 19 31 20 20 143 Foreigners 8 12 12 9 4 Approx. amount of drugs along with the cases: Heroin (tons) 9 7 4.11 5 3 Illicit morphine (tons) 5 37 36.43 4.5 6 Opium (tons) 44.5 60.5 71.63 75 62 Hashish (resin, tons) 93.5 80.5 120.52 28.5 31.5 Solid precursors (tons) 34.5 87.5 43.9 45 24 Liquid precursors (lt) 30,000 55.5 29,330 21,417 707,103 Alcohol (lt) 44,350 59,000 42,780 26,439 29,208 Source: Criminal Justice Task Force of Ministry of Interior Affairs (www.cjtf.gov.af)

7 Afghanistan Drug Price Monitoring Monthly Report, February 2016, MCN/UNODC, Kabul. Average prices of heroin, opium and hashish at consumer level converted to US$ per grams. 8 The same source and comment. 9 The CJTF Investigation and Laboratory Department Serious receive narcotics and intoxicating drinks cases sent by the Counter Narcotics Police and other law enforcement agency of Afghanistan

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DRUG INDUSTRY AND TRAFFICKING NETWORKS (2011-2012)

Afghanistan dominates the global opiate production. The opiate industry involves various processes: obtaining precursors, extracting opium, processing it into heroin/morphine and trafficking onward – activities that require an equally extensive network of traffickers. A recent UNODC/MCN joint research found that such networks existed in each province visited. The number of trafficking networks and the links they have with other networks varies between provinces. The two maps examine the major and minor trafficking networks in each province.

Estimated minor drug trafficking networks in Afghanistan

Source: MCN/UNODC joint research study on opiate flow-2012 Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

Estimated major drug trafficking networks in Afghanistan

Updated March 2016 13

HAWALA SYSTEM

Hawala is an ancient money-transfer system that traces its origins to South Asia. Relying heavily on trust and connections such as family relationships, the hawala system has come to be used all over Afghanistan. As is the case with any other remittance system, hawala can be - and is - used to launder money and support anti-Government activities.

Joint MCN/UNODC researchers interviewed several key informants (mainly hawaladars) across 18 provinces of Afghanistan. While most Afghans are new to the modern banking system, it is perhaps unsurprising to note that hawala has a significant presence in the country (Refer to the Maps). The informal nature of hawala, a lack of strict law enforcement to prevent misuse of the system and the close-knit nature of Afghan society mean that the Taliban and other AGE can use hawala to bypass legal regulations.

Estimated unregistered hawaladars in Afghanistan

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DRUG ABUSE

Number of drug users and annual prevalence 2005 2009 Number %10 Number %11 Drug users 920,000 3.8 800,00012 3.3 Adult male 740,000 12.1 n/a n/a Adult female 120,000 2.1 111,00013 n/a Children 60,000 0.7 n/a14 n/a IDUs n/a n/a 20,000 2.815 Including users by drug type: Opium 150,000 0.6 230,000 1.9 Heroin 50,000 0.2 120,000 1.0 Hashish 520,000 2.2 520,00016 8.3 Pharmaceutical 180,000 0.8 n/a n/a Alcohol 160,000 0.7 n/a n/a Others 200,000 0.9 n/a n/a Source: Drug Use in Afghanistan: 2005 and 2009 surveys, UNGASS Country Report 2012, MCN Afghanistan Drug Report 2012 Note: There is no regular data collection system and lack of information and monitoring system from drug treatment centres.

Annual prevalence of drug use17 as percentage of the population aged 15-64 Best estimate Uncertainty range Year of estimate Amphetamines 0.00 n/a 2009 Cannabis 4.28 3.37-5.18 2009 Cocaine 0.00 n/a 2009 Tranquilizers and sedatives 0.80 n/a 2003 Opioids18 2.92 2.65-3.20 2009 Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2013 (latest available data)

Drug-related mortality with ranking of drugs as primary cause of death 2009 Number of deaths 16 Reference population 1,857,939 Rate per million aged 15-64 8.6 Ranking of drugs as primary cause of death: Opioids 1 Fatal drug overdoses (%) 100 Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2015 (latest available data)

10 Population sample: Both recreational and regular/problem drug use including alcohol use. 11 Population sample: Regular drug users were defined as those who had used opium, heroin, opioids and tranquilizers regularly in the past 12 months and past 30 days 12 Between 660,000 and 940,000 drug users 13 Afghanistan Drug Report 2012, Ministry of Counter Narcotics of the I.R. of Afghanistan, Kabul, November 2013, p.81 14 50% of opium using parents give it to their children (250,000 opium users) 15 as per cent of problem drug users 16 Afghanistan Drug Report 2012, Ministry of Counter Narcotics of the I.R. of Afghanistan, Kabul, November 2013, p.81 17 Annual prevalence refers to the total number of people of a given age range who have used a given drug at least once in the past year divided by the number of people of a given age. 18 Opioid – A generic term applied to alkaloids from opium poppy, their synthetic analogues, and compounds synthesized in the body.

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Drug treatment services in Afghanistan Total including Total 2012 Government NGOs19 2015 Services: In-patient (treatment centres ) 76 21 55 72 Out-patient 32 0 32 46 Outreach 73 0 73 75 Harm reduction 4 0 4 26 Village based 5 0 5 0 Community based 25 15 10 31 After care 66 0 66 67 Shelter n/a n/a n/a 6 Treatment services by target groups: Adults 101 31 80 13120 Adolescent 20 0 20 2621 Children 32 9 23 21 Capacity of services: Clinical staff (persons) 896 287 609 917 In-patient services: Number of beds 2,000 730 1,270 2,740 Annual capacity 13,130 5,840 7,290 19,000 Out-patient services: Annual capacity 8,560 3,340 5,220 9,250 Home based services: Number of patients 460 0 460 460 Annual capacity 3,920 0 3,920 3,920 Total annual treatment capacity 25,480 8,960 16,520 31,170 Source: Ministry of Public Health (2012), Ministry of Counter Narcotics (2015)

Needs in treatment and treated persons 2009 Persons who need for treatment 780,000 Persons who received treatment 86,000 Source: Drug Use in Afghanistan 2009 Survey

HIV/AIDS

People living with HIV and HIV prevalence March 2014- 2009 2010 2011 2012 March 2015 New HIV cases 416 614 117 162 n/a Total HIV cases 905 1,250 1,367 1,529 1,644 HIV Prevalence: IDUs (%) 7 n/a n/a 4.4 (IBBS 2012) n/a Sex workers (%) 0 0 0 0.3 (IBBS 2012) n/a MSM (%) 0.4 (IBBS 2012) n/a Inmates (%) 1 n/a n/a 0.7 (IBBS 2012) n/a Source: Ministry of Public Health/National AIDS Control Program, Integrated Biological Behavioral Survey (IBBS) 2012, Afghanistan Country Progress Report 2014, Central Statistical Organisation Afghanistan (March 2014-March 2015) Note: The number of HIV cases reported was obtained from different sources of information, not all of which follow the standard testing algorithm. In addition, there may be a risk of double counting. A new reporting system is established in 2010.

19 Donors: INL (U.S. Department of State), Caritas (Germany), Norwegian Church Aid, Japan Government, World Bank, and UNODC 20 Including 94 male and 37 female 21 Including 14 male and 12 female

Updated March 2016 16

People living with HIV in Afghanistan, 1980-2012 (Spectrum produced graph, estimation 2012)

Source: UNGASS Country Progress Report 2014: Afghanistan, National AIDS Control Program, 31 March 2014

UNAIDS estimates of HIV and AIDS (with uncertainty bounds) 2010 2011 2012 201322 2014 Adults and children living with HIV 3,700 4,000 4,300 4,500 6,700 Adult (15-49) prevalence (%) < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 AIDS-related deaths in adults and < 500 < 500 < 500 < 500 < 500 children Adults (15+) living with HIV 3,500 3,700 4,000 4,200 6,300 Source: UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic – 2013, UNAIDS Country Profile (http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/afghanistan)

DRUG- AND CRIME-RELATED TREATIES

Ratification status of Drug-Related Treaties Status Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 19 Feb 2015 Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 21 May 1985 (Accession) United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 14 Feb 1992 of 1988 (Ratification)

Signature and ratification status of UNTOC and UNCAC Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 24 Sep 2003 (Ratification) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the UNTOC Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the UNTOC Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 25 Aug 2008 (Ratification)

22 UNAIDS Epidemiological Fact Sheet on HIV and AIDS: Afghanistan, http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/epidocuments/AFG.pdf, Nov 2015

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FACT SHEET REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA

Territory: Total 28,748 km2; Water (%) 4.7 Borders: Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo (under UNSCR 1244/99) to the northeast, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (under UNSCR 817 (1993)) to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the west, and on the Ionian Sea to the southwest.

Population (thousands) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total 3,150 3,154 3,162 3,173 3,185 2,897 15-64 aged 2,113 2,133 2,155 2,178 2,198 2,000 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2012 Revision

DRUG SEIZURES

Seizures of illicit drugs (kg) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Opioids: Heroin 15.52 21.41 87.72 47.40 73.49 Pharmaceutical opioids: Methadone 0.031 0.001 0.543 0.138 0.017 Cannabis-type: Marijuana (herb) 7,304.81 7,695.66 21,138.23 20,672.90 101,726.10 Hashish - 32.2 5.1 32.45 24.45 Cannabis seeds 3.04 2.35 0.34 0.70 1.83 Cannabis oil (litres) n/a 1.58 0.50 0.359 11.154 Cannabis plants (plants) 37,216 21,267 33,000 98,491 551,414 Cocaine-type: Cocaine 3.27 2.20 4.06 16.10 10.028 Other miscellaneous: Cutting substances 44.1 24.2 174.97 1.74 0.10 Source: Albanian State Police; EMCDDA, UNODC World Drug Reports 2013-2015, Drug Situation Analysis Report 2011: South Eastern Europe

Updated March 2016 18

International Operations and Controlled Delivery (CD) operations Jan-Nov 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 International Operations 34 29 54 33 41 CD operations by Police23 48 49 50 65 2 Partner countries Holland and Italy; Italy; Italy; France; Italy; USA Germany; Germany; Belgium; Greece; USA; Switzerland; Austria; Holland; Kosovo; France; Spain; Kosovo; FYR of Switzerland Austria Belgium; Macedonia (coordinated by Slovenia; USA; EUROJUST) Kosovo; SELEC Source: Albanian State Police

Heroin seizures, 2010 – 2015 Cannabis seizures, 2010 – 2015

23 Operations with special investigation techniques

Updated March 2016 19

DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY

Wholesale prices of illicit drugs (US$ per kg) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Heroin 14,570-18,550 19,545-25,129 23,200-30,930 22,100-29,500 22,180- 29,500 Marijuana (herb) 330-460 350-490 322-451 307-430 1,480- 2,100 Hashish (resin) n/a n/a n/a n/a 2,460 Cocaine 46,370-53,000 48,860-55,840 48,969-57,990 46,650-55,250 46,800- 55,450 Source: Albanian State Police, UNODC ARQs, UNODC World Drug Reports Note: Comparisons of drug prices from different years need to be made with caution as they are influenced by changes in the exchange rates and may not necessarily reflect changes.

Retail prices of illicit (US$ per gram) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Heroin 27-33 29-35 23-35 27 26-31 Marijuana (herb) 1.1-2.1 1.1-2.2 1.3-2.1 1.5 4-6 Cocaine 66-93 70-98 64-129 74 60-120 Source: EMCDDA; Albanian State Police, UNODC ARQs, World Drug Reports Note: Comparisons of drug prices from different years need to be made with caution as they are influenced by changes in the exchange rates and may not necessarily reflect changes.

Purity level of illicit drugs (in %) 2010 2011 2012 2014 Heroin: At wholesale level 30-50 1-22 46-50 46-50 At street level 1-20 1-20 1-7 1-7 Marijuana (retail, n/a 3-12 2-10 10-15 potency24) Cocaine (retail) 10-30 20-50 1-48 1-48 Source: UNODC ARQs, World Drug Reports, Albanian State Police

DRUG-RELATED CRIME

Drug-related offences 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Criminal cases initiated 711 742 1,116 1,334 1,228 Rate (per 100,000) 22.6 23.5 35.3 42.0 38.6 Cases of cannabis cultivation (Art. 284 of the 178 89 154 22925 570 Criminal Code) Cases on Articles 283 and 285 of the CC 533 653 962 1,105 1,008 Manufacturing, selling narcotics products 473 580 850 948 908 (Art. 283) Trafficking of narcotics products (Art. 53 69 106 153 98 283a) Possession of chemical substances and 5 2 6 2 n/a equipment (Art. 285) Facilitating the drug use (Art. 285a) 0 0 0 2 1

24 Tetrahydrocannabinol content 25 Dublin Regioanl report on Western Balkans, Council of the EU, Brussels, 15 April 2014, http://register.consilium.europa.eu/doc/srv?l=EN&f=ST%208886%202014%20INIT

Updated March 2016 20 Drug-related offences 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Other cases 2 2 n/a n/a n/a Source: EMCDDA National Report 2013: Albania; Albanian State Police, Dublin Group reports

Offenders prosecuted and convicted 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total offenders prosecuted 891 1,041 1,387 1,420 n/a Rate (per 100,000) 28.3 33 43.9 44.8 n/a For cannabis cultivation (Art. 284) 79 79 142 8926 105 For other offences 812 962 1,245 1,331 1,509 Manufacturing, selling narcotics products 687 860 1,071 1,134 1,303 (Art. 283) Traffic of narcotics products (Art. 283a) 104 94 166 193 206 Possession of chemical substances and 11 6 8 2 n/a equipment (Art. 285) Facilitating the drug use (Art. 285a) n/a n/a 0 2 n/a Offenders convicted for cannabis cultivation 79 89 n/a n/a n/a Source: EMCDDA; Albanian State Police, Paris Pact Drug Situation Report 2011, Mini Dublin Group Reports

Organized crime groups 201027 2011 2012 2013 2014 Number of organized crime groups 47 n/a n/a 33 57 Persons involved 223 218 233 170 220 Groups with international links revealed n/a 48 50 1928 n/a Source: Albanian State Police, EMCDDA National Report 2013: Albnia

DRUG ABUSE

Drug abusers recorded in dispensaries 2009 2010 2011 201229 Total number 789 671 460 454 Rate (100,000) 25 21.3 14.6 14.4 Opiate users (%) 68.2 56.5 44.8 28.6 Cannabinoid users (%) 0.9 11.8 12.8 22.2 IDUs (%) 85.6 n/a 88.3 n/a Source: EMCDDA National Reports of Albania, Paris Pact Drug Situation Report 2013, INSTAT (Albanian Institute of Statistics)

Estimates of people who inject drugs (PWID) 2011 Number of PWIDs 4,000-6,000 Prevalence of PWIDs among population aged 15-64 (%) 0.18-0.27 Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2015 (latest available data)

Drug-related deaths and overdoses 2009 2010 2011 2012 Drug-related deaths 4 2 2 2 Drug overdoses 3* 7 n/a n/a Note: *There is no reliable data on drug-related deaths in Albania Source: EMCDDA; Forensic Medicine Institute Registry

26 Ibid 27 The period January-November 2010 28 Period January-April 2013 29 Dublin Regioanl report on Western Balkans, Council of the EU, Brussels, 15 April 2014, http://register.consilium.europa.eu/doc/srv?l=EN&f=ST%208886%202014%20INIT

Updated March 2016 21

HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS reported 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 New HIV cases 61 48 72 90 124 Rate (per 100,000) 1.9 1.5 2.3 2.9 3.9 Number of people tested for HIV n/a 24,190 26,005 26,966 37,478 Total HIV cases n/a 413 485 575 699 Rate (per 100,000) n/a 13.1 15.4 18.2 22.0 IDUs (%) n/a n/a <1% n/a n/a Source: UNAIDS; EMCDDA; Ministry of Health, Institute of Public Health, UNGASS Country Progress Report for 2010-2011

Estimates of people living with HIV and HIV prevalence 2010 2011 2013 National estimates: PLWHA 406 478 671 IDUs (%) n/a 1 n/a MSM (%) n/a 10 n/a Pregnant (%) n/a 4 n/a UNAIDS estimates: Number of people living with HIV n/a n/a < 1,100 Adults aged 15 and up living with HIV n/a n/a < 1,100 Source: Ministry of Health, http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/albania/

DRUG- AND CRIME-RELATED TREATIES

Ratification status of Drug-Related Treaties Status Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 n/a

Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 24 Jan 2003 (accession) United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 27 Jun 2001 of 1988 (accession)

Signature and ratification status of UNTOC and UNCAC Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 21 August 2002 (ratification) a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and 21 August 2002 Children, supplementing the UNTOC (ratification) b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the UNTOC 21 August 2002 (ratification) c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and 08 February 2008 Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC (accession) United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 25 August 2008 (ratification)

Updated March 2016 22

FACT SHEET REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA

Territory: 29,743 sq. km. Borders: 1,448 km Azerbaijan: 930 km, Turkey: 280 km, Georgia: 196 km, Iran: 42 km

Population (thousands) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total 2,963 2,968 2,978 2,992 3,006 3,018 15-64 aged 2,043 2,066 2,090 2,111 2,127 2,136 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2015 Revision

DRUG SEIZURES

Seizures of illicit drugs (kg) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Opioids: Heroin 90.14 0.005 0.004 850.20 0.001 Opium 1.16 6.64 14.71 2.51 4.34 Illicit morphine (grams) 0.008 0.018 - 0.02 - Poppy plants: Poppy straw - - - 0.178 0.131 Pharmaceutical opioids: Buprenorphine 0.032 0.014 0.010 0.030 0.008 Codeine 0.020 0.012 0.009 0.012 0.030 Methadone 0.001 0.050 0.058 0.019 0.011 Omnofone (Papaveretum) 0.0003 0.0003 - - - Other illicit opiates: Acetylised opium 0.030 - 0.004 0.080 0.015 Other illicit opioids: Desomorphine - - 0.001 0.004 0.004 Cannabinoids: Marijuana (herb) 20.02 15.33 11.39 13.51 7.8 Cannabis plants (kg) - - 64.84 7.93 10.5 Hashish (resin) 11.32 1.34 1.49 0.504 28.08 Cannabis oil 0.073 0.034 0.0003 0.012 0.106 Other types of cannabis: Tetrahydrocannabinol (grams) - - 0.800 0.540 0.694

Updated March 2016 23 Seizures of illicit drugs (kg) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Cocaine-type: Cocaine salts 0.002 0.0003 0.015 3.98 26.1 ATS: Amphetamine 4.00 - 0.0006 0.022 0.004 Methamphetamine 1.24 0.001 0.065 4.53 8.97 Ecstasy-type substances - 0.0002 0.0005 - 0.991 Non-specified: Psychotropic substances 0.073 0.040 0.041 0.040 - Substances not under international control: Synthetic cannabioids (Spice) AM-2201 (grams) n/a n/a - - 1.448 JWH-018 (grams) n/a n/a - - 0.072 Precursors Non-specified (millilitre) 758.5 540.0 337.5 2,520.0 - Source: UNODC World Drug reports data (2011-2015), Police of the Republic of Armenia (2011-2015)

Police estimates of drug trafficking, 201430 Transit country Drugs being transported Mode of transportation Iran Opium, heroin, amphetamine Air, land Turkey Heroin, methadone and ecstasy (less volume) Land Russian Federation Spices n/a France Subutex (buprenorphine) Air, mail (in Jan-Sep 2015) Source: Police of the Republic of Armenia

“Hemp-Poppy” operations in the country led by the Police, 2011-2015 (kg) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Hemp (wild growing and illicit) 84,511 82,666 94,879 85,453 68,887 Poppy (wild growing and illicit) 64 39 26 146.6 113 Source: Drug Trafficking Situation in Armenia, Police reports for 2011-2015.

Heroin seizures in Armenia, 2011 –2015

Source: DRUGS MONITORING PLATFORM, joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact programmes, http://drugsmonitoring.unodc-roca.org.

30 Illegal Drug Trafficking Situation in Armenia, Report 2014. Police of the Republic of Armenia. Erevan, 2015

Updated March 2016 24

Opium seizures in Armenia, 2011 – 2015

DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY

Wholesale prices of illicit drugs (US$ per kg) 2012 2013 Heroin, brown (unknown purity) 100,000-110,000 100,000-200,000 Opium 50,000-70,000 30,000-60,000 Buprenorphine (1,000 tablets) 120,000-140,000 n/a Marijuana (herb) 10,000-15,000 10,000-15,000 Hashish (resin) 10,000-20,000 20,000-30,000 Cocaine salts 250,000-300,000 170,000-220,000 Methamphetamine 150,000-200,000 n/a Source: UNODC World Drug Reports Note: Comparisons of prices from different years need to be made with caution as they are influenced by changes in the exchange rates and may not necessarily reflect changes in the local markets.

Retail prices of illicit drugs (US$ per gram) 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Heroin, brown (unknown purity) 100-120 100-110 100-110 120-140 200-250 Opium 50-80 50-80 50-80 80-90 50-80 Buprenorphine (tab) n/a n/a n/a 120-150 130-150 Marijuana (herb) 3-6 20-25 20-25 20-25 20-25 Hashish (resin) 30-40 40-50 40-50 40-50 40-50 Cocaine salts 250-280 n/a 250-300 350-380 250-300 Methamphetamine n/a n/a n/a 250-300 n/a Amphetamine n/a n/a n/a n/a 100-200 Ecstasy (tab) n/a n/a 50 50 n/a Source: Police of the Republic of Armenia, UNODC World Drug Reports Note: Comparisons of prices from different years need to be made with caution as they are influenced by changes in the exchange rates and may not necessarily reflect changes in the local markets.

Updated March 2016 25

DRUG-RELATED CRIME

Drug-related offences (according to the Criminal Code of the Republic of Armenia) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Criminal cases initiated 1,525 1,139 1,22231 1,046 932 Rate (per 100,000)* 51 38 41 35 31 including offences by articles 266-274 of the Criminal Code: With intent to sell (Art. 266)32 754 515 527 571 489 Without intent to sell (Art. 268)33 758 597 525 454 437 Illicit cultivation (Art. 273)34 8 19 168 14 1 Others (Art. 267, 269, 272, 274) 5 8 2 7 5 Source: Police of the Republic of Armenia Note: * The rates were calculated using the UN population estimates.

Persons convicted for drug-related crime (according to the Criminal Code of the Republic of Armenia) 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Persons convicted 711 686 686 539 352 Rate (per 100,000)* 24 23 23 18 8 Female 15 26 104 19 10 Foreigners 24 18 22 28 4 Source: Police of the Republic and National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia Note: * The rates were calculated using the UN population estimates.

DRUG ABUSE

Drug abusers recorded in the drug treatment centres 2010 2011 2012 2013 201435 Primary drug abusers 249 163 668 n/a 574 Rate (per 100,000)* 8 5 22 n/a 19 Drug addicts 235 163 663 n/a n/a Toxic substance users 14 0 5 n/a n/a Total people diagnosed with n/a n/a n/a 5,022 5,35736 drug addiction Source: National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia Note: * The rates were calculated using the UN population estimates.

Drug testing among people referred by law enforcement agencies 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Number of persons with identified drug 1,130 1,009 1,523 1,685 1,070 Cannabis (%) 61.7 65.5 73.5 73 67 Opiates (%) 32.4 30.9 20.7 23 18 Synthetic drug (%) 5.9 3.6 5.8 4 15 Source: Police of the Republic of Armenia

31 http://www.police.am 32 Illegal circulation of narcotic substances or psychotropic substances for the purpose of their sale (parts 1-4). 33 Illegal circulation of narcotic substances or psychotropic substances without the purpose of their sale. 34 Illegal sowing or growing of plants prohibited for cultivation , containing narcotic, psychotropic, strong and poisonous substances. 35 Dublin Group Regional Report on Eastern Europe and Caucasus, Council of the EU, Brussels, 11 November 2015 36 Drug Trafficking Situation in Armenia, Report for the nine months 2015, Police of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan, 2015 (In Russian language), p.5

Updated March 2016 26

Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged 15-64 Best estimate Uncertainty range Year of estimate Amphetamines 0.04 n/a 2005 Cannabis 3.50 n/a 2003 Cocaine 0.10 n/a 2005 Ecstasy-type substances 0.10 n/a 2005 Opioids 0.16 0.14-0.20 2009 Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2015 (latest available estimates)

HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS reported 2011 2012 2013 2014 201537 New HIV cases 182 228 238 334 294 Rate (per 100,000) 6 8 8 11 10 By gender: Male (%) 63.2 69.3 68.1 69 n/a Female (%) 36.8 30.7 31.9 31 n/a By mode of transmission: Injecting drug use n/a n/a 31.1 28 26 Heterosexual contacts n/a n/a 59.5 63 65 Homosexual contacts n/a n/a 2.2 2.4 2.6 Mother-to-child n/a n/a 1.7 1.8 1.7 Through blood n/a n/a 0.2 0.2 0.2 Unknown n/a n/a 5.3 4.6 4.5 Total HIV cases 1,153 1,381 1,619 1,953 2,247 Rate (per 100,000) 39 47 54 65 73 Source: National Center for AIDS Prevention, Global AIDS Response Progress Report 2014

Estimation of PLWHA and HIV prevalence by the National Center for AIDS Prevention of Armenia 2011 2012 2013 2014 201538 PLWHA 2,500 3,500 3,500 3,800 3,800 IDUs (%) 6.5 6.3 6.7 4.0 (1.8-6.7) n/a Sex workers (%) 1.2 1.3 1.6 0 n/a MSM (%) 3.4 2.6 2.9 0.4 n/a Inmates (%) 1.1 n/a n/a n/a n/a Source: Global AIDS Response Progress Reports, National Center for AIDS Prevention

HIV estimates by UNAIDS 2010 2011 2012 201339 2014 Estimated adults and children living 3,200 3,300 3,500 3,700 4,000 with HIV Adult (15-49) prevalence (%) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Adult (15-49) incidence rate 0.02 0.02 0.02 n/a n/a AIDS-related deaths in adults and <500 <500 <500 n/a <200 children Adults and children newly infected <500 <500 <500 n/a n/a with HIV

37 HIV/AIDS Epidemics in the Republic of Armenia, National Center for AIDS Prevention, Ministry of Health, accessed 1 February 2016, http://www.armaids.am/main/free_code.php?lng=1&parent=3 38 HIV/AIDS Epidemics in the Republic of Armenia, National Center for AIDS Prevention, Ministry of Health, accessed 1 February 2016, http://www.armaids.am/main/free_code.php?lng=1&parent=3 39 UNAIDS HIV and AIDS estimates, http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/armenia/, accessed 25 September 2014

Updated March 2016 27 HIV estimates by UNAIDS 2010 2011 2012 201339 2014 Estimated adults (15+) living with 3,200 3,300 3,500 3,600 3,900 HIV Adults (15+) newly infected with HIV <500 <500 <500 n/a n/a Source: UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic – 2013

CRIME-RELATED TREATIES

Ratification status of Drug-Related Treaties Status Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 13 Sep 1993 (Accession) Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 13 Sep 1993 (Accession) United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 13 Sep 1993 1988 (Accession)

Ratification status of Crime-Related Treaties Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 01 July 2003 (Ratification) a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and 01 July 2003 Children, supplementing the UNTOC (Ratification) b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the UNTOC 01 July 2003 (Ratification) c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and 26 Jan 2012 Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC (Accession) United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 08 March 2007 (Ratification)

Updated March 2016 28

FACT SHEET AZERBAIJAN (REPUBLIC OF)

Territory: 86,600 sq. km State borders: with I.R. of Iran and Turkey - in the south with Russian Federation - in the north with Georgia - in the north west with Armenia - in the west

Source: Azerbaijan in Figures 2014, State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan

Population (thousands) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total 9,100 9,228 9,361 9,497 9,630 9,754 15-64 aged 6,492 6,629 6,752 6,885 6,972 7,067 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2015 Revision

DRUG SEIZURES

Seizures of illicit drugs and precursors (kg) 2011 2012 2013 2014 201540 Opioids: Heroin 120.52 109.76 100.78 296.13 80.31 Opium 52.22 240.42 170.28 327.14 240.10 Pharmaceutical opioids: 0.043 kg, Methadone 0.410 0.090 0.100 n/a 1,350 tabs Buprenorphine n/a n/a n/a n/a 400 pills Poppy plants n/a 10.10 54.20 n/a n/a Cannabis-type: Marijuana (herb) 298.96 312.47 476.38 487.29 698.64 Hashish (resin) 1,008.62 638.46 379.40 153.95 57.86 Cannabis plants 4,756.6 kg, 4,539.3 kg, 20.57 n/a 12,689 plants 10,166 plants 8,503 plants Cocaine-type: Cocaine salts 0.100 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.062 ATS: Amphetamine n/a n/a n/a n/a 0.089 Methamphetamine 6.88 0.62 0.30 n/a n/a Non-specified drug group: Psychotropic 0.620 kg, 7.5 kg 50.42 kg, substances 2,500 tabs and n/a 2.55 15,420 tabs 1,750 tabs 20 ampoules

40 National Annual Report on Drug Control 2015, State Commission Countering Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking of the Republic of Azerbaijan, http://nmdk.gov.az/raAdmin/uploads/files/a47b0ce44700d2c16013b6e3b2d4b88d-meruze-2016_Layout%201.pdf

Updated March 2016 29 Seizures of illicit drugs and precursors (kg) 2011 2012 2013 2014 201540 Substances not under international control: Others 62.7 49.5 0.41 56.9 n/a Green mass containing wild growing drug 366,777.0 336,480.0 326,905.0 308,186.6 189,601.2 plants destroyed (kg) Precursors: Potassium n/a 50 0.294 n/a n/a permanganate Other precursors n/a n/a n/a 0.0001 n/a Source: UNODC ARQ data, Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Centre for Combating Illicit Trafficking of Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and their Precursors (CARICC), State Commission Countering Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking of the Republic of Azerbaijan

Percentage of drug seizures by authority 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Ministry of Internal Affairs (%) 36 50 52 51 72 State Security Service (%) 39 33 30 22 10 State Customs Committee (%) 15 12 9 12 7 State Border Service (%) 10 5 8 14 11 Prisons (%) 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Total 100 100 100 100 100 Source: State Commission Countering Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Ministry of National Security, State Coms Committee and State Border Service of the Republic of Azerbaijan

Heroin seizures in the Republic of Azerbaijan, 2010 –2015

Updated March 2016 30

Opium seizures in the Republic of Azerbaijan, 2010 –2015

Source: DRUGS MONITORING PLATFORM, joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact programmes, http://drugsmonitoring.unodc-roca.org.

