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Deformation of Host Rocks and Flow of Magma During Growth of Minette Dikes and Breccia-Bearing Intrusions Near Ship Rock, New Mexico

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Deformation of Host Rocks and Flow of Magma During Growth of Minette Dikes and Breccia-Bearing Intrusions Near Ship Rock, New Mexico Deformation of Host Rocks and Flow of Magma during Growth of Minette Dikes and Breccia-bearing Intrusions near Ship Rock, New Mexico GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1202 Deformation of Host Rocks and Flow of Magma during Growth of Minette Dikes and Breccia-bearing Intrusions near Ship Rock, New Mexico By PAUL T. DELANEY and DAVID D. POLLARD GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1202 A description of the northeastern dike based on mechanical analyses of fracturing of host rock, flow of magma, and transport of heat UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1981 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR JAMES G. WATT, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Delaneyv Paul T. Deformation of host rocks and flow of magma during growth of minette dikes and breccia-bearing intrusions near Ship Rock/ New Mexico. (Geological Survey professional paper ; 1202) Bibliography: p. 59-61 Supt. of Docs, no.: I 19.16:1202 1. Dikes (Geology) New Mexico Ship Rock. 2. Intrusions (Geology) New Mexico Ship Rock. I. Pollard/ David D. II. Title. III. Series: United States. Geological Survey. Professional Paper 1202. QE611.5.U6D44 551.8'8 81-6769 AACR2 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract .... ..................... ... ................... ........ ............. ............................. i Dike dilation and propagation Continued Introduction ................ ............. .. ............. .............. 1 Propagation of northeastern dike.... 36 Geometric features of dikes and plugs ........ ........ ...... 3 Magma flow and heat loss during dike emplacement.... 38 Acknowledgments ...... .... .............. ......... ......... 3 Equations for magma and heat flow ... 38 Geological and physical setting 3 Flow in tabular and circular conduits .... ...... 41 Mapping methods and precision of data .. .... .. 9 Solution for flow in conduits of nonuniform thickness 42 Northeastern dike and associated structures 10 Flow in buds....... ............. ... ....... ..... ............. 45 Orientation of the dike .......... ...... .. ... ......... 10 Flow in the northeastern dike. .............. .... ..... ...... 46 Orientation of joints .. .. ........... ... 11 Discussion of magma-flow and heat-transport Structures related to dike propagation ....... 13 solutions ..... ... .................... ........ ........... .................... 48 Structures related to brecciation of host rocks .......... 17 Observations from modern fissure eruptions ... ............ 52 Other dikes and plugs near Ship Rock 18 Propagation of eruptive fissures ...... ...... .... ............. 53 Dike dilation and propagation ........ .... .... .. 20 Volumetric flow rate and channelization Host-rock deformation around tabular and circular of magma flow........ ........................ ...... ..................... 53 intrusions....... .............. .... ... 22 Discussion and conclusions . ................ ....... .......... ... 54 Solution to dilation and propagation equations...... 26 Dike dilation and propagation . ..... ...... 55 Mechanical interaction of dike segments . ..... ...... 29 Magma flow and heat transport ......... ................... 57 Dilation of northeastern dike 32 Growth of plugs and brecciation of host rocks ..... 58 Analytical solution for single dike segments . ...... ...... .... 35 References cited ........ ...... .... ................... ............................ 59 ILLUSTRATIONS Page PLATE 1. Geologic map of the northeastern dike ..................................... .............................. .............'......... ...............In pocket FIGURE 1. Aerial photograph of Ship Rock ..... .................... 2 2. Geologic map of Ship Rock area ......... ............ ............................................................................................ 4 3. Geologic map of minette intrusion 25 km north-northeast of Ship Rock ...... ............................................................................. 5 4. Sketches illustrating idealized forms of a dike and of a dike with buds . ...... .............. ............................. 6 5. Bar graphs of selected geometric data for segments of northeastern dike ................. ............................. 12 6. Plots of strike of northeastern dike as a function of distance from Ship Rock .... ............. .... ... .............................. 13 7. Lower-hemisphere plots of equal-area projection of poles to northeastern dike and adjacent systematic joints ........................ 14 8. Photographs of typical systematic joints . ................................................. ...................................................................... 14 9. Map of northeastern dike and rose diagram of systematic joints ............... ......... ............................................................................ 15 10. Graph and sketches showing offset and separation relations for segments of northeastern dike ...................... .......................... 16 11. Photographs of dike offsets and cusps ................................... ........................................................................................ .............. .............................. 17 12. Plots of thickness of northeastern dike as a function of distance from Ship Rock ........................ ....................... ..... ........................... 19 13. Geologic map of bud on segment 19 of northeastern dike ... .. ... ................. ..................... 20 14-16. Photographs of: 14. Specimens of rock types from bud on segment 19 ...................... ..................................................................... ................................ 21 15. Northwestern plug . .. ... .............. ........ ..................... .... ......... ................ ................................................................... ......................... ...... 21 16. Heterobreccia from northwestern plug. ... ............... ................ ............. .................................. ... 21 17. Geologic maps of southern plug and dike ................ ............................... ........ ......................................... 22 18. Photograph of specimen of breccia from between plug and dike on southwest side of southern plug ........... ................................. 22 19. Sketches illustrating geometry and parameters of model used to calculate elastic deformation around idealized conduits ... .. .......... ..... .................... ..... ............ .......... ................................. ................................ 24 20. Plot of radius of circular conduit as a function of semimajor axis of elliptical conduit............. ... ................................. .............. 25 21. Plot showing contours of stress component normal to pressurized crack ... .............................. ........................ ....................... .... 27 22. Sketches illustrating geometry and parameters of model used to calculate dilation and propagation of multiple interacting rocks .................... ................................................................................................................................................................................. 28 23. Plots of shapes of dilated pairs of collinear and pressurized cracks...................................................................... ................................................... 30 24. Plots of stress-intensity factors as a function of separation of collinear and offset pressurized cracks............ ........................... 31 25. Plots of observed dike thickness and predicted crack dilation as a function of distance from Ship Rock ........... 33 26. Plots of residuals between observed dike thickness and predicted crack dilation as a function of distance from Ship Rock................................................................................ ............ ....................................................................................................................................... 34 ill IV CONTENTS Page FIGURE 27. Sketch illustrating geometry and parameters of model used to calculate cross-sectional form of a crack in an elastic medium.... .... .. ... .... ... ..... .... ... .. ....... .... .... ......... ..... .......... ............ -35 28. Sketch illustrating cross-sectional form of a crack subjected to a uniform linearly varying symmetrical stress distribution . ... ..... ........... .... .. .. .... .. ..... .. .... ............. ..... .......... 37 29. Sketch illustrating idealized three-dimensional form of a segmented dike . ........ ............... .. .. .. ...... ............. 38 30. Sketches illustrating geometry and parameters of model for magma flow .. ..... ... ..... ......... .. .......... 39 31. Plots of geometry, velocity, temperature, and wall heat flux for inlet region of a conduit .... ........ ...... ............ 40 32. Plot of volumetric flow rate and wall heat-flux ratios for circular and elliptical conduits . ........ ..... .... .. ..... 43 33. Sketches illustrating geometry and parameters of model Used to calculate magma-flow and heat-loss rates in conduits of varying thickness . ...... ..... ....... .... .... ... ...... .................. 43 34. Plots of local volumetric flow rate and wall heat flux as functions of normalized distance along conduits of varying thickness . ....
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