TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ifrn arneet ete i in is with either grained single arrangement, of different consist which rocks sedimentary of type the to due probably Thisis situation 2014). Tommy, & (Jeans strength shear soil of reduction the to due failure slope the affects bec soil grain influencealso soil particles, soil of size mineraltheorganicinfluenced issoilby contents, materials content,of strengthFriction shapeand Kinabalu glacial Meanwhile, Formation Trusmadi 2007). Formation rocks occurrence INTRODUCTION © Transactions on Science and Technology 2016 Received Formation; Trusmadi Formation KEYWORDS: sandy are Formation Crocker and Trusmadi 61.73% to 69.08%, while Gravel Pinosou that showed unconfined analysis Gravel The porosity Pinosouk The Mg/m3. of impermeable. samples 1.90 soil to where Mg/m3 soil soft 1.52 as from classified sh are range samples a all within that indicated was strength density compression dry mo maximum optimum Ca the the and that kaolinite while shows while 21.13%, result Formation, The Crocker Gravel. Pinosouk and of Trusmadi soil of in soil appeared in kaolinite and illite of existence as classified were samples Gravel Pinosouk while plasticitylow soil,Formationas classifiedCrockerwere Trumadi and soilsfrom that found of soil plot chartplasticity The 20.9 from were samples soil of limit in gravity specific soil contentmoisture soil Ranau in slopes soil unstable from collected were samples engine the analysis to order in Gravel Pinosouk and Formation Crocker Formation, ABSTRACT: Slopes from Soil of Properties Engineering Transactions on Science and Technology wd h lws srnt. h preblt o al ol ape i bs casfe a vr lw emaiiy to permeability low very as classified best is samples soil all of permeability The strength. lowest the owed Different soil has different strength, depending on its parent material and mineral contents. mineral and material parent its on depending strength, different has soil Different located is area study The
8 8 November units The
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rce Frain s characteriz is Formation Crocker of slope failure and soil creep. soil and failure slope of ttl f ie ol ape wr cletd rm ifrn sdmnay ok nt nml Trusmadi namely units rock sedimentary different from collected were samples soil five of total A niern poete o si; ntbe lps Sdmnay ok nt; iook rvl Crocker Gravel; Pinosouk units; rock Sedimentary slopes; Unstable soil; of properties Engineering namely: the s o 2016
e o patct ad lry hn ie wt hg percentage high with mixed when slurry and plasticity low me the rate of soil weathering to contribute to the soil stability (Allen soil the to contribute to weatheringsoil of rate the in Ranau
transportation and deposition. Eocene to Eocene iook rvl s ttd y aosn 16) s ili dpst u t Mount to due deposit tilloid as (1969) Jacobson by stated is Gravel Pinosouk Revised was in the range of 6.94% to 22.70%, the soil organic content range from 0.60% to 1.79%, and theto1.79%,and rangefrom0.60% contentorganic 22.70%,thesoil 6.94% to of range thewas in the range of 2.49 to 2.65. to 2.49 of range the
consists of consists the
19 Soehady Erfen
, No.Vol. 3 3, 495 December
grades and pore ratio (Braja, 2012). Besides geological factors, weather factors, geological Besides 2012). (Braja, ratio pore and grades rsai omto ae Ploee o ide Eocene, Middle to Paleocene aged Formation Trusmadi Middle 3% to 65.00%, while the plasticity indexes were in the range of 5.67% to 20.98%. to 5.67% of range the in were indexes plasticity the while 65.00%, to 3%
2016 et et al. argillite, mudstone and sub and mudstone argillite, k k samples arepoorly at - Accepted Miocene - Kundasang, Sabah, Malaysia
- , contact
500 201 Ranau , 2016 6 .
