DOCSLIB.ORG

A Critical Review of the Role of the Proposed Vmpo Nucleus in Pain

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Critical Review of the Role of the Proposed Vmpo Nucleus in Pain CRITICAL REVIEW A Critical Review of the Role of the Proposed VMpo Nucleus in Pain William D. Willis, Jr,* Xijing Zhang,† Christopher N. Honda,† and Glenn J. Giesler, Jr† Abstract: The evidence presented by Craig and his colleagues for an important projection from lamina I spinothalamic tract neurons to a renamed thalamic nucleus (the posterior part of the ventral medial nucleus or VMpo), as well as to the ventrocaudal medial dorsal and the ventral posterior inferior thalamic nuclei, is critically reviewed. Of particular concern is the denial of an important nociceptive lamina I projection to the ventrobasal complex. Contrary evidence is reviewed that strongly favors a role of spinothalamic projections from both lamina I and deep layers of the dorsal horn to the ventrobasal complex and other thalamic nuclei and from there to the SI and SII somato- sensory cortices in the sensory-discriminative processing of pain and temperature information. © 2002 by the American Pain Society Key words: Pain, temperature sensation, spinothalamocortical pain system. raig and his colleagues15,40 have recently pro- thermore, it does not address in a satisfactory way the posed the existence of a novel and potentially im- role of spinothalamic projections from deeper layers of Cportant nociceptive and thermoreceptive spi- the spinal cord gray matter, and it does not deal with nothalamocortical projection system in primates, pain-related projections of other ascending pathways, including humans. This hypothetical pathway is summa- some of which bypass the thalamus. rized in Fig 1. It consists of a projection from lamina I of In their initial study, Craig et al40 injected the antero- the spinal cord dorsal horn to 3 thalamic nuclei: the pos- grade tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinin (PHA- terior part of a newly described ventral medial thalamic L), into lamina I in monkeys. Lamina I spinothalamic tract nucleus (VMpo), the ventral caudal part of the medial (STT) neurons were observed to project to a region in the dorsal nucleus (MDvc), and the ventral posterior inferior posterior thalamus adjacent to the basal part of the ven- nucleus (VPI). The proposed VMpo nucleus is thought to tral medial nucleus (the relay nucleus for vagal, solitary, project to the dorsal anterior insular cortex and weakly and parabrachial input). Previous experts on the thala- to area 3a of the SI somatosensory cortex, the VPI nucleus mus considered this part of the thalamus to be part of 64,93 to the SII somatosensory cortex, and MDvc to area 24c of the posterior (Po) nuclear group, but it was given a the anterior cingulate cortex. The SI and SII somatosen- new name by Craig and associates, the posterior part of sory cortices, insula, and anterior cingulate gyrus have all the ventral medial nucleus (VMpo). Sparser projections been implicated in pain processing by recent imaging were also observed to end in the MDvc nucleus and in the VPI nucleus, but apparently few, if any, were seen in the studies,26,28,36,45,58,67,68,106,114 as have a number of other VPL nucleus. Craig et al40 recorded from neurons in the cortical and subcortical structures. Curiously, the scheme region of the proposed VMpo nucleus and found that that has been proposed by Craig and his colleagues 97% of the 87 somatosensory neurons characterized in seems to dismiss the possibility of an important role of a this region were responsive to nociceptive or to cold lamina I projection to the ventral posterior lateral (VPL) stimuli. The neurons whose responses were illustrated and ventral posterior medial (VPM) nuclei (Fig 1). Fur- had relatively small receptive fields on the tongue or hand. Neurons in VMpo showed graded responses to Received November 29, 2000; Revised