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Phd Joerg Krauter 2018 Final 912019

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Phd Joerg Krauter 2018 Final 912019 Leaders’ Adaptation to Adversity in a Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous Business Environment A Critical Realist View by Jörg Krauter A thesis submitted to the University of Gloucestershire in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the faculty of Business and Management May 2018 1 Acknowledgement I have been able to complete this PhD research journey with the active support of several people. I would like to express my deepest feelings of gratitude to my supervisors, Professor Svetla Trifonova Marinova and Professor Michael Fass. Their valuable guidance and empathic counselling in dealing with various obstacles during the study helped me a great deal and I appreciate their continuous engagement. I am also grateful to Dr. Holger Steinmetz, Faculty of International Business, University of Paderborn for his extraordinary support and valuable comments regarding the quantitative research approach. I would especially like to thank the lecturers at the University of Gloucestershire, UK for providing excellent research knowledge and Daniela Sommer, Head of Munich Office, Institute of Higher Education Cooperation and International Doctoral Programmes (IHP) for her support during the doctoral study. My sincere thanks also goes to Udo Krauß and Frank Kübler, my friends and managing partners of the consultancy company SYNK GROUP GmbH & Co. KG. Without their valuable support it would not have been possible to conduct this research. Last, but not least, I would like to thank my family: my wife, my children and my parents for supporting me emotionally and spiritually throughout the writing of this thesis. 2 Table of Content Acknowledgement __________________________________________________ 2 List of Tables ______________________________________________________ 7 List of Figures _____________________________________________________ 8 Abstract __________________________________________________________ 9 Author´s Declaration _______________________________________________ 10 Chapter 1: Introduction _____________________________________________ 11 1.1 Research Background _______________________________________________ 11 1.2 The Focus of the Study ______________________________________________ 14 1.3 The Research Issue _________________________________________________ 17 1.3.1 The current state of research ______________________________________________ 17 1.3.2 Research problem ______________________________________________________ 20 1.3.3 Research questions _____________________________________________________ 23 1.3.4 Research objectives _____________________________________________________ 23 1.3.5 Research structure and process ____________________________________________ 24 Chapter 2: Literature Review ________________________________________ 25 2.1 Introduction _______________________________________________________ 25 2.2 The Nature of Adversity ______________________________________________ 26 2.2.1 Adversity – experience or event ____________________________________________ 27 2.2.2 Leaders’ sense-making of adversity _________________________________________ 36 2.2.3 A taxonomy of adversity __________________________________________________ 37 2.2.4 Adversity in light of the stress-strain-resource model ____________________________ 39 2.2.5 Section summary of the nature of adversity ___________________________________ 41 2.3 Adaptation and Adaptive Performance _________________________________ 43 2.3.1 Adaptation _____________________________________________________________ 44 2.3.2 Adaptive performance ____________________________________________________ 46 2.3.3 Psychological influencing factors of adaptive performance _______________________ 56 2.4 Adaptive Leadership in VUCA Conditions _______________________________ 61 2.4.1 The loci of leadership ____________________________________________________ 63 2.4.2 The mechanisms of leadership _____________________________________________ 64 2.4.3 Leaders’ adaptive strategies to adversity _____________________________________ 66 2.4.4 Alternative strategies of leaders’ response to adversity __________________________ 79 2.5 Synthesis of the Literature Review _____________________________________ 91 3 Chapter 3: Conceptual Framework ___________________________________ 93 3.1 Conceptual Framework for Qualitative Research _________________________ 93 3.1.1 Influencing factors _______________________________________________________ 93 3.1.2 Qualitative conceptual framework ___________________________________________ 97 3.2 Conceptual Framework for Quantitative Research ________________________ 98 3.2.1 Hypotheses ___________________________________________________________ 100 