Hennie Fitria Wulandary binti Soehady Erfen Soehady binti FitriaWulandary Hennie Transactions on S All samples show the acidity to low alkaline in pH. The average liquid average The pH. in alkaline low to acidity the show samples All
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- The study area consists area study The ) and ) Geology Programme, nemdae o ih lsiiy Ca atvt aayi soe the showed analysis activity Clay plasticity. high to intermediate Gansau Grace Asvirja udsn, aa, Malaysia Sabah, Kundasang, r o fill to or d s usoe snsoe n sae whereas shale, and sandstone mudstone, as ed
the the 2016 2016 - Kundasang, Sabah. The result of analysis shows that the that shows analysis of result The Sabah. Kundasang, - sorted soilwith 42.90% to 61.50%. cience cience and Technology. Online - Pinosouk Gravel (Pliocene) (Sanudin & Baba, & (Sanudin(Pliocene) Gravel Pinosouk p od, hc poue pr rto This ratio. pore produced which voids, up - Mail Faculty of Science and Natural Resources,
20 December 2016 : [email protected] - phyllite with tuff (Collenette, 1958). (Collenette, tuff with phyllite
3 Jalan Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, MALAYSIA. sue otns ag fo 1.0 to 11.50% from range contents isture (3 ), of ering properties of the soils. the of properties ering
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TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY rvt, n p fr ie ol ape cletd rm ifrn sdmnay ok i Ranau gravity specific in soil the 1.79%; to 0.60% rocks from range content organic sedimentarysoil the 22.70%; to different from collected samples soil Sabah. Kundasang, five for pH and gravity, Physico RESULT AND unconfined test, compaction Proctor of consist properties compression test (UCT) Engineering index. shrinkage were limits The soil. of gravity specific and distributions physico size particle value, pH content, organic content, p inparameters The analysis.properties engineering landslides. or failure slope occur to soils of properties engineering the determine to slopes soil unstable from collected CrockerS3)Pinosoukand(S1),Formation (S2and Formation METHODOLOGY units in the study area in order tounderstand the relationship of slope failure. rocksedimentary among slopes unstable from soil of propertiesengineering the justify to is study Five soilsamples al 1 hw te eut o aayi fr osue otn, rai mte cnet specific content, matter organic content, moisture for analysis of results the shows 1 Table - - chemical properties chemical analysis followed BS1377:1990 methods (British Standard, 1 Standard,(British methods BS1377:1990 followed analysis chemical use d DISCUSSION
to identify the type of soil plasticity based on plastic limit, liquid l liquid limit, plastic on based plasticity soil of type the identify to Figure 1.
Based on the on Based
were collected from three different sedimentary units rock namelyTrusmadi
, analysisporosity Soehady Erfen h lbrtr aayi ivle te physico the involved analysis laboratory The
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201 6 .
Transactions on Science and Technology.
and permeability test. - 8786. http://transectscience.org/
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ravel (S4 and S5). All (S4 and ravel
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TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY odtos a b dvdd no or hss nml sld semi 2008). solid, namely phases, four into divided be can shrinkage. conditions linear and index plasticity soil test, limit liquid test, limit plastic of consist limits duesize tothe mixture of of consist samples soil gravel Pinosouk While sandstones. the in quartz Trusmadifrom and Crocker Formation were dominated bysandy grains due tohigh percentage of w which gravel) (Pinosouk S5 and S4 sample except graded uniformitycoefficient curvature(Cu) and coefficient (Cc)indicated resultssamples poorly all were S4 sample whereas sand, clayey as classified were S5 and S2 S1, sample classification, (2008) by calculating the rati sample soil each of density the determine to conducted were tests gravity specific The quartz. of (2.63 gravity specific highest and 1.72%) to (0.79% content organic (Crocker S3 and S2 ( sample whereas S5 content, moisture and highest S4 Sample 2003). (Oosterbaan, process weathering during soil of acidity of2.49to2.65,rangeand average the valuepHfrompH was4.80pHto 7.60. samples sh All Sample No. Sample S5 S4 S3 S2 S1 w Table 2 shows the percentage of clay, silt and sand for all five soil samples. Based on Head on Based samples. soil five all for sand and silt clay, of percentage the shows 2 Table h rsl o Atreg ii tss o si smls r give are samples soil for tests Limit Atterberg of result The
r casfe a sihl cae sn ad lyy n sny it ol respectively. soil silt sandy and clayey and sand clayey slightly as classified ere
S5 S4 S3 S2 S1
15.63 12.33 11.09 12.23 Clay 9.53 except Percentages of Grain size (%)
Moisture Wo (%) content
22.08 22.70 1 19.36 S5 shows low alkalinity (pH 7.47) due to the production of sodium carbonatesodium productionof the to due 7.47) (pH alkalinity low shows S5 o between the mass of dry soil and distilled water. 6.94 5.56 Table 1. Soehady Erfen Table 2.
gravel, sand, silt, mud
12.13 20.17 35.16
8.53 7.31 Silt
Physico
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Grain size distributions of soil samples , ISSN ISSN 2289
201 Soil organic matter content, OM (%) 6 - .
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and
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495 495 2.65) to indicate the existence the indicate to 2.65) (Siong iook rvl show gravel) Pinosouk -
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Specific Gravity
., 2001) Poorly graded Poorly graded Poorly graded Well gradedWell gradedWell 2.49 2.50 2.65 2.63 2.53 SG Grade
.
S3 and S3 owthe
The Soil the
497
TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Mg/m moisture densi dry maximum the soil while 21.13%, to 11.50% from optimum optimum the shows density. 5 dry maximum and content Table methods. compaction through particles the of volume the reducing by samples soil the of density the increase samples. soil the of content moisture optimum and density dry maximum permeab Engineering properties content Ca with S5 sampel whereas kaolinite, with S4 and S2 sample (Figure S and S4 while soil, plasticity 20.98%. to 5.67% of range in were indexes plasticity the while 44.02%, to 13.62% from ranged limit plastic Average 65.00%. to 20.93% from were samples soil of limit liquid average analysis, the on Based Sample S5 S4 S3 S2 S1 h egneig rpris oss o cmato ts, nofnd opeso test, compression unconfined test, compaction of consist properties engineering The
3 .