May 29, 2001; Accepted May 29, graded intensities of stimulation, and the nucleus had an 2001. From the *Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Texas anteroposterior topographic organization. Axons in this Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, and †Department of Neuroscience, Uni- nucleus could be immunostained for calbindin, including versity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Address reprint requests to Wm. D. Willis, Jr, MD, PhD, Department of some double-labeled terminals of lamina I STT cells. A Anatomy & Neurosciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 Uni- calbindin-rich plexus was found in a similar part of the versity Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555–1069. E-mail: [email protected] human thalamus, suggesting the presence of a VMpo © 2002 by the American Pain Society 1526-5900/2002 $35.00/0 nucleus in humans, as well as in monkeys. doi:10.1054/jpai.2002.122949 The proposed human VMpo nucleus was described in The Journal of Pain, Vol 3, No 2 (April), 2002: pp 79-94 79 80 Role of the Proposed VMpo Nucleus in Pain Figure 2. The identification of a VMpo nucleus in the human thalamus. In (A) and (C) are shown frontal sections separated by 0.8 mm through the posterior thalamus and stained for Nissl substance with thionin. The sections are oriented so that the midline is to the right and the top of the section is dorsal. The area occupied by the proposed VMpo nucleus is indicated by the arrowheads. The adjacent sections in (B) and (D) show the re- gions of the thalamus that were stained for calbindin with a monoclonal antibody obtained from Sigma. It should be noted that there is dense calbindin-like immunoreactivity in the area defined as the VMpo nucleus on the basis of this staining prop- erty. The scale represents 5 mm. CM, center median; Hl, Hm, Figure 1. Proposed spinothalamocortical system for pain and lateral and medial habenular; LG, lateral geniculate; LD, lateral temperature sensation. The projections of lamina I spinotha- dorsal; LP, lateral posterior; MD, medial dorsal; Pla, anterior lamic tract cells to the VMpo, MDvc, and VPI nuclei are shown. pulvinar; Plm, medial pulvinar; R, reticular; VPLp, posterior part The VMpo nucleus is proposed to project to the dorsal anterior of ventral posterior lateral; ZI, zona incerta. (From Blomqvist A, insula and perhaps also to area 3a of the SI cortex; VPI is shown Zhang ET, Craig AD: Cytoarchitectonic and immunohistochemi- to project to SII (not labeled); and a connection of MDvc to area cal characterization of a specific pain and temperature relay, 24c is depicted. The shapes of typical lamina I neurons respon- the posterior portion of the ventral medial nucleus, in the hu- sive to cold, noxious stimuli (NS), heat, pinch and cold (HPC) man thalamus. Brain 123:601-619, 2000. Reproduced by permis- stimuli, as well as of a WDR neuron, are seen in the inset. (From sion of Oxford University Press.) Perl ER: Getting a line on pain: Is it mediated by dedicated pathways? Nat Neurosci 1:177-178, 1998) Blomqvist et al state that the pattern of calbindin immu- more detail by Blomqvist et al,15 on the basis of the pres- nostaining revealed by the antibody they used (a mono- ence of the calbindin-immunoreactive axonal plexus clonal antibody produced by Sigma) and which was cru- noted by Craig et al.40 According to Blomqvist et al, this cial for the identification of the nucleus was different nucleus is difficult to demarcate on the basis of cytoar- from that observed by others using different antbod- chitecture. This difficulty presumably reflects the rela- ies.93,108 According to Blomqvist et al, the proposed tively few neuronal cell bodies that are found in this area VMpo nucleus was included in the suprageniculate/pos- in Nissl-stained sections (Fig 2). The VMpo nucleus was terior complex by Hirai and Jones64 and Morel et al.93 defined as an oval region that extends 3 to 3.5 