Cannabis seizures in the Republic of Azerbaijan, 2010 – 2015

Updated March 2016 31

International Operations and Controlled Delivery 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 International operations 15 11 2 4 2 Controlled-Delivery Operations 10 0 1 3 0 Joint/simultaneous operations Azerbaijan-Russian Federation41 11 13 n/a n/a n/a Total seized drugs (kg) 7742 1,120 n/a n/a n/a Source: State Commission Countering Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking of the Republic of Azerbaijan, “National Drug Prevention” Public Union of Azerbaijan, Ministry of National Security of Azerbaijan, CARICC

DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY

Wholesale prices of illicit drugs (US$ per kg) 43 2011 2012 1 Jan 201444 1 Jan 201545 1 Jan 2016 Heroin (unknown purity) 9,000-16,000 18,000-23,000 15,000-20,000 15,000-20,000 15,000-20,000 Opium 1,200-1,500 1,500 - 4000 5,000-7,000 3,000-7,000 3,000-7,000 Marijuana (herb) n/a 1,000-3,000 6,000-8,000 6,000-8,000 6,000-8,000 Hashish (resin) 1,500-2,000 2,000- 5,000 3,000-4,000 2,500-4,000 2,500-4,000 Source: CARICC (2011, 2015), UNODC ARQ data (2012), State Commission Countering Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking of Azerbaijan (2013- 2014, 2016) Note: Comparisons of drug wholesale prices from different years need to be made with caution as they are influenced by changes in the exchange rates as well as data source and may not necessarily reflect changes.

Retail prices of illicit (US$ per gram) 46 2011 2012 1 Jan 201447 1 Jan 201548 1 Jan 2016 Heroin (unknown purity) 40-60 40-50 40-50 40-50 40-50 Opium 10-20 7-15 10-15 10-15 10-15 Marijuana (herb) n/a 10-12 10-15 8-12 8-12 Hashish (resin) 5-8 5-6 8-10 6-8 6-8 Source: UNODC ARQ data (2011, opium), CARICC (2012), State Commission Countering Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking (2014, 2016) Note: Comparisons of drug wholesale prices from different years need to be made with caution as they are influenced by changes in the exchange rates as well as data source and may not necessarily reflect changes.

Examination of narcotic drugs, 2015 Samples Weight (kg) Heroin 1,236 87.6 Opium 564 215.2 Marijuana 757 326.9 Cannabis plant 86 126.5 Hashish 313 45.6 Methamphetamine 54 3.3 MDMA (ecstasy) 2 0.020 Cocaine 4 0.062 Synthetic cannabinoid 14 0.018 (spices) Source: National Annual Report on Drug Control 2015, State Commission for Combating Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking

41 Ministry of National Security of Azerbaijan in cooperation with the Federal Drug Control Service of the Russian Federation. 42 Country Report on Drugs Control in the Republic of Azerbaijan 2010. Annual Report, State Commission on Fighting Against Drug Addiction and Illegal Drug Trafficking of Azerbaijan, Baku, 2011, p. 15 43 The table reveals the tendency on drug prices for 2010-2014, the main source of information is based on CARICC’s data, reported by the government of Azerbaijan while the World Drug Reports contain data on drug prices until 2012. 44 National Annual Report on Drug Control 2013, State Commission for Combating Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking, Baku, 2014, p. 19 45 National Annual Report on Drug Control 2014, State Commission for Combating Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking, Baku, 2015, p. 19 46 The table reveals the tendency on drug prices for 2010-2014, the main source of information is based on CARICC’s data, reported by the government of Azerbaijan while the World Drug reports contain data on drug prices until 2011. 47 National Annual Report on Drug Control 2013, State Commission for Combating Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking, Baku, 2014, p. 19 48 National Annual Report on Drug Control 2014, State Commission for Combating Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking, Baku, 2015, p. 19

Updated March 2016 32

DRUG-RELATED CRIME

Drug-related offences 201149 201250 201351 201452 201553 Criminal cases initiated 2,921 2,590 2,744 3,349 3,187 Rate (per 100,000)* 32 28 29 35 33 including by type of offence (number of cases): Possession 1,762 1,660 1,755 2,202 2,062 With intent to sell 917 780 794 931 916 Smuggling 190 161 185 239 n/a Illicit cultivation 111 136 171 203 193 Other types n/a 14 24 13 16 Source: ”National Drug Prevention” Public Union (2011), State Commission Countering Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking of the Republic of Azerbaijan (2012-2015), CARICC (smuggling offences, 2011) Note: * The rate was calculated using the UN World Population Prospects estimates.

Nationality of people arrested for committing drug-related crimes in the country 2011 201254 201355 201456 201557 Total arrested 2,617 2,181 2,197 2,579 2,587 Rate (per 100,000)* 28 23 23 27 27 including by gender: Male 2,555 2,136 2,146 2,502 2,478 Female 62 45 51 77 52 including by nationality: Citizens of Azerbaijan 2,555 2,107 2,141 2,511 1,201 Foreign citizens 62 74 56 68 57 CIS citizens 36 22 25 32 24 I.R. of Iran 24 44 25 32 31 Turkey 1 0 4 2 2 Slovakia 0 1 1 0 0 India 0 0 1 0 0 Canada 0 0 0 1 0 Afghanistan 1 7 0 0 0 Others 0 0 0 1 0 Total drugs seized from 54 200 40 200 65 foreigners (kg) Source: CARICC, State Commission Countering Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking of the Republic of Azerbaijan Note: *- The rate was calculated using the UN World Population Prospects estimates.

CIS citizens arrested for committing drug-related crimes in the country 2011 2012 2013 201458 201559 Georgia 19 13 5 22 20 Russian Federation 13 9 19 8 1 Turkmenistan 1 0 0 1 1 Ukraine 3 0 1 1 2

49 Annual Report on Drug-related Situation in Azerbaijan 2012, “National Drug Prevention” Public Union, SCAD Regional Program (EU/UNDP project). 50 Statistical information for 2012-2013 submitted to the State Commission for Combating Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking to CARICC, 2014 51 National Annual Report on Drug Control 2013, State Commission for Combating Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking, Baku, 2014, p. 13 52 National Annual Report on Drug Control 2014, State Commission for Combating Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking, Baku, 2015, p. 13 53 National Annual Report on Drug Control 2015, State Commission for Combating Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking, Baku, 2016, p. 14 54 CARICC Statistical Information for 2012-2013. 55 National Annual Report on Drug Control 2013, State Commission for Combating Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking, Baku, 2014, p. 14. 56 National Annual Report on Drug Control 2014, State Commission for Combating Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking, Baku, 2015, p. 14. 57 National Annual Report on Drug Control 2015, State Commission for Combating Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking, Baku, 2016, p. 15 58 National Annual Report on Drug Control 2014, State Commission for Combating Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking, Baku, 2015, p. 14. 59 Press Release of the State Commission for Combating Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking, 10 August 2015, http://nmdk.gov.az/index.php?lang=aze&page=7&newsId=434

Updated March 2016 33

Source: CARICC, State Commission Countering Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking of the Republic of Azerbaijan

Drug-related crimes committed in the state of drug intoxication 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Drug-related crimes (DRC) 13 24 150 161 100 Persons convicted for DRC 16 29 144 171 159 Source: State Statistical Committee of Azerbaijan60

Drug-related crimes committed by groups 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Individual groups 19661 136 118 93 114 Organized criminal groups 662 n/a 3 3 0 Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs of Azerbaijan, State Statistical Committee of Azerbaijan, CARICC

DRUG ABUSE

Drug abusers registered in drug-treatment centres 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total number of persons: Drug addicts 26,716 27,910 28,376 28,656 28,555 Injecting drug users 15,31063 19,79264 20,00465 20,27666 20,03667 Toxicomen 127 134 130 152 158 Newly registered persons: Drug addicts 1,999 1,878 1,509 1,235 2,017 Injecting drug users68 1,349 1,178 914 n/a n/a Toxicomen 8 10 3 22 n/a Source: State Statistical Committee (drug users and toxic substance users, 2011-2014), State Commission Countering Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking of the Republic of Azerbaijan Note: * The rate was calculated using the UN World Population Prospects estimates.

Treatment of registered drug users 2010 2011 2012 2013 Treated registered drug users: Inpatient 1,108 1,052 611 772 Outpatient 822 1,011 342 210 Methadone therapy 173 151 133 137 Source: Compendium of Drug-related Statistics concerning GUAM Member States, 2014. GUAM report in the framework of the GLOV20 project

Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged 15-64 Best estimate Uncertainty range Year of estimate Cannabis 3.5 n/a 2004 Opiates 1.5 1.28-1.72 2010 Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2015 (latest available estimates)

60 http://www.stat.gov.az/source/crimes/indexen.php 61 Country Report on Drugs Control in the Republic of Azerbaijan 2010. Annual Report, State Commission on Fighting Against Drug Addiction and Illegal Drug Trafficking of Azerbaijan, Baku, 2011, p. 16 62 Ibid 63 Global AIDS Response Progress Report Azerbaijan, January 2010-December 2012, Baku, 2012, p. 29 64 Compendium of Drug-related Statistics Concerning GUAM Member States, Kiev, March 2014, p. 31 (2011-2013 data) 65 ARQ 2013 data 66 Press-release of the State Commission on Countering Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking of the Republic of Azerbaijan, http://nmdk.gov.az/index.php?lang=aze&page=125&newsId=371 67 National Annual Report on Drug Control 2015, State Commission for Combating Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking, Baku, 2016, p. 30 68 Compendium of Drug-related Statistics Concerning GUAM Member States, Kiev, March 2014, p. 31 (2011-2013 data)

Updated March 2016 34

Drug-related mortality with ranking of drugs as primary cause of death 2007 2012 Number of deaths 41 31 Reference population 6,200,302 6,703,717 Rate per million aged 15-64 6.6 4.6 Ranking of drugs as primary cause of death: Tranquilizers and sedatives 1 - Opioids 2 1 Source: UNODC World Drug Reports (latest available estimates)

HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS reported 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 New HIV cases 548 517 514 604 727 Rate (per 100,000)* 6 6 5 6 7 Including by gender, percent of new HIV cases Male (%) 75 69 64 63 68 Female (%) 25 31 36 37 32 Including by mode of transmission, percent of new HIV cases Injecting drug use (%) 58 n/a 39 30 22 Sexual contacts (%) 35 n/a 52 59 62 Mother-to-child (%) 0.02 0.07 2.0 3.0 2.2 Donor blood (%) n/a n/a 0 0 0 Unknown (%) n/a n/a 4.5 5.5 13.9 Total HIV cases 3,267 3,784 4,298 4,902 5,629 Rate (per 100,000)* 35 40 45 51 58 Including by gender, percent of total HIV cases Male (%) n/a n/a 78 73 75 Female (%) n/a n/a 22 27 25 Including by mode of transmission, percent of total HIV cases Injecting drug use (%) 61 59 56 54 50 Sexual contacts (%) 26 31 32 37 40 Mother-to-child (%) 1.3 n/a 1.5 1.7 1.8 Donor blood (%) 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 Unknown (%) 9 8 8 8 8 Source: Global AIDS Response Progress Report Azerbaijan 201469, Republican AIDS Centre of Azerbaijan, State Commission Countering Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Trafficking of the Republic of Azerbaijan (2014) Note: * The rate was calculated using the UN World Population Prospects estimates.

Sentinel Surveillance 2011 on knowledge, risks and prevalence of HIV and sexually and parenterally transmitted infections in most-at-risk populations in Azerbaijan Prevalence (%) People who inject drugs 9.5 (2 - 16.7) Sex workers 0.7 (0 - 4) MSM 2.0 (Baku city) Prisoners 5.8 Source: Global AIDS Response Progress Report Azerbaijan 2014, UNODC World Drug Report 2015

69 http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/knowyourresponse/countryprogressreports/2014countries/AZE_narrative_report_2014.pdf

Updated March 2016 35

Survey 2011: Estimating sizes of populations at risk for HIV and AIDS in Azerbaijan Estimated number People who inject drugs 71,283 (43,736 - 98,830) Sex workers 25,054 (4,396 - 41,874) MSM 6,572 (4,396 - 8,748) Source: Global AIDS Response Progress Report Azerbaijan 2014, UNODC World Drug Report 2015

HIV and AIDS estimates by UNAIDS 2010 2011 2012 201370 2014 Number of people living with HIV 10,000 10,000 10,000 9,200 8,400 Adults aged 15 and up living with HIV 9,900 10,000 10,000 9,000 8,300 AIDS-related deaths in adults and children < 1,000 < 1,000 < 1,000 n/a < 500 Source: UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic – 2013, http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/azerbaijan

DRUG- AND CRIME-RELATED TREATIES

Ratification status of Drug-Related Treaties Status Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 11 Jan 1999 Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 11 Jan 1999 United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 22 Sept 1993 1988 (Accession)

Ratification status of Crime-Related Treaties Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 30 Oct 2003 a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and 30 Oct 2003 Children, supplementing the UNTOC b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the 30 Oct 2003 UNTOC c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and 3 Dec 2004 Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC (Accession) United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 1 Nov 2005

70 http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/azerbaijan/, accessed September 2014

Updated March 2016 36

FACT SHEET BELARUS (REPUBLIC OF)

Territory: 207,600 sq. km. Borders: 2,969 km (Russian Federation: 990 km, Ukraine: 975 km, Lithuania: 462 km, Poland: 399 km, Latvia 143 km)

Population (thousands) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total 9,492 9,488 9,491 9,497 9,500 9,496 15-64 aged 6,758 6,745 6,725 6,701 6,674 6,642 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2015 Revision

DRUG SEIZURES

Seizures of illicit drugs (kg) 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Opioids: Heroin 3.50 2.40 88.72 2.60 0.02 Opium 1.7 0.004 1.37 0.08 0.70 Poppy plants: Poppy straw 58.60 72.30 81.05 50.70 35.40 Pharmaceutical opioids: Methadone 5.4 0.4 2.5 0.65 0.4 Illicit morphine 0.015 0.4 n/a n/a n/a Other illicit opiates: Acetylised opium n/a n/a 1.99 n/a n/a Cannabis-type: Marijuana (herb) 218.0 199.6 134.78 76.9 136.0 Hashish (resin) 140.4 4.8 3.1 252.4 489.6 Cannabis oil 0.007 0.145 0.221 0.005 0.05 Cocaine-type: Cocaine salts 0.19 1.4 0.85 0.55 0.2 ATS: Amphetamine 14.0 2.8 1.63 - 4.5 Methamphetamine 1.8 5.3 5.62 - 0.04 Ecstasy type substances 1.3 0.002 0.0008 - 0.4 Other stimulants: Non-specified n/a n/a 7.3 n/a n/a Methcathinone n/a 0.08 n/a n/a n/a

Updated March 2016 37 Seizures of illicit drugs (kg) 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Sedatives and Tranquillizers: Benzodiazepines: Phenazepam n/a n/a 0.001 n/a n/a Diazepam (stesolid) n/a n/a 0.057 n/a n/a Barbiturates: Phenobarbital (Luminal) n/a n/a 0.0009 n/a n/a Substances not under international control: Opioids under national, but not under int. control: Tramadol n/a n/a 0.702 n/a n/a Synthetic cathinones: MDPV n/a n/a 186.6 n/a n/a Plant-based substances: Mushrooms n/a n/a 0.002 n/a n/a Synthetic cannabioids (Spice): JWH 4.271 0.472 1.11 n/a n/a Source: National Statistics Committee of the Republic of Belarus73, Ministry of Internal Affairs and UNODC World Drug Report 2015

Clandestine laboratories specified 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Total number of clandestine laboratories 11 10 7 12 5 Alpha-PVP - 1 - n/a 4 Amphetamine (non-specified) 9 6 3 5 n/a Hashish - - 1 n/a n/a JWH-018 1 1 - n/a n/a Mephedrone - 1 - 1 n/a Methamphetamine (non-specified) - 1 - n/a n/a Methadone 1 - - n/a n/a Psychotropic substances - - 3 n/a n/a Source: UNODC World Drug Reports (2011-2013), Ministry of Internal Affairs (2014, 2015)

71 Naphthoylindole 72 Naphthoylindole 73 http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/publications/offence/2012/Offence2012.rar, http://belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/otrasli- statistiki/naselenie/pravonarusheniya/publikatsii_10/index_143/

Updated March 2016 38

Heroin seizures in the Republic of Belarus, 2010- 2015

DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY

Average wholesale prices (US$ per kg) 2010 2011 2012 201374 Jan-Sep 2015 Heroin (unknown 25,000-40,000 25,000-30,000 25,000-30,000 25,000-30,000 n/a purity) Marijuana (herb) 2,000-4,000 3,000-7,000 3,000-7,000 3,000-7,000 10,000 Hashish (resin) 7,000-15,000 10,000-15,000 10,000-15,000 10,000-15,000 10,000 Cocaine 70,000- 70,000-100,000 70,000-80,000 70,000-80,000 50,000 80,00075 Amphetamine n/a n/a n/a 15,000-20,000 n/a Ecstasy n/a n/a n/a 25,000-30,000 n/a Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs (2010, 2015), UNODC World Drug Reports (2011, 2012 and 2013)

Average retail prices (US$ per gram) 2010 2011 2012 2013 Jan-Sep 2015 Heroin (unknown purity) 30-40 35-50 35-50 35-50 n/a Marijuana (herb) 10-15 10-15 8-15 10-15 30 Hashish (resin) 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 30 Cocaine 110-120 100-120 n/a 100-120 150-200 Amphetamine n/a n/a n/a 25-33 n/a Synthetic cannabinoids n/a n/a n/a 20-40 n/a (Spice) Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs (2010), UNODC World Drug Reports (2013, 2014 and 2015)

74 The prices were converted from grams as reported in the World Drug Report 2015 to kilograms for clarity. 75 The prices were converted from grams as reported in the World Drug Report 2015 to kilograms for clarity.

Updated March 2016 39

Composition of heroin and cocaine, 2010 Heroin Caffeine, dextromethorphan, phenobarbital, chloroquine, diphenhydramine, metamizole sodium, paracetamol, aspirin, chloramphenicol, etc. Cocaine Levamisole, aspirin, sodium bicarbonate Source: National Statistics Committee of the Republic of Belarus (latest available data)

DRUG-RELATED CRIME

Drug-related offences 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Criminal offences recorded (Art. 327-332, 380 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of 4,532 4,230 5,037 7,356 5,464 Belarus) Rate (per 100,000)* 48 45 53 77 58 By type of offences (Articles 328-332, 228, 380 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus): Stealing (Art. 327) 17 14 13 11 25 Trafficking (Art. 328): Without intent to sell (part 1) 3,194 3,180 3,546 4,388 2,432 With intent to sell (parts 2, 3 and 4) 1,048 891 1,325 2,805 2,861 Illicit cultivation (Art. 329) 24 25 15 n/a n/a Drug rule violation (Art. 330) 1 0 0 1 n/a Inclination towards drug use (Art. 331) 28 8 12 15 2 Brothel maintenance (Art. 332) 122 64 44 51 41 Smuggling (Art. 228) 63 41 27 n/a n/a Illicit drug prescription (Art. 380) 36 7 55 n/a n/a Source: National Statistics Committee, Committee of State Security (2011-2013), Ministry of Internal Affairs (2014-2015) Note: * The rates were calculated using the UN population estimates.

Suspects arrested and offenders convicted 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Suspects arrested 2,934 2,738 2,836 4,135 2,987 Rate (per 100,000)* 31 29 30 44 Female 277 250 246 223 n/a Foreigners 124 76 71 n/a 58 Offenders convicted 2,757 2,253 2,494 3,471 n/a Rate (per 100,000)* 29 24 26 37 n/a Female 245 194 195 188 n/a Source: National Statistics Committee (2011-2013), Ministry of Internal Affairs (2014-2015) Note: * The rates were calculated using the UN population estimates.

Offenders committed in the state of drug intoxication 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Crimes in the state of drug intoxication 1,271 1,577 1,709 2,138 1,669 Offenders committed a drug-related crime 855 1,120 1,186 1,497 1,464 in the state of drug intoxication Source: National Statistics Committee (2011-2013), MIA (2014-2015)

Crime committed by individual groups 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Number of drug-related offences 160 109 127 247 342 Source: National Statistics Committee (2011-2013), MIA (2014-2015)

Updated March 2016 40

DRUG ABUSE

Drug users recorded 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Number of drug users recorded 10,929 11,308 12,228 12,382 11,816 Rate (100,000)* 115 119 129 130 124 Drug addicts 10,495 10,872 11,814 11,990 11,411 Inhalant abusers (toxicomen) 434 436 414 392 405 Drug users diagnosed for the first time 1,889 1,486 1,653 1,537 1,432 Rate (100,000)* 20 16 17 16 15 Drug addicts 1,833 1,428 1,595 1,484 1,346 Inhalant abusers (toxicomen) 56 58 58 53 86 Source: National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus Note: * The rates were calculated using the UN population estimates

Injecting drug users (IDUs) 2010 2011 2012 IDUs, recorded 11,57776 20,26477 n/a IDUs, estimated n/a 50,000 75,00078 Source: Ministry of Health,79 Global AIDS Progress Reports of the Republic of Belarus

Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged 15-64 Best estimate Uncertainty range Year of estimate Cannabis 1.07 0.9-1.3 2007 Opioids 0.59 n/a 2011 Cocaine 0.06 0.01-0.12 2007 Amphetamines 0.35 n/a 2006 Ecstasy-type substances 0.31 0.30-0.33 2007 Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2014, ESPAD (latest available estimation)

Drug-related mortality with ranking of drugs as primary cause of death 2010 2013 Number of deaths 123 207 Reference population 6,758,430 6,631,415 Rate per million aged 15-64 18.2 31.2 Ranking of drugs as primary cause of death: Cannabis 3 2 Opioids 1 1 Solvents and inhalants 2 3 ATS, tranquilizers and sedatives 3 3 Fatal drug overdoses (%) 12 9 Source: UNODC World Drug Reports

76 http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2010/belarus_2010_country_progress_report_ru.pdf 77 http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/knowyourresponse/countryprogressreports/2012countries/ce_BY_Narrative_Report[1].pdf 78 Global AIDS Response Progress Report 2014of the Republic of Belarus 79 Public Health Care in the Republic of Belarus in 2011, Ministry of Interior, Minsk, 2012

Updated March 2016 41

HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS reported 2011 2012 2013 2014 1 Dec 201580 New HIV cases 1,196 1,223 1,533 1,811 1,725 Rate (per 100,000)* 13 13 16 19 18 Injecting drug use 254 247 200 376 n/a Sexual 910 950 1,304 1,402 n/a Others 32 26 27 33 n/a Total HIV cases 12,955 14,178 15,711 17,522 19,247 Rate (per 100,000)* 137 149 165 184 203 People living with HIV n/a 11,058 12,213 13,527 14,912 Source: Ministry of Health81, Global AIDS Response Progress Report 2012, Republican Center for Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health Note: * The rate was calculated using the UN population estimates

Estimate of HIV prevalence among IDUs, CSWs and MSM (according to the Sentinel Surveillances) 2009 2011 2013 IDUs (%) 13.7 (Minsk City) 13.7 14.2 Female sex workers (%) 2.1-3.7 2.4 5.8 MSM (%) 1.4-2.8 2.8 6.2 Source: Global AIDS Response Progress Reports of the Republic of Belarus

UNAIDS HIV estimates 2014 Number of people living with HIV 29,000 Adults prevalence rate (aged 15-49, %) 0.5 Adults aged 15 and up living with HIV (%) 29,000 Women aged 15 and up living with HIV (%) 1.4-2.8 Deaths due to AIDS (%) 1,000 Source: UNAIDS, http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/belarus/ (accessed 24 November 2015)

DRUG- AND CRIME-RELATED TREATIES

Ratification status of Drug-Related Treaties Status Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 29 Apr 1997 (Accession) Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 29 Apr 1997 (Accession) United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 29 Apr 1997 of 1988 (Accession)

80 HIV Situation in Belarus, http://www.aids.by/aids_setuation/index.php?ID=962, accessed 4 January 2016 81 Public Health In the Republic of Belarus 2014, Statistical Yearbook, Ministry of Health, Minsk, 2015

Updated March 2016 42

Ratification status of Crime-Related Treaties Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 31 Jul 2008 (Ratification) a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and 31 Jul 2008 Children, supplementing the UNTOC (Accession) b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the UNTOC 31 Jul 2008 (Accession) c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and 31 Jul 2008 Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC (Accession) United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 18 Jun 2008 (Accession)

Updated March 2016 43

FACT SHEET BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Territory: 51,209 sq km Borders: 1,459 km (Croatia 932 km, Serbia 312 km, Montenegro 215 km)

Estimated population (thousands) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total 3,832 3,828 3,824 3,818 3,810 Aged 15-64 2,747 2,742 2,736 2,725 2,708 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2015 Revision

Estimated population (thousands) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 82 Total 3,843 3,840 3,840 3,792 3,827 Source: Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina

DRUG SEIZURES

Seizures of illicit drugs and precursors (kg) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Opioids: Heroin 26.47 10.21 13.16 7.44 4.35 Cannabis-type: Marijuana (herb) 465.58 444.0 243.89 294.65 327.08 Cannabis (skunk) 10.36 n/a n/a 18.66 n/a Hashish (resin) 0.003 0.016 n/a 15.11 0.008 Cannabis plants (pcs) 7,769 7,241 4,276 4,298 6,141 Cocaine-type: Cocaine salts 1.51 0.26 0.13 1.97 0.13 ATS: Amphetamine 0.44 kg, 9.2 kg, 30.77 kg, 11.83 kg 18.38 kg 4,500 units 3 units83 121 tabs Ecstasy-type substances 7 grams, 1 gram, 2.4 grams, 16,505 tabs 164 tabs 950 tabs 154 tabs 8 tabs Precursors: No seizures recorded Source: Ministry of Security of Bosnia and Herzegovina, UNODC ARQ 2011, 2013, EMCDDA Country Review: Bosnia and Herzegovina84

82 Preliminary result of the 2013 census 83 The amount includes 9.181 kg of non-specified ATS and 0.017 kg of amphetamines as reported in the World Drug Report 2015 84 http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/country-overviews/ba

Updated March 2016 44

International Controlled Delivery and Joint Operations by Bosnia and Herzegovina’s main police agencies, 2012 Police Agency International Controlled- SIPA (State Investigation and Protection Agency): seizure of 2 kg of Delivery Operations by Police 1 Pirovaleron (psychoactive controlled substance) and arrest of 2 persons Joint International Police Police of the Republic Srpska entity with the Croatian police: seizure of 1 Operations 900 g of heroin, 110 g of cocaine and arrest of 4 persons Signed Agreements signed in 2012 Bilateral Police Cooperation 23 With Sweden and Moldova Agreements Source: Directorate for Coordination of Police Bodies of BiH

Drug seizures in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2012-October 2015)

Heroin,

Opium,

Cannabis,

Cocaine, Source: Ministry of Security of Bosnia and Herzegovina; DRUGS MONITORING PLATFORM, joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact programmes, http://drugsmonitoring.unodc-roca.org. Note: The Amphetamine boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY

Wholesale prices of illicit drugs (US$ per kg) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Heroin (unknown purity) 13,250-15,900 22,000 16,750-20,620 20,005-26,673 24,600-27,100 Marijuana (herb) 660 (high) n/a 1,030-1,675 1,330-2,000 1,800-2,200 Skunk type of cannabis 2,400 n/a 1,500 n/a n/a Cocaine salts n/a 51,000 51,550-83,760 60,015-66,683 55,500-61,600 Ecstasy-type substances n/a n/a 1,289-2,577 n/a n/a (1,000 tablets) Amphetamine 4,000 11,000 3,870-5,155 6,668-8,002 6,200-12,300 Source: Ministry of Security of Bosnia and Herzegovina , World Drug Reports 2010, 2013, 2014 and 2015, Paris Pact Drug Situation Report 2013, Drug Situation Analysis Report 2011: South Eastern Europe

Updated March 2016 45

Retail prices of illicit drugs (US$ per gram) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Heroin 27-41 35 26-39 27-40 25-30 Marijuana (herb) 3-10 5 4-10 4-10 6-12 Skunk type of cannabis 2.6 7 6.5 n/a n/a Cocaine 65 87 57 78 88 Cocaine salts 61-81 n/a 58-97 60-100 60-100 Crack 27-34 n/a n/a n/a n/a Ecstasy (tablet) 7 4 2.6-4.5 3-5 2-3 Amphetamine 14 13 7.7-12.9 13-33 9-12 Source: Ministry of Security of Bosnia and Herzegovina, World Drug Reports 2013 and 2015, Paris Pact Drug Situation Report 2013

Purity levels of street drugs 2009 2012 2013 Street heroin (%) n/a 10 4 (3-5) Marijuana 0.2-9 n/a n/a Amphetamine (%) n/a 80 n/a Cocaine (%) n/a 50 n/a Source: Directorate for Coordination of Police Bodies of BiH, World Drug Reports 2013 and 2015

Adulterants used in heroin and cocaine mixtures Drug Impurity Heroin Paracetamol, caffeine Amphetamine Talcum powder, lactose Cocaine Lidocaine, lactose Source: Directorate for Coordination of Police Bodies of BiH

DRUG-RELATED CRIME

Drug-related offences 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Criminal cases initiated 1,300 1,345 1,452 1,343 1,411 Rate (per 100,000)* 34 35 38 35 37 Persons committed n/a 1,560 1,72685 1,572 1,641 Rate (per 100,000)* n/a 41 45 41 43 Source: Ministry of Security of Bosnia and Herzegovina Note: * The rate was calculated using the UN World Population Prospects estimates.

