AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY READING GUIDE UNIT 4 – ETHNICITY & POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY Ch. 7-8 Rubenstein pages 218-253 Title: Chapter 7: Ethnicity
218-221 1 Introduction Ethnicity is a source of pride and a link to experiences of ancestors and to cultural traditions An ethnic group has measurable differences: avg. income, life expectancy, infant mortality rate Ethnicity matters in places with a history of discrimination by one ethnic group against another A. Define each of the following: 220 1. ethnicity 220 2. race B. Explain why ethnicity is especially important to geographers 221
221-230 2 Key Issue #1 – Where Are Ethnicities Distributed? May be clustered in specific areas within a country OR Area inhabited may closely match boundaries of a country
221 A. Distribution of Ethnicities in the United States
Within a country, ethnic clusters have 2 scales: regions of the country OR neighborhoods within cities
221 1. Clustering of Ethnicities
a) Southeast – b) Southwest - (largest % come from ______) c) West - (largest % come from ______) d) Southwest and Plains states –
223 2. African American Migration Patterns
Clustering of ethnicities is partly a function of migration – the same process that distributes other cultural factors like language and religion There are 3 major migration flows shaping the distribution of African Americans within the US
224 1) 18th century – from Africa to American colonies WHY?
Define: triangular slave trade
225 2) Beg 20th century – from US South to US northern cities WHY?
226 3) End 20th / Beg 21st century – from inner-city ghettos to other urban neighborhoods WHY?
NY Times Interactive Census Map http://projects.nytimes.com/census/2010/map Review racial distributions according to the 2010 census map with your classmates – locate the following cities (counties) & list the race represented by the largest % of people: Dallas (Dallas) New York City (Bronx) Los Angeles (Los Angeles) El Paso (El Paso) Chicago (Cook) Anchorage (Anchorage) Detroit (Wayne) New York City (Manhattan)
“Why might this census not be 100% accurate?” Read Rubenstein pg. 226 1st paragraph of “Differentiating Ethnicity & Race”
226 B. Differentiating Ethnicity and Race
PBS - Race: The Power of an Illusion http://www.pbs.org/race/002_SortingPeople/002_00-home.htm
Video: William McGhee Sociology Lecture What is the difference between ethnicity and race?
Define: racism 227
227 1 Race in the United States
One aspect of race relations in the US has been the discouragement of spatial interaction through legal means in the past & through cultural preferences and discrimination today Plessy vs. Ferguson stated “Separate but Equal” was constitutional 227-228 Examples of “Separate but Equal”:
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas stated that “Separate but Equal” was Unconstitutional Describe how “White Flight” occurred after Brown vs Board of Education
Define: blockbusting 228
228 2 Division by Race in South Africa
Define: apartheid
Who created apartheid? Why did they do it?
Other countries cut off relations with South Africa in the 1970s and 1980s because they opposed apartheid practices in South Africa Apartheid was dismantled in 1991 by the white dominated government of South Africa – Frederik Willelm de Klerk was President at that time In 1993, FW de Klerk and Nelson Mandela won the Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts to end apartheid in South Africa Who became the first black president of South Africa in 1994? 230