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Working Paper Abridged Multilingual Edition ECROPA-PARIA\lESTET PARLAYESTO ECROPEO ECROPEES PARIEYENT EIROPIISCHES PARLAYEXT PARlEhIEST ECROPEES PARIAYESTO ELROPEC EYPRMKO Ii01SOBOT.\10 PAR1AYEST0 ECROPEO E1'ROOPAN PARlA1lEXTTI EI'ROPEAS PARlIA\IENT m EUROPAPAR1AYESTET WORKING PAPER ABRIDGED MULTILINGUAL EDITION VAPENEXPORTPOLITIKEN I MEDLEMSSTATERNA I EU - SAMMANFATTNING, SLUTSATS OCH REKOMR.1ENDATIONER - l 8 - 1999 This abridged edition is available in the following languages: PT (original) and DA/DE/ELEN/ES/FR/IT/NL/FI/SV The complete study (POLI 108) is available in PT (original), EN and FR. The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorized provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy. Publisher: European Parliament L - 2929 Luxembourg Author: Joiio-Paulo Costa and Paula Pereira, under the direction of bar0 de Vasconcelos, International Institute of Strategic Studies, Lisbon Responsible: J. Javier Fernandez Femandez Directorate-General for Research Division for International and Institutional AfYairs Tel: (352) 4300-22758 Fax: (352) 43 40 71 E-mail: [email protected] Manuscript completed in February 1999. The policy of the Member States of the European Unron in the field of arms exports &DICE Pagina EU-MEDLEMSSTATERNES POLITIK PA V!LBENEKSPORTOMR~ET. , , , . , , . , . 5 Forord Referat, konklusion og anbefalinger . , . , . , . 9 DIE POLITIK DER MITGLIEDSTAATEN DER EU AUF DEM GEBLETDER R~STUNGSEXPORTE . , . 19 Gbnvort Zusammenfassung, Fazit und Empfehlungen . , , . , , . , . , . , , 23 H IIOAITIKH TQN KPATQN MEAQN THX EYPQIIA~KHEENREHI; ETON TOMEATQNEZ'ATQ2TQNOlIAQN ...................................................... 35 r7po/loyoa Cuvoyrrl,Cu~~pao~a.sa~cnCuorao&lo....................................................... 39 THE POLICY OF THE MEMBER STATES OF THE EU IN THE FIELD OF ARMS EXPORTS . , . , , . , . 53 Foreword Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations . , . , . , . , , . , 57 LA POLITICA DE LOS ESTADOS MIEMBROS DE LA UE EN EL AMBITO DE LA EXPORTACION DE ARMAMENTO . , . , , , . , . 67 Prefacio Resumen, Conclusion y Recomendaciones . , . , . 7 1 LA POLITIQUE DES ETATS MEMBRES DE L'UE DANS LE DOMAINE DES EXPORTATIONS D'ARMES . , . , , , . , , . , 83 Avant-propos Resume, Conclusion et Recommandations . , . , . 87 LA POLITICA DEGLI STAT1 MEMBRI DELL'UE IN MATERIA D1 ESPORTAZIONE D1 ARMAMENT1 . , . , . 99 Premessa Sintesi. Conclusione e Raccomandazioni . , . , , . IO3 HET BELEJD VAN DE LJDSTATEN VAN DE EU OP HET GEBIED VAN WAPENEXPORT . , . 1 l5 Voonvoord Samenvatting, Conclusie en Aanbevelingen . , . , . , . , . , . , , . 1 19 A POLITICA DOS ESTADOS MEMBROS DA UE NO DOM~IODA EXPORTACAO DE ARMAMENTO . 13 1 Prefacio Sumario, Conclusgo e Recomendaqjes . , . , , 135 EU JASENVALTIOIDEN ASEVIENTIPOLITIIKKA . , . , . 147 Esipuhe Tiivistelma. paatelmia ja suosituksia . , . 15 1 VAPENEXPORTPOLITIKEN I MEDLEMSSTATERNA I EU . , . , . 161 Forord Sammanfattning. Slutsats och Rekommendationer , , . , . , , , , . , . , . 165 PE 168.176 EU-MEDLEMSSTATERNES POLITIK PA VABENEKSPORTOMRADET - Referat, Konklusion og Anbefalinger - FORORD /.Juropn-Parlnmentets Generaldirektorat for Forsktlirg har pd anmodning of IJdvalgsformandskonferetlcerl bestilt denne undersogelse med henblik pa at histn de forskellige yarlamentsudvalg, som besko$iger sig med bade medlemsstaternes og Den Europaiske Jnlot1.s yolitik pa vdbeneksportomradet. Undersogelsens primm-e formal er at fastslh, hvilke kriterier der dunner grundlag for medlemsstaternes vabeneksportpolitik, og hvorledes kriterierne arwndes I praksis, med henblikpa at gzve Europa-Parlamentet en bedre baggrund for at formulere forslag om politiske og lovgivningsmmsige instrumenter, der knn bidrage til at styrke samnrhejdet pa rustningsomradet i overensstemmelse med de muligheder, der hbnes med Amsterdam-traktntetl. Ilhdersogelsen indeholder fotgende hovedpunkter: - en nnalyse af de ofJicielle kriterier for medlemsstaterrzes yolitik ph vflhetlek.s~~ortomrrrdetog qf kornvrgererde og divergerende aspekter af n~ed1emsstaterrle.spraksis; - en nna&se af graden af gennemsigtighed og oflentligt tilsyrl nzed med1emsstatertle.spolitik og praksis pa vhbeneksportomradet; - en analyse af de gddende EU-bestemmelsersfzmktion og mangler (artikel223 i trnktatetl om Oprettelse af De Europaiske Fadlesskaber); - en vurdering af indvirkningenpa medlemsstaternes politik af de otte kriterier, der blell vedragtv pa Det Europaiske Rads moder i 1991 og 1992; - en vurdering aJ; hvilke retsinstrumenter der er nadvendige for styrke samarbejdet mellem medlemsstaterne pa rustningsomradet og i serdeleshed aJI hvilke regler der skal itdfore.s,fix at sikre en ensartet gememforelse af vabeneksportpolitikken