Number of drug-related organized crime groups dismantled 2009 2011 2012 Total 20 16 60 Border Police of BiH (national) n/a n/a 1 SIPA (State Investigation and Protection Agency) (national) n/a n/a 10 Federal Police and Cantonal Ministries of Interior n/a n/a 35 Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Srpska n/a n/a 12 Police of the Brcko District n/a n/a 2 Source: Directorate for Coordination of Police Bodies of BiH, Paris Pact Drug Situation Report 2013

85 Mainly citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina, some of them with dual citizenship with other ex-Yugoslav republics, followed by Montenegrins, Croats and Serbs.

Updated March 2016 46

DRUG ABUSE

Drug users receiving treatment 2012 2013 Any illicit drug 1,370 2,000 Heroin (%) 92 90 Source: Bosnia and Herzegovina 2014 National Report to the EMCDDA (2012), World Drug Report 2015 (2013)

Drug-related deaths 2012 Any illicit drug 40 Source: Ministry of Civil Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina

People who inject drugs (PWID) 2009 2012 Estimated number of PWID 7,500 12,500 Prevalence among population aged 15-64 (%) 0.28 0.47 Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2015 (2009 data), 2014 National Report to the EMCDDA: Bosnia and Herzegovina (2012 data)

Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged 15-64 Best estimate Uncertainty range Year of estimate Amphetamine 0.50 0.09-0.91 2011 Cannabis 1.60 0.32-2.89 2011 Cocaine 0.63 0.01-1.92 2008 Ecstasy-type substances 0.50 0.11-0.88 2011 Opioids 0.3 n/a 2009 Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2015 (latest available estimates)

Lifetime prevalence of drugs in general population (%) Federation of Bosnia and Republika Srpska, Herzegovina, 2012 2010 Any illicit drug 3.8 4.8 Opioids n/a 0.286 Cannabis 3.0 1.0 Ecstasy 0.1 n/a Amphetamine 0.2 n/a Cocaine/crack 0.1 n/a Source: Ministry of Security of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Lifetime prevalence of drugs among youth (%) Federation of Bosnia and Republika Srpska, Herzegovina, 2011 2011 Cannabis 8.2 4.5 Heroin 0.9 0.4 Amphetamine 2.6 0.9 Ecstasy 2.2 1.4 Source: Ministry of Security of Bosnia and Herzegovina

86 Pharmaceutical opioids (non-prescription/non-therapeutic use)

Updated March 2016 47

HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS reported 2009 2010 2011 2012 New HIV cases 6 15 27 24 Total HIV-positive cases n/a 61 196 222 New AIDS cases n/a n/a 8 4 Total AIDS developed cases n/a 109 116 120 Source: EMCDDA Country Review: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ministry of Civil Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Paris Pact Drug Situation Report 2013

Common routes of HIV transmission among people living with HIV (cumulative data) 2010 2011 2012 2013 Injecting drug use (%) 12.40 11.00 9.50 8.90 Heterosexual (%) 56.00 56.00 52.00 51.40 Homosexual/Bisexual (%) 18.05 22.00 28.50 8.90 Source: 2014 National Report to the EMCDDA, Bosnia and Herzegovina

DRUG- AND CRIME-RELATED TREATIES

Ratification status of Drug-Related Treaties Status Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 1 Sep 1993 (Succession) Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 1 Sep 1993 (Succession) United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1 Sep 1993 1988 (Succession)

Signature and ratification status of UNTOC and UNCAC Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 24 Apr 2002 (Ratification) a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and 24 Apr 2002 Children, supplementing the UNTOC (Ratification) b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the 24 Apr 2002 UNTOC (Ratification) c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and 1 Apr 2008 Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC (Acceptance) United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 26 Oct 2006 (Ratification)

Updated March 2016 48

FACT SHEET GEORGIA

Territory: 69,700 sq. km Borders: in the south – Azerbaijan, Armenia and Turkey, in the north – Russian Federation

Source: Statistical Yearbook of Georgia 2014, National Statistics Office of Georgia

Population (thousands) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total 4,250 4,196 4,139 4,083 4,035 4,000 15-64 aged 2,922 2,863 2,842 2,804 2,771 2,746 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2015 Revision.

DRUG SEIZURES

Drug seizures (kg) 2011 2012 2013 201487 Jan-Aug 201588 Opioids: Heroin 0.451 0.262 117.62 591.90 1.3 Opium 0.088 0.006 0.053 0.218 0.068 Illicit morphine 0.00289 0.00390 0.003 11.8 0.002 Poppy plants: Poppy 1.591 - 13.9 8.2 2.5 Poppy straw - - - 0.12992 0.06 Pharmaceutical opioids: Codeine 0.00493 0.00794 0.038 2.3 1.4 Methadone 0.00395 0.03696 0.009 0.078 0.067 Buprenorphine 0.014 kg 0.005 kg 0.026 kg 0.014

87 2014 Report on Drug Situation in Georgia, Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia, Tbilisi, 2015, p. 13 88Data of the Georgia country presentation, AOTP/EC HR-II/CARICC workshop on the Northern Route of drug trafficking, 2-3 December 2015, Almaty 89 Dublin Group Regional Report on Eastern Europe and Caucasus, Council of the European Union, Brussels, 6 November 2012, p.26, http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/EU/XXIV/EU/09/66/EU_96627/imfname_10381465.pdf 90 Dublin Group Regional Report on Eastern Europe and Caucasus, Council of the European Union, Brussels, 14 November 2013, p.13, http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/EU/XXV/EU/00/31/EU_03143/imfname_10423926.pdf 91 Dublin Group Regional Report on Eastern Europe and Caucasus, Council of the European Union, Brussels, 6 November 2012, p.26, http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/EU/XXIV/EU/09/66/EU_96627/imfname_10381465.pdf 92 And 0.008 kg of extract of poppy straw 93 Dublin Group Regional Report on Eastern Europe and Caucasus, Council of the European Union, Brussels, 6 November 2012, p.26, http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/EU/XXIV/EU/09/66/EU_96627/imfname_10381465.pdf 94 Dublin Group Regional Report on Eastern Europe and Caucasus, Council of the European Union, Brussels, 14 November 2013, p.13, http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/EU/XXV/EU/00/31/EU_03143/imfname_10423926.pdf 95 Dublin Group Regional Report on Eastern Europe and Caucasus, Council of the European Union, Brussels, 6 November 2012, p.26, http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/EU/XXIV/EU/09/66/EU_96627/imfname_10381465.pdf 96 Ibid

Updated March 2016 49 Drug seizures (kg) 2011 2012 2013 201487 Jan-Aug 201588 (1,776 pills) 97 (700 pills) 1,704 pills (3,220 pills) Fentanyl n/a - 0.0004 0.0008 0.0007 Other illicit opioids: Desomorphine n/a 0.000498 0.010 0.001 0.0002 Cannabis-type: Marijuana (herb) 6.98 1.27 71.61 57.40 50.0 Hashish 0.01899 0.002 0.022 0.070 0.413 Cannabis plants (kg) 19.96 3,655.0 217.78 5,420.80 83.9 Cocaine-type: Cocaine salts - 0.008 0.002 0.502 22.95 ATS: Amphetamine 0.00002100 0.0001101 0.0003 0.059 57.2 Methamphetamine 0.001102 0.001103 0.003 0.068 0.459 Ecstasy 0.077 kg n/a 0.002104 0.071 0.104 112 tabs Substances under national, but not under international control: Opioids under national control: Tramadol 0.028 0.009105 369 tabs 0.730 n/a Source: UNODC World Drug Reports, Ministry of Internal Affairs (MIA) of Georgia, Dublin Group reports

Heroin seizures in Georgia, 2010-2015

97 Dublin Group Regional Report on Eastern Europe and Caucasus, Council of the European Union, Brussels, 6 November 2012, p.26, http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/EU/XXIV/EU/09/66/EU_96627/imfname_10381465.pdf 98 Dublin Group Regional Report on Eastern Europe and Caucasus, Council of the European Union, Brussels, 14 November 2013, p.13, http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/EU/XXV/EU/00/31/EU_03143/imfname_10423926.pdf 99 Dublin Group Regional Report on Eastern Europe and Caucasus, Council of the European Union, Brussels, 6 November 2012, p.26, 100 Ibid 101 Dublin Group Regional Report on Eastern Europe and Caucasus, Council of the European Union, Brussels, 14 November 2013, p.13, 102 Dublin Group Regional Report on Eastern Europe and Caucasus, Council of the European Union, Brussels, 6 November 2012, p.26, 103 Dublin Group Regional Report on Eastern Europe and Caucasus, Council of the European Union, Brussels, 14 November 2013, p.13, f 104 Ibid 105 Ibid

Updated March 2016 50

Situation on New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) in Georgia To reduce the increasing supply of new psychoactive substances, the Government of Georgia developed a regulatory and institutional framework for tackling illegal trafficking and consumption. Legislative amendments to existing drug related laws as well as a new law on “New Psychoactive Substances” came into force on 1 May 2014. Amendments take into account European experience regarding the criminalization of major groups of chemical substances utilized for production of NPS. The State Commission on Supporting Suppression of Distributing New Psychoactive Substances was established (with the participation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MIA), Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Affairs and Ministry of Finance) to monitor the challenges related to NPS, trend analysis and development of suitable proposals to the Government. The statements by the Commission indicate that after adoption of the law, trafficking of NPS decreased by 90% in June 2014-April 2015 compared to the period June 2013-April 2014. From 1 May 2014 until 1 May 2015, law enforcement agencies recorded 229 criminal cases of illicit traffic in NPS, arrested 241 persons and seized 7.9 kg of NPS. MIA Forensic-Criminalistics Main Division identified over 260 objects of NPS from May 2014 until May 2015 (majority of them belongs to Cannabinomimetic compounds). Before 1 May 2014, there were dozens of cases of ordering NPS over the internet and importing them across the borders of Georgia per month, while in the period of May 2014-May 2015 only five cases have been identified. Law enforcement agencies recorded 53 cases related to NPS at Georgian borders during the similar period of 2013-2014, while only 5 cases have been identified in the same period of 2014-2015 that indicate 90% decrease in trafficking of NPS. The effectiveness of the law is evidenced by the outcomes in drug supply and demand reduction that have been actually achieved. According to official statistics, since May 2014 gradually less and less persons were referred to treatment centers and consumption of new NPS was reduced by 90% by the end of 2014 as a consequence of the campaign “No to bio drugs” and the law on new NPS.

References: 1. First Annual Report on Existing Situation in Georgia Relating to New Psychoactive Substances, Police, Tbilisi, 2015106 2. Press releases of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia on 13.01.2015 and 16.01.2015;107 3. Regional report on Eastern Europe and Caucasus to Council Delegations of the EU, 17.01.2015. 108

DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY

Retail prices of illicit drugs (US$ per gram) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Heroin (unknown 600-650 600-650 600-650 600-650 600-650 purity) Opium109 40-60 40-60 40-60 40-60 40-60 Marijuana (herb)110 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 n/a Buprenorphine (per 400-470111 450-475 450-475 300-350 350-370 tab) Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia, World Drug Reports, data of the UNODC Questionnaire on the Last Trends in Opiate Trafficking in the GUAM Members States- Notes: 1) Retail prices are collected in local currency and converted to $US. They may differ from data as reported by government due to different conversions made by MIA and UNODC. 2) For completeness of information, the table is compiled from different available sources. In connection with this, comparisons of drug prices from different years need to be made with caution because of different exchange rates used and may not necessarily reflect changes.

106 http://police.ge/files/narkopolitika/I_annual_english.pdf 107 http://www.police.ge/en/sakhelmtsifo-komisiis-monatsemebit-ets-bionarkotikis-mokhmareba-90-aris-shemtsirebuli/7647 http://www.police.ge/en/shss-s-sazogadoebastan-urtiertobis-departamentis-ufrosma-tsliuri-angarishi-tsaradgina/7658 108 http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/EU/XXV/EU/05/12/EU_51226/imfname_10520458.pdf 109 Compendium of Drug-Related Statistics Concerning GUAM, the Organization for Democracy and Economic Development (GUAM), March 2014, p. 14 110 Ibid 111 Dublin Group Regional report on Republic of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and republic of Moldova, Council of the European Union, Brussels, 6 November 2012, p.27. http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/EU/XXIV/EU/09/66/EU_96627/imfname_10381465.pdf

Updated March 2016 51

Drug purity at retail level (%) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Heroin 15-70 10-47 4-72 4-70 0.9-83 Source: World Drug Reports (2011-2013), Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia (2010-2014)

DRUG-RELATED CRIME

Drug-related offences registered (articles 260-274 of the Criminal Code of Georgia) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Number of criminal 3,776 3,173 10,635 7,312 2,631 (Jan-Sep) offences112 Rate (per 100,000) 90 77 260 195 66 (Jan-Sep) including: Illegal turnover113 (260, 1,544 1,217 3,564 2,825 901 (Jan-Sep) 261) Smuggling114 (262,263) 83 103 227 350 111 (Jan-Sep) Illicit cultivation115 (265) 114 52 197 153 130 (Jan-Sep) Offences without purpose 2,030 1,792 6,646 3,978 1,487 (Jan-Sep) to sell116 (273) Others (264, 266-272, 5 9 1 6 2 (Jan-Sep) 274) Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia, World Drug Reports data (latest available data of the number of criminal offences are for 2012-2013)

People arrested and convicted for drug-related crimes (Articles 260-274 of the Criminal Code of Georgia) 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-June 2015 Total arrested people 3,895 2,552 8,879 6,826 n/a (Articles 260-274 of the CC) Rate (per 100,000) 93 62 217 169 n/a Female (%) 2 2 1 2 n/a Total convicted people117 (Article 260 of the CC) 1,849 1,100 2,660 2,354 904 (Jan-June) Rate (per 100,000) 44 27 65 58 23 (Jan-June) Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs (arrested people) and Supreme Court of Georgia (convicted people, 2011-2015), World Drug Reports (latest available data for 2011-2013)

Nationality of people arrested for drug-related crimes (Articles 260-274 of the Criminal Code of Georgia) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total arrested people 4,990 3,831 2,552 8,879 6,826 National citizens 4,950 3,815 2,527 8,737 6,586 Foreign citizens 40 16 25 142 226 CIS citizens 25 12 9 40 80 Turkey 9 1 4 n/a 66 Others 2 4 12 102 80 Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia

112 under Articles 260-274 of the Criminal Code of Georgia 113 Illicit manufacture, production, purchase, store, transport, dispatch or sale of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances (Articles 260 and 261) 114 Smuggling of drugs and psychotropic substances (Articles 262 and 263) 115 Seeding and cultivation of drug plants (Article 265) 116 Offences related to personal use of small amount of drugs, its analogy and precursors (Article 273) 117 Conviction for Illegal production, manufacturing, acquisition, storage, transportation and sale of drugs, http://geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=602&lang=eng

Updated March 2016 52

CIS citizens arrested, by nationality (Articles 260-274 of the Criminal Code of Georgia) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Azerbaijan 5 5 3 13 20 Russian Federation 9 4 3 10 32 Armenia 7 2 3 11 23 Others 4 1 12 6 5 Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia

DRUG ABUSE

Drug abuse 2010 2012 Main drug of use Cannabis, opioids n/a Main problematic drug of use Subutex,118 heroin n/a Number of drug abusers (estimated)119 200,000-240,000 n/a People registered in the Ministry of Internal Affairs 141,509 n/a IDUs aged 15-64 (estimated) 40,000120 45,000 Source: SCODC,121 UNODC ARQ data (2011, 2012)

Profile of IDUs in five cities of Georgia (survey 2009) Total number of IDUs 1,127 Median age 35 Age of first drug use (median) 17 Age of first drug injection (median) 19 Percent of people ever shared syringe 59% Percent of people shared at last injection 6% Source: Prevalence of HIV among injection drug users in Georgia. Chikovani et al. Journal of the Int. AIDS Society, 2011

Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged 15-64 Best estimate Uncertainty range Year of estimate Amphetamines 0.56 0.10-1.06 2009 Cannabis 2.70 1.20-4.30 2009 Ecstasy-type substances 0.54 0.17-0.91 2009 Opioids 1.36 1.33-1.40 2010 Source: UNODC World Drug Reports (latest available estimates)

Drug-related mortality with ranking of drugs as primary cause of death 2008 2012 Number of deaths n/a 15 Ranking of drugs as primary cause of death: Opioids 1 n/a Amphetamine-type stimulants 2 n/a Source: UNODC World Drug Reports (latest available estimates)

118 Buprenorphine 119 2009-2010 Statistical data on illicit Drugs and Psychotropic Substances in Georgia. SCODC 120 Drug Situation in Georgia, 2010. Overview, Addiction Research Centre. Javakhshvili et al., Tbilisi, 2011 121 South Caucasus Office for Crime and Crime, http://www.scodc.org/

Updated March 2016 53

Number of patients treated with opioid substitution and detoxification therapy 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Opioid substitution 1200 2,118 2,352 2,523 4,613 Detox 584 338 270 n/a 656 Source: Drug Situation in Georgia, Annual Report 2013, Addiction Research Development Project (Addictology Development in Georgia, EC, USAID, 122 Czech Development Agency) Tbilisi, 2015

Primary drug abuse among persons treated for drug problems, 2012 Cannabis (%) 0.3 Opioids (%) 63.0 Amphetamine-type stimulants (%) 20.7 Tranquilizers and sedatives (%) 4.0 Other drugs (%) 12.0 Total number of people treated123 324 Source: UNODC ARQ 2012 data

HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS reported 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 New HIV cases 424 526 490 564 717 Rate (per 100,000)* 10 13 12 14 18 Injecting drug use (%) 44.6 43.0 35.3 35.7 n/a Sexual contacts (%) 53.3 53.6 62.7 56.1 n/a Blood transfusion (%) 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.5 n/a Vertical transfusion (%) 1.4 1.7 0.8 0.7 n/a Unknown (%) 0.2 1.0 0.8 0.7 n/a Total HIV cases124 3,033 3,608 4,131 4,695 5,412 Rate (per 100,000)* 72 87 101 116 135 Source: National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia125, Global AIDS Response Reports, Infection Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center of Georgia126 Note: * The rate was calculated using the UN World Population Prospects estimates.

People living with HIV (PLWH) and HIV prevalence at high risk groups (estimated) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 PLWH 4,000 5,000 n/a 6,640 6,800 People who inject drugs (%) n/a 3.9 3.04127 0.4-9.1 n/a Female sex workers (%) n/a n/a n/a 0.8-1.3 0.7128 MSM (%) 7.01 n/a 12.96129 7 -13 (Tbilisi) n/a Prisoners (%) n/a 0.25 n/a 0.3 (2012) n/a Source: Georgia National HIV/AIDS Strategic Plan for 2011-2016 (2010 data), Global AIDS Response Progress Reports (2011, 2013 and 2014 data), World Drug Report 2015 (2012 data of IDUs)

122 http://www.ncdc.ge/AttachedFiles/Drug%20report%202013_7d84fd12-669f-465b-8943-122332daefea.pdf 123 The figures may reflect number of persons or treatment episodes; the figures excludes alcohol and nicotine. 124 http://geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=197&lang=eng 125 http://www.ncdc.ge/index.php?do=fullmod&mid=237 , http://www.ncdc.ge/AttachedFiles/2013_eng.pdf 126 http://aidscenter.ge/index_eng.html 127 Results of the Bio-behavioral surveillance survey (BSS) among people who inject drugs in six selected locations of Georgia. Source: UNGASS Country Report 2014, Georgia, p.12 128 Results of the BSS 2014 among female sex workers (FSWs) in Tbilisi and Batumi. Source: UNGASS Country Report 2014, Georgia, p.10 129 Percentage of men who have sex with men who are living with HIV; results of the BSS 2012 among MSMs in Tbilisi. Source: UNGASS Country Report 2014, Georgia, p.11

Updated March 2016 54

HIV and AIDS estimates by UNAIDS 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Number of people living with HIV 5,400 5,900 6,600 6,400 6,600 Adults aged 15 to 49 prevalence rate 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 (%) Adults aged 15 to 49 incidence rate 0.03 0.03 0.04 n/a n/a (%) Deaths due to AIDS- < 200 < 200 < 200 n/a < 100 Adults and children newly infected < 1,000 < 1,000 < 1,000 n/a n/a with HIV Adults aged 15 and up living with HIV 5,300 5,900 6,600 6,300 6,500 Adults aged 15 and up newly infected < 1,000 < 1,000 < 1,000 n/a n/a with HIV Source: UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic – 2013, http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/georgia

DRUG- AND CRIME-RELATED TREATIES

Ratification status of Drug-Related Treaties Status Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 29 March 200 (Accession) Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 8 Jan 1998 (Accession) United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 8 Jan 1998 of 1988 (Accession)

Ratification status of Crime-Related Treaties Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 5 Sept 2006 (Ratification) d) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and 5 Sept 2006 Children, supplementing the UNTOC (Ratification) 5 Sept 2006 e) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the UNTOC (Ratification) f) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 4 Nov 2008 (Accession)

Updated March 2016 55

FACT SHEET IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)

Territory: 1,648,195 sq. km. Borders: Azerbaijan (432 km/268 mi) and Armenia (35 km/22 mi) to the north-west; Turkmenistan (992 km/616 mi) to the north-east; Pakistan (909 km/565 mi) and Afghanistan (936 km/582 mi) to the east; Turkey (499 km/310 mi) and Iraq (1,458 km/906 mi) to the west; and finally the waters of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to the south.

Population (thousands) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total 74,462 75,424 76,424 77,447 78,470 79,109 15-64 aged 53,035 53,676 54,309 54,913 55,460 56,428 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2015 Revision

DRUG SEIZURES

Seizures of illicit drugs (kg) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Opioids: Heroin 23,096 10,181 13,730 13,459 16,099 Opium 373,818 385,085 436,159 393,013 471,649 Opium, remnant 3,168 1,978 n/a n/a n/a Shireh (opium residue) 336 543 n/a n/a n/a Illicit morphine 6,811 6,997 10,429 12,717 7,992 Cannabis-type: Cannabis herb (Marijuana) 13,948 n/a n/a n/a n/a Cannabis resin (Hashish) 57,096 66,693 76,067 77,828 95,570 Cocaine-type: Cocaine 1.0 0.4 n/a n/a n/a ATS: Methamphetamine 3,917 3,357 3,677 2,644 2,419 Source: Drug Control Headquarters Reports 2011- 2015, UNODC World Drug Reports

Updated March 2016 56

Seizures of illicit precursor and other substances 2009 2010 2011 2013 2014 Acetic anhydride (lt) 80 2,399130 33,394131 17,820132 n/a Acetic chloride (lt) 0 16,000 0 n/a n/a Ammonium chloride (kg) n/a n/a n/a n/a 238,000 Ephedrine (kg) n/a 2,738133 48,536134 n/a n/a Source: Drug Control Headquarters Reports 2009-2014 (data for 2012 are not available)

Kitchen laboratories destroyed by law enforcement agencies 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Methamphetamine n/a 214 445 340 216 Source: Drug Control Headquarters reports, UNODC ARQ data Note: There are no heroin labs in Iran as reported by Drug Control Headquarters and Anti Narcotic Police.

Seizure cases (in percentage) by transportation method of drug trafficking, 2013 Heroin Opium Cocaine Methamphetamine Morphine In- Out- In- Out- In- Out- In- Out- In- Out- bound bound bound bound bound bound bound bound bound bound Air 0 0 0 0 90 n/a n/a n/a 0 0 Mail 1 1 1 1 1 n/a n/a n/a 1 1 Road 60 60 64 64 9 n/a n/a n/a 98 98 Sea 39 39 35 35 0 n/a n/a n/a 1 1 Source: Annual Report Questionnaire 2013

Map of heroin seizures in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2013

130Destined to Afghanistan 1314,000 litres destined to Kyrgyzstan; 1,330 destined to Pakistan; 28,064 destined to Afghanistan 132The consignment was originated from China, destined to Afghanistan 133 Source: Anti Narcotic Police 134 530 kg originated from Pakistan; 48,006 kg originated from Iraq

Updated March 2016 57

Map of opium seizures in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2013

Map of morphine seizures in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2013

Updated March 2016 58

Map of hashish seizures in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2013

Joint/simultaneous and Maritime Operations 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sept 2015 I.R. of Iran-Pakistan 2 0 2 6 3 Total seized drugs (kg) 2,901 0 3,639.6 1,267.3 n/a Opium (kg) 2,280 0 1,052.85 247.3 n/a Heroin (kg) 214 0 0 0 n/a Hashish (kg) 391 0 2,586.75 1,020 n/a Morphine (kg) 16 0 0 0 n/a I.R. of Iran-Afghanistan 2 2 0 0 2 Total seized drugs (kg) 2,270 387 0 0 0 Opium (kg) 978 380 0 0 0 Heroin (kg) 652 7 0 0 0 Hashish (kg) 580 0 0 0 0 Morphine (kg) 60 0 0 0 0 Source: Drug Control Headquarters and Anti Narcotic Police Reports

Updated March 2016 59

Maritime operations in 2013 As a result of a real-time intelligence led regional exchange and cooperation between the I.R. of Iran and United Arab Emirates (UAE) from 20-23 August 2013, approximately 7,284 kg of drugs (heroin, opium, and hashish) were seized in the waters of the I. R. of Iran and the United Arab Emirates.

The covert intelligence plan for this maritime drug control operation started 5 months earlier through exchanges of details and telephone numbers of a group of drug traffickers among Pakistan, Iran and UAE police. The destination of seized drugs, as stated by the Iranian police (with reference to what arrested traffickers have admitted to UAE police) were regional Arab markets (mostly hashish), and African on- wards European destinations (heroin). The opium seized in this operation was destined to enter Iranian and UAE territories from the coastal areas of the Persian Gulf. During this operation, 10 members of an international drug trafficking network were arrested by Iranian coast guards in Iranian waters.

An intelligence-led exchange operation took place as the result of close cooperation among Iran, Oman and UAE. The operation started in mid-September, followed by ten days of extensive surveillance of a vessel run by drug traffickers. The operation led to the arrest of a number of traffickers and seizure of the vessel by Omani authorities. The intelligence exchanged among the three countries indicated that the trafficker vessel with drug cargo had left a Pakistani port carrying around 1 ton of different types of drugs in sealed packs. There seems to be a new drive in the region for boosting maritime cooperation against illicit drug trafficking (and illicit chemical trafficking) between the I. R. of Iran and regional Arab states.

Source: Islamic Republic of Iran Anti Narcotic Police and Drug Control Headquarters reports

DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY

Wholesale prices of illicit drugs (US$ per kg) 2009 2010 2012 2013 Heroin (unknown purity) 1,630-7,124 3,640 1,930-11,815 1,440-8,518 Opium 180-760 1,445 770-1,920 588-1,160 Hashish (cannabis resin) 333 370 170-890 66-115 Methamphetamine n/a 6,835 4,560-9,130 7,301 Source: Drug Control Headquarters Reports, World Drug Reports 2011-2015 Note: Prices are collected in local currency but are presented in US dollars. The conversion into US dollars is based on official UN rates. However, comparisons of prices from different years need to be made with caution as they are influenced by changes in the exchange rates and may not necessarily reflect changes in the local markets. The single figures reflect typical prices.

Retail prices of illicit drugs (US$ per gram) 2009 Heroin (unknown purity) 10-47 Opium 0.3-1.6 Hashish 0.2-1.0 Source: World Drug Report 2015 (latest available data)

Drug purity and composition of drugs identified by of the Research Center of Anti-Narcotics Police, 2012 Purity Natural Adulterant Heroin Morphine, Codeine, Caffeine, Acetaminophen, Phenobarbital, Diazepam, n/a Tebaine, Dextromethorphan, Lidocaine, Hydrocotarnine, Papaverine, Phenolphetaleine Narcotine, Meconin Heroin Caffeine, Acetaminophen, Phenobarbital, Diazepam, n/a hydrochloride Methophane, Lidocaine, Hydrocotarnine, Phenolphetaleine

Source: Research Center of Anti-Narcotics Police, IRA

Updated March 2016 60

DRUG-RELATED CRIME

Suspects arrested in the country (persons) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Distributors/traffickers 285,430 227,122 255,001 254,514 241,042 Average daily arrests of n/a 783 711 831 697 distributors/traffickers Foreigners 3,773 3,431 3,802 n/a n/a Drug users 14,748 34,397 48,398 66,977 n/a Source: Drug Control Headquarters Reports and Anti Narcotic Police Report on Drug Situation in the I. R. of Iran

Organized drug-related crime 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Trafficking groups dismantled 2,461 2,579 2,940 2,816 2,885 Source: DCHQ Drug Control Reports

DRUG ABUSE

Centers active in the field of treatment and harm reduction 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Governmental No. of centers 321 400 328 n/a n/a No. of admissions 81,487 184,973 120,943 120,584 85,122 Non-Governmental No. of centers 1,954 1,994 2,446 n/a n/a No. of admissions 586,714 512,251 600,565 634,810 679,378 Source: Drug Control Headquarters

Centers active in the field of treatment and harm reduction, 2014 No. of centers Number of admissions Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) n/a 476,232 Maintenance treatment with Buprenorphine n/a 95,402 Outpatient detoxification n/a n/a Inpatient detoxification 12 1,550 Drop-in Centers 213 80,237 Outreach teams 386 84,257 Shelters 51 6,887 Therapeutic Centers 19 1,222 Medium-term residential rehab center 953 134,345 Source: Drug Control Headquarters Annual Report for 2014

Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged 15-64 Best Uncertainty Year of estimate range estimate Amphetamines 0.13 0.10-0.16 2010 Cannabis No recent, reliable estimate Cocaine 0.01 0.00-0.01 2008 Opioids 2.27 n/a 2010 Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2015 (latest available data)

Updated March 2016 61

Based on the Annual Report Questionnaire 2013, filled out by the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the estimated number of drug users is 1.3 million and the annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged 15-64 is 2.65%. The data was derived from a General Population Survey, carried out by the Drug Control Headquarters in 2011.

