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Population Study of Paphiopedilum Stonei Hook. (Orchidaceae) from Limestone Areas of Northern West of Sarawak

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Population Study of Paphiopedilum Stonei Hook. (Orchidaceae) from Limestone Areas of Northern West of Sarawak Faculty of Resource Science and Technology POPULATION STUDY OF PAPHIOPEDILUM STONEI HOOK. (ORCHIDACEAE) FROM LIMESTONE AREAS OF NORTHERN WEST OF SARAWAK MAS IZZATY BTE MAZLAN Bachelor of Science with Honours (Plant Resource Science and Management) June 2012 POPULATION STUDY OF PAPHIOPEDILUM STONEI HOOK. (ORCHIDACEAE) FROM LIMESTONE AREAS OF NORTHERN WEST OF SARAWAK MAS IZZATY BTE MAZLAN This final year project report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for The Degree Bachelor of Science with Honours (Plant Science Resource and Management) Department of Plant Science and Environmental Ecology Faculty of Resource Science and Technology UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK 2012 i APPROVAL SHEET Name of Candidate : Mas Izzaty Bte Mazlan Matric number : 23974 Title of Dissertation : Population Study of Paphiopedilum stonei Hook. (Orchidaceae) From Limestone Areas of Northern West of Sarawak …………………………………….. (Prof. Dr. Cheksum@Supiah Tawan) Supervisor ……………………………………… (Mr. Qammil Muzzammil Abdullah) Co-supervisor …………………………………… (Dr. Siti Rubiah Zainudin) Coordinator of Plant Resource Science and Management Faculty of Resource Science and Technology ii DECLARATION I declare that no portion of the work referred to this dissertation has been submitted in support of an application for another degree of qualification of this or any other university or institution of higher learning. …………………………………………… (Mas Izzaty Bte Mazlan) Programme of Plant Resource Science and Management Department of Plant Resource Science and Environmental Ecology Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Alhamdulillah, I am very thankful to Allah who gave me strength in completing this project. The special thank goes to my helpful supervisor, Prof. Dr. Cheksum@Supiah Tawan and my co-supervisor, Mr. Qammil Muzzammil Abdullah. The supervision and support that they gave truly help the progression and smoothness of this project. The co-operation is much indeed appreciated. My grateful thanks also go to Mr. Mohd Syafiq Sahat, Mr Hidir Marzuki and Mr Mohd Safri for their contribution during the field and laboratory works. Not forgetting, great appreciation goes to the rest of my friends Noor Ain binti Che Ahmad and Angela anak George who helped me from time to time during the project. The whole project really brought us together to appreciate the true value of friendship and respect of each other. Great deals appreciated go to the contribution of my faculty - Faculty of Resource Science and Technology (FSTS). I am also would like to thankful the Coordinator of Plant Resource Science and Management, Dr. Siti Rubiah Zainudin and all the staff of FSTS. Last but not least I would like to thank my beloved family especially my mother, Hjh Rahmah binti Hj Ishak and my father Hj Mazlan bin Daud who had encouraged and gave ideas and moral support throughout the project. iv ABBREVIATIONS ANOVA : Analysis of Variance CITES : Convention in Trade on Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CaCO3 : Calcium Carbonate CaMg : Calcium Magnesium CH2CCH2(HO)2 : Gluteraldehyde Co : Cobalt DNA : Deoxyribonucleic acid GPS : Global Positioning System H2O2 : Hydrogen peroxide HUMS : Herbarium of Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Na2HPO4 : Disodium phosphate Na2HPO4. H2O : Dihydrogen Sodium Phosphate SEM : Scanning Electron Microscope SiO2 : Silicon dioxide UNIMAS : Universiti Malaysia Sarawak v TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGES TITLE PAGE i APPROVAL SHEET ii DECLARATION iii ACKNOWLEGEMENTS iv ABBREVIATIONS v TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF APPENDICES xi ABSTRACT xii ABSTRAK xiii 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 General Introduction 1 1.2 Problem Statement 3 1.3 Objectives 3 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 2.1 Order Asparagales 4 2.2 Family Orchidaceae 5 2.2.1 Orchidaceae 5 2.2.2 Genus Paphiopedilum 7 2.3 Ecology 8 2.4 Paphiopedilum stonei 9 2.5 Scanning Electron Misroscope 10 2.6 Stomata 10 vi 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 11 3.1 Study Sites 11 3.2 Plot establishment along the Trail 14 3.3 Specimen collection 15 3.4 Scanning Electron Misroscope 16 3.4.1 Sample fixation 16 3.4.2 Washing 17 3.4.3 Dehydration 17 3.4.4 SEM 17 3.5 Data Analysis 19 3.5.1 Morphological characteristics of P. stonei 19 3.5.2 Leaves Measurement 19 3.5.3 Mean and standard deviation of three selected study sites 20 4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 21 4.1 Morphological characteristic description 21 4.2 Measurement of P. stonei leaves 27 4.3 Density of Paphiopedilum stonei 29 4.4 Mean and Standard deviation for three study areas 42 4.2.1 Mean value for Bau, Padawan and Serian areas 42 4.4.2 Standard deviation for Bau, Padawan and Serian areas 42 4.5 