mm me- Blomqvist et al note that the proposed VMpo nucleus is diolaterally, 2 mm dorsoventrally, and 2 mm rostrocau- located where spinal and lemniscal fibers enter the pos- dally. Its position is posteromedial to the VPL and VPM terior thalamus. nuclei, ventral to the anterior pulvinar and center me- The hypothetical spinothalamocortical projections dian nuclei, lateral to the limitans and parafascicular nu- proposed by Craig and colleagues that relay in the clei, and dorsal to the medial geniculate nucleus (Fig 2). VMpo, MDvc, and VPI nuclei have been emphasized in They considered the posterior (Po) complex to be sepa- several recent publications without a critical review of rate and to include a narrow region separating VMpo the evidence on which this proposal was based.52,75,98,104 from VPM/VPL and VPMpc (also known as VMb). Cau- The roles of the VPL nucleus and SI cortex in the sensory- dally, VMpo and suprageniculate neurons intermingle. discriminative processing of pain and temperature are CRITICAL REVIEW/Willis et al 81 clearly downplayed without justification. In the follow- Projection of Lamina I STT Cells to the ing, we examine the findings that led to the proposal of Proposed VMpo Nucleus an important spinothalamocortical pain system that re- Recordings were made by Dostrovsky and Craig48 from lays in the proposed VMpo nucleus, as well as in MDvc a sample of 27 monkey lamina I STT cells that were anti- and VPI nuclei, and we weigh these findings against a dromically activated from the region of what Craig and much more substantial body of evidence that supports a colleagues regard as the VMpo nucleus (Fig 3A). Of major role in pain processing of the spinothalamocortical these, 20 were classified as cold cells (activated specifi- system that involves the VPL, VPM, VPI, Po, and central cally by cooling stimuli; Fig 3B and D), 3 as multimodal lateral (CL) nuclei. (activated by heat, pinch, and cold), and 4 as nociceptive specific (activated by heat, pinch, or both). Thus, on the basis of this limited sample of recordings, the lamina I Evidence Concerning the input to the region of VMpo seems to be thermorecep- Spinothalamocortical Pain and tive and nociceptive.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • NS201C Anatomy 1: Sensory and Motor Systems
    NS201C Anatomy 1: Sensory and Motor Systems 25th January 2017 Peter Ohara Department of Anatomy [email protected] The Subdivisions and Components of the Central Nervous System Axes and Anatomical Planes of Sections of the Human and Rat Brain Development of the neural tube 1 Dorsal and ventral cell groups Dermatomes and myotomes Neural crest derivatives: 1 Neural crest derivatives: 2 Development of the neural tube 2 Timing of development of the neural tube and its derivatives Timing of development of the neural tube and its derivatives Gestational Crown-rump Structure(s) age (Weeks) length (mm) 3 3 cerebral vesicles 4 4 Optic cup, otic placode (future internal ear) 5 6 cerebral vesicles, cranial nerve nuclei 6 12 Cranial and cervical flexures, rhombic lips (future cerebellum) 7 17 Thalamus, hypothalamus, internal capsule, basal ganglia Hippocampus, fornix, olfactory bulb, longitudinal fissure that 8 30 separates the hemispheres 10 53 First callosal fibers cross the midline, early cerebellum 12 80 Major expansion of the cerebral cortex 16 134 Olfactory connections established 20 185 Gyral and sulcul patterns of the cerebral cortex established Clinical case A 68 year old woman with hypertension and diabetes develops abrupt onset numbness and tingling on the right half of the face and head and the entire right hemitrunk, right arm and right leg. She does not experience any weakness or incoordination. Physical Examination: Vitals: T 37.0° C; BP 168/87; P 86; RR 16 Cardiovascular, pulmonary, and abdominal exam are within normal limits. Neurological Examination: Mental Status: Alert and oriented x 3, 3/3 recall in 3 minutes, language fluent.