og disse reglers praktiske gennemfarlighed; - en vurdering aj hvilke politiske og retlige instrumenter der er tiodvendige for at etablew c/ horirgssystem mellem medlemsstaterne med henblik pa at sikre en emartet gertnenlfurel.se; - en vurdering ax hvilke politiske og retlige instrumenter der er nodvendige for at forbedre vdbeneksportyolitikkens gennemsigtighed og den parlamentariske kotltrol hermed, herrltder Ellropn-Pnrlanzentets rolle; Hvis denne analyse knrr bidrage til at afllare og praxisere Elrropa-Pnr1an~entet.rsympnkter og fremme den igangvmende politiske og lol,givnitlgsm~ssigedebat om det her omhandlede emne, \Yl der1 have opfildt de mal, der er opstillet afden institutiort uder hvis Iedelse detl er udarbejdet. E~-n-nre~lenrsstatet7~espolitik pii viibeneksportonwadet RESUME Formilet med denne analyse af EU-medlemsstaternes politik pi vibeneksportomridet er at underssge, hvorledes der kan etableres en falles vibeneksportpolitik, som pi samme tid tager hensyn til Unionens udenrigspolitiske milsatninger og behovet for at udvikle en europaisk forsvarspolitik og beskytte den europaiske forsvarsindustris kommercielle interesser. Milene for EU's udenrigspolitik er, som det er anfart i Amsterdam-traktaten, at udvikle og befaste de demokratiske vzrdier og respekten for menneskerettighederne, herunder at sikre sammenhangen mellem den fzlles handelspolitik og den fzlles udenrigs- og sikkerhedspolitik (FUSP). Pi vhbeneksportomridet er en shdan sammenhaeng langt fra sikret. Manglen pi en fzlles politik ph vibeneksportomridet udgsr et alvorligt problem for sammenhaengen i Unionens udenrigspolitik, som svzkker FUSP og fratager en europaeisk forsvarspolitik trovardighed. Som det klart fiemgik af konklusionerne fra Amsterdam, var udviklingen afen fdes forsvarspolitik kommet ind i et dsdvande, og pi den baggrund begyndte den ide at tage form, at der i den nuvzrende fase af det europaiske projekt mitte satses pi at gsre fremskndt pi den europaiske rustningsindustris omride. Dette problem, der ism har varet aktuelt siden begyndelsen af indevarende irti, rejser det afgarende spargsmhl om forbindelserne med vore allierede, navnlig med USA. Vibeneksportpolitikken er selvsagt betinget af udviklingen i den europaiske og internationale strategiske situation. I koldkrigsperioden var der et klart mil for de vestlige landes kontrol med eksporten af viben, nemlig at forhindre eksport af hsjteknologisk materiel til lande i den tidligere Sovjetblok gennem multilaterale &der som COCOM', at hindre tredjelande i at udvikle programmer for fremstilling af massesdelaggelsesviben og at kontrollere vibenkaplsbet i visse egne af verden De to blokke bidrog imidlertid til at optrappe vibenkaplsbet som led i deres globale og regionale strid. Under disse forhold herskede der ingen tvivl med hensyn til modtagere og destinationer for vibeneksporten. Den kolde kngs afslutning og den kommunistiske bloks sammenbrud havde en markant indvirkning pi den internationale vibenhandel. Pentagon vurderede i 1994, at den samlede vzrdi af den internationale vibenhandel i perioden 1991-2000 ville vzre omkring 50% lavere end i perioden 198 1 - 1 9902.Samtidig betsd afslutningen pi blokpolitikken, at en betydelig del af vibenoverfsrslen til lande uden for Europa ikke Iaengere var underlagt en strategisk bipolaritetslogik, og at prioriteterne i vibensalget i hujere grad var skonomisk end politisk betinget3. Den globale eflerspsrgsel zndrede karakter, idet den ikke lzngere var betinget af rivaliseringen mellem de to supermagter og deres respektive indflydelsessfzrer, men i stedet motiveret af konflikter af regional karakter og i mange tilfzlde afintern karakter, hvilket rejser alvorlige spsrgsmhl om beskyttelse af menneskerettighederne og demokratiet i forbindelse med politikken for vibeneksport. I den nye internationale situation anvendes mange af de eksporterede viben i interne konflikter, hvoraf nogle antager karakter af omfattende humanitzre tragedier som i Rwanda og det tidligere Jugoslavien. Selv om der kan 1 Som det fremgar af afsnit 11. blev COCOM oplost 1991 og efterfolgende aflost af Wassenaar-aftalen. son1 Den Russiske Foderation nu ogsa har tilsluttet sig. ' Den samlede vrerdi af vabenhandelen i perioden 1981-1990 belob sig til 625 mia.USD. Prognoserne for perioden 1991-2000 svinger mellem 291 og 330 mia.USD (i faste 1991-priser). US Department of Defense. "World-Wide Conventional Arms Trade (1991-2000): A Forecast and Analysis". december 1991. Dette punkt behandles ligeledes af Bernard Adam i C'nion Europeenne et e.uportntions d'nrvres. Les Dossiers du GRIP. GRIP. Brusellcs. 1995. S. 107-108. 9 PE 168.176 EU-ntedlenmtatermespolitik pd vdbeneksportornrdder konstateres en vasentlig
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