Anatomy of the Leaf 45 4.5.1 Type of Stomata 46 4.5.2 Length and Width of Stomata 49 5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 50 6.0 REFFERENCES 52 7.0 APPENDICES 55 vii LIST OF TABLES TABLES PAGES Table 1: The mean of leaf length for each plot in three studies areas, Bau, 28 Padawan and Serian Table 2: Mean and Standard deviation for Bau limestone area 43 Table 3: Mean and Standard deviation for Padawan limestone area 43 Table 4: Mean and Standard deviation for Serian limestone area 43 Table 5: One way ANOVA analysis 44 Table 6: Leave Anatomy Description 45 viii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES PAGES Figure 1: Limestone hills of Bau, Padawan and Serian studies areas 11 Figure 2: Various studies area of the limestone in Bau, Padawan and Serian 12 Figure 3: Example of Trails and Marking Points of P. stonei in the studies sites 14 Figure 4: Plot size for 10m×10m 14 Figure 5: Measurement of guard cell and stomata 18 Figure 6: Comparison of morphological between P. kolopakingii and P. stonei 22 Figure 7: The flowering plant in greenhouse and plants of P. stonei that 24 Growing in its natural habitat at a limestone hill in Simpang Boring, Bau Figure 8: Paphiopedilum Stonei Hook 26 Figure 9: The percentage of P. stonei that found in three studies sites 29 Figure 10: Population of P. stonei at Bau limestone area 31 Figure 11: Other types of orchids that found during field survey 33 Figure 12: Population of P. stonei at Padawan limestone areas 34 Figure 13: Population of P. stonei at Serian limestone area 35 Figure 14: The total distribution of P. stonei in three studies areas Bau, 37 Padawan and Serian ix Figure 15: The ordinal directions of P. stonei that found in Bau, Padawan and 38 Serian Figure 16: The elevation of P. stonei that found in Bau, Padawan and Serian 40 Figure 17: Picture of stomata from three types of Paphiopedilum species 47 x LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDICES PAGES Appendix 1: The density of P. stonei for each plot in three study areas 55 Bau, Padawan and Serian Appendix 2: Number of P. stonei in the ordinal directions 56 Appendix 3: Altitude for population of P. stonei at Bau limestone area 57 Appendix 4: Altitude for population of P. stonei at Padawan limestone 58 area Appendix 5: Altitude for population of P. stonei at Serian limestone area 59 xi Population study of Paphiopedilum stonei Hook. (Orchidaceae) from limestone areas of Northern West of Sarawak Mas Izzaty Bte Mazlan Plant Resource Science and Management Programme Department of Plant Science and Environmental Ecology Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak ABSTRACT Limestone is very unique habitat; it is a place for many endemic plant species. Among them are Orchids, Begonias, Aroids, Gensneroids and many more. Orchidaceae is the second largest family after Poaceae in monocotyledon and it is one of the largest in the flowering plant kingdom, with recent estimates ranging from 20 000 to 35 000 species that grouped into five subfamilies. Orchids are not only important for their aesthetic value but also being used as ecological indicators. Paphiopedilum stonei Hook. also one of the most highly prized of all species in the genus because it is very rare and beautiful. This has made them vulnerable to habitat change and destruction. Although it is a protected species under the convention on International Trade in Endangered species (CITES), the treat from collectors remains a problem. The purposed of this documentation was to investigate the population of P. stonei in three selected areas at Bau, Padawan and Serian. There was very little study on the density of P. stonei at the limestone habitat because the population of slipper orchid was decreasing due the over collected by orchid hunters. This study involved field works and laboratory works. A total of fourty - five sub plots had been set up in three studies sites with 10 m x 10 m each Bau has the highest number of P. stonei with 63 individuals of 48.1 % from the total number recorded. Followed by Padawan and Serian with 39 and 29 individuals. The comparison of population P. stonei between the three selected areas that had been analysed by using ANOVA had been produced and concluded that mean number of P. stonei occurred in the three study areas and was of significant difference (P = 0.002). All the dried sample have prepared for the SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) studies used the model JSM 6390LA in the FRST laboratory. The leaves samples of 3 species of Paphiopedilum were examined. The stomata for P. stonei, P. bullenianum Rchb. f and P. hookerae Rchb. f had been identified using scanning electron microscope (SEM).The SEM images have been observed and analyzed. Three types of stomata were observed; Desmocytic, Pericytic and Cyclocytic. This characteristic could be used to differentiate the three species and provide new taxonomic information which has not been reported before. Keywords: Paphiopedilum stonei, Slipper orchids, Orchidaceae, limestone, Sarawak xii Population study of Paphiopedilum stonei Hook.
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