Drug-related mortality with ranking of drugs as primary cause of death 2010 2011 2012 2013 Number of deaths 3,673 3,593 3,056 2,957 Reference population 53,132,124 53,244,800 54,309,370 55,275,782 Rate per million aged 15-64 69 67 56 54 Ranking of drugs as primary cause of death Opioids 1 1 1 n/a ATS 2 2 2 1 Source: UNODC World Drug Reports, 2012-2015

HIV/AIDS135

New HIV/AIDS cases reported, 1988 - 21 March 2015

3065 2377 1963 1979 1776 1663 1539 2356 1564 2035 876 1731 1706 1136 457 470 1509 5 17 22 45 56 61 51 61 31 33 276 554

Source: HIV/AIDS Office, Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health

HIV/AIDS cases according to gender, 1986-21 March 2015 HIV/AIDS AIDS Deaths Total 29,414 6,990 6,202 Male 25,887 5,763 5,841 (%) 88 82.4 94.2 Female 3,527 1,227 361 (%) 12 17.6 5.8 Source: HIV/AIDS Office, Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health

Transmission method in HIV/AIDS cases Until 21 March 2015 Total number 29,414 Injecting drug use (%) 66.6 Sexual intercourse (%) 14.5 Blood and blood products (%) 0.8 Mother to child (%) 1.4 Unidentified (%) 16.7 Source: HIV/AIDS Office, Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health

135 The figures are cumulative, indicating the number of HIV/AIDS and death cases from the beginning of data reporting from the Ministry of Health (1986) to end of each fiscal year.

Updated March 2016 62

DRUG- AND CRIME-RELATED TREATIES

Ratification/accession status of Drug-Related Treaties Status Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 30 August 1972

Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 9 August 2000

United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 7 December 1992 of 1988

Ratification/accession status of Crime-Related Treaties Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) Under consideration by the Parliament a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and - Children, supplementing the UNTOC b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the - UNTOC c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and - Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 20 April 2009

Updated March 2016 63

FACT SHEET KAZAKHSTAN (REPUBLIC OF)

Territory: 2,724,900 sq. km.

Source: Kazakhstan in Figures. Committee on Statistics, Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2014

Borders: China: 1,783 km Kyrgyzstan: 1,242 km Russian Federation: 7,591 km Turkmenistan: 426 km Uzbekistan: 2,351 km

Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan136

Population (thousands) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total 16,211 16,554 16,821 17,100 17,372 17,625 15-64 aged 11,258 11,368 11,478 11,578 11,663 11,729 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2015 Revision

DRUG AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES SEIZURES

Drug seizures (kg) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Opioids: Heroin 306.70 306.73 753.85 392.29 464.38 Opium 11.37 183.01 0.163 49.03 4.12 Illicit morphine: Morphine - 0.0002 0.001 0.00001 0.00073 Morphine HCL 0.0002 0.002 - 0.009 0.00077 Poppy plants: Poppy straw 90.27 30.35 2.47 7.98 18.70 Opium poppy137 19.1 6.1 2.6 - 4.67 Other illicit opiates Extracted opium 0.36 0.110 0.392 0.038 0.11 Acetylated opium - - 0.005 0.005 0.016 Pharmaceutical opioids: Fentanyl - 0.00005 - 0.016 0.00002 Codeine - 0.004 - - 0.000001 Promedol 0.0004 0.01 0.021 0.018 0.0038 Buprenorphine - - - - 0.0000004 Methadone - - - - 0.01 Other illicit opioids: Desomorphine - - - - 0.0035

136 http://mfa.gov.kz/index.php/en/about-kazakhstan 137 White poppy

Updated March 2016 64 Drug seizures (kg) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Cannabinoids: Marijuana (herb) 27,380.25 27,956.94 26,991.65 25,796.39 34,316.73 Cannabis plants (kg) 96.70 117.73 108.60 142.17 810.87 Hashish (resin) 343.38 225.88 196.20 252.89 311.35 Cannabis resin 5,749.6 1.8 13.0 4.7 0.02 Cannabis oil 0.089 0.016 0.013 0.055 0.02 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) - - - 0.1 0.01 Cocaine-type Cocaine salts 0.026 0.318 - 1.26 - ATS Amphetamine 0.515 0.007 1.4 0.0003 0.00001 Methamphetamine n/a 0.002138 n/a n/a n/a Ecstasy-type substances 0.01 0.179 0.012 0.036 0.04 Prescription stimulants: Pyrovalerone - - - - 1.64 Other stimulants: Methcathinone - - - - 0.16 Sedatives and Tranquillizers Benzodiazepines: Clonazepam - - 0.03 - - Diazepam 0.001 0.005 0.017 0.01 0.0029 Bromazepam 0.00005 0.0003 0.00002 0.00001 - Barbiturates: Pentobarbital - - - - 0.023 Phenobarbital 0.001 - 0.002 - 0.00002 Source: Legal Statistics Committee of the General Prosecutor’s Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan Note: Most of the synthetic drugs are not related to smuggling and were seized in the course of annual “Doping” operation that aims to identify and suppress smuggling, as well as the leak of under controlled narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors trafficking.

Heroin seizures in the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2010 – 2015

Source: Joint online platform of UNODC AOTP and Paris Pact projects, http://drugsmonitoring.unodc-roca.org. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

138 Pervitin

Updated March 2016 65

Cannabis seizures in the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2010 – 2015

Precursors and other substance seizures139 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Acetic anhydride (litters) 290.0 - 0.1 - - Sulphuric acid (litters) 465.3 913.4 105.6 5,853.6 62.64 Ephedra herb (kg) 0.9 0.0005 15.4 - - Potassium permanganate (kg) 0.6 28 40 323.7 0.004 Toluene (litters) 0.4 5.3 7.6 0.36 Hydrochloric acid (litters) 10,706.7 1,599.7 13,514.7 36.5 8.66 Acetone (litters) - 1.0 3,958.7 7.3 13.29 Ethyl ether (litters) 0.06 0.06 301.0 2.4 - Source: Legal Statistics Committee of the General Prosecutor’s Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Illicit cultivation and wild growing drug plants 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Cannabis: Cases 267 327 350 468 270 Revealed plants 79,750 13,856 40,269 47,000140 59,020 Areas revealed (sq.m) 193 177 31 24 118 Areas destroyed (sq.m) 228 177 31 23 32 Opium poppy: Cases 11 6 11 10 17 Revealed plants 1,524 445 1,773 926 19,510 Areas revealed (sq.m) n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Areas destroyed (sq.m) n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Wild growing cannabis: Cases 5 10 13 12 15

139 Precursor seizures are not related to smuggling of substances 140 Information Bulletin on Drug Related Situation 2015: Central Asian Region (funded by OSCE), Tashkent, 2015, p.10

Updated March 2016 66 Illicit cultivation and wild growing drug plants 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Revealed plants 2,469 192 9,234 317 233 Source: Legal Statistics Committee of the General Prosecutor’s Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan Note: No any cases related to ephedra cultivation.

Provinces of Kazakhstan where sites of illicit cannabis cultivation were revealed, 2014 (42,631 plants)

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Legal Statistics Committee of the General Prosecutor’s Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Provinces of Kazakhstan where sites of illicit opium poppy cultivation were revealed, 2014 (926 plants)

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Legal Statistics Committee of the General Prosecutor’s Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Updated March 2016 67

International and Controlled Delivery (CD) operations 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 International operations 32 n/a 4 (Jan-Jun) n/a 16 (Jan-Jun) CD operations conducted by MIA 22 25 26 23 24 CD operations with other countries 3 3 10 4 4 Kazakhstan-Kyrgyzstan 3 3 8 4 2 Kazakhstan-Russian Federation 0 0 2 0 1 Kazakhstan-Tajikistan 0 0 0 0 1 Total seized drugs in the country (kg) 481.5 ≈1,000 521.8 720.0 665.0 (Jan-Oct) Heroin (kg) 21.3 39.7 90 68.7 18.0 Source: Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Center (CARICC), Department on Fighting with Drug Business of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Legal Statistics Committee of the General Prosecutor’s Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan

CSTO-led “Kanal” regional anti-drug operations on territories of the CSTO Member States (Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russian Federation and Tajikistan) 2012141 2013142 2014143 2015144 17-20 Dec 1-4 Oct 20-25 May 12-16 Sept 18-22 May Channel- Channel- Channel- Channel- Channel- Operation name Transport Caucasus South trap Valley Patrol Total seized drugs (kg) 470.5 ≈15,000 12,450 ≈2,607 1,618 (295.3 in Kaz) Heroin (kg) 269 ≈600 ≈245 92.84 ≈976 (73.5 in (≈5 kg in Kaz) Kaz)145 Opium (kg) 2.4 0 0 19.5 0 Marijuana (kg) 102.7 250 669 19.5 126 Hashish (kg) 47.9 ≈1,500 902 2,413 0 Synthetic substances (kg) 6.79 200 19 993 108 Precursors (kg) 766.4 ≈2,000 97 33.84 ≈2,390 Source: The Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)

DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY

Wholesale prices of illicit drugs collected (US$ per kg) 1 Jan 2012 1 Jan 2013 1 Jan 2014 2014 1 July 2015 Heroin (unknown purity) 5,000-12,000 5,000-12,000 10,000-20,000 18,000-20,000 18,000-20,000 Opium 6,000-8,000 5,000-6,000 3,000-5,000 2,000-10,000 5,000-9,000 Marijuana 200-250 200-250 350-650 100-450 300-350 Hashish 700-800 700-800 1,000-1,300 800-4,000 700-1,500 Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs (MIA) of the Republic of Kazakhstan146, CARICC Note: Comparison of prices from different years should be made with caution as they also reflect changes in exchange rates and are not necessarily indicative of price changes in the local markets.

141 http://www.odkb-csto.org/ksopn/detail.php?ELEMENT_ID=2063 142 http://www.odkb-csto.org/ksopn/detail.php?ELEMENT_ID=2826 143 http://www.odkb-csto.org/ksopn/detail.php?ELEMENT_ID=3531 and http://www.odkb-csto.org/ksopn/detail.php?ELEMENT_ID=3905 144 http://www.odkb-csto.org/ksopn/detail.php?ELEMENT_ID=4869 145 http://mvd.gov.kz/portal/page/portal/mvd/mvd_page/min_activity/mvd_materials/mvd_dep_anti_narkobesiness/1_nark_situation_2014.pdf 146 Drug Situation – 2012, CARICC report, Almaty, 2013, p.56

Updated March 2016 68

Retail prices of illicit drugs collected (US$ per gram) 147 1 Jan 2011 1 Jan 2012 1 Jan 2013 2014 1 Jan 2015 Heroin (unknown purity) 29-42 22-30 29-41 28-33148 29-41 Opium 8-12 10-13 8-12 16.5 8-12 Marijuana (herb) 0.36-0.4 0.5-1.3 0.37-0.4 0.8-2.7 0.8-1.6 Hashish (hashish) 1.5-3 2-6 1.5-3 2.2-5.4 3-5 Cocaine n/a n/a n/a n/a 272-353 Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan 149 Note: Comparison of prices from different years should be made with caution as they also reflect changes in exchange rates and are not necessarily indicative of price changes in the local markets.

Drug purity/potency (data of the National Laboratory) 2010 2011 2012 Heroin (%) 1.0-39.9 0.1-36.5 20-25 (average)150 Marijuana (%, THC) 0.0-4.2 0.0-12.1 n/a Hashish (%) 0.5-6.7 0.2-3.8 n/a Amphetamine (%) 12-65 12.8-86.6 n/a Source: CADAP,151 Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Ministry of Internal Affairs Note: The purity of heroin and amphetamine is the percentage of pure substance the sample contains. The potency of cannabis products is determined by their content of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) expressed as a percentage.

Composition of heroin and cocaine Heroin Caffeine, dextromethorphan, phenobarbital, chloroquine, diphenhydramine, metamizole sodium, paracetamol, aspirin, chloramphenicol, etc. Cocaine Levamisole, aspirin, sodium bicarbonate Source: CADAP, Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan

DRUG-RELATED CRIME

Total crime and drug-related offences 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015** Total crimes/offences recorded 206,801 287,681 359,844 341,291* 386,718 Rate (per 100,000)*** 1,249 1,710 2,104 1,965 1,288 4,360 3,886 3,639 3,552 Drug-related crimes/offences recorded152 9,549 (crimes) (crimes) (crimes) (crimes) (offences) Rate (per 100,000)*** 26 23 21 20 54 Including by type of crime as per cent of total drug-related offences (according to the Criminal Code of Kazakhstan):153 Drug smuggling (%, Art. 250) 5 6 6 7 3 (Art. 286) Illicit circulation without intent to sell (%) n/a n/a n/a n/a 72 (Art.296) Illicit manufacture, purchase, storage, 93 91 89 87 23 (Art. 297) transportation, transfer or sale (%, Art. 259) Theft or extortion of drugs (%, Art. 260) 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 (Art. 298) Inclination towards drug use (%, Art. 261) 0.02 0.1 0.03 0.1 0.1 (Art. 299) Illicit cultivation of plants containing narcotic 2 2 3 4 1.5 (Art. 300) substances (%, Art. 262)

147 The table reveals the tendency on drug prices for 2010-2014, the main source of information is based on CARICC’s data, reported by the government of Kazakhstan while the World Drug Reports contain data on drug prices until 2012. 148 The above-mentioned prices are based on the CARICC data and can differ from the prices submitted by MIA of Kazakhstan to UNODC since UNODC prices are linked to heroin purity. 149 Drug Situation – 2012, CARICC, Almaty, 2013, p.56 150 These figures provided by national authority of Kazakhstan during discussion of heroin purity at the CARICC/UNODC regional workshop on 27-28 June 2013 in Almaty, Kazakhstan 151 National Report on the Drug Situation in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2012, National Scientific and Practical Centre on Medical and Social Problems of Drug Addiction/CADAP, 2013 152 Offences related to illicit trafficking of drugs, psychotropic or toxic substances and precursors 153 A new Criminal Code containing came into force in the Republic of Kazakhstan from 1 January 2015.

Updated March 2016 69 Total crime and drug-related offences 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015** Illicit turnover of toxic substances, substances, tools, or equipment used for 0.04 0.02 0.2 0.1 0.1 production and processing of drugs (%, Art. (Art. 301) 263) Organisation and maintenance of brothels for 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.3 (Art. 302) the consumption of drugs (%, Art. 264) Violation of the rules for handling narcotic 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 (Art. 303) substances (%, Art. 265) Illegal prescription of drugs 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.03 0 (%, Art. 266, p. 5) Number of cases related drug revenue n/a 6154 8155 17156 1 (Art. 218) laundering Source: Legal Statistics Committee of the General Prosecutor’s Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan Notes: * - According to information from the Legal Statistics Committee, decrease in total crime in 2013-2014 is related to a policy of full registration of statement of crimes being conducted by the Prosecutor General's Office. ** - Figures of 2015 cannot be compared because of changes in the Criminal Code and methods of registration of criminal offences. Since 1 January 2015, criminal offenses are considered from the moment of registration of accidents in the Unified Register of Pre-Trial Investigation, whereas in the past years the crimes are registered only after initiation of criminal case or refusal to initiate proceedings for non-rehabilitating grounds. *** - The rate was calculated using the UN World Population Prospects estimates.

People arrested and convicted for drug-related offences* 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 People arrested 2,423 2,048 2,065 2,109 5,882 after investigation after investigation after investigation after investigation before pre-trial investigation Rate (per 100,000)** 15 12 12 12 33 Female (%) 13 14 13 13 5 Convicted people 2,426 1,996 1,875 2,027 n/a Rate (per 100,000)** 15 12 11 12 n/a Source: Legal Statistics Committee of the General Prosecutor’s Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan, CARICC Notes: * - Figures of 2015 cannot be compared because of changes in the Criminal Code and methods of registration of criminal offences. Since 1 January 2015, criminal offenses are considered from the moment of registration of accidents in the Unified Register of Pre-Trial Investigation, whereas in the past years the crimes are registered only after initiation of criminal case or refusal to initiate proceedings for non-rehabilitating grounds. ** - The rate was calculated using the UN World Population Prospects estimates.

Foreigners who committed drug-related offences in the country 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total foreigners 160 129 113 124 211 Including: Russian Federation 58 50 56 58 91 Kyrgyzstan 53 47 31 40 59 Uzbekistan 31 20 18 15 22 Tajikistan 11 3 4 2 9 Turkmenistan 2 2 0 3 0 Ukraine 0 0 2 2 1 Others countries157 5 7 2 2 29 Source: Legal Statistics Committee of the General Prosecutor’s Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan

154 Information Bulletin on Drug Related Situation 2014: Central Asian Region. (funded by OSCE), Tashkent, 2015, p. 19 155 Ibid 156 Information Bulletin on Drug Related Situation 2015: Central Asian Region. (funded by OSCE), Tashkent, 2015, p.9 157 Including stateless persons

Updated March 2016 70

Persons arrested for committing crime being in the state of drug intoxication and registered in Police (based on the completed criminal cases) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Persons committed crime, total 372 370 355 435 1,898 (offences) Persons committed drug-related n/a 315 304 328 1,635 (offences) crime Offences committed by female n/a 42 36 37 72 (offences) Offences committed by juveniles 2 0 0 1 2 (offences) Source: Legal Statistics Committee of the General Prosecutor’s Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Organized crime 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Crimes committed by groups 38 72 95 (Jan-Jun) 75158 n/a Crimes committed by OCG159 7 5 62 65 n/a Organised groups liquidated by 7 11160 12 (Jan-Oct)161 9 6 (Jan-Sep) Ministry of Internal Affairs OCG members sentenced n/a 50162 49 (Jan-Oct) 11/ 10 Total drugs seized from OCG (kg) n/a 175 n/a n/a n/a Heroin (kg) n/a 4 n/a n/a n/a Source: Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Kazakhstan, CARICC

DRUG ABUSE

Drug abusers recorded in drug treatment centers 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Number of addicts diagnosed 6,145 5,062 5,624 5,142 5,336 for the first time Rate (100,000)* 37 30 33 30 30 including by gender: Male 5,677 4,835 5,213 4,871 5,099 Female 468 227 411 271 237 including by drug type: Opioids users (%) 31.1 28.8 28.5 20.5 n/a Cannabioid users (%) 58.0 60.5 60.2 67.3 n/a Polydrug users (%)163 8.6 8.5 9.3 10.3 n/a IDUs (%) 37 63 50 n/a n/a Total number of drug users 46,766 40,858 39,498 34,221 31,049 Rate (100,000) 283 243 231 197 176 including by gender: Male 43,128 37,744 36,503 31,462 28,738 Female 3,638 3,114 2,995 2,759 2,311 including by drug type: Opioids users (%) 60.1 57.6 56.1 53.7 49.4 Heroin users (%) 50.3 47.1 47.3 44.9 43.2 Cannabinoid users (%) 27 28 30 31 n/a Polydrug users (%) 9.9 11.3 12.1 n/a 33.1 IDUs (%) 69.2 68.2 66.7 n/a n/a Source: RCARDA164, Legal Statistics Committee of the General Prosecutor’s Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan Note: *- The rate was calculated using the UN World Population Prospects estimates.

158 Information Bulletin on Drug Related Situation 2015: Central Asian Region. (funded by OSCE), Tashkent, 2015, p.8 159 Crimes committed by Organised Criminal Groups (OCG) and criminal societies 160 Drug Control Committee, Review of Drug Situation in the Republic Kazakhstan in 2012, Ministry of Interior, Astana, 2013, p. 7 161 Information on the Extended Board Meeting of the Ministry of Interior of Kazakhstan, http://mvd.gov.kz accessed on 27 November 2013 162 Drug Control Committee, Review of Drug Situation in the Republic Kazakhstan in 2012, Ministry of Interior, Astana, 2013, p. 7 163 Polydrug use is the use of two or more substances at the same time or sequentially. 164 Republican Centre for Applied Research on Drug Addiction, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Updated March 2016 71

Opiate users (estimated) 2006 2010 2011 2012 Total number (aged 15 to 64) 103,000 n/a n/a n/a Injecting drug users (IDUs) 100,000 119,140165 123,640 116,840166 Mean age 27.5 n/a n/a n/a Lifetime use of heroin (%) 83 n/a n/a n/a Lifetime use of opium (%) 47 n/a n/a n/a Source: UNODC (2006), Republican AIDS Center (2011)167

Annual prevalence of drug use as a percentage of the population aged 15-64 UNODC best Uncertainty Year of estimate range estimate Cannabis 2.4 0.6-4.3 2012 Opioids 1.0 n/a 2006 Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2015

Drug treatment 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Patients treated in drug use in- 6,691 6,809 6,456 6,626 7,464 patient hospitals Treated drug users taken-off 3,331 3,568 4,425 2,904 4,308 outpatient and preventive care168 Patients who received 12,689 10,195 7,639 6,149 9,754 anonymous treatment Source: RCARDA

Drug overdoses and mortality among drug users 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Non-fatal drug overdoses 1,057 1,059 1,743 1,833 986 Fatal overdoses 1,000 242 343 323 321 Source: UNODC ARQ data for 2011-2013, RCARDA (2013-2014), Legal Statistics Committee of the General Prosecutor’s Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2013-2015)

HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS reported 2011 2012 2013 2014169 2015 Persons tested for HIV 2,207,055 2,341,969 2,450,517 2,460,363 n/a As per cent of total population 13 14 14 14 n/a New HIV cases170 2,006 2,015 1,993 2,208 2,327 Rate (per 100,000)* 12 12 12 13 13 Female n/a n/a n/a 954 983 Injecting drug use (%) 44 38 33.5 n/a n/a Sexual contacts (%) 52 58 59.8 n/a n/a Total HIV cases171 17,763 19,748 19,905 22,109 n/a Rate (per 100,000)* 107 117 116 127 n/a Injecting drug use (%) n/a n/a 60.9 n/a n/a

165 Report on AIDS Service Activity for 2011, Republican AIDS Center, Ministry of Health, Almaty, 2012, p.19 166 Report on AIDS Service Activity for 2012, Republican AIDS Center, Ministry of Health, Almaty, 2013, p.20 167 Republican Centre for Applied Research on Drug Addiction, http://www.rcaids.kz/files/00001804.pdf 168 The number of users of psychoactive substances taken from the dispensary and preventive surveillance in connection with the recovery and long-term remission 169 Report on AIDS Service Activity for 2014, Republican AIDS Center, Ministry of Health, Almaty, 2015, p.15 170 Report on AIDS Service Activity for 2012, Republican AIDS Center, Ministry of Health, Almaty, 2013, p.15 171 Report on AIDS Service Activity for 2012, Republican AIDS Center, Ministry of Health, Almaty, 2013, p.15

Updated March 2016 72

Source: Republican AIDS Center, Global AIDS Response Progress Reports Note: * - The rate was calculated using the UN World Population Prospects estimates.

People living with HIV (PLWH) and HIV prevalence (estimated) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Number of PLWH 18,000 19,000 n/a 20,000172 n/a IDUs (%) 2.8 3.8 4.0 4.8 7.9173 Sex workers (%) 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.5 MSM (%) 1.0 1.0174 0.6 1.2 1.2 Inmates (%) 3.2 3.0 2.2 3.1 3.9 Source: Republican AIDS Center, UNAIDS (PLWH), UNGASS Country reports

DRUG- AND CRIME-RELATED TREATIES

172 Share of female exceeded 40% among newly identified HIV cases. Interview with the chief of the Republican AIDS Center, http://newskaz.ru/society/20150121/7478377.html 173 The increase caused by changes in methodology of Survey Surveillance. 174 Republican AIDS Center, Report on AIDS Service Activity for 2012, Ministry of Health, Almaty, 2012, p.17 (figures 2006-2011)

Updated March 2016 73

FACT SHEET KOSOVO (UNDER UNSCR 1244/99)

Territory: Total 10,908 km2 Borders: Kosovo is landlocked, and borders the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (under UNSCR 817 (1993)) to the south (167.6 km), Albania to the west (116.3 km) and Montenegro to the northwest (78 km). The remaining frontier belt is with the Central Serbian region which is the source of international dispute (381.6 km). Source: Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Kosovo 2014. Kosovo Agency of Statistics. Pristina, May 2014

Population: 1,825,632 (2011) Source: Eurostat

Population 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total 1,780,021 1,793,745 1,805,853 1,816,891 1,827,231 Aged 15-64 1,152,044 1,179,966 1,196,573 1,213,774 1,230,548 Source: Kosovo Agency of Statistics175

DRUG SEIZURES

Seizures of illicit drugs (kg)176 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Opioids: Heroin 55.6 60.2 94.1 22.5 9.6 Cannabis-type: Marijuana (herb) 199.3 216.7 1,237.9 85.1 737.9 Hashish (resin) 0.002 - 0.55 - n/a Cannabis plants (pcs) 9,724 3,604 10,580 1,512 6,930 Cannabis seed (seed) n/a n/a n/a n/a 5,165 Cocaine-type: Cocaine 0.22 2.7 7.4 3.9 21.1 ATS: Ecstasy (tablets) 6 699 153 107 52 Non-specified drug group: Non-specified drugs 1.3 5.4 0.9 0.05 0.69 Precursors: Non-specified precursors - - - - 5.24177 Source: Kosovo Police, EULEX, Mini Dublin Group, EMCDDA

175 Kosovo Population Projection 2011-2061, Pristina, December 2013, https://ask.rks-gov.net/ENG/publikimet/doc_download/1126-kosovo- population-projection-2011-2061 176 The data in the CFS is from the Kosovo Police through the Mini Dublin Group and EMCDDA reports. 177 Dublin Group Regioanl Report on Western Balkans, Council the EU, Brussels, 15 April 2015, p.34

Updated March 2016 74

International Operations 2011-2012 2013 Jan-Sept 2014 International 4 operations finished; 12 7 Operations 2 on-going; 1 in preparation Partner Montenegro; Albania; FYR of Albania; Bosnia and FYR of Macedonia; Germany; countries Macedonia; Germany; Herzegovina; Austria; EUROPOL Switzerland; Austria; Czech Italy; Croatia; Slovenia; Republic; EULEX Switzerland Source: Kosovo Police

Heroin seizures, 2010-2015 Cannabis seizures, 2010-2015

Source: DRUGS MONITORING PLATFORM, joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact programmes, http://drugsmonitoring.unodc-roca.org. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on these maps do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY

Wholesale prices of illicit drugs (US$ per kg) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Heroin (unknown purity) 19,871-26,494 23,405-30,289 21,850-28,285 21,850-28,285 21,000-27,000 Marijuana (herb) 688.4-963.7 826.1-1,239 771-1,157 771-1,157 737-1,105 Cocaine 82,608-110,144 82,607-110,144 77,142- 77,142- 73,700-98,200 102,850 102,850 Source: Kosovo Police, EULEX

Retail prices of illicit drugs (US$) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Heroin (per 0.6 gr) 20.6-27.6 27.5-34.4 27.6-34.4 27.6-34.4 25-31 Marijuana (herb, per 5 gr) 20.6-27.6 27.5-34.4 25.7-32.1 25.7-32.1 25-31 Cocaine (per 0.6 gr) 82.6-110.1 96.4-123.9 96.4-124 96.4-124 86-110 Source: Kosovo Police, EULEX

Updated March 2016 75

Drug purity (%) 2008 2011 2012 Heroin 1 1 1 Cannabis (THC) n/a 3 3 Note: EMCDDA: Kosovo Police, Drug Situation Analysis Report 2011: South Eastern Europe

DRUG-RELATED CRIME

Drug-related offences 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Criminal cases initiated 313 407 527 513 785 Rate (per 100,000)* 18 23 29 28 43 including offenses: Possession 146 234 348 428 588 Trafficking 125 143 153 119 139 Cultivation 42 53 59 31 58 Source: Kosovo Police, EULEX, Dublin Group Regional Report on Western Balkans (14 April 2015, 6 May 2015) Note: * The rates were calculated by using data of the Kosovo Population Projection 2011-2061.

Suspects arrested and offenders convicted 2010 2011 2012 2013 Jan-Sept 2014 Suspects (total) 463 547 818 756 649 Rate (per 100,000)* 26 31 46 42 36 Male 448 529 793 731 637 Female 15 18 25 25 12 Suspects arrested n/a n/a n/a n/a 514 Offenders convicted 158 180 (Jan-June) n/a n/a n/a Source: Kosovo Police, EULEX, EMCDDA, Paris Pact Drug Situation Report 2013 Note: No statistics on organized crime exists, as per the Mini Dublin Group report and the Kosovo Police * The rates were calculated by using data of the Kosovo Population Projection 2011-2061.

Organized crime groups 2014178 Number of organized crime groups 19 Persons involved 70 Groups with international links revealed n/a Source: Kosovo Police, EULEX, Mini Dublin Group

DRUG ABUSE

Drug abusers recorded in dispensaries 2009 2010 2011 Total number 783 639 731 Rate (100,000)* 45 37 41 Opiate users (%) 82 n/a 71 Cannabinoid users (%) 8 n/a 15 IDUs (%) 38 n/a 36.5 Source: EMCDDA (latest available data) Note: * The rates were calculated by using data of the Kosovo Population Projection 2011-2061.

178 Arrested in 2014: 53 Kosovo citizens, three citizens of the fYR of Macedonia, 11 Albanian citizens, one USA citizen, one Montenegrin citizen, and one Columbian citizen.

Updated March 2016 76

Opiate users (estimated) 2011 Total number (aged 15 to 64) 10,000-15,000 Injecting drug users (IDUs) n/a Mean age 28.5 Lifetime use of heroin (%) n/a Lifetime use of opium (%) n/a Source: EMCDDA, UNAIDS, AML Report on Kosovo (latest available estimates)

Demand for drug treatment179 2009 2010 2011 Psychiatric Clinic of Number of clients 198 186 169 the University In-patient 63 72 51 Clinical Centre of Out-patient 135 114 118 Kosovo Female (%) 4.6 3.8 13.7 Opiate users (%)180 82 n/a 71 Cannabis (%) 8 n/a 15 Cocaine & other stimulants (%) 3 n/a 2.5 IDUs n/a n/a 36.5 NGO Labyrinth, Number of clients 112 142 95 Pristina Out-patient 112 142 95 Female (%) 8.9 7.0 7.4 Heroin (%) n/a 89.4 89.5 IDUs n/a 35.9 33.7 Source: EMCDDA Note: There is no data collection system covering drug treatment for the entire country, and the centres involved in treatment provision keep records of their clients separately.