(Skempton, 1953) 2 chart plasticity The ility test and porosity analysis. Proctor compaction test were conducted to determine the determine to conducted were test compaction Proctor analysis. porosity and test ility . ly ciiy nlss hw ta sml S ad 3 niae te xsec o il of existence the indicated S3 and S1 sample that shows analysis activity Clay ). Average liquid Sample limit, L limit, S1 S5 S4 S3 S2 65.00 37.80 31.27 20.93 21.57
L
(%) Soehady Erfen
Clay activity (Table 4).
ae o Swr (99 hs lsiid ape 1 S ad 3 s low as S3 and S2 S1, sample classified has (1979) Sowers on based Table 3. Table 4. 0.54 1.89 0.46 0.93 0.46 5
et et al. ee lsiid s nemdae n hg patct respectively plasticity high and intermediate as classified were Average plastic
limit, limit, P
,
ISSN ISSN 2289
The result shows that the optimum moisture contents ranged contents moisture optimum the that shows result The 201
Att
Clay activity analysis for soil samples 6 44.02 32.13 22.35 13.62 14.82 .
Transactions on Science and Technology. erberg limit analysis of soilsamples - L 8786. Non Non Non
(%) Classification Nor Active clay http://transectscience.org/
- - - active clay active clay active clay mal clay
ty is within a range from 1.52 Mg/m 1.52 from range a within is ty Plasticity index, I
20.98 - 5.67 8.92 7.31 6.75
(%) montmorillonite for its clay mineral clay its for montmorillonite Ca
3 Mineral Existence
(Skempton, 1953) (3 - ), montmorillonite 495 495 Kaolinite Kaolinite -
P air space between the soil the between space air 500 Illite Illite
This test is intended to intended is test This
Linear shrinkage, L
19.86 5.7 9.28 7.14 2.86 (%)
1
3
to 1.90 to lite,
498 S
TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY organic matter and specific gravity were 6.94% were gravity specific and matter organic CONCLUSION al spaces filled has grains finer where biggeramonggrains thus minimizinginterconnected the porestotoallowflow water (Zulfahmi impermeable to permeability low to contributed also This wellwere which gravel) (P S5 and S4 sample to compared 69.08%) to (61.73% value porosity and kPa) 52.67 to kPa s permeability soil all of permeability pore the its that between shows water result drain The to spaces. soil the of all permeability the where determine to (1996) conducted were Peck tests & Terzaghi on based strength sa compressive unconfined The plane. its along slide or failure prevent to stress the hold to sample soil a by produced be can that area per com to subjected when samples , 200 Sample mples are classified as soft soil except for sample S5 is very soft soil (Table 5). The permeability The 5). (Table soil soft very is S5 sample for except soil soft as classified are mples S5 S4 S3 S2 S1 nofnd opeso ts ws odce t dtrie h srs srnt o te soil the of strength stress the determine to conducted was test compression Unconfined h si samples soil The Based
9 ).
on Table 5, sand 5, Table on content, Wopt (%) Wopt content, Optimum Moisture Moisture Optimum
except forexcept sample S3 which is impermeability soil.
21.13 18.50 21.00 16.50 11.50 rm ifrn sdmnay ok ui so ta te osue content, moisture the that show unit rocks sedimentary different from
Soehady Erfen - graded and poorlyand graded - dominated soil samples (S1, S2 and S3) show higher strength (32.33 strength higher show S3) and S2 (S1, samples soil dominated Figure 2. Table 5.
pressive forces. Stress resistance strength is the maximum power maximum the is strength resistance Stress forces. pressive
et et al. Maximum Dry Dry Maximum density, p density, , (Mg/m ISSN ISSN 2289
201 1.56 1.52 1.56 1.70 1.90
Engineering properties ofsoil 6 Plasticity chart samplesof soil .
Transactions on Science and Technology.
3 - ) 8786.
- D sortedsoil http://transectscience.org/ -
0.60% 22.70; compression tes compression Unconfined Unconfined
(kPa) 11.76 27.76 52.67 50.33 32.33 due to wide range of v of range wide to due
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Permeability Permeability 4.62 x 10 4.62 1.60 x 10 1.60 x 10 5.68 x 10 1.60 x 10 1.84 -
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–
2.65 respectively.2.65
Porosity,
n(%) 42.90 61.50 61.73 62.07 69.08 inosouk
499 et .
TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY [14] [13] [12] [11] [10] [9] [8] [7] [6] [5] [4] [3] [2] [1] REFERENCES are samples Gravel Pinosouk while 69.08%, poorly to 61.73% with samples soil dominated sandy are Formations Crocker and Trusmadi that shows analysis porosity s The classification. soil impermeable all of permeability The soil. soft very to 1.90 to Mg/m3 1.52 from range soil soft as classified are a samples all that indicated strength withincompression unconfined The Mg/m3. is density dry maximum the while 21.13%, to 11.50% of grain sizes. well are soils Gravels Pinosouk while sand, of dominance with graded si Particle samples. Ca and kaolinite while Formation, Crocker low and Trusmadi as of soil in kaolinite and classified illite of existence the that shows were analysis activity Clay soils. Formation Crocker clas were and samples Gravel Trusmadi Pinosouk while from soil, plasticity soils that shows soil of chart 20.93% was limit liquid 4.63 (pH samples all for acidic was value pH The
The result of engineering properties shows that the optimum moisture con moisture optimum the that shows properties engineering of result The kimia dan Pengaruh ke atas Kestabilan Bahan Bumi Cerun di kawasan Puchong, Selangor. Puchong, kawasan di Cerun Bumi Bahan Kestabilan C. atas ke Nai, Pengaruh & dan kimia I. R. M. Wan, Y., Jasni, R., A. Sahibin, R., A. Zulfahmi, Wiley Sons:& New York R. Peck, & K. Terzaghi, York. G. Sowers, Conference Soil on Mechanics Foundation and Engineering. A. Skempton, Guideline for Construction on Hi P., L. Siong, Kinabalu. (2007). M. Baba, & T. Sanudin, R. (http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/acidalka. Oosterbaan, Stability. M. Jeans, Glaciation. Kinabalu Newsletter Gunong on Note (1969). G. Jacobson, Head, K. H. (2008). Borneo (1958). P. Collenette, Standard Institution, London. (1990). 1377 Standards British Braja, M.D. (2012). Review of Current Knowledge. AChange: Climate underIndicators Health Soil (2011). R.C. Dalal, & B.P. Singh, D.E., Allen, Sains Sains Malaysiana - sorted soil contr
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21 F. (1979). F.
, 1 .&Tmy .(04.Efcs f xenl Water External of Effects (2014). E. Tommy, & J. ouig V, aga, . Ger T, agsn CH & un E (2001). E. Juin, & C.H. Laugesen, T., Greer, Y., Yangkat, V., Moduying, e itiuin niae Tumd ad rce Foain ol a poorly as soils Fromation Crocker and Trusmadi indicates distribution ze
- . 15) Te olia Atvt o Clays of Activity Colloidal The (1953). W. , 2 38
ibuted to lower strength and permeability. Soehady Erfen Fundamentals of Geotechnical Eng - Manual of Soil Laboratory Testing
(1), (1), 1
IntroductoryMechanics Soil andFound 65.00%, while the plasticity index was 5.67% to 20.98%. The plasticity The 20.98%. to 5.67% was index plasticity the while 65.00%, h Gooy n Mnrl eore o te Jesselton the of Resources Mineral and Geology The nal of Geotechnical Engineering,
-
B. (1996). (1996). B. . (2003). J. 8.
et et al.
, llslopes, Sabah, Malaysia ISSN ISSN 2289
201 ehd o Ts fr ol fr ii Egneig Purpose Engineering Civil for Soils for Test of Methods Pengenalan kepada Stratigrafi kepada Pengenalan Soil Biology 6 .
Transactions on Science and Technology. Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practices Engineering in Mechanics Soil - 8786. - otoilnt apae i Pnsu Gae soil Gravel Pinosouk in appeared montmorillonite pdf. Accessed on:4 May2016. http://transectscience.org/ , mls s lsiid s ey o preblt to permeability low very as classified is amples
29 ol laiiy (Alkaline Alkalinity Soil – , 22
6.90) to low alkaline (pH 7.47). (pH alkaline low to 6.90) - 44 ineering ineering (3 iid s nemdae o ih plasticity high to intermediate as sified
. 19 rd
Aug 1953, Switzerland Edition). Whittles Publishing. ,
2437 ation (4 . Universiti Malaysia Sabah: Kota Sabah: Malaysia Universiti .
3 th (3 . -
2463. ), .(4 Edition). Cengage Learning. rceig f 3 of Proceeding 495 495 elgcl oit o Malaysia of Society Geological - Level Fluctuations on Slope on Fluctuations Level th - - graded with wider varietywider with graded
500 Edition). Macmillan:New
F. (2009). Cirian Fiziko Cirian (2009). F.
- iaau Area Kinabalu . (3 .
tents ranged from ranged tents - . rd Soils) Sodic 1
rd , 57 Edition). John Edition).
The average The International
- 61 British .
North , EIA
500
- - .