    [Show full text]
  • Original Article the Acute E€Ects of Continuous and Conditional
    Spinal Cord (2001) 39, 420 ± 428 ã 2001 International Medical Society of Paraplegia All rights reserved 1362 ± 4393/01 $15.00 www.nature.com/sc Original Article The acute eects of continuous and conditional neuromodulation on the bladder in spinal cord injury APS Kirkham*,1, NC Shah1, SL Knight1, PJR Shah1 and MD Craggs1 1Neuroprostheses Research Centre, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, Middlesex HA7 4LP, UK Study design: Laboratory investigation using serial slow-®ll cystometrograms. Objectives: To examine the acute eects of dierent modes of dorsal penile nerve stimulation on detrusor hyperre¯exia, bladder capacity and bladder compliance in spinal cord injury (SCI). Setting: Spinal Injuries Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, Middlesex, UK. Methods: Fourteen SCI patients were examined. Microtip transducer catheters enabled continuous measurement of anal sphincter, urethral sphincter and intravesical pressures. Control cystometrograms were followed by stimulation of the dorsal penile nerve at 15 Hz, 200 ms pulse width and amplitude equal to twice that which produced a pudendo-anal re¯ex. Stimulation was either continuous or in bursts of one minute triggered by a rise in detrusor pressure of 10 cm water (conditional). Further control cystometrograms were then performed to examine the residual eects of stimulation. Results: Bladder capacity increased signi®cantly during three initial control ®lls. Continuous stimulation (n=6) signi®cantly increased bladder capacity by a mean of 110% (+Standard Deviation 85%) or 173 ml (+146 ml), and bladder compliance by a mean of 53% (+31%). Conditional stimulation in a dierent group of patients (n=6) signi®cantly increased bladder capacity, by 144% (+127%) or 230 ml (+143 ml).
    [Show full text]
  • Download The
    ACTIONS OF ISOVALINE AND ENDOGENOUS AMINO ACIDS ON INHIBITORY RECEPTORS IN VENTROBASAL THALAMUS by JAMES EDWARD COOKE BSc, Carleton University, 2002 MSc, Carleton University, 2004 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Pharmacology) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) August, 2010 © James Edward Cooke, 2010 ABSTRACT This thesis consists of three manuscripts that examine the effects of amino acids and inhibitory neurotransmission in ventrobasal thalamus, a region of the brain responsible for processing nociceptive information. In the first manuscript we examined the possibility that a proposed antagonist of receptors for endogenous amino acids was selective for -amino acids. In the second manuscript, we determined the ionic mechanism of action of isovaline, a non-biogenic amino acid with chemical similarity to glycine and GABA. In the third manuscript, we determined that the inhibitory action of isovaline is mediated by metabotropic receptors, likely GABAB. In the first manuscript we used whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology and immunohistochemistry to examine the differential antagonism of GABAAergic IPSCs by a proposed -amino acid antagonist, TAG. In IPSCs that were attributable to both GABAergic and glycinergic stimulation, TAG significantly reduced both components. TAG had no effect in purely GABAAergic IPSCs. Our data supports the hypothesis that a specific GABAA subunit, 4, is sensitive to the -amino acid antagonist, TAG. The second manuscript examines the ionic mechanism of action of isovaline, demonstrated to have analgesic properties in animal models. Isovaline inhibited action potential firing of thalamocortical neurons by activating a long-lasting potassium conductance that was insensitive to the glycine antagonist, strychnine.
    [Show full text]
  • The Human Thalamus Is an Integrative Hub for Functional Brain Networks
    5594 • The Journal of Neuroscience, June 7, 2017 • 37(23):5594–5607 Behavioral/Cognitive The Human Thalamus Is an Integrative Hub for Functional Brain Networks X Kai Hwang, Maxwell A. Bertolero, XWilliam B. Liu, and XMark D’Esposito Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720 The thalamus is globally connected with distributed cortical regions, yet the functional significance of this extensive thalamocortical connectivityremainslargelyunknown.Byperforminggraph-theoreticanalysesonthalamocorticalfunctionalconnectivitydatacollected from human participants, we found that most thalamic subdivisions display network properties that are capable of integrating multi- modal information across diverse cortical functional networks. From a meta-analysis of a large dataset of functional brain-imaging experiments, we further found that the thalamus is involved in multiple cognitive functions. Finally, we found that focal thalamic lesions in humans have widespread distal effects, disrupting the modular organization of cortical functional networks. This converging evidence suggests that the human thalamus is a critical hub region that could integrate diverse information being processed throughout the cerebral cortex as well as maintain the modular structure of cortical functional networks. Key words: brain networks; diaschisis; functional connectivity; graph theory; thalamus Significance Statement The thalamus is traditionally viewed as a passive relay station of information from sensory organs or subcortical structures to the cortex. However, the thalamus has extensive connections with the entire cerebral cortex, which can also serve to integrate infor- mation processing between cortical regions. In this study, we demonstrate that multiple thalamic subdivisions display network properties that are capable of integrating information across multiple functional brain networks. Moreover, the thalamus is engaged by tasks requiring multiple cognitive functions.
