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82 Possibilities of Creating Zero CO2 Emissions Industrial Plants Due to Energy Use in Crete, Greece

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82 Possibilities of Creating Zero CO2 Emissions Industrial Plants Due to Energy Use in Crete, Greece International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development Online ISSN: 2349-4182, Print ISSN: 2349-5979, Impact Factor: RJIF 5.72 www.allsubjectjournal.com Volume 4; Issue 4; April 2017; Page No. 82-86 Possibilities of creating zero CO2 emissions industrial plants due to energy use in Crete, Greece John Vourdoubas Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, 3 Romanou str., Chania, Crete, Greece Abstract Although the reduction of CO2 emissions due to energy use in industries is of paramount importance, there are not many successful examples of zero CO2 emissions industries so far. The possibility of creating zero CO2 emissions industries due to heat and electricity use in Crete, Greece has been investigated. Energy consumption and CO2 emissions in five small-size industries have been estimated. It has been indicated that the use of locally available renewable energy sources like solar energy and solid biomass could cover all the heat and electricity needs in those five industries zeroing their CO2 emissions. Solar-PV energy with the net- metering initiative could be used in order to offset annually the grid electricity use. Olive kernel wood is a low-cost renewable fuel which already is widely used in Crete for heat generation. Its use could replace the use of oil for industrial heating. The solar-PV investment in those plants is economically viable due to the current low cost of these energy systems. Therefore the use of renewable energy technologies in those industries could cover all their heating and power needs, zeroing their carbon emissions. The results indicate that the use of various locally available and cost-effective renewable energies could also zero carbon emissions in other industries without requiring public financial support. Keywords: crete, CO2 emissions, energy use, electricity, heat, industrial plants 1. Introduction storage in urban forests is lower than carbon storage in natural Reduction of energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the forests in China. They concluded that urban forests should be manufacturing sector has been studied extensively. Energy conserved and promoted in order to offset carbon emissions conservation in small enterprises in Northern Greece has been from energy use. Industrial symbiosis contributing to more reported [1]. The authors have implemented preliminary audits sustainable energy use in Finland has been reported [5]. The in twelve representative small business enterprises and they authors studied energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in an found that the energy intensity varies from 50 to just over 300 industrial park based on pulp and paper manufacturing, KWh/m2 with some heavier industry buildings having values comparing it with a stand-alone system. They concluded that up to 1,300 KWh/m2. They reported that the main energy stand-alone systems had higher carbon emissions than the consumption in business enterprises is related with processing. industrial park. The possibility of creating zero CO2 emissions They also found that the majority of the enterprises failed to olive pomace plants due to energy use in Crete, Greece has adopt energy conservation measures and that the companies been reported [6]. The author reported that 99.1% of the energy did not use any renewable energy sources. A report on energy use in the plant is provided by olive kernel wood, a local use and specific energy consumption in the meat industry in biomass resource, and the rest from electricity. Grid electricity four European countries has been published [2]. The authors consumption could be offset by solar-PV electricity which found that natural gas was the main fuel used in the could be generated on-site. A review on solar energy use in Netherlands, Germany and United Kingdom, with electricity industries has been published [7]. The authors studied the use in France. They also found that there has been a trend in all of solar energy for heat and power generation in various countries towards higher electricity use due to higher demand industries. They presented various applications of solar for refrigeration and motor drive power. The authors did not thermal energy and solar photovoltaic energy in many report on the use of renewable energies in the meat industry in industrial sectors, stating that solar electricity is widely used in those countries. A report on the energy efficiency in the Dutch the telecommunications, agricultural, water desalination and [3] food industry has been presented . The authors found that building industry. Tracking of CO2 emissions in various food and tobacco industries have increased their energy manufacturing industries has been reported [8]. According to efficiency by about 1% per year. They also reported that the them, 36% of global CO2 emissions are attributable to main fuels used in this industrial sector are electricity and manufacturing industries but there are substantial fossil fuels including natural gas. The use of renewable opportunities to improve energy efficiency and to reduce CO2 energies has not been reported. The impacts of urban forests emissions in those industries. They proposed that some current on offsetting carbon emissions from industrial energy use in and well proven energy technologies allow the decrease in the Hangzhou, China have been reported [4]. The authors use of fossil fuels. Among them are co-generation of heat and quantified carbon storage by urban forests, offsetting carbon power, waste heat reuse and solid biomass use. Stabilization of emissions from energy consumption by several industrial climate through near zero CO2 emissions using an earth sources in Hangzhou in China. Carbon storage per hectare has system model has been reported [9]. The results indicated that been estimated at 30.25 ton C. They reported that Carbon world climate stabilization requires near zero future CO2 82 International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development emissions. This necessitates the creation of innovative energy optimize the use of bagasse. The authors concluded that these policies in order to achieve this target. The reduction of CO2 plants should improve their energy efficiency with better emissions in heavy industries has been presented [10]. The utilization of bagasse. The PV market developments in Greece authors proposed four key actions in order to significantly with net-metering have been reported [17]. The author reduce industrial CO2 emissions, which are: presented the state of the PV market in Greece, stating that a) Maximization of energy efficiency by replacing older, net-metering was firstly introduced at the end of 2014 and it inefficient processes with current best available was operational by May 2015. The reduction of industrial [18] technologies, energy use and CO2 emissions has been presented . The b) Switching to low carbon fuels including renewable authors focused on the development of new materials and new energies, manufacturing processes which could decrease the energy use c) Acceleration of research into industrial CO2 capture, and and the CO2 emissions in manufacturing industries. The d) Alteration of product design to facilitate reuse and creation of zero CO2 residential buildings in Crete, Greece has recycling. been presented [19]. The author indicated that various reliable The development of solar-PV technology in the oil industry and cost-effective renewable energies which are locally has been presented [11]. The findings of the authors showed available could cover all the energy needs in residential that oil and gas companies have not integrated solar energy in buildings, resulting in zeroing their CO2 emissions. The same [20] their supply chain. The competitive advantage of these author has reported on the creation of zero CO2 emissions companies, according to the authors, is outside of renewable hotels in Crete, Greece. An increase in the sustainability of the energies. The paths to low-carbon economy with reference to hospitality industry could be achieved, according to the the Masdar example has been reported [12]. The author stated author, with the use of various renewable energy sources that Masdar city, in the United Arab Emirates, with approx. including solar energy, solid biomass and low enthalpy 90,000 inhabitants and many enterprises operating in its geothermal energy. territory, is planning to become carbon neutral. The required The purpose of this study was: technologies for obtaining this goal, including renewable a) To estimate the heat and electricity consumption and the energies and carbon capture technologies, are going to be CO2 emissions as well as the fuels used in various small- developed and used in the city, offering long-term economic size industries in the food and juice sectors located in and technological benefits. Long-term US industrial energy Western Crete, Greece, and [13] use and CO2 emissions have been reported . The authors b) To investigate the possibility of using locally available stated that the specific technologies that produce the basic renewable energy sources including solar-PV energy and industrial energy services such as heat and machine drive are solid biomass for covering all the energy needs and already highly efficient. Current efficiencies to produce heat zeroing the CO2 emissions due to energy use. or steam from burning natural gas exceed 80% and the In order to achieve that, the energy consumption and
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