Deaths among clients of the NGO Labyrinth 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Drug overdoses 1 5 5 15 17 n/a Source: EMCDDA

HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS reported 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 New HIV cases 3 2 2 2 7 New AIDS cases 4 1 1 0 n/a Total HIV cases 77 84 87 90 97 Total AIDS cases 46 47 48 48 52 Deaths due to HIV/AIDS 4 2 1 n/a n/a Source: World Health Organization181, Global AIDS Response Progress Report 2015 Kosovo

179 Drug treatment in Kosovo is primarily provided by two organisations: the Psychiatric Clinic of the University Clinical Centre of Kosovo, and the NGO Labyrinth. Drug treatment options provided by these two agencies include detoxification services, psychosocial treatment and pharmacotherapy with methadone. Since 2012 two regional hospitals in Gjilan and Gjakova have provided methadone treatment. Source: EMCDDA Country Overview: Kosovo, http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/country-overviews/xk, accessed in October 2013 180 Mainly heroin users 181 Review of the HIV Programme in Kosovo (in accordance with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999)). WHO Technical Assistance for concept note development under Cooperative Agreement with the Global Fund. WHO, Copenhagen, Denmark, October 2014, p. 4

Updated March 2016 77

Cumulative modes of HIV transmission, 1986-2013

MSM, 8, 9% PWID, 1, 1% Mother-to- child, 2, 2% Heterosexual, 79, 88%

Source: World Health Organization

DRUG- AND CRIME-RELATED TREATIES

Ratification status of Drug-Related Treaties Status Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 n/a

Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 n/a

United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of n/a 1988 Note: Kosovo is not a UN Member State, and therefore this part is not applicable.

Signature and ratification status of UNTOC and UNCAC Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) n/a a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and n/a Children, supplementing the UNTOC b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the UNTOC n/a c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and n/a Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) n/a

Note: Kosovo is not a UN Member State, and therefore this part is not applicable.

Updated March 2016 78

FACT SHEET KYRGYZSTAN (REPUBLIC OF)

Territory: 199,900 sq. km

Borders: Kazakhstan: 1,224 km Uzbekistan: 1,099 km Tajikistan: 870 km China: 858 km

Source: Kyrgyzstan in Figures 2014, National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic

Population (thousands) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total 5,465 5,554 5,648 5,746 5,844 5,940 15-64 aged 3,582 3,639 3,690 3,738 3,782 3,824 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2015 Revision

DRUG SEIZURES

Drug and precursor/other substance seizures182 (kg) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total drugs and precursors 45,729.75 23,826.80 21,994.67 17,981.89 28,668.49 Opioids Heroin 332.32 241.95 247.06 285.56 344.45 Opium 70.28 16.46 132.38 158.11 46.34 Poppy straw 59.13 0.934 1.60 1.90 40.06 Poppy plants (kg) 140.54 398.53 145.80 61.10 14.57 Cannabis-type Marijuana (herb) 1,936.59 2,031.15 3,589.64 1,889.72 2,337.05 Hashish (resin) 629.74 367.53 541.32 464.18 511.6 Cannabis plants (kg) 14,578.80 10,421.57 12,946.30 8,900.42 9,817.01 Non-specified Pharmaceuticals 0.314 0.141 0.054 3.604 0.295 Substances not under international control Other substances 195.03 177.64 4.38 19.90 44.06 Precursors: 27,786.96 10,170.88 4,386.18 6,197.38 15,513.06 Sulphuric acid (lt) 4.0 10,170.88 - - - Ephedra herb 27,783.0 - - - - Non-specified - - 4,386.18 6,197.38 15,513.06 Source: National Statistics Committee, State Service on Drug Control, Kyrgyzstan, CARICC

182 Precursor seizures are not related to smuggling of substances

Updated March 2016 79

Share of law enforcement agencies in investigation of drugs related crimes (in %) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Drug Control Service 10.2 11.0 14.6 16.5 15.5 Ministry of Interior 86.3 86.5 82.8 81.1 82.8 National Security 1.4 0.1 0.6 0.5 1.5 Custom Service 0.4 0.2 n/a 0.3 0.1a Border Guards n/a n/a n/a < 0.2 n/a Prison Service 1.4 2.0 1.1 1.4 0.1 Prosecutor’s Office 0.3 0.2 0.9 < 0.2 0.1 Source: State Service on Drug Control, Kyrgyzstan

International and Controlled Delivery (CD) operations 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Jun 2015 International operations 14 6 9 11 4 CD operations conducted: 20 12 6 2 1 CD operations with other countries 14 6 3 2 1 Seized drugs in the country (kg) 225.8 n/a 133.2 n/a n/a Heroin (kg) 99.9 n/a 59.1 n/a n/a Hashish (kg) 125.9 n/a 74.1 n/a n/a Source: State Service on Drug Control, Kyrgyzstan

Opiate seizures in the Kyrgyz Republic, 2011-2015

Legend: - - Heroin; - Opium Source: DRUGS MONITORING PLATFORM, joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact programmes, http://drugsmonitoring.unodc-roca.org. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

Updated March 2016 80

Cannabis seizures in the Kyrgyz Republic, 2011-2015

DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY

Wholesale drug prices (US$ per kg) 2011 2012 2013 2014 1 July 2015 Heroin (unknown purity) 6,000-7,000 6,000-12,000 8,000-10,000 6,000-12,000 6,000-10,000 Opium 1,000-1,200 600-1,500 1,000-1,200 500-2,500 650-2,000 Marijuana (herb) 32-43 32-45 60-90 200-1,800 112-143 Hashish (resin) 2,127-2,660 1,000-2,000 1,200-1,500 700-3,500 600-2,000 Source: State Service on Drug Control of the Kyrgyz Republic, CARICC, UNODC ARQ data Note: Comparisons of drug prices from different years need to be made with caution as they are influenced by changes in the exchange rates and may not necessarily reflect changes.

Retail drug prices (US$ per gram) 2011 2012 2013 2014 1 July 2015 Heroin (unknown purity) 13-15 13-20 10-15 15-30 15-30 Opium 1.1-2.1 1-2 1.1-2.1 7-12 7-12 Marijuana (herb) 0.03-0.04 0.03-0.04 0.05-0.10 0.5-5 0.5-5 Hashish (resin) 2-2.65 2.1-2.7 1.3-1.8 1.5-7 1.5-7 Source: State Service on Drug Control of the Kyrgyz Republic, CARICC, UNODC ARQ data Note: Comparisons of drug prices from different years need to be made with caution as they are influenced by changes in the exchange rates and may not necessarily reflect changes.

At the time of publication of this Fact Sheet, the purity of seized drugs in 2010-2013 was not available.

Updated March 2016 81

DRUG-RELATED CRIME

Total and drug-related crime 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total crimes recorded 30,520 28,847 27,217 27,070 29,100183 Rate (per 100,000)* 550 511 474 463 Drug-related crimes recorded 1,924 1,933 1,913 1,955 1,864 Rate (per 100,000)* 35 34 33 33 31 Including by type of criminal offence (according to the Criminal Code of the Kyrgyz Republic): Drugs smuggling (Art. 204)184 61 48 36 32 29 Without intent to sell (Art. 246)185 1,155 1,225 1,260 1,228 1,223 With intent to sell (Art. 247)186 533 544 504 543 525 Stealing (Art. 248)187 0 0 1 0 0 Inducement to drug use (Art. 27 19 7 10 11 249)188 Inducement of youth to drug use 3 1 0 1 1 (Art. 249-2, part 2) Illicit cultivation (Art. 250)189 81 52 63 34 39 Violation of rules (Art. 251)190 0 0 3 0 3 Maintenance of dens (Art. 252)191 55 42 32 30 25 Illicit drug prescription (Art. 253)192 0 0 0 71 0 Illicit trafficking of strong and 0 0 7 6 7 poisonous substances (Art. 254)193 Other crimes 9 2 0 0 1 Source: National Statistics Committee, Kyrgyzstan; State Service on Drug Control, Kyrgyzstan Note: * The rate was calculated using the UN World Population Prospects estimates.

Persons committed and offenders convicted for drug-related crime 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Persons committed offences 1,287 1,360 1,461 1,336 947 Rate (per 100,000)* 23 24 25 23 16 Including: Repeat offenders 92 58 50 82 n/a People committed in the state 6 20 8 10 n/a drug and toxic intoxication Female 100 80 76 53 n/a Offenders convicted 1,248 1,305 1,358 1,250 n/a Female (%) 96 89 72 77 n/a Source: National Statistics Committee (2011-2014), State Service on Drug Control (2015), Kyrgyzstan Note: * The rate was calculated using the UN World Population Prospects estimates.

183 http://stat.kg/media/publicationarchive/b8b6dbf9-0d15-4d57-8fbb-938e98a2e78d.pdf 184 Contraband 185 Illegal making, acquisition, storage, transportation, or sending of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances without the purpose of sale 186 Illegal making, acquisition, storage, transportation, sending of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or precursors for the purpose of sale or sale thereof 187 Stealing or extortion of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances 188 Inducement to use narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances 189 Sowing or cultivation of plants containing narcotic substances 190 Violation of the rules for the production and legal turnover of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or precursors 191 Organization or maintenance of dens for consuming narcotic or psychotropic substances 192 Illegal issue or forgery of prescriptions or other documents entitling persons to obtain narcotic or psychotropic substances 193 Illegal traffic in potent and toxic substances for the purpose of sale

Updated March 2016 82

Suspects arrested for drug-related crime in the country, by nationality 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-June 2015 All arrestees 1,287 1,360 1,461 1,336 630 National citizens 1,232 1,316 1,410 1,305 619 Foreign citizens 55 44 51 31 11 CIS citizens 54 42 49 30 10 Others 1 2 2 1 1 Source: Drug Control Agency, Ministry of Interior, State Service on Drug Control, Kyrgyzstan

CIS citizens arrested for drug-related crime 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-June 2015 Azerbaijan 0 2 0 0 0 Kazakhstan 14 11 7 8 0 Russian Federation 2 7 10 3 2 Tajikistan 19 14 21 13 8 Uzbekistan 19 8 11 6 0 Source: Drug Control Agency, Ministry of Interior, State Service on Drug Control, Kyrgyzstan

Organized drug-related crime 2010 2011 2012 Jan- June 2013 Crimes committed by groups 75 16 17 7 Crimes committed by OC groups 2 0 0 n/a Source: State Service on Drug Control, CARICC

DRUG ABUSE

Drug abusers recorded in dispensaries 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total number of registered drug users 10,171 10,705 9,799 9,024 9,077 Rate (100,000)* 186 193 173 157 155 Opiate users (%) 68 69 70 66 n/a Cannabinoid users (%) 23 23 23 27 n/a IDUs (%) 73 74 74 70 n/a Drug users registered for the first time 728 849 733 487 n/a Source: Republican Narcology Center, Kyrgyzstan Note: * The rate was calculated using the UN World Population Prospects estimates.

Opiate users (estimated) 2006 Total number (aged 15 to 64) 26,000 Injecting drug users (IDUs) 25,000 Mean age 31.8 Lifetime use of heroin (%) 100 Lifetime use of opium (%) 55 Source: UNODC (latest available data)

Updated March 2016 83

Drug treatment 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Treated drug abusers 3,979 3,277 2,246 1,801 1,260 Including by type of treatment: Inpatient 450 583 418 353 343 Outpatient 295 152 86 169 159 MST 1,609 n/a n/a n/a n/a Rehabilitation 1,625 n/a n/a n/a n/a Source: Information Bulletin on Drug Related Situation, Central Asian region, 2011; Republican Narcology Center, Kyrgyzstan

Patients taken-off and deaths 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Patients taken-off 274 248 1,545194 1,377 411 Drug-related deaths 137 130 219 150 170 Drug overdoses 127195 94 n/a 45 n/a Source: National Programme of Kyrgyz Republic for 2011-2015, CADAP Country Report, Republican Narcology Center, Kyrgyzstan

Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged 15-64 Best estimate Uncertainty range Year of estimate Opioids 0.8 n/a 2006 Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2015 (latest available estimates)

Drug-related mortality with ranking of drugs as primary cause of death 2010 2013 Number of deaths 127 150 Reference population 3,495,167 3,632,372 Rate per million aged 15-64 36.3 41.3 Ranking of drugs as primary cause of death: Opioids 1 1 Fatal drug overdoses (%) 100 30 Source: UNODC World Drug Reports, 2012-2015 (latest available data)

HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS reported 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-June 2015 Tested for HIV 405,884 492,828 410,833 450,689 327,394 New HIV cases 594 704 480 612 451 Rate (per 100,000)* 11 12 8 10 7.6 IDU (%) 67 50 39 30 30 Total HIV cases196 3,709 4,413 4,893 5,505 5,956 Rate (per 100,000)* 67 78 85 94 100 IDUs (%) 65 n/a 58 54 n/a Source: Republican AIDS Center Note: * The rate was calculated using the UN World Population Prospects estimates.

194 Republican Narcology Center identified number of duplications in its database/register in 2012-13 195 UNODC ARQ 2010 data 196 National citizens

Updated March 2016 84

PLWHA (estimated) and proportion of IDUs 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 PLWHA 9,800 12,400 8,000 8,727 8,021 IDUs (%) 63 62 59 58 n/a Source: CDC/CAR,197 Global AIDS Response Progress Reports, “AIDS” Republican Center Kyrgyzstan

HIV estimates by UNAIDS 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Adults and children living with HIV 7,200 7,900 8,400 8,800 9,300 Adult (15-49) prevalence (%) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 Adult (15-49) incidence rate 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 AIDS-related deaths in adults and children < 200 < 500 < 500 n/a < 500 Adults and children newly infected with 1,100 1,000 <1,000 < 1,000 < 1,000 HIV Adults (15+) living with HIV 7,000 7,600 8,100 8,500 8,900 Adults (15+) newly infected with HIV 1,000 < 1,000 < 1,000 < 1,000 < 1,000 Source: UNAIDS Reports on the Global AIDS Epidemic, http://aidsinfo.unaids.org/

DRUG- AND CRIME-RELATED TREATIES

Ratification status of Drug-Related Treaties Status Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 7 October 1994 (Ratification) Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 7 October 1994 (Accession) United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 7 October 1994 1988 (Accession)

Ratification status of Crime-Related Treaties Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 15 April 2003 (Ratification) a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and 15 April 2003 Children, supplementing the UNTOC (Ratification) 15 April 2003 b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the UNTOC (Ratification) c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 6 August 2005 (Ratification)

197 Centre for Disease Control and Prevention/ Regional Office for Central Asia

Updated March 2016 85

FACT SHEET MONTENEGRO

Territory: 13,812 sq. km Borders: Land: 614 km (Albania: 172 km, Croatia: 14 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina: 225 km, Serbia: 203 km). Coastline: 294 km.

Estimated population (thousands) 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total 620 620 621 622 Aged 15-64 423 423 423 422

Source: Montenegro Statistical Office- MONSTAT Population as per 2011 Census: 620,029 Source: Montenegro Statistical Office - MONSTAT

Estimated population (thousands) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total 622 623 624 625 625 626 Aged 15-64 419 421 422 423 424 424 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2015 Revision

DRUG SEIZURES

Seizures of illicit drugs and precursors (kg) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Heroin 3.77 8.04 7.18 2.43 4.63 Marijuana (herb) 804.26 1,022.35 1,338.4 776.21 197.46 Hashish (resin) 0.107 0.007 0.001 0.002 0.048 Cocaine salts 0.339 0.410 0.080 227.89 33.4 Synthetic drugs 0.406198 0.03 0.14 0.544199 1.3 gr, 1,110 pcs LSD (doses) 392 n/a n/a n/a n/a Precursors No seizures recorded Source: Ministry of Interior of Montenegro, UNODC World Drug Reports, Drug Situation Analysis Report 2011: South Eastern Europe

International Controlled Delivery Operations and Cooperation Agreements 2010 and 2011 International Controlled-Delivery Operations by Police 5 Country partners (police) UK, Germany and BiH

Bilateral Police Cooperation Agreements 19 Source: Police Directorate of Montenegro

198 406 grams of amphetamine 199 544 grams of ATS

Updated March 2016 86

Arrests and seizures of drugs outside Montenegro as a result of criminal investigation and information provided by the Police Directorate of Montenegro in 2012 Name of Criminal Investigation Persons Drugs Seized Drug Type Country Arrested (kg) Kristal 1 15 Cocaine Netherlands Source: Police Directorate of Montenegro

Drug seizures in Montenegro, 2012 –2015

Heroin, Cannabis, Cocaine Source: Ministry of Interior of Montenegro and Montenegrin Customs Department; DRUGS MONITORING PLATFORM, joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact programmes, http://drugsmonitoring.unodc-roca.org. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY

Wholesale prices of illicit drugs (US$ per kg) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Heroin (unknown purity) 21,000 19,300-23,200 19,300-23,200 30,000-34,000 30,000-34,000 Marijuana (herb) 1,150 700-1,400 780-1,100 780-1,000 990-1,480 Cocaine salts n/a 49,000-63,000 49,000-63,000 68,000-82,000 49,290-73,930 Source: Ministry of Interior of Montenegro, World Drug Report 2015, Drug Situation Analysis Report 2011: South Eastern Europe Note: Comparison of prices from different years should be made with caution as they also reflect changes in exchange rates and are not necessarily indicative of price changes in the local markets.

Updated March 2016 87

Retail prices of illicit drugs (US$ per gram) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Heroin (unknown purity) 13-20 28-35 17-30 27-34 27-34 Marijuana (herb) 6.5-13200 4.2-7 3-10 7-14 22-31 Cocaine salts 79-105 84-140 90-105 110-163 74-120 Ecstasy-type substances 4-6.5 (tab) 21-28 n/a 14-20 14-20 Source: Ministry of Interior of Montenegro, World Drug Report 2015, ARQ data, Drug Situation Analysis Report 2011: South Eastern Europe Note: Comparison of prices from different years should be made with caution as they also reflect changes in exchange rates and are not necessarily indicative of price changes in the local markets.

Drug purity – mean values 2010 2011 2012 Heroin, brown (%) 3-5 3-5 3-5 Source: Police Directorate of Montenegro, Drug Situation Analysis Report 2011: South Eastern Europe

DRUG-RELATED CRIME

Drug-related offences 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Criminal cases initiated 172 147 112 n/a 184 Rate (per 100,000) 28 24 18 n/a 30 Persons committed 313 204 177 177 196 Rate (per 100,000) 50 33 29 29 32 Source: Ministry of Interior of Montenegro, Drug Situation Analysis Report 2011: South Eastern Europe

Organized crime 2011 2012 2013 2014 Criminal cases initiated 6 7 9 13 Criminal charges n/a n/a 5 1 Persons charged with participation in 40 17 21 8 organized crime drug-related offences Source: Ministry of Interior of Montenegro

DRUG ABUSE

Drug users recorded in dispensaries 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total number 616 579 536 465 Rate (per 100,000) 99.4 92.6 86 75 Opiate users (%)201 81.8 78.2 n/a n/a Cannabis users (%) 1.8 1.0 n/a n/a Source: National Health Information system on the Primary Health Care Level, Drug Situation Analysis Report 2011: South Eastern Europe

200 The price is for a one pack (5-10 grams) 201 Patients diagnosed under F11 by WHO’s ICD-X, which does not distinguish heroin users from other opiate users, however a majority of diagnosed cases are heroin users. In addition, it is not possible to know what drugs go under the category F19: poly-drug use, or what percentage of patients diagnosed as opiate users are IDUs.

Updated March 2016 88

Lifetime use of various illicit drugs in Montenegro for all students in 2011 (in %). Age: 16 years Amphetamine 2 Cannabis 5.5 Cocaine 1.5 Ecstasy 3.3 Opioids - Heroin 1.2 Source: 2011 ESPAD Report: Substance Use among Students in 36 European Countries

Annual prevalence of drug use as a percentage of the population aged 15-64 Best Uncertainty Year estimate range of estimate Cannabis 1.90 0.43-3.30 2011 Cocaine 0.52 0.17-0.86 2011 Ecstasy-type substances 0.86 0.31-1.40 2011 Amphetamines 0.72 0.19-1.25 2011 Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2015 (latest available information)

HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS reported 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 New HIV cases 15 9 13 11 20 Rate (per 100,000) 2.3 1. 5 2 1.8 3.2 Total HIV cases (since 1989) 120 129 142 n/a 175 Rate (per 100,000) 18.5 20.8 22.9 n/a 28.1 Injecting drug users (%) 3.3 3.1 3.5 0 3 People living with HIV n/a n/a 106 116 134 Injecting drug users (%) n/a n/a 2.8 2.6 2.2 MSM (%) n/a n/a 46 47 50 Source: National HIV/AIDS Register of Montenegro, EMCDDA Country Overview Montenegro, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Montenegro

HIV prevalence among most-at-risk population 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Injecting drug users (%) n/a 0.3202 n/a n/a 1.1203 Sex workers (%) 1.1 n/a n/a n/a n/a MSM (%) 0.0 4.5204 n/a n/a 12.5205 Source: Global AIDS Response Progress Reports of Montenegro, Institute of Public Health of Montenegro

202 Global AIDS Response Progress 2014 of Montenegro 203 Bio-Behavioural Survey among IDUs 2014 204 Bio-Behavioral Survey among MSM in 2011 205 Second Bio-behavioural survey among MSM 2014

Updated March 2016 89

DRUG- AND CRIME-RELATED TREATIES

Ratification status of Drug-Related Treaties Status Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 23 Oct 2006 (Succession) Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 23 Oct 2006 (Succession) United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 23 Oct 2006 1988 (Succession)

Signature and ratification status of UNTOC and UNCAC Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 23 Oct 2006 (Succession) a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and 23 Oct 2006 Children, supplementing the UNTOC (Succession) b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the UNTOC 23 Oct 2006 (Succession) c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and 23 Oct 2006 Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC (Succession) United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 23 Oct 2006 (Succession)

Updated March 2016 90

FACT SHEET PAKISTAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)

Territory: 796,095 sq. km. Borders: 6,774 km (India –1600 km, China – 523 km, Afghanistan – 2,538 km, I.R. of Iran – 909 km, Tajikistan – 4.3 Km Coastline – 1,062 km)

Population (thousands) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total 170,044 173,670 177,392 181,193 185,044 188,925 15-64 aged 101,000 103,474 106,128 108,880 111,619 114,295 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2015 Revision

DRUG SEIZURES

Seizures of illicit drugs and precursors (kg) Jan-Sep 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015206 Opioids: Heroin 7,651.17 12,630.15 11,130.66 7,183.87 13,500.7 Illicit morphine 4,296.33 1,368.75 3,754.25 1,077.00 750.0 Opium 23,419.22 29,480.67 33,870.40 46,894.96 40,256.6 Poppy plants - - 4,650.0 5,976.0 73.1207 Other illicit opioids n/a n/a 1,110 n/a n/a Cannabis-type: Cannabis (herb) - 42,688 554.0 135.2 572.0 Hashish (resin) 187,061.93 166,026.31 313,735.70 230,574.77 198,972.5 Cannabis seed 40 n/a n/a n/a n/a ATS: Amphetamine - 5.5 2.10 16.58 1,808.99 Methamphetamine - - 18.27 36.44 33.3 Ecstasy-type substances (tabs) 2 614 8,454 5,195 13,498 Cocaine-type: Cocaine salts 3.28 8.9 1,029.12 6.96 27.8 Precursors: Acetic Anhydride (AA, litres) 42.8208 87.5209 119,043.0 38,200.0 5,318.5 Hydrochloric Acid (HCL, litres) n/a n/a 1,110 12,000 30

206 Information on drugs seizures 2013,2014,2015 (Jan-Sep) in Pakistan provided by the Anti-Narcotics Force to the UNODC Country Office, 04.11.2015 207 Poppy straw 208 Acetic Anhydride (AA), mixed HCL 209 Acetic Anhydride (AA), mixed HCL

Updated March 2016 91 Seizures of illicit drugs and precursors (kg) Jan-Sep 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015206 Ephedrine 50 - 52.9 - - Ephedrine Mix Jam - - 572.4 - - Ephedrine Mix Vanilla Powder - - 43.0 - - Ephedrine Vanilla Powder - - 82 - - Source: Anti-Narcotics Force, UNODC ARQ data

Country estimation of drug trafficking trends by transportation method Opium Morphine Heroin Hashish Cocaine Others drugs and precursors Cases (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) Total 2015 896 35,439.6 543 11,022.4 96,539.6 27.5 572 kg Cannabis, 1,806.54 kg Amph., 33.3 kg Meth, 0.4 kg Marijuana, 13,498 Ecstasy tabs, 5,318.5 lt AA, 30 lt HCL 2014 888 39,129.6 812 5,541.9 106,202.1 7.0 135.2 kg Cannabis, 5,976 kg Poppy Straw, 16.6 kg Amph., 106.435 kg Meth, 5,195 Ecstasy tabs, 38,200 kg AA, 12,000 kg HCL, 50,400 kg Sulphuric Acid 2013 685 13,290.5 776 4,836.2 105,193.1 1,029.1 2,100 kg Amph., 18,240 kg Meth, 8,454 Ecstasy tabs, 15,480 lt AA, 1,110 lt HCL, 103,563 lt mix AA/HCL, 52.9 kg Ephedrine, 572.4 kg Ephedrine mix Jam, 43 kg Ephedrine mix Vanilla Powder, 82 kg Ephedrine Vanilla Powder, 2.5 kg Crystal, 4,650 kg Poppy Straw Including by location and place of seizure: Cities/Urban Area: 2015 338 20,536.8 534 5,655.1 73,070.3 1.0 92 kg Cannabis, 1,792.3 kg Amph., 25 kg Meth, 11,248 Ecstasy tabs, 1,857 lt AA, 30 lt HCL, 0.4 kg Marijuana 2014 368 38,816.8 812 2106.2 95,999.3 0.6 135.2 kg Cannabis, 2.6 kg Amph., 71.4 kg Meth, 3,795 Ecstasy tabs, 38,200 lt AA 2013 150 11382.0 776 1617.3 60,674.3 5.2 554 kg Cannabis, 1,751 Ecstasy tabs, 52.9 kg Ephedrine, 572.4 Kg Ephedrine mix Jam, 43 kg Ephedrine mix Vanilla Powder, 82 kg Ephedrine Vanilla Powder, 480 lt AA, 103,563 lt mix AA/HCL Airports: 2015 172 - - 264.5 4.9 8.1 15.3 kg Amphetamine, 5.6 kg Meth 2014 181 - - 266.0 2.2 6.4 13.4 kg Amphetamine, 7.3 kg Meth, 1,400 Ecstasy tabs 2013 180 4.5 - 236.9 2.6 10.0 2.04 kg Amphetamine, 2.1 kg Meth, 6,703 Ecstasy tabs Dry Ports: 2015 1 - - 8.1 - - - 2014 1 - - - - - 12,000 litres HCL Road/Highway: 2015 329 14,902 - 4,835 23,464.4 18.5 480 kg Cannabis, 1.0 kg Amphetamine, 2,250 Ecstasy tabs, 3,461.5 lt AA 2014 247 312.9 - 2,566.8 10,200.6 - 0.6 kg Amphetamine, 26. 8 kg Meth, 50,400 kg Sulphuric Acid, 5,976 kg Poppy Straw 2013 238 1905.7 - 1604.6 41,296.6 0.150 15,000 lt AA, 1,110 lt HCL, 4,650 kg Poppy Straw Sea Ports 2015 6 - - 233.8 - - - 2014 8 - - 406.5 - - - 2013 10 - - 1192.1 3186 - 2.5 kg Crystal

Posts Parcels: 2015 50 0.8 - 35.0 - - 1.0 kg Amphetamine

Updated March 2016 92 Country estimation of drug trafficking trends by transportation method Opium Morphine Heroin Hashish Cocaine Others drugs and precursors Cases (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) 2014 83 - - 196.4 0.05 - - 2013 107 - - 185.3 33.6 0.800 680 Misc Psychotropic tabs Source: Data Provided by Anti-Narcotics Force to the UNODC Country Office

Drug trafficking through international airports- 2015

Drug seized Airports Cases Heroin Hashish Cocaine Ampheta- Methamphe Xanax (kg) (kg) (kg) mine (kg) -tamine (kg) (tabs) Total 172 264.5 4.9 8.1 20.65 2.0 51,000 BBIAP Islamabad 65 111 - - 3.6 0.9 - BKIAP Peshawar 31 41.6 2.0 6.1 3.1 n/a - AIIAP Lahore 25 54.9 2.9 1.0 7.95 n/a - JIAP Karachi 34 36.9 - 1.1 3.8 n/a 51,000 Sialkot Airport 12 15.1 - - 1.2 0.6 - Multan Airport 4 4.1 - - 1.0 0.5 - Quetta Airport 1 0.9 - - n/a n/a - Source: Data Provided by Anti-Narcotics Force to the UNODC Country Office, 04.11.2015

Controlled delivery operations 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total operations 5 3210 n/a n/a n/a Cases recorded n/a n/a 4 1 n/a Persons arrested n/a 4 24 3 n/a Heroin seized (kg) 618.8 30.8 50.2 6 n/a Source: ANF’s Yearly Digest-2012, Data Provided by Anti-Narcotics Force to the UNODC Country Office, 04.11.2015

International Intelligence Led Coordinated Operations - 2015 (January – September) Recovered drugs/precursors Opera- Arrested Location Months Heroin Hashish Cocaine tions Others people (kg) (kg) (kg) Total 17 Jan-Sep 369.0 350.0 0.8 1.0 kg Amph., 22 63 ths tabs MDMA Malaysia 2 Jan, Jul 89.7 - - - 28 UK 2 Jan, Mar 15.0 - - - 3 UAE 2 Mar 21.0 - - - 2 Canada 2 May, Jun 1.0 350.0 - - - Italy 2 May 40.6 - - - - South Africa 3 Jun, Sep 34.0 - 0.8 - 12 Spain 1 Mar 7.6 - - - 1 New 1 Jan 15.0 - - - - Zealand Indonesia 1 Mar - - - 1.0 kg Amph., 1 22,000 tabs MDMA Zanzibar 1 Jun 145.0 - - - 16 Source: Data Provided by Anti-Narcotics Force to the UNODC Country Office, 04.11.2015

210 Two operations with Canadian and one with Italian law enforcement agencies in year 2012

Updated March 2016 93

Seizures of heroin in Pakistan, 2010 – 2015

Seizures of opium in Pakistan, 2010 – 2015

Updated March 2016 94

Seizures of cannabis group drugs in Pakistan, 2010 – 2015

Seizures of precursors in Pakistan, 2010 – 2015

Updated March 2016 95

DRUG PRICES

Wholesale prices of illicit drugs (typical prices, US$ per kg) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Heroin (unknown purity) 3,790 4,000 5,000 3,335 3,010 Opium 400 535 590 401 405 Marijuana (herb) 450 540 600 550 430 Hashish 400 489 598 409 380 Cocaine (gram) 107 n/a n/a 108211 109 Source: Pakistani LEAs & FATA markets, UNODC ARQs Note: Comparisons of drug prices from different years need to be made with caution as they are influenced by changes in the exchange rates and may not necessarily reflect changes.