3.2.2 Quantitative conceptual framework ________________________________________ 106 3.3 Summary of the Conceptual Framework _______________________________ 107 Chapter 4: Methodology ___________________________________________ 109 4.1 The Critical Realist Approach ________________________________________ 109 4.1.1 The role of a critical realist researcher ______________________________________ 114 4.1.2 The critical realist understanding of causality _________________________________ 116 4.1.3 Retroduction – the critical realist inference ___________________________________ 118 4.1.4 Validity of retroductive inferences __________________________________________ 119 4.2 The Mixed-Methods Approach _______________________________________ 121 4.3 Mixed Methods Approach of Critical Realism ___________________________ 124 4.4 Research Design __________________________________________________ 125 4.5 Qualitative Investigation - the Interview Study Approach _________________ 127 4.5.1 Fundaments of qualitative research approach ________________________________ 127 4.5.2 Data gathering - semi-structured interview ___________________________________ 130 4.5.3 Sampling _____________________________________________________________ 133 4.5.4 Data analysis – retroduction ______________________________________________ 134 4.5.5 Quality criteria - validity, reliability __________________________________________ 135 4.6 Quantitative Investigation – the Research Survey Approach ______________ 138 4.6.1 Fundaments of quantitative research _______________________________________ 138 4.6.2 The survey development ________________________________________________ 140 4.6.3 Population under study __________________________________________________ 141 4.6.4 Sampling strategy ______________________________________________________ 142 4.6.5 Sample size – comparative studies ________________________________________ 142 4.6.6 Reduction of method bias and same source bias ______________________________ 143 4.6.7 Measurement of constructs ______________________________________________ 144 4.6.8 Pre-testing ___________________________________________________________ 154 4.6.9 Data gathering - self-administered online survey ______________________________ 154 4.6.10 Data analysis - retroduction with structural equation modelling __________________ 157 4.6.11 Expert review ________________________________________________________ 158 4.7 Methodology Summary _____________________________________________ 160 4 Chapter 5: Data Analysis ___________________________________________ 161 5.1 Qualitative Data Analysis ___________________________________________ 161 5.1.1 Sampling - the selected interviews _________________________________________ 161 5.1.2 Stage 1 description of the event under study _________________________________ 162 5.1.3 Stage 2 analytical resolution and retroduction ________________________________ 168 5.1.4 Stage 3 synthesising ____________________________________________________ 192 5.2 Quantitative Investigation – Data Analysis _____________________________ 195 5.2.2 Stage 1 data structure and measurement development _________________________ 195 5.2.3 Stage 2 Analytical resolution and retroduction ________________________________ 203 5.2.4 Stage 3 synthesising ____________________________________________________ 223 Chapter 6: Data Triangulation and Data Interpretation __________________ 229 6.1 What is the Nature of Adversity? _____________________________________ 229 6.2 How can Leaders adapt to Adversity? _________________________________ 232 6.2.1 Impact of adversity _____________________________________________________ 233 6.2.2 Psychological capital ___________________________________________________ 234 6.2.3 Authentic leadership ____________________________________________________ 235 6.3 What are the Factors influencing Leaders’ Task Adaptive Performance to Adversity? ___________________________________________________________ 238 6.3.1 Sense-making of adversity _______________________________________________ 238 6.3.2 Self-reflection _________________________________________________________ 239 6.3.3 Conscientiousness _____________________________________________________ 239 6.4 Interpretation of the Process of Leaders’ Adaptation to Adversity __________ 241 6.4.1 A leaders' positive adaptation to adversity ___________________________________ 242 6.4.2 A leaders' negative adaptation to adversity __________________________________ 244 6.5 Discussion of the Convergence of the Qualitative and Quantitative Model ___ 246 Chapter 7: Contribution to Theory and Managerial Implications __________ 249 7.1 Contribution to the Theory of the Nature of Adversity ____________________ 249 7.2 Contribution to Theory of How Leaders Can Adapt to Adversity ___________ 251 7.3 Contribution to
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