    [Show full text]
  • A Proposed Neural Pathway for Vocalization in South African Clawed Frogs, Xenopus Laevis
    Journal of J Comp Physiol A (1985) 157:749-761 Sensory, Comparative and.ou~,, Physiology A Physiology~h.v,or* Springer-Verlag 1985 A proposed neural pathway for vocalization in South African clawed frogs, Xenopus laevis Daniel M. Wetzel*, Ursula L. Haerter*, and Darcy B. Kelley** Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA, and Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA Accepted September 9, 1985 Summary. 1. Vocalizations of South African 3. Injection of HRP-WGA into DTAM re- clawed frogs are produced by contractions of la- sulted in labelled cells in the striatum, preoptic area ryngeal muscles innervated by motor neurons of and thalamus. Posterior to DTAM, labelled cells the caudal medulla (within cranial nerve nucleus were found in the rhombencephalic reticular nuclei IX-X). We have traced afferents to laryngeal mo- as well as n. IX-X of males. Results in females tor neurons in male and female frogs using retro- were similar with the exception that n. IX-X la- grade axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase belled cells were only seen after very large injec- conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (HRP- tions of unconjugated HRP into DTAM and sur- WGA). rounding tegmentum. Thus, the projection of n. 2. After iontophoretic injection of HRP-WGA IX-X neurons to DTAM is not as robust in fe- into n. IX-X, retrogradely labelled neurons were males as males. seen in the contralateral n. IX-X, in rhombence- 4. These anatomical studies revealed candidate phalic reticular nuclei, and in the pre-trigeminal brain nuclei contributing to the generation of vocal nucleus of the dorsal tegmental area (DTAM) of behaviors and confirmed some features of a model both males and females.
    [Show full text]
  • Facial Sensory Symptoms in Medullary Infarcts
    Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2005;63(4):946-950 FACIAL SENSORY SYMPTOMS IN MEDULLARY INFARCTS Adriana Bastos Conforto1, Fábio Iuji Yamamoto1, Cláudia da Costa Leite2, Milberto Scaff1, Suely Kazue Nagahashi Marie1 ABSTRACT - Objective: To investigate the correlation between facial sensory abnormalities and lesional topography in eight patients with lateral medullary infarcts (LMIs). Method: We reviewed eight sequen- tial cases of LMIs admitted to the Neurology Division of Hospital das Clínicas/ São Paulo University between J u l y, 2001 and August, 2002 except for one patient who had admitted in 1996 and was still followed in 2002. All patients were submitted to conventional brain MRI including axial T1-, T2-weighted and Fluid attenuated inversion-re c o v e ry (FLAIR) sequences. MRIs were evaluated blindly to clinical features to deter- mine extension of the infarct to presumed topographies of the ventral trigeminothalamic (VTT), lateral spinothalamic, spinal trigeminal tracts and spinal trigeminal nucleus. Results:S e n s o ry symptoms or signs w e re ipsilateral to the bulbar infarct in 3 patients, contralateral in 4 and bilateral in 1. In all of our cases with exclusive contralateral facial sensory symptoms, infarcts had medial extensions that included the VTT t o p o g r a p h y. In cases with exclusive ipsilateral facial sensory abnormalities, infarcts affected lateral and posterior bulbar portions, with slight or no medial extension. The only patient who presented bilateral facial symptoms had an infarct that covered both medial and lateral, in addition to the posterior re g i o n of the medulla. Conclusion: Our results show a correlation between medial extension of LMIs and pres- ence of contralateral facial sensory symptoms.