Retail prices of illicit drugs (typical prices, US$ per gram) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Heroin (unknown purity) 3.8 4.2 4.5 5.2 5-7 Opium 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7-0.9 Marijuana (herb, per 5 gram) 2.8 3.0 0.5 0.5 0.4 Hashish 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.4 Cocaine 119 140 93 140 140 Source: Pakistani LEAs & FATA markets, UNODC ARQs Note: Comparisons of drug prices from different years need to be made with caution as they are influenced by changes in the exchange rates and may not necessarily reflect changes.

DRUG-RELATED CRIME

Drug-related offences (all law enforcement agencies of Pakistan) 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Criminal cases initiated 106,751 104,862 98,828 40,608 14,662 Rate (per 100,000)* 61 59 55 22 8 Suspects arrested 105,974 104,009 100,153 41,770 14,770 Rate (per 100,000)* 61 59 55 23 8 Source: Anti-Narcotics Force of Pakistan Note: * The rates were calculated using the UN Population estimates.

Legal state (Anti Narcotics Force of Pakistan) Decided Under Trial Registered Period Final order/ Pending for trial in cases Convicted Acquitted Dormant Closed cases CNS courts Jan-Sep 2015 896 359 57 n/a 84 1,752 2014 888 333 34 n/a 59 1,504 2013 685 416 41 n/a 59 1,052 Source: Data Provided by Anti-Narcotics Force to the UNODC Country Office, 04.11.2015

211 The price of cocaine was converted from US$ per ounce to US$ per gram.

Updated March 2016 96

State of total assets cases (Anti Narcotics Force of Pakistan) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total cases 41 36 34 33 25 Under investigations 1 1 2 2 - Pending trial 23 24 19 26 15 In appeal 17 11 13 5 10 Source: Data Provided by Anti-Narcotics Force to the UNODC Country Office, 02.03.2016

Value assets frozen, forfeited and realized (US$ million) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Frozen 134.63 248.31 128.14 137.25 84.82 Forfeited 68.69 71.41 36.94 11.39 7.27 Realized 3.59 3.79 - 1.12 - Source: ANF Yearly Digest 2011, Data Provided by Anti-Narcotics Force to the UNODC Country Office, 02.03.2016

Continent wise foreign nationals arrested and drug seizures Drugs seized (kg) Continent Cases Defendants Heroin Hashish Opium Cocaine Meth Total 2015 56 75 53.10 177.95 1.00 10.14 - 2014 45 57 155.55 9 - 6.55 0.11 2013 34 46 64.21 10.98 0.06 6.72 - Including by continent Asia 2015 12 13 2.96 157.95 1.00 6.80 - 2014 7 20 40.69 7 - 6.21 - 2013 9 15 15.40 10.8 - 6.48 - Africa 2015 40 58 40.61 20.00 - 3.34 - 2014 17 22 63.77 2 - 0.34 0.11 2013 15 21 9.49 - - 0.24 - Europe 2015 4 4 9.53 - - - - 2014 11 15 51.09 - - - - 2013 9 9 39.32 0.03 0.06 - - America 2013 1 1 - 0.15 - - - Source: Data Provided by Anti-Narcotics Force to the UNODC Country Office, 04.11.2015

Trends in arrests of foreigners-defendants in Pakistan

Arrested Drugs seized (kg) Nationality Cases offenders All drugs Heroin Hashish Opium Cocaine Meth. Afghan 2015 7 8 159.95 1.00 157.95 1.00 - - 2014 10 13 44.7 37.12 7 - - - 2013 5 10 26.07 15.27 10.8 - - - Nigerian 2015 30 34 33.32 30.60 - - 2.72 - 2014 9 13 60.66 58.66 2 - 0.15 - 2013 13 18 6.47 6.34 - - 0.13 - British 2015 1 1 8.83 8.83 - - - - 2014 9 13 45.02 45.02 - - - - 2013 6 7 38.86 38.8 - 0.06 - -

Updated March 2016 97 Trends in arrests of foreigners-defendants in Pakistan

Arrested Drugs seized (kg) Nationality Cases offenders All drugs Heroin Hashish Opium Cocaine Meth. Zambian 2015 5 7 3.00 2.39 - - 0.62 - 2014 6 6 1.51 1.21 - - 0.19 0.11 2013 1 1 1.71 1.7 - - 0.01 - Others nationalities 2015 10 17 10.79 3.99 - 6.80 - - 2014 10 11 19.75 13.54 - - 6.21 - 2013 9 10 8.88 1.85 0.45 - 6.58 - Source: Data Provided by Anti-Narcotics Force to the UNODC Country Office, 04.11.2015

DRUG ABUSE

Annual prevalence of drug use in Pakistan, 2012 Annual prevalence (%) Number Estimate Low estimate High estimate Cannabis (resin or herb) 3.6% 3.1% 4.0% 4,000,000 Opioids 2.4% 2.0% 3.1% 2,700,000 Opiates 1.0% 0.7% 1.5% 1,060,000 Heroin 0.8% 0.5% 1.3% 860,000 Opium 0.3% 0.2% 0.6% 320,000 Prescription opioids 1.5% 1.3% 1.6% 1,600,000 Tranquilisers/sedatives 1.4% 1.1% 1.7% 1,500,000 Cocaine 0.01% 0.0001% 0.02% 13,000 ATS212 0.08% 0.04% 0.2% 93,000 Prescription 0.07% 0.04% 0.1% 75,000 amphetamines Methamphetamine 0.02% 0.0001% 0.11% 19,000 Solvents/inhalants 0.03% 0.0001% 0.08% 35,000 Any illicit drug use F 6.0% 5.0% 7.4% 6,700,000 Source: Drug Use in Pakistan 2013: UNODC and Ministry of Narcotics Control, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan

Annual prevalence of drug use in Pakistan, by gender, 2012 Men Women Annual prevalence Annual prevalence Number Number (95% CI) (95% CI) Any illicit drug use 9.0 (7.4-10.6) 5,200,000 2.9 (2.5-3.7) 1,500,000 Injecting drug use 0.7 (0.6-0.9) 423,000 0.01 (0.001-0.4) 7,000 Prevalence estimates for individual drug categories (sum will not reflect above total due to poly-drug use) Cannabis (resin or herb) 6.7 (5.9-7.6) 3,900,000 0.2 (0.1-0.2) 100,000 Opioids 3.4 (2.7-4.0) 1,900,000 1.4 (1.3-2.1) 800,000 Opiates 1.8 (1.3-2.3) 1,040,000 0.04 (0.001-0.6) 20,000 Heroin 1.5 (1.1-1.9) 845,000 0.03 ( 0.001-0.3) 17,000 Opium 0.6 (0.3-0.8) 315,000 0.01 (0.001-0.3) 5,000 Prescription opioids 1.6 (1.4-1.7) 890,000 1.4 (1.2-1.6) 730,000 Tranquilisers/sedatives 1.3 (0.9-1.6) 725,000 1.5 (1.4-1.7) 817,000 Cocaine 0.01 (0.00-0.02) 13,000 none detected n/a Amphetamine-type 0.1 (0.07-0.14) 44,000 0.14 (0.1-0.2) 49,000 substances Amphetamines 0.1 (0.04-0.1) 27,000 0.13 (0.1-0.2) 48,000 Methamphetamines 0.03 (0.01-0.06) 18,000 0.002 (0.00-0.1) 1,000

212 Amphetamine-type stimulants

Updated March 2016 98 Solvents/Inhalants 0.06 (0.03-0.09) 35,000 0.001 (0.00-0.004) 500 Source: Drug Use in Pakistan 2013: UNODC and Ministry of Narcotics Control, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan

People who inject drugs, 2000-2012 2000 2006 2012 Number of opiate users 500,000 628,000 1,060,000 Opiate users who inject (%) 15 20 33 Prevalence of injecting drug use (%) 0.10 0.14 0.40 Number of people who inject drugs 75,000 130,000 430,000 Reference population (15-64 in millions) 68.5 89.0 111.3 Source: Drug Use in Pakistan 2013: UNODC and Ministry of Narcotics Control, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan

Primary drug abuse among persons treated for drug problems213 2006-2007 Opioids (%) 44.0 Cannabinoids (%) 40.7 Others (%) 15.4 Treatment provided 3,640 Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2015 (latest year available)

Drug-related mortality with ranking of drugs as primary cause of death 2009 2013 Number of deaths n/a n/a Reference population n/a n/a Ranking of drugs as primary cause of death: Opioids 1 1 ATS 2 n/a Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2015

HIV/AIDS

HIV prevalence among people who inject drugs (PWIDs), male sex workers (MSWs), female sex workers (FSWs) and hijra sex workers (HSWs) 2005 2007 2008 2011214 PWIDs (%) 10.8 15.8 20.8 37.8 Sex workers: MSWs (%) 0.4 1.5 0.9 3.1 FSWs (%) 0.2 0.4 0.2215 0.8 HSWs (%)216 0.8 2.1 6.1 7.2 Source: Pakistan Global AIDS Response Progress Reports, National Report Round IV 2011 HIV Second Generation Surveillance in Pakistan

UNAIDS estimates of HIV (with uncertainty bounds) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Estimated adults and children 60,000 72,000 87,000 68,000 94,000 living with HIV Adult (15-49) prevalence (%) < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 Adult (15-49) incidence rate 0.01 0.02 0.02 n/a n/a AIDS-related deaths in adults 2,400 2,900 3,500 2,200 2,800 and children

213 Geographically limited reporting 214 Faran Emmanuel, Momina Salim, Naeem Akhtar, Salwa Arshad, Tahira Ezra Reza. Second-generation surveillance for HIV/AIDS in Pakistan: results from the 4th round of Integrated Behavior and Biological Survey 2011–2012. Sex Transm Infect 2013;89:iii23–iii28. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2013- 051161. 215 In 2007 216 Hijras are physiological males who have feminine gender identity, women's clothing and other feminine gender roles.

Updated March 2016 99 UNAIDS estimates of HIV (with uncertainty bounds) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Adults and children newly 13,000 15,000 19,000 n/a n/a infected with HIV Adults (15+) living with HIV 58,000 70,000 85,000 66,000 92,000 Adults (15+) newly infected 13,000 15,000 18,000 n/a n/a with HIV Source: UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic – 2013, http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/pakistan

DRUG- AND CRIME-RELATED TREATIES

Ratification status of drug-related conventions Status Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, as amended by the Protocol amending the Single 2 Jul 1999 Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 (Signed) 9 Jun 1977 Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 (Accession) United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 25 Oct 1991 1988 (Ratification)

Ratification status of UNTOC and UNCAC Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 13 Jan 2010 (Ratification) a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the UNTOC b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the UNTOC c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC 31 Aug 2007 United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) (Ratification)

Updated March 2016 100

FACT SHEET MOLDOVA (REPUBLIC OF)

Territory: 33,846 sq. km. Borders: 1,389 km (Romania - 450 km., Ukraine - 939 km)

Population (thousands) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total 4,084 4,078 4,075 4,074 4,072 4,069 15-64 aged 2,995 3,001 3,011 3,021 3,027 3,024 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2015 Revision

DRUG SEIZURES

Seizures of drugs and precursors (kg) 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Opioids: Heroin 1.49 1.45 0.336 1.96 2.60 Other illicit opiates: Acetylised opium 6.9 litres 2.45 litres 2.91 litres 0.004 kg 0.001 kg Illicit morphine - 0.004 - 0.027 - Poppy plants: Poppy straw 21.47 11.96 7.49 45.08 17.6 Cannabis-type: Marijuana (herb) 213.20 224.00 197.63 149.00 59.37 Hashish (resin) 3.04 89.00 82.45 0.068 228.5 Cannabis plants (plants) n/a 152,961 156,533 200,548 145,428 Cannabis oil - 0.179 litres 0.042 0.07 - Cannabis seeds 0.82217 9.0 - 0.20 - Cocaine-type: Cocaine salts 0.05 0.115 0.010 0.010 - ATS: Amphetamine 0.286 0.135 0.026 1.79 3.91 Methamphetamine n/a 0.077 0.101 0.090 0.158 Ecstasy type (MDMA, tab) 1,097 3,221 347 6,428 11,844 Non-specified: Others 21.5 21.0 n/a n/a n/a Precursors No precursors seized Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs (2012-2015),218 UNODC ARQ data, GUAM report 219 (2011)

217 Dublin Group Regional Report on Eastern Europe and Caucasus, Council of the EU, Brussels, 14 November 2013, p.19 218 Data were submitted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Moldova on request of the UNODC Afghan Opiate Trade project 219 Compendium of drug-related statistics concerning GUAM. Organisation for Democracy and Economic Development (Georgia, Ukraine, Armenia, Moldova), March 2014

Updated March 2016 101

Heroin seizures in the Republic of Moldova, 2011 - 2015

Source: DRUGS MONITORING PLATFORM, joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact programmes,http://drugsmonitoring.unodc-roca.org. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Seizures of cannabis group drugs in the Republic of Moldova, 2011 - 2015

DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY

Wholesale prices of illicit drugs (US$ per kg) 2011 2012 2013220 2014 Heroin 180,000 150,000-200,000 136,157 136,157 Acetylated opium 2,900 3,100 (max) 7,564 n/a Marijuana (herb) 180 200 1,764 1,764 Hashish (resin) 7,000 (min) 8,000 (max) 4,160 4,160 Cocaine 40,000-50,000 n/a n/a n/a Source: Drug Control Division of the Ministry of Internal Affairs,221 GUAM Report 2014,222 World Drug Report 2013 (cocaine)

220 Data were submitted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Moldova on request of the UNODC Afghan Opiate Trade project 221 Data were submitted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Moldova on request of the UNODC Afghan Opiate Trade project 222 Compendium of drug-related statistics concerning GUAM. Organisation for Democracy and Economic Development (Georgia, Ukraine, Armenia, Moldova), March 2014

Updated March 2016 102

Retail prices of illicit drugs (US$ per gram) 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Heroin 180-200 200 181.5 181.5 181.5 Acetylised opium 2.9-3 3.1-9 7.5 7.6 7.6 Cannabis (herb) 0.18-0.2 0.18-0.2 1.8 1.8 1.8 Hashish (resin) 7-8 8 12.1 11.0 11.0 Cocaine n/a n/a 181.5 181.5 181.5 Amphetamine n/a n/a 45.4 37.0 37.0 Methamphetamine n/a n/a 45.4 45.4 37.0 Ecstasy (MDMA) n/a n/a 135 135 135 Source: Drug Control Division of the Ministry of Internal Affairs,223 GUAM Report 2014224

DRUG-RELATED CRIME

Drug-related offences 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Criminal cases initiated 1,773 1,526 1,141 1,248 955 Rate (per 100,000)* 43 37 28 31 n/a including offenses: With intent to sell 194 258 171 226 201 Smuggling 12 6 7 6 5 Without intent to sell 1,175 694 588 588 661 Illicit cultivation 225 137 111 157 77 Brothel maintenance 7 11 7 9 4 Others 160 420 257 262 7 Source: Drug Control Division of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (2011-2015)225 Note: * The rates are calculated using the UN population estimates.

Suspects arrested and offenders convicted 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Suspects arrested 1,247 1,130 673 778 514 Rate (per 100,000)* 31 28 17 19 n/a Female 199 149 75 121 59 Offenders convicted 932 920 726 685226 n/a Rate (per 100,000)* 23 23 18 17 n/a Female (persons) 112 108 74 n/a n/a Source: National Bureau of Statistics (convicted people), Drug Control Division of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (2011-2015)227 Note: * The rates are calculated using the UN population estimates.

223 Data were submitted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Moldova on request of the UNODC Afghan Opiate Trade project, 03.02.2015 224 Compendium of drug-related statistics concerning GUAM. Organisation for Democracy and Economic Development (Georgia, Ukraine, Armenia, Moldova), March 2014 225 Data were submitted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Moldova on request of the UNODC Afghan Opiate Trade project 226 http://www.statistica.md/public/files/publicatii_electronice/Buletin_trimestrial/Buletin_II_2015.pdf , data for 2011-2014 227 Data were submitted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Moldova on request of the UNODC Afghan Opiate Trade project, 03.02.2015

Updated March 2016 103

Foreigners arrested for drug-related crime 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Foreign citizens 2 0 0 0 3 Uzbekistan 2 0 0 0 n/a Others 0 0 0 0 3 Source: Drug Control Division of the Ministry of Internal Affairs

Organized crime (OC) 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Crimes committed by OCG228 n/a 11 10 13 40 Crimes committed by groups 27 33 21 38 34 Source: Drug Control Division of the Ministry of Internal Affairs

DRUG ABUSE

Drug abusers recorded in medical and preventive treatment institutions 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total number of drug users 9,100 9,400 9,900 10,400 10,900 Rate (100,000)* 223 231 243 255 268 Drug users registered for the 1,300 1,100 800 700 1,100 first time Rate (100,000) * 32 27 20 17 27 Source: National Bureau of Statistics229 Note: * The rates are calculated using the UN population estimates.

Ranking of popular opiates among drug abusers, 2014 Acetylated opium Other drugs prepared from Heroin Methadone (“Shirka”) pharmaceuticals 1 2 3 4 Source: UNODC ARQ

Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged 15-64 Best Uncertainty Year of estimate range estimate Amphetamines and 0.03 0.03-0.04 2008 prescription stimulants Cannabis 0.70 n/a 2010 Cocaine 0.04 0.02-0.06 2008 Ecstasy-type substances 0.10 n/a 2010 Tranquilizers and sedatives 0.50 n/a 2011 Opioids 0.12 n/a 2011 Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2014 (latest available estimates)

Drug-related mortality with ranking of drugs as primary cause of death 2010 2011 2012 2013 Number of deaths n/a 56 39 9 Reference population 2,579 2,556 2,535 n/a Rate per million aged 15-64 n/a 21.9 14.2 n/a Fatal drug overdoses (%) n/a 0 0 n/a Source: UNODC World Drug Reports

228 Crimes committed by Organised Criminal Groups (OCG) and criminal societies 229 http://statbank.statistica.md/pxweb/Database/EN/08%20SAN/SAN02/SAN02.asp, accessed November 2015

Updated March 2016 104

HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS reported 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Tested for HIV (thousand)230 290 297 327 331 234 New HIV cases 704 721 764 706 830 Rate (per 100,000) 17 18 19 17 20 IDU (%) 8.1 8.5 5.6 5 n/a Total HIV cases231 6,318 7,125 7,889 8,557232 9,398 Rate (per 100,000) 155 175 194 210 231 Estimated HIV cases n/a n/a 14,528 14,801 17,541 Source: Medical Unit MIA Moldova, National Center for Public Health, Global AIDS Response Progress Reports 2012, 2014 and 2015

HIV prevalence among IDUs, CSWs, MSM and prisoners (Bio-behavioural studies on knowledge, attitudes and practices) 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 IDUs (%) 12.6-39.0233 16.4234 17.8 8.5-41.8 8.5235 Sex workers (%) n/a 6.8236 6.8237 11.6-21.5 11.6-21.5 MSM (%) n/a 0.7 0.74238 5.4-8.2 5.4-8.2 Prisoners (%) n/a 3.4 239240 3.4 1.9 n/a Source: Medical Unit MIA Moldova, National Center for Public Health, Global AIDS Response Progress Reports 2012, 2014 and 2015

HIV/AIDS estimates by UNAIDS 2010 2011 2012 2013241 2014 Estimated adults and children living with HIV 18,000 18,000 19,000 15,000 18,000 Adult (15-49) prevalence (%) 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 AIDS-related deaths in adults and children 1,300 1,300 1,300 1,100 < 1,000 Adults and children newly infected with HIV 1,900 1,900 1,800 n/a n/a Estimated adults (15+) living with HIV 18,000 18,000 19,000 15,000 17,000 Adults (15+) newly infected with HIV 1,900 1,900 1,800 n/a n/a Source: UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic – 2013, http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/republicofmoldova

CRIME-RELATED TREATIES

Ratification status of Drug-Related Treaties Status Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 15 Feb 1995 (Accession) Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 15 Feb 1995 (Accession) United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 15 Feb 1995 1988 (Accession)

230 http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/knowyourresponse/countryprogressreports/2014countries/MDA_narrative_report_2014.pdf 231 http://aids.md/aids/files/161/Statistics%202010%20En.doc 232 http://aids.md/aids/files/1402/HIV_SIDA%202013.pdf 233 12.6% in Tiraspol, 16.4% in Chisinau and 39% in Balti 234 http://www.cnsp.md/down/info1360679497ro.doc 235 In Chisinau 236 Ibid 237 Transdnistia is not included 238 Transdnistia is not included 239 The Integrated Bio-Behavioural study on Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices among most at risk populations was carried out during 2009-2010. 240 Data of prisons from the right bank of the Nistry river 241 http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/republicofmoldova/

Updated March 2016 105

Ratification status of Crime-Related Treaties Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 16 Sep 2005 (Ratification) a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and 16 Sep 2005 Children, supplementing the UNTOC (Ratification) b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the UNTOC 28 Feb 2006 (Accession) c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and 28 Feb 2006 Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC (Accession) United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 1 Oct 2007 (Ratification)

Updated March 2016 106

FACT SHEET SERBIA (REPUBLIC OF)

Territory: 88,509 sq. km Borders: 2,362 km (total) Hungary: 175 km, Romania: 548 km, Bulgaria: 361 km, FYR of Macedonia: 283 km, Albania: 114 km, Montenegro: 249 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina: 371 km, Croatia: 262 km

Estimated population (thousands) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total 7,237 7,201 7,167 7,132 7,114 Aged 15-64 4,945 4,911 4,862 4,806 n/a Population as per 2011 Census 7,186,862

Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Note: Data are for the Republic of Serbia excluding Kosovo under UN Security Council Resolution 1244.

Estimated population (thousands) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total 9,059 9,024 8,983 8,938 8,893 8,851 Aged 15-64 6,128 6,097 6,054 6,002 5,949 5,896 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2015 Revision. Note: Data are for the Republic of Serbia including Kosovo under UN Security Council Resolution 1244.

DRUG SEIZURES

Seizures of illicit drugs and precursors (kg) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Heroin 242.85 64.86 55.06 56.60 193.10 Marijuana (herb) 1,352.78 999.20 2,220.89 3,043.16 2,786.0 Hashish (resin) 0.4 5.47 0.72 0.80 6.20 Cocaine 7.62 5.96 3.80 71.38 4.1 Ecstasy-type 23.46 kg, 48.72 kg, 0.105 kg, 20.28 kg, 39.90 kg, substances 892 tabs 410 tabs 2,507 tabs 9,502 tabs 1,956 tabs 6.1 kg, 12.9 kg, 22.0 kg, 22.6 kg, Amphetamine 4.74 kg242 1,023 tabs 312 tabs243 501 tabs 453 tabs Precursors No seizures recorded Source: Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia, Drug Situation Analysis Report 2011: South Eastern Europe

242 In the UNODC World Drug Report 2015, the seizure refers to “Non-specified ATS”. 243 In the UNODC World Drug Report 2015, the seizure refers to “ATS”.

Updated March 2016 107

International Controlled Delivery (CD) operations by the Police 2011 2012 2013 2014 Number of CD operations 0 1 n/a 0 Source: Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia

Bilateral Police Cooperation Agreements 2012 2013 2014 Signed n/a 15 6 Ratified 20 6 0

Drug seizures in the Republic of Serbia, 2012 - 2015

Heroin, Cannabis, ATS

Source: Ministry of Interior and Customs Administration of the Republic of Serbia; DRUGS MONITORING PLATFORM, joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact programmes, http://drugsmonitoring.unodc-roca.org. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

Updated March 2016 108

DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY

Wholesale prices of illicit drugs (US$ per kg) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Heroin (unknown purity) 19,870-22,520 18,600-27,200 16,753-24,485 29,000 25,400 – 28,200 Cocaine 46,385-59,610 51,500-64,400 46,392-57,990 52,200 49,395 Marijuana (herb) 460-660 570-860 515-773 n/a 850 – 1,130 Skunk244 2,000 – 3,900 1,900 – 2,900 1,675-2,577 1,300–2,000 n/a Amphetamine 3,312 – 4,636 3,600 – 5,000 3,222-4,510 n/a n/a Ecstasy n/a n/a 3,222-4,510 n/a n/a Source: Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia, World Drug Reports 2010 -2013, ARQ 2011, 2012 Note: Comparisons of drug wholesale prices from different years need to be made with caution as they are influenced by changes in the exchange rates and may not necessarily reflect changes.

Retail prices of illicit drugs (US$ per gram) 2010 2011 2012 2013245 2014 Heroin (unknown purity) 27 29 26 23-28 71 Cocaine 46-53 72-114 64-103 56-113 141 Marijuana 1.3 1.4 1.3 n/a 14 Skunk n/a n/a 6.4 n/a n/a Amphetamine 1.3-4.0 n/a 3.22 n/a 14 Ecstasy (tablet) 1.3-4.0 n/a 3.22 n/a n/a Source: Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia (data for 2011 and 2014), EMCDDA National Report 2014: Serbia (2013), ARQ 2010, 2012 Note: Comparisons of drug retail prices from different years need to be made with caution as they are influenced by changes in the exchange rates and may not necessarily reflect changes.

