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Tin Ingots from a Probable Bronze Age Shipwreck Off the Coast of Salcombe, Devon: Composition and Microstructure

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Tin Ingots from a Probable Bronze Age Shipwreck Off the Coast of Salcombe, Devon: Composition and Microstructure Journal of Archaeological Science 67 (2016) 80e92 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Archaeological Science journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jas Tin ingots from a probable Bronze Age shipwreck off the coast of Salcombe, Devon: Composition and microstructure * Quanyu Wang a, , Stanislav Strekopytov b, Benjamin W. Roberts c, Neil Wilkin d a Department of Conservation and Scientific Research, the British Museum, Great Russell Street, London, WC1B 3DG, UK b Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK c Department of Archaeology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK d Department of Britain, Europe and Prehistory, the British Museum, Great Russell Street, London, WC1B 3DG, UK article info abstract Article history: The seabed site of a probable Bronze Age shipwreck off the coast of Salcombe in south-west England was Received 5 November 2015 explored between 1977 and 2013. Nearly 400 objects including copper and tin ingots, bronze artefacts/ Received in revised form fragments and gold ornaments were found. The Salcombe tin ingots provided a wonderful opportunity 5 January 2016 for the technical study of prehistoric tin, which has been scarce. The chemical compositions of all the tin Accepted 8 January 2016 ingots were analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively Available online xxx coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Following the compositional analysis, micro- structural study was carried out on eight Salcombe ingots selected to cover those with different sizes, Keywords: Tin ingots shapes and variable impurity levels and also on the two Erme Estuary ingots using metallography and Bronze Age scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS). An Salcombe extensive overview of archaeological tin in Europe is also provided. ICP-MS All the Salcombe tin ingots analysed appeared to be quite pure with little variation in composition Trace elements between them. Only two samples were found to contain over 0.1% iron and one contains over 0.1% copper. The compositions of the Salcombe tin ingots have been compared to the very few compositional analyses of tin objects found elsewhere such as the Late Bronze Age shipwreck of Uluburun but do not seem to have any connection between them. Further studies including lead and tin isotope analysis are needed to answer the question of provenance of the tin ingots, so as to contribute to the study of metal trading. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction bronze objects to archaeological scholarship in analysing chronol- ogy, trade, warfare, craft production and ritual (Roberts and The extraction and movement of tin throughout Europe and Thornton, 2014). The relative abundance of tin ore sources in beyond during the Bronze Age (c. 2200e800 BC) has been inves- Atlantic Europe, especially in southwest England, northwest France tigated and discussed extensively for over a century (Baer, 1876; and Iberia as well as sources in Central Europe, especially the Erz- Dayton, 1971; Franklin et al., 1978; Muhly, 1985, 1993; gebirge mountains (spanning Germany and the Czech Republic), Penhallurik, 1986; Pernicka, 1990, 1998; Pare, 2000; Giumlia-Mair has consistently enticed archaeologists and archaeometallurgists. and Lo Schiavo, 2003; Pigott, 2011). The ‘tin trade’ continues to However, there are still no radiocarbon dated Bronze Age tin mines play a key role in socio-economic models of Bronze Age societies in in Europe (Roden, 1985; Pernicka, 1998) in contrast to the extensive Europe and the Near East (Sherratt, 1993; Kristiansen and Larsson, evidence for Bronze Age copper mining (O'Brien, 2014) and recent 2005; Harding, 2013). This is due to the ubiquity of Bronze Age discoveries of Bronze Age tin mines at Kültepe, Turkey (Yener et al., bronze objects across Europe and Asia, the highly unequal distri- 2015), Deh Hosein, Iran (Nezafati et al., 2009) and in Central Asia bution of tin ore sources, and the fundamental importance of (Stollner€ et al., 2011; Garner 2015). The archaeological evidence for potential sites of tin ore extraction relies upon associated Bronze Age material culture or settlement activity as at San Cristobal de Logrosan, Spain (Merideth, 1998; Rodríguez Díaz et al., 2013) and * Corresponding author. Mt. Cer, Serbia (Huska et al., 2014). The use of trace element data as E-mail address: [email protected] (Q. Wang). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2016.01.018 0305-4403/© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Q. Wang et al. / Journal of Archaeological Science 67 (2016) 80e92 81 well as lead and tin isotope compositions provide insights into the provenance and can be especially useful in excluding potential tin sources, as demonstrated by the continued absence of any evidence for Bronze Age tin extraction in the Erzgebirge mountains (Niederschlag et al., 2003; Haustein et al., 2010). The evidence for Bronze Age tin smelting sites in Europe remains restricted to several fragmentary finds of tin smelting slags e although this is potentially due to the purity of the tin ores (Muhly, 1985; Malham, 2010). There have been discoveries of Bronze Age tin ingots in the east Mediterranean, and especially at shipwreck sites such as Uluburun at the southern coast of Anatolia (Pulak, 2000a; Hauptmann et al., 2002; Pulak, 2010), Cape Gelidonya (Bass, 1967, 2010) and Haifa (Stos-Gale et al., 1998). However, recent surveys of Bronze Age tin objects e as opposed to tin used in metal alloys or tin used as an inlay in other materials e across Western, Northern and Central Europe have collectively recorded less than 300 objects with the vast majority being small beads, pendants and other or- naments. However, this striking lack of Bronze Age tin objects could be primarily due to the corrosion of tin metal to tin oxide powder, especially in buried terrestrial environments (Turgoose, 1985), but potentially to a lesser degree in submarine seawater environments Fig. 1. The Salcombe site (redrawn by Craig Williams, British Museum after Needham (Memet, 2014). Hence, whilst there are numerous publications on et al., 2013, Fig. 1.10). Fig. 2. Metalwork finds of 2005e2009 from Salcombe. 82 Q. Wang et al. / Journal of Archaeological Science 67 (2016) 80e92 the Bronze Age mining and trade of tin, technical studies of tin from terrestrial sites containing comparable metalwork, placed the objects are still relatively rare (Hauptmann et al., 2002; Stos-Gale Salcombe assemblage in the Middle Bronze Age Penard metalwork et al., 1998; Valera and Valera, 2003; Cahill, 2009; Haustein et al., phase (c. 1300e1150 BC) with the exception of one Type Nantes 2010; Krüger et al., 2012; Nielsen, 2014; Ling et al. 2014). bronze sword which typologically dated to the Late Bronze Age The Salcombe site actually comprises two named sites 400 m Ewart Park metalwork phase (c. 1000e800 BC) (Needham and apart within an open bay at the mouth of an estuary e Moor Sand Giardino, 2008; Needham et al., 2013; Brandherm and Moskal-del and Salcombe B e where two groups of Bronze Age objects have Hoyo, 2014). Compositional analysis revealed that the bronzes been found between 50 and 400 m off the coastline (Fig. 1). were consistent with this dating as well as a high level of purity in Archaeological work at Moor Sand occurred between 1977 and the tin lump (Northover, 2013). The analysis of the sea level history 1982, led by Philip Baker and Keith Muckelroy (Muckelroy, 1980, and coastal geomorphology demonstrates that coastal retreat 1981), whilst work on Salcombe site B started in 2004 by the cannot explain the distribution of the metalwork and it is therefore South West Maritime Archaeology Group (www.swmag.org) and argued that the objects were transported to their location before remains ongoing. The early excavations (1977e2004) at the Sal- being dispersed on the seabed (Needham et al., 2013). The preva- combe (Moor Sand and Salcombe site B) have been recently pub- lence of later shipwrecks e Salcombe B was only found due to the lished with extensive environmental, archaeometallurgical and investigation of a 17th century AD shipwreck site termed Salcombe archaeological analyses. They recovered 31 objects including A e makes an accidental shipwreck or deliberate/votive shipwreck bronze objects of 22 weapons/fragments, one palstave-adze, one with objects eventually dispersed across the Moor Sand and Sal- cauldron handle, one rectangular block/weight, one Sicilian stru- combe B sites. However, the presence of Bronze Age metalwork mento con immanicatura a cannone, three gold objects/fragments, which is conventionally dated two centuries apart also implies two an iron awl with a bone handle and a tin lump (Needham et al., distinct events (Needham et al., 2013). 2013). In the absence of surviving organic material suitable for The 2005e2013 finds include 280 copper or copper alloy and 40 radiocarbon dating, detailed typo-chronological analyses of diag- tin bun-shaped ingots, 15 bronze objects and nine gold ornaments nostic bronze and gold objects, supported by radiocarbon dates (Fig. 2). The tin ingots are the subject of this paper whilst the Table 1 Weight and dimensions of the tin ingots studied. Reg. No Shape Weight (g) Length (mm) Width (mm) Thickness (mm) Salcombe 2010,8032.295 Round and plano-convex 9166 228 219 114 2010,8032.296 Oval with plano-convex profile 255 92 62 30 2010,8032.297 Irregular 131 87 55 23 2010,8032.298 Irregular 25 37 30
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