    [Show full text]
  • Selective Neural Pathway Targeting Reveals Key Roles of Thalamostriatal Projection in the Control of Visual Discrimination
    The Journal of Neuroscience, November 23, 2011 • 31(47):17169–17179 • 17169 Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Selective Neural Pathway Targeting Reveals Key Roles of Thalamostriatal Projection in the Control of Visual Discrimination Shigeki Kato,1 Masahito Kuramochi,1,2 Kenta Kobayashi,1 Ryoji Fukabori,1 Kana Okada,1,2 Motokazu Uchigashima,3 Masahiko Watanabe,3 Yuji Tsutsui,4 and Kazuto Kobayashi1,2 1Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan, 2Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan, 3Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan, and 4Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science, Fukushima University, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan The dorsal striatum receives converging excitatory inputs from diverse brain regions, including the cerebral cortex and the intralaminar/ midline thalamic nuclei, and mediates learning processes contributing to instrumental motor actions. However, the roles of each striatal input pathway in these learning processes remain uncertain. We developed a novel strategy to target specific neural pathways and applied this strategy for studying behavioral roles of the pathway originating from the parafascicular nucleus (PF) and projecting to the dorso- lateral striatum. A highly efficient retrograde gene transfer vector encoding the recombinant immunotoxin (IT) receptor was injected into the dorsolateral striatum in mice to express the receptor in neurons innervating the striatum. IT treatment into the PF of the vector-injected animals caused a selective elimination of neurons of the PF-derived thalamostriatal pathway. The elimination of this pathway impaired the response selection accuracy and delayed the motor response in the acquisition of a visual cue-dependent discrim- ination task.
    [Show full text]
  • Higher-Order Thalamic Relays Burst More Than First-Order Relays
    Higher-order thalamic relays burst more than first-order relays E. J. Ramcharan*, J. W. Gnadt†, and S. M. Sherman‡§ *Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431; †Department of Neurobiology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230; and ‡Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Physiology, University of Chicago, MC 0926, 316 Abbott, 947 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 Edited by Robert H. Wurtz, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and approved July 11, 2005 (received for review April 6, 2005) There is a strong correlation between the behavior of an animal trasted with the higher-order relays, such as the pulvinar for and the firing mode (burst or tonic) of thalamic relay neurons. vision, the magnocellular (or ‘‘nonlemniscal’’) portion of the Certain differences between first- and higher-order thalamic relays medial geniculate nucleus for hearing, and the posterior medial (which relay peripheral information to the cortex versus informa- nucleus for somesthesis, which are thought to serve as a link in tion from one cortical area to another, respectively) suggest that cortico-thalamo-cortical pathways that continue to process these more bursting might occur in the higher-order relays. Accordingly, information streams. we recorded bursting behavior in single cells from awake, behav- We thought that it would be useful to extend the observations ing rhesus monkeys in first-order (the lateral geniculate nucleus, of bursting to higher-order thalamic relays in the behaving the ventral posterior nucleus, and the ventral portion of the medial monkey for the following reasons.
    [Show full text]
  • Spinal Cord Organization
    Lecture 4 Spinal Cord Organization The spinal cord . Afferent tract • connects with spinal nerves, through afferent BRAIN neuron & efferent axons in spinal roots; reflex receptor interneuron • communicates with the brain, by means of cell ascending and descending pathways that body form tracts in spinal white matter; and white matter muscle • gives rise to spinal reflexes, pre-determined gray matter Efferent neuron by interneuronal circuits. Spinal Cord Section Gross anatomy of the spinal cord: The spinal cord is a cylinder of CNS. The spinal cord exhibits subtle cervical and lumbar (lumbosacral) enlargements produced by extra neurons in segments that innervate limbs. The region of spinal cord caudal to the lumbar enlargement is conus medullaris. Caudal to this, a terminal filament of (nonfunctional) glial tissue extends into the tail. terminal filament lumbar enlargement conus medullaris cervical enlargement A spinal cord segment = a portion of spinal cord that spinal ganglion gives rise to a pair (right & left) of spinal nerves. Each spinal dorsal nerve is attached to the spinal cord by means of dorsal and spinal ventral roots composed of rootlets. Spinal segments, spinal root (rootlets) nerve roots, and spinal nerves are all identified numerically by th region, e.g., 6 cervical (C6) spinal segment. ventral Sacral and caudal spinal roots (surrounding the conus root medullaris and terminal filament and streaming caudally to (rootlets) reach corresponding intervertebral foramina) collectively constitute the cauda equina. Both the spinal cord (CNS) and spinal roots (PNS) are enveloped by meninges within the vertebral canal. Spinal nerves (which are formed in intervertebral foramina) are covered by connective tissue (epineurium, perineurium, & endoneurium) rather than meninges.