Drug purity in street seizures– mean values in % 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Heroin 5-10 1.7 – 8.2246 n/a n/a 2-54 Cocaine n/a 4.5 – 9.0 n/a n/a 27-28 Marijuana (THC) 1.5 – 15.2 0.04 – 14.6 0.04 – 20. 6 0.02 – 20.6 1-4 Amphetamine n/a n/a n/a 1.6 – 5.0 3-8 Source: Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia, Drug Situation Analysis Report 2011: South Eastern Europe

Adulterants used in heroin and cocaine mixtures, 2013, 2014 Heroin Paracetamol, caffeine, creatinine, lactose, saccharide, dextrose Cocaine Levamisole, creatinine, caffeine, starch Source: Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia

244 Skunk is a modified type of marijuana with increased THC content. 245 National Report 2014: Serbia, EMCDDA, Lisbon, April 2014, p. 95. The prices were converted from Euro into US$ based on UN Exchange rate as of 30 June 2013, 1 Euro=87.5 RSD). 246 Brown heroin

Updated March 2016 109

DRUG-RELATED CRIME

Drug-related offences (Articles 246, 245a, 247 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Serbia) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Criminal offences 5,573 4,911 4,775 5,642 n/a Rate (per 100,000) 76 68 66 79 n/a Production and 1,806 1,425 1,387 1,508 928 trafficking (Art. 246) Possession (Art. 245a) 3,479 3,268 3,177 3,949 2,054 Facilitation of drug 288 218 211 185 31 consumption (Art. 247) Persons committed(a) 5,783 5,179 4,745 5,616 5,842 Rate (per 100,000) 79 72 66 78 82 Adult persons 3,940 3,296 3,468 3,321 3,013 prosecuted(b)247 Rate (per 100,000) 54 46 48 46 42 Persons convicted(b) 2,539 3,588 3,076 2,855 2,949 Rate (per 100,000) 35 50 43 40 41 Source: (a) Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia, (b) Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, (c) EMCDDA National Report 2014 of Serbia

Organized Criminal Groups (OCGs) Involved in Drug Trafficking, 2012 Number of Number of OCGs Type of drug trafficked OCG Top 3 nationalities among OCG members dismantled members Heroin 1 6 Serbia: 6 Cocaine 1 3 Bosnia and Herzegovina: 1, Serbia: 2 Cannabis Bosnia and Herzegovina: 1, Montenegro: 2, 4 25 dual Serbia and Croatia: 2, Serbia: 20 Methamphetamine 1 11 Serbia: 11 Source: Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia

DRUG ABUSE

Number of cases diagnosed and registered as “Mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use”248 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total number 9,363 8,301 8,109 7,992 8,703 of which hospitalized 2,518 2,447 1,987 1,667 1,814 Rate (100,000) 128 114 112 111 121 Source: Institute of Public Health of Serbia, EMCDDA Country Overview, September 2013 and National Report 2014

Injecting drug users (estimated) 2007 2009 2013 Estimated number of IDUs (aged 15-59) 12,500-25,000 12,682-48,083 10,000-25,000 Estimated number of IDUs, median 18,000 30,383 20,000 Source: Institute of Public Health of Serbia, EMCDDA Country Overview. Situation Summary, September 2013

247 Persons aged 18 and above 248 F11 – F19 as per WHO’s International Classification of Diseases-10 in primary/public health care centers

Updated March 2016 110

Drug treatment249 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Methadone treated drug users 1,520 1,774 2,045 1,918 3,503 Buprenorphine treated drug users n/a 79 155 542 Source: Institute of Public Health of Serbia, EMCDDA Country Overview. Situation Summary, September 2013

Drug-related deaths 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Drug-related deaths 117 119 75 39 50 Source: Institute of Public Health of Serbia, EMCDDA National Report 2014 of Serbia

Annual prevalence of drug use as a percentage of the population aged 18-64 Cannabis 1.6 Cocaine 0.1 Ecstasy-type substances 0.1 Heroin 0.1 Medication - opioids 5.1 Amphetamines 0.1 Source: National survey on life styles of citizens in Serbia 2014 – substance use and gambling, Institute of Public Health of Serbia

HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS reported 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Newly diagnosed HIV cases 148 127 130 147 125 Rate (per 100,000) 2.0 1.8 1.8 2.1 1.8 IDU (%) n/a 7 4 6 4 Total HIV cases(a) n/a 2,725 2,856 3,003 3,128 Rate (per 100,000) (b) n/a 37.7 39.7 41.9 43.9 Total IDUs (%) n/a n/a 35.5 34 33 Source: Institute of Public Health of Serbia “Dr Milan Jovanovic Batut” (a) Total number of newly diagnosed HIV cases (b) Cumulative number of reported HIV cases at the end of reporting year since 1985. (c) Cumulative rate at the end of reporting period

Estimated number of PLWHA and HIV prevalence among IDUs, CSWs, MSM and prisoners 2010 2011 2012 2013 PLWHA(a) 2,800 2,900 3,000 3,000 Injecting drug users (%)(b) 2.4 n/a 1.7 1-1.5 Sex workers (%) 0.8 n/a 2 1.6 MSM (%) 3.9 n/a 4.4 8.3 Prisoners (% of total prison population)(c) 0.13 0.16 0.53 0.05 Source: (a) UNAIDS (2014); (b) Ministry of Health and Institute of Public Health of Serbia (HIV seroprevalence found in the integrated bio-behavioural surveys conducted among IDU, MSM and SW in Belgrade in 2010, 2012 and 2013); (c) Ministry of Justice

249 Opioid substitution therapy (OST) in 29 health care facilities on primary, secondary and tertiary levels.

Updated March 2016 111

DRUG- AND CRIME-RELATED TREATIES

Ratification status of Drug-Related Treaties Status Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 12 Mar 2001 (Succession) Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 12 Mar 2001 (Succession) United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 12 Mar 2001 1988 (Succession)

Signature and ratification status of UNTOC and UNCAC Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 6 Sept 2001 Ratified a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and 6 Sept 2001 Children, supplementing the UNTOC Ratified b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the UNTOC 6 Sept 2001 Ratified c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and 20 Dec 2005 Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC Accepted United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 20 Dec 2005 Ratified

Updated March 2016 112

FACT SHEET TAJIKISTAN (REPUBLIC OF)

Territory: 142,600 sq. km. Source: Tajikistan in Figures 2014, Statistical Agency under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, 2014

Borders: Afghanistan - 1,344 km China - 495 km Kyrgyzstan - 987 km, Uzbekistan - 1,333 km Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan250

Population (thousands) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total 7,582 7,754 7,931 8,112 8,296 8,482 15-64 aged 4,636 4,760 4,886 5,015 5,145 5,272 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2015 Revision

DRUG SEIZURES

Trends in drug seizures 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Opioids: Heroin (kg) 509.84 515.28 483.86 507.55 498.95 Opium (kg) 490.31 626.90 774.05 990.44 1,079.29 Illicit morphine(kg) 7.61 3.95 - - n/a Pharmaceutical opioids: Methadone 12 tablets - 105 grams 14 grams n/a Cannabis-type: Marijuana (herb, kg) 1,333.26 2,515.93 2,640.56 2,007.57 910.08 Hashish (resin, kg) 1,896.78 2,316.78 2,788.07 2,708.09 2,188.03 Cannabis plants (pieces) 2,113,464 2,180,121 2,030,796 1,339,574 987,916 (Jan-Jun) ATS: Methamphetamine (kg) - 62.99 - - - Ecstasy-type: MDMA (tablet) 485 21,740 6251 2,590 11,233252 Cocaine-type: Cocaine (grams) - - - - 29 Sedatives and Tranquillizers: Barbiturates: Phenobarbital (tablet) 290 172 408 2,025 n/a Benzodiazepines:

250 http://mfa.tj/en/general-information/general-information.html 251 DCA defined these tablets as ecstasy-type substances in the ARQ 2013 252 Drug Situation in Tajikistan 2015, Report, Drug Control Agency, Dushanbe, 2016

Updated March 2016 113 Trends in drug seizures 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Diazepam (tablet) 39,344 tabs., 9,027 tabs, 52 - n/a 10 ampoules 10 ampoules Phenazepam (tablet) 30 10 50 10 n/a Non-specified (tablet) 501 - - - n/a Substances not under international control: Piperazines: MCPP253 (tablet) 1,922 - 2,031 - n/a Non-specified drug group: Hydrargyrum (grams) - - 442 - n/a Pharmaceuticals (tablet) - - 340254 - n/a Source: Drug Control Agency under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan

Trends in precursor seizures 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Nov 2015 Acetic anhydride (kg) - - - - - Sulphuric acid (kg) 12,535255 11.7256 - - 33,390 Hydrochloric acid (kg) 6.9 9 - - - Ephedrine (kg) - - - - - Source: Drug Control Agency under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan

Share of law enforcement agencies in drug seizures (as per cent of total drug seizures) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Drug Control Agency 22 15 14 16 22 Ministry of Internal Affairs 45 43 45 45 43 Custom Service 1 1 2 2 3 State Committee for 19 24 27 24 22 National Security Border Guards 12 16 12 13 9 Others 0 1 0.2 0.001 0.2 Total 100 100 100 100 100 Source: Drug Control Agency under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan

253 meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine 254 Digoxin 255 Tajikistan Country Presentation at the Joint Meeting between Law Enforcement officials from Afghanistan and Central Asian countries on development of co-operation in fighting drugs, 4-5 December 2014, Almaty, Kazakhstan, http://polis.osce.org/events/details?item_id=4158 256 Ibid

Updated March 2016 114

International and Controlled Delivery operations 2011 2012 2013257 2014 2015 Total international operations 42 37 18 23 n/a including Canal operations (CSTO) Drug-related criminal cases 14258 13259 n/a 1 n/a Drug seized by LEAs of Tajikistan 243.4 465.2 n/a 666 n/a Tajikistan DCA-Afghanistan LEAs 36 28260 6 4261 15 Drugs seized in Afghanistan (kg) 617.1 3,500 430.4 459.3 730.1 kg, 800 l Heroin (kg) 166.4 228 0 n/a 114.4 Opium (kg) 243.1 2,806 239.5262 n/a 320.7 Cannabis (kg) 207.7 517 19.9 n/a 65.0 Heroin labs dismantled in Afghanistan 4 7 4 n/a 1 Detained drug smugglers 42 37 8 n/a 19 Controlled delivery operations 1 7 10 7 5 including: Tajikistan – MIA Afghanistan n/a n/a n/a n/a 5 Seized drugs in the country (kg) n/a n/a n/a n/a 140.2 Heroin n/a n/a n/a n/a 1.0 Opium n/a n/a n/a n/a 51.0 Hashish n/a n/a n/a n/a 88.3 Tajikistan - Russia Federation 1263 n/a 1 n/a 2 Seized drugs in the country (kg) 18.3 n/a 12.4 n/a 31 (in RF) Heroin 3.4 n/a 11.9 n/a 0 Tajikistan - Kazakhstan n/a n/a n/a n/a 1 Seized drugs in the country (kg) n/a n/a n/a n/a 39 Heroin n/a n/a n/a n/a 2 Tajikistan – Kyrgyzstan 5264 2 1265 n/a 1 Seized drugs in the country (kg) 36.7 10.8 3.3 n/a 175 Heroin 7.8 n/a 3.3 n/a 175 Opium 0 n/a 0 n/a 0 Cannabis group 28.9 n/a 0 n/a 0 Detained drug smugglers n/a n/a 1 n/a 3 Tajikistan - China n/a n/a 1266 1267 0 Seized drugs (kg) n/a n/a 3.5 181 0 Heroin n/a n/a 3.5 22 0 Opium n/a n/a 0 18 0 Cannabis group n/a n/a 0 140 0 Detained drug smugglers n/a n/a 2268 38 0 Source: Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Center (CARICC), Drug Control Agency and Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Tajikistan

257 Drug Control Agency, The Registration of Drug Offences, Drug Seizures and Others in first half-year 2013, http://rus.akn.tj (accessed 13.08.2013). 258 Drug Control Agency, Drug Situation in the Republic of Tajikistan in 2011, 2012, p.63. 259 Drug Control Agency, Drug Situation in Tajikistan, January-September 2013, http://rus.akn.tj (accessed October 2013). 260 Drug Control Agency, Drug Situation in the Republic of Tajikistan in 2012, 2013, p.66. 261 The operations were conducted between January and June. 262 Including 220 kg of liquid opium 263 Drug Control Agency, Drug Situation in the Republic of Tajikistan in 2011, 2012, p.62. 264 Drug Control Agency, Drug Situation in the Republic of Tajikistan in 2011, 2012, p.62. 265 The operation was conducted with the State Drug Control Service of Kyrgyzstan 266 Between DCA of Tajikistan and Ministry of Public Security of China 267 The operation was conducted from 27 October until 21 November 2014. The drugs were seized in both countries. Source: http://rus.akn.tj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1419:2014-11-24-11-04-16&catid=3:co-operation&Itemid=37 268 Nigeria nationals

Updated March 2016 115

National operations “Kuknor” (Black Poppy)

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total crimes recorded n/a n/a 276 601 244 With intent to sell n/a n/a 143 315 153 Smuggling n/a n/a 28 143 43 Illicit cultivation n/a n/a - - 8 Brothel maintenance n/a n/a n/a n/a 3 Total drugs seized (kg) 1,929.0 3,010.4 2,580.2 2,462.6 2,831.0 Heroin 268 190 102.3 234.8 288.99 Opium 346 205 366.6 428.8 449.9 Cannabis 1,315 2,615 2,111.3 1,799.0 1,358.7 Wild growing drug plants Cases of wild growing 142 127 116 193 142 Area (ha) 36.8 13.4 11.3 3.7 1.6 Destroyed cannabis plants (units) 2,463,484 1,372,811 2,476,431 1,110,971 1,800,000 Source: Drug Control Agency under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan

Heroin seizures in the Republic of Tajikistan, 2010 – 2015

Updated March 2016 116

Opium seizures in the Republic of Tajikistan, 2010 – 2015

Source (for both maps): DRUGS MONITORING PLATFORM, joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact programmes, http://drugsmonitoring.unodc-roca.org. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

Cannabis seizures in the Republic of Tajikistan, 2010 – 2015

Updated March 2016 117

DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY

Wholesale prices of illicit drugs (US$ per kg) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Heroin (unknown purity) 4,000-6,000 3,800-6,000 4,000-6,000 3,800-6,000 5,000-8,000 Opium 400-700 400-1,000 400-800 400-750 400-800 Cannabis (herb) 150-300 400-500 50-300 50-300 50-310 Hashish (resin) 150-500 300-800 100-360 100-360 100-360 Source: Drug Control Agency under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, ARQ data (2011-2013), CARICC (2014-2015) Note: Comparisons of drug wholesale prices from different years need to be made with caution as they are influenced by changes in the exchange rates and may not necessarily reflect changes.

Data on retail prices are not available for 2011- 2015.

Drug purity of heroin identified by DCA Forensic Labs (per cent of diacetylmorphine content) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Wholesale level 0.5%-81% 0.3%-65% 0.4%-79% 7.7%-45% 3.2%-44.4 Retail level n/a 0.3%-15% n/a n/a n/a Source: Review of Drug Situation in the Republic of Tajikistan in 2014, Drug Control Agency under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, UNODC ARQ data (2012, retail level)

DRUG-RELATED CRIME

Drug-related offences 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total number of offences269 927 895 936 993 965 Rate (per 100,000)* 12 11 11 12 11 including be type of offence: With intent to sell (%) 69 69 69 70 70 Without intent to sell (%) 27 27 27 27 n/a Smuggling (%) 17 19 17 14 13 Illicit cultivation (%) 2 2 3 2 n/a Others (%) n/a Source: Drug Control Agency Tajikistan (2011-2014), CARICC (2015) Note: * - The rate was calculated using the UN World Population Prospect estimates.

Suspects arrested and offenders convicted 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Suspects arrested 921 989 988 1,001 1,004 Rate (per 100,000)* 12 12 12 12 12 Female (%) 7 3 3 3 n/a Offenders convicted270 985 1,054 1,049 1,039 1,045 Rate (per 100,000)* 13 13 13 13 12 Female (%) 4 5 3 3 2 Source: Drug Control Agency Tajikistan, CARICC Note: * - The rate was calculated using the UN World Population Prospect estimates.

269 After investigation 270 2012 National Report on Drug Situation in the Republic of Tajikistan (Drug Situation in 2011), the report was prepared in the framework of the CADAP project, 2012, p.41

Updated March 2016 118

Arrestees and drugs seized from foreign citizens 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 National citizens 871 961 945 968 979 Foreign citizens 50 28 43 33 25 CIS citizens 17 7 6 2 0 Afghanistan 32 16 36 29 25 Iran 0 5 1 0 0 Pakistan 0 0 0 0 0 China 1 0 0 2 0 Lithuania 0 0 0 0 0 Others 0 0 0 0 0 Total drug seized from foreigners (kg) 979.9 222.1 618.6 452.0 433 Heroin (kg) n/a 21.6 45.4 73.4 129 Opium (kg) n/a 24.5 76.0 45.8 Cannabis (kg) n/a 176.0271 497.2 77.7 304 Methamphetamine n/a 63.0 n/a 255.1 Source: UNODC ARQ 2011, Drug Control Agency Tajikistan, CARICC (2012)

CIS arrestees and drug seized from them 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Kazakhstan 0 1 1 0 0 Kyrgyzstan 7 1 4 2 0 Russian Federation 6 2 1 0 0 Uzbekistan 4 2 0 0 0 Ukraine 0 1 0 0 0 Total drugs seized (kg) n/a n/a 51.2 15.9 0 Heroin (kg) n/a n/a 30 0 0 Opium (kg) n/a n/a 1.0 0 0 Cannabis (kg) n/a n/a 20.2 15.9 0 Source: UNODC ARQ 2011-2012 data, Drug Control Agency under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan

Offenders diagnosed with drug addiction 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total 124 157 180 (est.) 272 139 (est.) 273 Source: Drug Control Agency under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan

Organized crime 2008 2009 2010 2014 2015 Crimes committed by groups 64 145 117 60 62 Crimes committed by OG 6 11 9 n/a 5 Source: CARICC (2008-2010), Activity Report 2015 of the Drug Control Agency under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan (2014-2015)

271 Drugs of cannabis group 272 Estimation by UNODC ROCA is based on the official data on increase/decrease expressed as percentage. 273 Estimation by YNODC ROCA is based on the official data on increase/decrease expressed as percentage.

Updated March 2016 119

DRUG ABUSE

Drug abusers recorded in dispensaries 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total number 7,117 7,231 7,176 7,279 7,313 Rate (100,000)* 92 91 88 88 86 Including by gender: Male (%) 96 99 97 97 97 Female (%) 4 3 3 3 3 Including by drug type: Opioid users (%) 92 91 90 91 91 Heroin users (%) 81 81 81 81 81 Cannabinoid users (%) 4 4 4 4 10 Polydrugs users (%) 5 5 5 5 4 MDMA users (%) 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 Including: Injecting drug users (%) 65 68 67 65 63 Drug users registered for the first 727 685 674 606 594 time Rate (100,000)* 9.4 9.6 8.3 7.3 7.0 Source: Republican Narcology Center of the Ministry of Health and Drug Control Agency of the Republic of Tajikistan Note: * - The rate was calculated using the UN World Population Prospect estimates.

Opiate users (estimated) 2006 2009 Total number (aged 15 to 64) 23,000 n/a Injecting drug users (IDUs) 17,000 25,000 Mean age 30.8 n/a Lifetime use of heroin (%) 91 n/a Lifetime use of opium (%) 19 n/a UNODC (2006), Republican AIDS Center (2012)274 (latest available estimates)

Drug treatment 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Treated drug abusers 1,207 902 1,032 703 647 Heroin users (%) 92.5 n/a 80.2 76 n/a Opium users (%) 4.0 n/a 7.0 13 n/a Hashish users (%) 0.1 n/a 1.9 1 n/a Polydrugs users (%) 3.5 n/a n/a 9 n/a Treated for the first time (%) n/a 75.9 n/a n/a n/a Drug overdoses 19 n/a n/a 1 9 Source: National Centre for Monitoring and Prevention of Drug Addiction of the Ministry of Health (2010-2011)275, Drug Control Agency (2012, 2014), UNODC ARQ data (2012-2013)

Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged 15-64 UNODC best estimate Uncertainty range Year of estimate Cannabis No recent, reliable estimate Opioids 0.54 n/a 2006 Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2015 (UNODC GAP Survey, latest available estimates)

274 http://www.rcaids.kz/files/00001804.pdf 275 2012 National Report on Drug Situation in the Republic of Tajikistan (Drug Situation in 2011), National Centre for Monitoring and Prevention of Drug Addiction, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, p. 25 (CADAP)

Updated March 2016 120

Drug-related deaths related to drug use 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Number of deaths 39 33 45 47276 45 Heroin 39 n/a 45 n/a n/a Source: National Centre for Monitoring and Prevention of Drug Addiction of the Ministry of Health (2010-2011)277, Drug Control Agency (2012- 278 2014)

HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS reported 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Tested for HIV 438,532 453,836 517,376 647,978279 n/a New HIV cases 989 828 876 1,008 844 (Jan-Oct) Rate (per 100,000)* 13 10 11 12 10 Including by gender: Male 703 (71%) 539 (65%) 530 (60.5%) 578 (57%) n/a Female 286 (29%) 289 (35%) 346 (39.5%) 430 (43%) n/a Including by mode of transmission: Sexual contacts (%) 37 37 58 60 n/a Injecting drug use (%) 42 31 27 24 n/a Mother-to-child (%) 2.6 4.1 5.4 5.6 n/a Unknown (%) 18 27 10 10 n/a Total HIV cases 3,846 4,674 5,550 6,558 7,640 Rate (per 100,000)* 50 59 68 79 90 IDUs (%) 53 50 50 (est.) 48 45 People living with HIV, registered 3,053 3,768 4,581 5,242 5,952 Rate (per 100,000)* 39 48 53 63 70 Male 789 (26%) 1,052 (28%) 1,383 (30%) 3,505 (67%) n/a Female 2,264 (74%) 2,716 (72%) 3,198 (70%) 1,737 (33%) n/a Source: Republican AIDS Center Tajikistan, http://www.nc-aids.tj/statistika.html Note: * - The rate was calculated using the UN World Population Prospect estimates.

HIV prevalence among most at risk groups (estimated) 2006 2009 2010 2011 2014 Injecting drug users (%) 23.5 17.3 16 13.5 13.5 Sex workers (%) 3.7 2.7 4.4 3.7 3.5 MSM (%) n/a n/a n/a 1.7 n/a Pregnant (%) 0.1 < 5 < 5 < 5 n/a Inmates (%) 8.4 9 8.5 n/a n/a Source: Republican AIDS Center

276 Drug Situation in Tajikistan, Drug Control Agency report for 2014, p.69 277 2012 National Report on Drug Situation in the Republic of Tajikistan (Drug Situation in 2011), National Centre for Monitoring and Prevention of Drug Addiction, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, p. 33 (CADAP) 278 Drug Situation in Tajikistan, Drug Control Agency reports for 2012-2014 279 http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/country/documents/TJK_narrative_report_2015.pdf

Updated March 2016 121

HIV estimates by UNAIDS 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Estimated adults and 9,400 11,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 children living with HIV Adult (15-49) prevalence 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 (%) AIDS-related deaths in < 500 < 500 < 1,000 < 1,000 < 1,000 adults and children Adults and children newly 1,600 1,800 2,100 n/a n/a infected with HIV Estimated adults (15+) 8,900 10,000 11,000 13,000 15,000 living with HIV Adults (15+) newly 1,500 1,700 2,000 n/a n/a infected with HIV Source: UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic – 2013, http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/tajikistan/

DRUG- AND CRIME-RELATED TREATIES

Ratification status of Drug-Related Treaties Status Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 26 Mar 1997 (Accession) Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 26 Mar 1997 (Accession) United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 26 May 1996 1988 (Accession)

Signature and ratification status of Crime-Related Treaties Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 8 Jul 2002 (Ratification) a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and 8 Jul 2002 Children, supplementing the UNTOC (Accession) b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the UNTOC 8 Jul 2002 (Accession) c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 25 Sep 2006 (Accession)

Updated March 2016 122

FACT SHEET THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA (under UNSCR 817 (1993))

Territory: Total 25,713 km2

Borders: 748 km, Serbia to the north (including Kosovo under UNSCR 1244/99 to the northwest), Bulgaria to the east, Greece to the south and Albania to the west. Source: State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia

Population (thousands) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total 2,062 2,066 2,069 2,073 2,076 2,078 15-64 aged 1,456 1,462 1,466 1,469 1,470 1,470 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2015 Revision

DRUG SEIZURES

Seizures of illicit drugs and precursors (kg) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Opioids: Heroin 23.7 71.4 17.4 24.3 7.34 Opium 0.06 0.08 - - - Pharmaceutical opioids: Buprenorphine (pieces) n/a - 20 21 103 (Jan-Sep)280 Methadone (litres) n/a - 0.051 0.135 n/a Tramadol (tablets) n/a n/a 10 56 1,627 (Jan- Sep)281 Cannabis type: Marijuana (herb) 286.4 825.1 1,197.5 723.4 246.48 Hashish (resin) 5.1 0.05 (Jan- 114.1 22.9 0.004 Sep)282 Cannabis seeds 0.09 kg, 0.14 kg n/a n/a 1,628 pcs 397 pcs 3,816 pcs Cannabis plants (plants) 1,247 2,755 1,421 1,187 2,362 Cocaine-type: Cocaine salts 1.5 0.175 0.016 0.31 0.053 Liquid cocaine (litres) 1.6 - 0.150 - -

280 Data of the Ministry of Interior only. 281 Data of the Ministry of Interior only. 282 Data of the Ministry of Interior only.

Updated March 2016 123 Seizures of illicit drugs and precursors (kg) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 ATS: Ecstasy (tablets) 3,634 208 142 1,253 336 (Jan-Sep)283 Amphetamine 1.8 kg, 0.5 kg, 0.934 kg, 1.01 kg, 0.471 10,960 tabs 5 tabs 63 tabs 15 tabs Methamphetamine 0.126 kg, 0.5 kg, 0.007 kg, 0.004 kg, 0.255 lt, 17 tabs 66 tabs 3,560 tabs 114 tabs 66 tabs (Jan-Sep)284 Hallucinogens: LSD 30 pcs 0.06 kg, 2 pcs - 75 pcs 32 pcs (Jan-Sep) 285 Substances not under international control Plant-based substances: Magic mushrooms n/a n/a n/a 0.002 - Other miscellaneous: Caffeine and paracetamole 0.52 (Jan-Sep) n/a n/a n/a n/a (mix) 286 Precursors: Acetone (lt) - 50 n/a - - Hydrochloric acid (lt) - 8 n/a - - Acetic anhydride (lt) - - n/a - - Source: Ministry of Interior and Custom Administration (2011-2015), UNODC World Drug Reports

International Operations and Controlled Delivery in Macedonia 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sept 2015287 International 4 4 1 4 2 Operations Controlled-Delivery 4 4 1 n/a 0 Operations by Police Partner SECI, Germany, Turkey, Greece, Germany n/a Albania, country/countries Bulgaria, Bulgaria, Serbia, Serbia, Serbia, Albania, SELEC Bulgaria, Switzerland Drugs seized: Heroin (kg) 9.9 15.5 0 n/a 0.647 Cannabis(kg) 10 0 0 n/a 1.786 Ecstasy (pcs) 10,349 0 0 n/a 0 Cocaine(kg) 1.5 0 150 ml n/a 0.003 Source: Ministry of Interior

283 Data of the Ministry of Interior only. 284 Data of the Ministry of Interior only. 285 Data of the Ministry of Interior only. 286 Data of the Ministry of Interior only. 287 Data of the Ministry of Interior only.

Updated March 2016 124

Heroin seizures in Macedonia, 2010-2015

Updated March 2016 125

DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY

Wholesale prices of illicit drugs (US$ per kg) Jan-Sept 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 19,870- Heroin (unknown purity) 11,800 - 15,700 22,900 - 22,200 22,670-26,670 22,180-24,640 22,080 Opium 1,300 1,300 1,140 1,230 n/a Marijuana (herb) 500 - 930 450 - 910 330-400 1,110-1,230 1,660-2,210 44,160- Cocaine 46,300 - 59,500 45,600 - 58,700 53,350-60,020 43,130-55,450 49,680 Ecstasy (per tablet) 2-3 2-3 3-11 4-12 3-11 Methamphetamine n/a n/a 4,560 -6,840 4,930 -7,390 4,420-6,630 Source: Ministry of Interior (2011-2015), UNODC World Drug Report 2015 (the prices of heroin, marijuana and cocaine in 2013) Note: Drug prices in 2015 can differ from UNODC and other international reports because of conversion of official data in Euro to US dollars (1 Euro=1.7 US dollars in 2015) by the Ministry of Interior.

Retail prices of illicit drugs (US$ per gram) Jan-Sept 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Heroin dose (0.2 gr) 10.6 10.4 9.1 12.3 n/a Heroin 26 26 23.3 20-25 17-22 Opium 50 20 17.1 18.5 n/a Marijuana (herb) 4 4 2.3 4-6 16.6 Cocaine 66-80 65-78 60-73 74-86 66-77 Ecstasy (per tablet) 4-11 4-13 2 4-12 3-11 Amphetamine (per tablet) n/a 18-23 4 n/a n/a Methamphetamine 21 n/a 4 6-10 n/a LSD 17-21 n/a 2-11 3-12 16.6 Source: Ministry of Interior (2011-2015), UNODC World Drug Report 2015 (the prices of heroin, marijuana, cocaine, ecstasy, and methamphetamine in 2013) Note: Drug prices in 2015 can differ from UNODC and other international reports because of conversion of official data in Euro to US dollars (1 Euro=1.7 US dollars) by the Ministry of Interior.

Drug purity 2005 2012 Heroin n/a 2% (< 15 gr), 12% (500 gr) Cannabis plants (THC) n/a 1% Cocaine 50%-80% 10%-30% Source: Ministry of InteriorNote: For the time being, the drug purity is measured by request and at random.

Composition of heroin To increase the heroin mass, various medicaments, pain killers and fever reducers like aspirin or paracetamol, are being used. The ”industrial sugar” is also being used. Source: Ministry of Interior

Updated March 2016 126

DRUG-RELATED CRIME

Drug-related offences Jan-Sept 2011 2012 2013 2014288 2015289 Criminal cases initiated 596 604 555 717 451 Rate (per 100,000)* 29 29 27 35 22 including offences: With intent to sell, traffic, produce 481 468 421 577 381 With intent to use or allow use 115 136 134 140 70 Source: Ministry of Interior Note: * The rate was calculated by using the UN World Population Prospects estimates.

Suspects arrested and offenders convicted 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sept 2015290 Suspects arrested 719 736 668 872291 538292 Rate (per 100,000)* 35 36 32 42 26 With intent to sell, traffic, produce 588 586 514 716 465 With intent to use or allow use 131 150 154 156 73 Source: Ministry of Interior Note: * The rate was calculated by using the UN World Population Prospects estimates.

Organized criminal groups arrested Synthetic Year Heroin Cannabis Cocaine Poly drugs Total drugs No. of groups No. of groups No. of groups No. of groups No. of groups 2011293 2 2 2 1 1 (heroin and cannabis) 8 4 (1-heroin & cannabis; 1-cocaine & 2012294 5 1 0 0 cannabis; 1 - synthetic drugs & 10 cannabis) 2013 6 5 0 0 0 11 2014 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 7 Jan-Sept 2 (1-heroin & cocaine; 1-heroin, n/a 3 1 n/a cocaine, cannabis, and migrant 6 2015 smuggling) No. of people No. of people No. of people No. of people No. of people 2011295 17 10 7 4 3 41 21 (15-heroin & cannabis; 2012296 19 4 0 0 3-cocaine & cannabis; 44 3 - synthetic drugs & cannabis) 2013297 37 20 0 0 0 57

288 According to Ministry of Interior. 289 Ministry of Interior and Customs Administration. 290 Ministry of Interior and Customs Administration. 291 Arrested in 2014: 857 citizens of the FYR of Macedonia, six Albanian citizens, three Bulgarian citizens, three Croatian citizen, one Serbian citizen, one Turkish citizen and one Austrian citizen.

292 Arrested in the period January-September 2015: 528 citizens of the FYR of Macedonia, two Albanian citizens, two Polish citizens, one Montenegrin citizen, one Bulgarian citizen, one Serbian citizen, one Turkish citizen, and one USA citizen. 293 Three of the criminal groups were International. 294 Five of the criminal groups were International. 295 Arrested in 2011: 34 citizens of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; four Albanian citizens; two Bulgarian citizens; and one citizen of Kosovo. 296 Arrested in 2012: 33 citizens of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; four citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina; two Albanian citizens; two Bulgarian citizens; one Croatian citizen; one Serbian citizen; and one citizen of Kosovo. 297 Arrested in 2013: 55 citizens of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; one Albanian citizen; and one Croatian citizen.

Updated March 2016 127 Organized criminal groups arrested Synthetic Year Heroin Cannabis Cocaine Poly drugs Total drugs 2014 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 41 Jan-Sept 13 (5- heroin & cocaine; 8- heroin, n/a 14 4 n/a cocaine, cannabis, and migrant 31 2015 smuggling) Source: Ministry of Interior

DRUG ABUSE

Drug abusers recorded in dispensaries 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total number 1,669 3,759 n/a n/a 1,857 Rate (per 100,000)* 81 182 n/a n/a 89 IDUs 444 n/a n/a n/a n/a Source: Interministerial Commission for Drugs and Narcotic; Ministry of Interior (2011) Note: * The rate was calculated by using the UN World Population Prospects estimates.