    [Show full text]
  • MRI Atlas of the Human Deep Brain Jean-Jacques Lemaire
    MRI Atlas of the Human Deep Brain Jean-Jacques Lemaire To cite this version: Jean-Jacques Lemaire. MRI Atlas of the Human Deep Brain. 2019. hal-02116633 HAL Id: hal-02116633 https://hal.uca.fr/hal-02116633 Preprint submitted on 1 May 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License MRI ATLAS of the HUMAN DEEP BRAIN Jean-Jacques Lemaire, MD, PhD, neurosurgeon, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA, France This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA. Terminologia Foundational Model Terminologia MRI Deep Brain Atlas NeuroNames (ID) neuroanatomica usages, classical and french terminologies of Anatomy (ID) Anatomica 1998 (ID) 2017 http://fipat.library.dal.ca In
    [Show full text]
  • Tonic Activity in Lateral Habenula Neurons Promotes Disengagement from Reward-Seeking Behavior
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.15.426914; this version posted January 16, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Tonic activity in lateral habenula neurons promotes disengagement from reward-seeking behavior 5 Brianna J. Sleezer1,3, Ryan J. Post1,2,3, David A. Bulkin1,2,3, R. Becket Ebitz4, Vladlena Lee1, Kasey Han1, Melissa R. Warden1,2,5,* 1Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA 2Cornell Neurotech, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA 10 3These authors contributed equally 4Department oF Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada 5Lead Contact *Correspondence: [email protected] 15 Sleezer*, Post*, Bulkin* et al. 1 of 38 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.15.426914; this version posted January 16, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. SUMMARY Survival requires both the ability to persistently pursue goals and the ability to determine when it is time to stop, an adaptive balance of perseverance and disengagement. Neural activity in the 5 lateral habenula (LHb) has been linked to aversion and negative valence, but its role in regulating the balance between reward-seeking and disengaged behavioral states remains unclear.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Neurocircuits Regulating Food Intake in Response to Gut Inputs—Preclinical Evidence
    nutrients Review Central Neurocircuits Regulating Food Intake in Response to Gut Inputs—Preclinical Evidence Kirsteen N. Browning * and Kaitlin E. Carson Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-717-531-8267 Abstract: The regulation of energy balance requires the complex integration of homeostatic and hedonic pathways, but sensory inputs from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are increasingly recognized as playing critical roles. The stomach and small intestine relay sensory information to the central nervous system (CNS) via the sensory afferent vagus nerve. This vast volume of complex sensory information is received by neurons of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) and is integrated with responses to circulating factors as well as descending inputs from the brainstem, midbrain, and forebrain nuclei involved in autonomic regulation. The integrated signal is relayed to the adjacent dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), which supplies the motor output response via the efferent vagus nerve to regulate and modulate gastric motility, tone, secretion, and emptying, as well as intestinal motility and transit; the precise coordination of these responses is essential for the control of meal size, meal termination, and nutrient absorption. The interconnectivity of the NTS implies that many other CNS areas are capable of modulating vagal efferent output, emphasized by the many CNS disorders associated with dysregulated GI functions including feeding. This review will summarize the role of major CNS centers to gut-related inputs in the regulation of gastric function Citation: Browning, K.N.; Carson, with specific reference to the regulation of food intake.
    [Show full text]