Estimates of injecting drug use 2010 2011 Injecting drug users (IDUs) 10,200 15,000-20,000 Source: Interministerial Commission for Drugs and Narcotics (2010); Institute for Public Health (Mikik &Kuzmanovska, 2011)

Drug treatment and overdoses 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Treated drug abusers 1,669 n/a n/a 1,666 1,408 Drug overdoses 17 14 18 28 n/a Source: Institute for Public Health; Ministry of Interior; Ministry of Health

HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS reported 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014298 Tested for HIV 18,271 17,877 18,105299 24,562 n/a New HIV cases 14 10 20300 25 (Jan-Nov)301 39 Rate (per 100,000)* 0.7 0.5 1.0 1.2 1.9 Total HIV cases 134 144 156 194 (as of 1 Dec) 236 (as of 1 Dec) Rate (per 100,000)* 6.5 7.0 7.5 9.4 11.4 IDUs (%) 9 n/a n/a n/a 5 Source: Institute for Public Health, UNAIDS, Clinic for Infectious Diseases (Skopje) Note: * The rate was calculated by using the UN World Population Prospects estimates.

298 Facts about HIV/AIDS in the Republic of Macedonia for 2014, press release of the Institute foe Public Health, http://www.iph.mk/en/facts-about- hiv-aids-in-the-republic-of-macedonia-for-2014/, accessed 29 January 2016 299 HIV/ADS survelliance in Europe 2014, http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Report%20Assets/hiv-aids-surveillance-2014/HIV-2014-tables.zip, accessed 9 December 2015 300 Country Overwiev: fYROM, http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/country-overviews/mk, accesed 29 January 2016 301 http://kurir.mk/en/?p=14692 , accessed 29 January 2016

Updated March 2016 128

DRUG- AND CRIME-RELATED TREATIES

Ratification status of Drug-Related Treaties Status Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 13 Oct 1993 (Accession) Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 13 Oct 1993 (Accession) United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 13 Oct 1993 of 1988 (Accession)

Signature and ratification status of UNTOC and UNCAC Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 12 Jan 2005 (Ratification) a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and 12 Jan 2005 Children, supplementing the UNTOC (Ratification) b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the UNTOC 12 Jan 2005 (Ratification) c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and 14 Sep 2007 Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC (Accession) United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 13 Apr 2007 (Ratification)

Updated March 2016 129

FACT SHEET TURKMENISTAN

Territory: 491,210 sq. km Source: Turkmenistan in Figures, State Committee of Turkmenistan on Statistics, Ashgabat, http://www.stat.gov.tm/

Borders: Afghanistan: 744 km, I.R. of Iran: 992 km, Kazakhstan: 379 km, Uzbekistan: 1,621 km

Population (thousands) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total 5,042 5,107 5,173 5,240 5,307 5,374 15-64 aged 3,360 3,428 3,484 3,533 3,582 3,634 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2015 Revision

DRUG SEIZURES

Drug seizures (kg) 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Opioids: Heroin 39.2 14.9 12.6 1.8 0.667 Opium 753.6 662.7 396.3 180.6 219.8 Poppy plants (poppy straw) 3.951 n/a n/a n/a n/a Cannabis type: Marijuana (herb) 37.6 36.0 23.2 49.9 5.3 Hashish 11.0 39.0 4.7 0.2 0.008 Non-specified drug group: Psychotropic substance n/a n/a 0 0.007 n/a Drugs seized on border territories n/a n/a 90 93 n/a (as % of total drug seizures) Source: UNODC ARQ data, Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Centre for Combating Illicit Trafficking of Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances (CARICC) Note: 1) Data on seizures of precursors are not available. 2) No cases related to illicit cultivation of drug plants have been disclosed in the course of the “Goknar” (Poppy) operations in 2012-2013.

Updated March 2016 130

Drug seizures in Turkmenistan, 2009-2011

Source: DRUGS MONITORING PLATFORM, joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact programmes, http://drugsmonitoring.unodc-roca.org. Note: Information on individual drug seizures is not available since 2012.

DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY

Wholesale prices of illicit drugs (US$ per kg) 2011 2012 2013 2014 July 2015 Heroin (unknown purity) 87,700-175,400 122,800-254,000 n/a n/a n/a Opium 22,800-31,600 33,000-52,600 38,600-60,526 39,900-67,950 40,450-68,650 Marijuana (herb) 5,000-9,600 9,600-12,000 9,650-18,420 9,900-18,950 n/a Source: UNODC ARQ data (2011-2013), CARICC (2014-2015)

Retail prices of illicit drugs (US$ per gram) 2011 2012 2013 2014 July 2015 Heroin (unknown purity) 149-275 175-316 n/a n/a n/a Opium 32-56 51-81 60-92 60-94 70-95 Marijuana (herb) 8-16 16-26 16-28 17-29 17-30 Source: UNODC ARQ data (2011-2013), CARICC (2014-2015)

Composition of drugs Heroin Caffeine, paracetamol, dextrometrophan Source: UNODC ARQ data (2012-2013)

Updated March 2016 131

DRUG-RELATED CRIME

Drug-related offences 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Criminal cases initiated 1,654 1,070 905 833 503 Rate (per 100,000) 32 21 17 16 9 including offences: With intent to sell (%) 68 65 62 53 n/a Smuggling (%) 11 17 18 28 n/a Source: UNODC ARQ data (2011-2013), CARICC (2011-2015)

Suspects arrested and offenders convicted 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Suspects arrested 1,969 1,384 1,157 800 544 Rate (per 100,000) 39 27 22 15 10 Source: UNODC ARQ data (2011-2013), CARICC (2014-2015)

People detained for drug-related crimes, by nationality 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Pep2015 Total number 1,969 1,384 1,157 800 544 National citizens 1,917 1,322 1,113 763 n/a Foreigners 52 62 44 37 n/a Afghanistan 13 9 5 9 n/a I.R. of Iran 28 37 34 26 n/a Turkey 4 12 3 2 n/a Uzbekistan 7 4 2 0 n/a Source: UNODC ARQ data (2011-2013), CARICC (2014-2015)

DRUG ABUSE

Total drug abusers recorded in dispensaries 2006 Total number 33,697 including: Heroin users (%) 93 Opium users (%) 4 Cannabinoid users (%) 3 IDUs (%) 25 Source: Country Report 2006 and 11 months 2007 for EMCDDA302 (latest available data)

Drug treatment 2006 2007 Persons treated for drug problems 28,720 17,774 Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2015 (latest available data)

Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged 15-64 UNODC best estimate Uncertainty range Year of estimate Opioids 0.32 n/a 2007 Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2012 (latest available data)

302 European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction

Updated March 2016 132

DRUG- AND CRIME-RELATED TREATIES

Ratification status of Drug-Related Treaties Status Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 21 Feb 1996 (Ratification) Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 21 Feb 1996 (Accession) United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 21 Feb 1996 1988 (Accession)

Ratification status of Crime-Related Treaties Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 28 March 2005, (Accession) a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and 28 March 2005, Children, supplementing the UNTOC (Accession) b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the UNTOC 28 March 2005, (Accession) c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and 28 March 2005, Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC (Accession) United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 28 March 2005, (Accession)

Updated March 2016 133

FACT SHEET UKRAINE

Territory: 603,628 sq.km Borders: Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Republic of Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively.

Population (thousands) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total 45,647 45,478 45,320 45,165 45,002 44,824 15-64 aged 32,018 31,869 31,793 31,719 31,558 31,272 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2015Revision.

DRUG SEIZURES

Seizures of illicit drugs (kg) 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015303 Opioids: 20.7 (MIA), Heroin 10.34 9.36 110.11 37.98 662.9 (SSU) Opium 0.73 5.50 119.60 33,34 50.1 (MIA) Poppy straw n/a 7.40 n/a 384.20 854,9 (MIA) Cannabinoids: Marijuana (herb) 7,174.86 8,001.00304 4,369.88 2,171.70 1,514.0 (MIA) Hashish (resin) 27.32 2.40 0.665 257.59 n/a Cocaine-type: 0.55 (MIA), Cocaine salts 6.31 43.59 30.97 0.005 2.6 (SSU) ATS: 28.19 kg, Amphetamine 1.70 24.50 17.94 8.57 (MIA) 125 tabs Methamphetamine 5.1 kg, 12 tabs n/a n/a n/a n/a Ecstasy-type substances 1,750 tabs n/a 0.01 0.03 0.007 (MIA) Sedatives and tranquilizers: Barbiturates 42,965 tabs n/a n/a n/a n/a Benzodiazepines 2,759 tabs n/a n/a n/a n/a Source: UNODC ARQ data (2011, 2012), Ministry of Internal Affairs, MIA (2013-2015), Security Service of Ukraine, SSU (2015)

303 MIA - Ministry of Internal Affairs, SSU - Security Service of Ukraine 304 By information of the Ministry of Internal Affairs provided for the UNODC AOTP project in 2013

Updated March 2016 134

Seizures of precursors and other substances305 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Acetic anhydride (kg) 259.0 50.0 220.0 1,503.6 51.0 Sulphuric acid (lt) 6,528.0 1,999.0 17.0 583.0 28.0 Hydrochloric acid (lt) 2,804.0 26,560.0 1,065.0 79.70 180.0 Ephedrine (kg) 11.0 1.0 322.0 10.3 1.0 Toluol (lt) 44.0 73.0 207.0 1.50 - Acetone (lt) 316.0 125.0 7.0 1.40 100.0 Source: Ukrainian Monitoring and Medical Center on Alcohol and Narcotics (UMMCAN), World Drug Reports, General Prosecutor Office (2014), Ministry of Internal Affairs (2015)

Disclosing of clandestine laboratories and drug production sites 2011 2012306 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Clandestine laboratories 216 146 62 108 124 Sites of drug use 1,965 1,772 1,285 1,232 1,070 Drug production sites 505 440 317 244 204 Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs

Controlled-Delivery (CD) operations conducted by Police 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Number CD operations 263 249 24 30 21 Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs

Heroin seizures in Ukraine, 2010 – 2015

305 Precursor seizures are not related to smuggling of substances 306 Data as of 20.11.2012 (before coming in power new Criminal Procedure Code)

Updated March 2016 135

Opium seizures in Ukraine, 2010 – 2015

Cannabis seizures in Ukraine, 2010 – 2015

Updated March 2016 136

DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY

Average retail prices of illicit drugs (US$ per gram)307 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Heroin (unknown purity) n/a 122 100 50-130 40 -92 Opium n/a n/a 12 10-14 14 Marijuana (herb) 3 3 7 2 1-7 Hashish n/a n/a 15 11-14 5 Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs (MIA), UMMCAN, UNODC ARQs Note: Official data may differ from the data of UNODC and other international organisations due to conversions made by MIA Ukraine.

Drug purity (%) Composition of heroin and cocaine, 2010 2010 Heroin Caffeine, dextromethorphan, Heroin 2.6-65.9 diphenhydramine, paracetamol, aspirin, Cocaine 4.0-53.5 chloramphenicol, etc. Ecstasy 0.1-42.3 Amphetamine 0.02-70.0 Cocaine Levamisole, aspirin, sodium bicarbonate Methamphetamine 0.6-87.4308 metamizole sodium Source: 2011 National Report to the EMCDDA, Ukraine Note: Information from interviewing SFSC officers

DRUG-RELATED CRIME

Drug-related offences 2011 2012* 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Criminal cases initiated309 53,206 45,322 32,694 28,972 30,953 Rate (per 100,000)** 117 100 72 64 69 including offences: With intent to sell (%) 30.6 31.6 26.6 26.8 21.9 Smuggling (%) 0.5 0.3 0.9 n/a 0.01 Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs Note: * Data as of 20.11.2012 (before coming in power of new Criminal Procedure Code). The number of criminal cases reflects only MoI data. ** The rates are calculated using the UN estimation of population

Suspects arrested and offenders convicted 2011 20128 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Suspects arrested 36,960 31,398 27,701 18,627 12,434 Rate (per 100,000)* 81 69 61 41 28 Female 4,777 n/a n/a n/a n/a Offenders convicted* 25,569 25,552 16,011 15,099 n/a Rate (per 100,000) 56 56 35 34 n/a Source: UMMCAN (convicted 2013-2014310), Ministry of Internal Affairs Note: * The rates are calculated using the UN estimation of population

307 Data on prices reflect the average retail prices of drugs and can differ from the typical prices reported in the World Drug Reports. 308 The data were collected from 11 out of 27 regions of Ukraine. 309 Data includes cases of drug smuggling registered by the Security Service of Ukraine 310 https://docs.google.com/document/d/1lDln2xn1KgigtXHx3d3eNp8Pew-xfbJXt5zijE34Lqc/edit, p.119

Updated March 2016 137

Foreigners arrested in the country 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Number of people arrested 36,980 31,398 27,701 18,627 12,434 National citizens 36,539 31,024 27,443 18,473 12,316 Foreigners 699 673 258 154 118 CIS citizens 326 321 194 120 92 Others foreigners 373 352 45 31 22 Stateless 48 22 21 3 4 Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs

Offences committed by persons with mental disorders, caused by drug use and in the state of drug intoxication 2011 20128 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Total offences 10,410 5,935 5,034 4,003 627 (including drug-related crimes) Offences in the state narcotic 2,492 n/a 1,342 1,102 n/a intoxication Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs, National report to the EMCDDA 2015

Organized drug-related crime 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Jun 2015 Crimes committed by OG 3,268 2,928 973 837 n/a Groups eliminated 97 87 33 33 21 Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs, State Statistics Service

DRUG ABUSE

Drug abusers recorded in dispensaries and estimated injecting drug users 2011 2012 2013 2014311 Jan-Sep 2015 Total number 79,707 76,366 75,157 60,587 68,220 Rate (per 100,000) 176 168 166 141 n/a Opiate users 56,220 (71%) 52,169 (68%) 50,724 (67%) 42,656 (70%) n/a Cannabinoid users 5,424 (7%) 5,425 (7%) 5,423 (7%) 4,440 (7.3%) n/a People who inject n/a 278,000 - 387,000 n/a n/a n/a drugs (PWID) Source: Ministry of Health, Ukrainian Monitoring and Medical Center on Alcohol and Narcotics (UMMCAN), HIV/AIDS Alliance in Ukraine, UNODC World Drug Report 2015 (PWID)

Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged 15-64 Best estimate Uncertainty range Year of estimate Amphetamines 0.72 0.19-1.25 2011 Cannabis 2.90 1.2-4.6 2011 Cocaine 0.52 0.17-0.86 2011 Ecstasy-type substances 0.93 0.37-1.49 2011 Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2015 (available latest data)

311 Data do not include data of occupied territories of Crimea, Donetsk and Lugansk regions

Updated March 2016 138

Drug-related mortality with ranking of drugs as primary cause of death 2011 2012 Number of deaths 170 174 Reference population 32,183,933 n/a Rate per million aged 15-64 5.3 n/a Drugs as primary cause of death: Opioids n/a n/a Fatal drug overdoses (%) n/a n/a Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2015 (available latest data), UMMCAN

HIV/AIDS

HIV cases recorded 2011 2012 2013 2014 1 Sep 2015 Tested for HIV 3,318,163 3,246,537 2,941,748 2,608,063 n/a New HIV cases 21,117 20,743 21,631 27,236 7,783 Rate (per 100,000) 46 46 48 60 17 IDUs (adults) 6,592 5,933 5,847 2,767 2,052 Total HIV cases312 120,148 129,136 139,573 137,970 n/a Rate (per 100,000) 264 285 309 307 n/a IDUs (%) 55 50313 40.8 39.12 n/a Source: Ukrainian AIDS Center , HIV/AIDS Alliance in Ukraine

PLWHA (estimated) and HIV prevalence among IDUs, sex workers, MSM and prisoners 2010 2011 2012 2013 PLWHA (age 15+) 360,000 230,000314 230,000 219,128 IDUs (%) n/a 21.5 n/a 19.7 Sex workers (%) n/a 9.0 n/a 7.3 MSM (%) n/a 6.4 n/a 5.9 Prisoners (%) n/a 13.7 n/a 11 Source: Ukrainian AIDS Center

HIV estimates by UNAIDS 2010 2011 2012 2013315 2014 Estimated adults and 250,000 240,000 230,000 210,000 290,000 children living with HIV Adult (15-49) prevalence 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.2 (%) AIDS-related deaths in 20,000 19,000 18,000 13,000 15,000 adults and children Adults and children 13,000 12,000 11,000 n/a n/a newly infected with HIV Estimated adults (15+) 250,000 240,000 230,000 210,000 290,000 living with HIV Adults (15+) newly 13,000 12,000 11,000 n/a n/a infected with HIV Source: UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic, http://www.unaids.org/ru/regionscountries/countries/ukraine

312 People who are registered in dispensaries 313 http://www.aidsalliance.org.ua/cgi-bin/index.cgi?url=/en/library/statistics/index.htm 314 Estimates for 2011 were done by applying an adjusted methodology (SW program Spectrum/EPP) 315 http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/ukraine/ , accessed 27 November 2015

Updated March 2016 139

DRUG- AND CRIME-RELATED TREATIES

Ratification status of Drug-Related Treaties Status Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 27 Sep 2001 (Accession) Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 20 Nov 1978 (Accession) United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 28 Aug 1991 1988 (Accession)

Ratification status of Crime-Related Treaties Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 21 May 2004 (Ratification) a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and 21 May 2004 Children, supplementing the UNTOC (Ratification) b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the UNTOC 21 May 2004 (Ratification) c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and 4 Jun 2013 Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC (Accession) United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 02 Dec 2009 (Ratification)

Updated March 2016 140

FACT SHEET UZBEKISTAN (REPUBLIC OF)

Territory: 448,970 sq. km. Source: Uzbekistan in Figures 2014, State Committee on Statistics, Republic of Uzbekistan

Borders: Afghanistan: 137 km, Kazakhstan: 2,203 km, Kyrgyzstan: 1,099 km, Tajikistan: 1,161 km, Turkmenistan: 1,621 km Source: State Committee on Statistics, Republic of Uzbekistan, http://stat.uz

Population (thousands) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total 27,740 28,158 28,592 29,033 29,470 29,893 15-64 aged 18,371 18,718 19,063 19,394 19,699 19,976 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2015 Revision

DRUG SEIZURES

Seizures of illicit drugs and psychotropic substances (kg) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Opioids: Heroin 622.2 261.5 121.6 106.5 147.9 Opium 983.8 770.0 851.3 881.9 882.3 Poppy plants: Poppy straw 413.1 330.0 336.3 406.3 204.7 Cannabis-type: Marijuana (herb) 3,018.0 1,451.2 873.5 802.9 1,025.1 Hashish (resin) 367.0 230.7 143.3 99.9 250.2 Cocaine-type: Cocaine salts 0.15 0 0 0 n/a Non-specified: Psychotropic substances 784 grams, 1,061 grams 455 grams 178 grams 64,721 tabs, 14,442 tabs 15,009 tabs 18,596 tabs 7,184 tabs 102 ampoules 60 150 1 ampoules316 ampoules317 ampoule318 Source: National Information-Analytical Center on Drug Control under the Cabinet of Ministers on the Republic of Uzbekistan (NCDC), UNODC ARQs

316 Statistical information for 2012-2013 provided by the government of the Republic of Uzbekistan to CARICC 317 Statistical information for 2013-2014 provided by the government of the Republic of Uzbekistan to UNODC ROCA 318 ibid

Updated March 2016 141

Heroin seizures in the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2010 - 2015

Source: DRUGS MONITORING PLATFORM, joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact programmes, http://drugsmonitoring.unodc-roca.org.

Opium seizures in the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2010 - 2015

Source: DRUGS MONITORING PLATFORM, joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact programmes, http://drugsmonitoring.unodc-roca.org.

Updated March 2016 142

Cannabis seizures in the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2010 - 2015

Source: DRUGS MONITORING PLATFORM, joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact programmes, http://drugsmonitoring.unodc-roca.org.

Seizures of illicit precursors and other substances 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Acetic anhydride (lt) 0 0 0 0 n/a Sulphuric acid (lt) 2,540 126 0 1,610 7,800 Hydrochloric acid (lt) 0 0 0 0 6,000 (Jan-Sep) Potassium permanganate (kg) 2.7 0.4 160.3 52.3 26.3 (Jan-Sep) Acetone (lt) 274 120 0 0 n/a Source: NCDC, Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Centre for combating the illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs (CARICC)

“Black Poppy’ operations conducted by law enforcement agencies of Uzbekistan319 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Police officers involved > 11,000 > 10,000 > 10,000 > 10,000 ≈ 10,000 Representatives of the community and local ≈7,500 ≈7,000 ≈7,000 n/a ≈ 5,000 governments involved Revealed cases of illicit 1,338 1,211 1,223 1,125 1,049 cultivation Opium poppy 487 500 610 409 n/a Cannabis 851 711 613 716 n/a Criminal cases reported 3,587 3,093 3,101 2,900 2,687 Total area eradicated (ha) 2.6 1.2 1.0 0.67 0.51 Opium poppy (ha) 1.2 0.5 0.7 0.3 n/a Cannabis (ha) 1.4 0.7 0.4 0.3 n/a Seized drugs (kg) 3,125 1,279 785 852 621 Kuknar (poppy straw, kg) 415 318 282.2 363.8 145.5 Cannabis (kg) 2,540.7 871 472.4 461.8 437.4

319 Law enforcement agencies of Uzbekistan conduct the annual two-phase "Black Poppy" eradication campaign (1st phase – from May till June, 2nd phase – from August till September) in order to reveal and destroy illicitly cultivated opium and cannabis. During this campaign, law enforcement agencies also reveal cases connected with sale, storage and use of drugs.

Updated March 2016 143 “Black Poppy’ operations conducted by law enforcement agencies of Uzbekistan319 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Heroin (kg) 28.2 56 14.1 0.111 0.761 Opium (kg) 78.3 7 9.2 13.8 28.8 Hashish (kg) 63.2 27 7.3 12.7 8.1 Source: NCDC

DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY

Wholesale prices of illicit drugs (US$ per kg) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Heroin (unknown purity) 8,000- 8,000-50,000 10,000-35,000 8,000-50,000 7,000-55,000 30,000320 Opium 1,600-3,500 1,500-10,000 1,300-18,000 1,000-10,000 1,500-20,000 Marijuana (herb) 300-800 500-4,000 500-5,000 500-4,000 500-5,000 Hashish (resin) 800-3,000 1,000-10,000 1,000-5,000 1,000-10,000 1,500-12,000 Source: NCDC, CARICC (2010, 2014), UNODC ARQ data (2011-2013)

Retail prices of illicit drugs (US$ per gram) 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Heroin (unknown purity) 12-30 12-35 12-50 12-50 12-50 Opium 10-20 8-20 2-25 2-25 4-25 Marijuana (herb) 1-3 1-3 1-18 1-18 1-18 Hashish (resin) 6-18 6-18 4-15 4-14 4-15 Source: NCDC, CARICC (2012), UNODC ARQ data (2009, 2011-2013) Note: Uzbekistan did not provide data on purity of drugs in the UNODC Annual Report Questionnaires (ARQ).

DRUG-RELATED CRIME

Crimes recorded 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total number of crimes 90,617 90,660 90,152 n/a n/a Rate (per 100,000)* 322 318 312 n/a n/a including Drug-related crimes 8,171 8,155 7,680 6,698 6,648 Rate (per 100,000)* 29 29 26 23 22 including by type of crime, as percentage of the total number of drug-related crimes:** With purpose to sell (%) 52 52 49 46 45 Smuggling (%) 6 8 8 9 11 Illicit cultivation (%) 18 18 19 20 20 Other offences (%)*** 21 20 21 26 24 Source: NCDC reports; NCDC/CADAP 2012 National Report on Drug Situation, State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan (total number of crimes) Notes: * - The rate was calculated by UNODC ROCA using the UN estimation of population. ** - Calculation of the percentages are made by UNODC ROCA *** - “Other offences” consist the offences without purpose to sell as well.

320 White heroin as reported in the ARQ 2009

Updated March 2016 144

Persons prosecuted for committing of drug-related offences 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Persons prosecuted 6,473 6,391 6,179 5,611 n/a Rate (per 100,000)* 23 22 21 19 n/a Including, as percentage of a total:** Male (%) n/a 86.3 87.3 88.6 n/a Female (%) n/a 13.7 12.7 11.4 n/a Juveniles (%) n/a 0.2 0.4 0.4 n/a Foreigners (%) 1.7 2.1 1.8 1.8 3.1 Source: NCDC reports (2012-2015); CARICC (2011) * - The rate was calculated by UNODC ROCA using the UN estimation of population. ** - Calculation of the percentages are made by UNODC ROCA

Nationality of prosecuted foreigners and drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors seized from them 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Foreign citizens 107 136 111 100 107 CIS citizens 73 98 79 63 55 Afghanistan 21 25 26 19 26 Iran 3 3 4 5 n/a Turkey 2 0 0 6 5 Lithuania 1 0 1 0 n/a Others 7 10 1 7 21 Drugs seized from 109.5 kg, 182.5 133.3 133.3 284 (Jan-Jun) foreigners (kg) 10 tabs Psychotropic 1,291 tabs, substances seized from 1,949 1,323 1,533 422 (Jan-Jun) 50 ampoules foreigners (tabs) 1,610 litters, Precursors seized 274 litters 120 litters 138 grams 0 (Jan-Jun) 263 grams Source: Reports and press-releases by NCDC; “National Report on Drug Situation 2012”, NCDC/CADAP report

CIS citizens prosecuted and drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors seized from them 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Sep 2015 Armenia 0 1 3 1 0 Azerbaijan 2 0 0 0 1 Kazakhstan 12 21 14 5 6 Kyrgyzstan 7 5 9 7 8 Tajikistan 32 43 24 25 18 Turkmenistan 3 5 3 2 1 Russian Federation 17 23 24 22 20 Ukraine 0 0 2 1 1 Drugs seized (kg) 93.1 93.1 39.2 36.4 189 (Jan-Jun) Psychotropic substances (tabs) 778 1,444 1,253 1,056 307 (Jan-Jun) Source: NCDC reports; “National Report on Drug Situation 2012”, NCDC/CADAP report

Drug-related organized crime 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Crimes committed by groups 677 838 752 784 810 Groups with international links revealed 30 116 182 140 130 Source: UNODC ARQ 2011 data, CARICC, NCDC

Updated March 2016 145

DRUG ABUSE

Drug abusers recorded in dispensaries 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total number of drug users 18,197 17,235 16,045 14,692 13,218 Rate (per 100,000)* 65 60 55 50 44 By drug type, as percentage of a total: Opioid users (%) 77 75 72 68 60 Cannabinoid users (%) 20 22 25 29 n/a By other category, as percentage of a total: Injecting Drug Users (IDU, %) 48 46 42 35 29 Female (%) 4 4 4 3 n/a Number of newly registered 2,147 1,730 1,581 1,654 n/a users in the reported year Rate (per 100,000)* 7.6 6.1 5.5 5.6 n/a Female (%) n/a 3.6 2.8 5.5 n/a Primary morbidity of drug 6.1 4.6 4.0 3.8 2.9 addiction (per 100,000) Source: NCDC, UNODC ARQs, “National Report on Drug Situation 2012”, NCDC/CADAP report * - The rates were calculated by UNODC ROCA using the UN estimation of population (while the recorded primary drug abuse incidence - by the NCDC).

Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged 15-64 UNODC best estimate Uncertainty range Year of estimate Opioids 0.8 0.8 2006 Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2012 (latest available data)

Drug treatment 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Number of people who 5,805 4,816 3,727 2,936 3,090 received drug treatment Female in drug treatment (%) n/a 4.6 4.4 4.7 5.2 In-patient 4,533 3,384 2,583 1,987 1,818 Anonym 2,649 2,581 2,391 2,041 2,118 Source: NCDC, National country reports on drug situation for 2010 and 2012 (NCDC/CADAP)

Updated March 2016 146

HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS reported 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Tested for HIV 1,507,900 1,871,400 2,109,200 2,564,463 2,859,575 New HIV cases 3,795 3,584 3,878 4,247 4,236 Rate (per 100,000)* 14 13 14 15 14 By gender: Male (%) 55.3 52.4 52.5 53.7 55.4 Female (%) 44.7 47.6 47.5 46.3 44.6 By mode of transmission Sexual (%) 33.7 45.9 54.2 58.4 64.7 Parenteral (%) 37.5 38.1 31.8 27.8 24.4 IDU (%) 16 13 10 8 6.9 Mother-to-child (%) 6.3 5.3 3.5 3.4 0.2 Unknown (%) n/a 10.7 11.0 11.5 n/a Total number of PLW321 18,758 21,542 24,121 28,250 30,315322 Rate (per 100,000)* 68 77 84 97 103 IDUs (%) 36 29 29 21.7 18 Source: NCDC, UNGASS Country Reports of Uzbekistan for 2010-2015, National Report on Drug Situation 2012 (NCDC/CADAP), Republican AIDS Center Note: * - The rates were calculated by UNODC ROCA using the UN estimation of population.

HIV prevalence among most at risk groups (estimated) 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 IDUs (%) 17.8 13.0 10.9 8.4 7.3 Sex workers (%) 4.7 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.1 MSM (%) 10.8 6.6 6.8 0.7 3.3 Inmates (%) n/a n/a 0.2 0.1 n/a Source: Republican AIDS Center Uzbekistan, UNGASS Country Reports of Uzbekistan for 2007-2015

HIV estimates by UNAIDS 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Estimated adults and 30,000 29,000 30,000 35,000 32,000 children living with HIV Adult (15-49) prevalence 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 (%) AIDS-related deaths in 2,900 2,800 2,400 2,700 2,200 adults and children Estimated adults (15+) 29,000 28,000 27,000 32,000 30,000 living with HIV Source: UNAIDS Reports on the Global AIDS Epidemic

321 People living with HIV 322 UNGASS Country Progress Report, Uzbekistan, January-December 2014, p. 3

Updated March 2016 147

DRUG- AND CRIME-RELATED TREATIES

Ratification status of Drug-Related Treaties Status Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 24 Aug 1995 (Accession) Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 16 July 1995 (Accession) United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 24 Aug 1995 1988 (Accession)

Ratification status of Crime-Related Treaties Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 9 Dec 2003 (Ratification) a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and 12 Aug 2008 Children, supplementing the UNTOC (Ratification) b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the UNTOC c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 29 Jul 2008 (Accession)

Updated March 2016 148